SOVIET "ORBITAL ROCKETS"

• Document Type: FOIA
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 0005460045
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 31
• Document Creation Date: June 23, 2015
• Document Release Date: November 18, 2009
• Case Number: F-2009-01604
• Publication Date: August 3, 1965

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PROP NDA REPORT
IN IS UNCLASSIFIED
OVIET tIORBITAL ROCKETS"
A review of Soviet propaganda treatment
of the concept of, orbital rockets from
the 1950?s to dates with an appendix
reproducing statements on the subject
?t'r ' ~d- - /6V-~L- ? Y
x ~.~o HO ' l) C RD
L4 AUG 2P 1965
FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
Research Series
RSa77
3 August'1965
110 WGgAO
APPROVED FOR RELEASE[]
DATE: 09-Nov-2009
GROUP I
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LIAISON SEL11ON,F I
These reports are based on an examina-
tion of material carried by the com-
munist radio and press. They are issued
by FBIS without outside coordination.
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This material contains information affecting the National Defense of
the United States within the meaning of the espionage laws, Title 18,
USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which
in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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S 0 V I E T "0 R B I T A L R 0 C K E T S"
"Gigantic orbital rockets--related to the rocket carriers
which confidently put into space the space ships in the
series Vostok and Voskhod. For these rockets there is no
range limit, and the possible might of their nuclear war-
heads is fantastic."
--WINGS OF THE MOTHERLAND, No. 7
(Signed to the press 20 June 1965)
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SOVIET-"ORBITAL ROCKETS"
In his speech to military graduates on 3 July 19659, Brezhnev asserted"
that the USSR possessed a sufficient quantity of intercontinental
and "orbital" rockets (orbitalnyye rakety) to rout any aggressor,
Brezhnev's reference to "orbital" rockets as such was the first
by a top Soviet leader,, Claims to Soviet possession of ""orbital"
rockets had previously appeared in Soviet propaganda9 .however, 'at
the time of the V-E Day parade on 9 May 1965 and sporadically there-
after in the Soviet press, These references- revealed-little or
nothing about the general characteristics of this weapon beyond
the assertion of a V -E Day parade commentator that the "orbital"
rocket is "related" to the carrier rockets which placed Voskhod II
into orbits that it can reach any point on the'earth from any
direction, and that it is "practically" invulnerable to antimissile
defense. Three days after Brezhnevts speech, a more complete defini-
tion of the term "orbital" rocket was provided in a Radio Moscow
commentary by Mitin broadcast in English to South Asia, Citing
Brezhnev's speech, Mitin declareds
These rockets are shot into a terrestrial orbit from
where they are capable of hitting any target on earth
when needed,. Distinct from other types of rocketss
they have practically no flight limit and are capable
of carrying super-powerful nuclear charges.
In the mass propaganda, at least, Mitin was thus the first to define
the capabilities of a Soviet "orbital rocket" in any detail But
as far back as the late 509s, Soviet propaganda had begun to dis-
cuss the concept of the weapon described by Mitin without using the
term "orbital," There were more discussions of this kind in
late 19639 in 1964, and early this year, still almost always avoid-
ing use of the term,, It was in October 1963 that the United Na-
tions passed the resolution proscribing the orbiting (but not
development or stockpiling) of weapons in outer space--an event
widely hailed in Soviet propaganda as contributing, along with the
partial nuclear test-ban treaty, to relaxation of the international
atmosphere,
1958 s Discussion of Orbital. Weak Concept
Soviet discussion of outer space for military purposes normally takes
the form of critical reviews of Western writings and statements
on the subject. Thus the relationship between the USSR's own
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artificial satellite program and the development of "cosmic"?weapons
systems ascribed to the West is left implicit. One of the first
discussions of the feasibility of an orbital weapons system was
provided in an article by Professor A. Rybkin published in RED STAR
on 22 March 1958. In describing the possible applications of
space research for military weapons development, Rybkin acknowledged
the scientific feasibility of arming space satellites with "atomic
and hydrogen" weapons:
Artificial earth satellites as well as rockets can
be launched into space. Shot to the necessary
altitude, they can remain in space almost indefinitely.
If the plane of a satellite's orbit forms a sufficiently
wide angle to the plane of the earth's equator, the
satellite will pass over the entire earth's surface....
As the foreign press has stated, satellites can carry
atomic and hydrogen weapons,
Statements acknowledging the feasibility of an orbital bombardment
system continued to appear in the early 601s. In a RED STAR article
on 29 November 1961, two prominent military theorists, Zheltikov
and Larionov, cited U.S. military thinking in this sphere and
quoted one American journal to the effect that
in the very near future--if not already--mighty
hydrogen bombs will almost certainly be installed in
earth satellites. As a result, space ships or stations
will be able to launch rockets against objects on earth.
Khrushchev later that year. made the first-oblique--acknowledgment
by a top Soviet leader of the implications of the USSR's manned
space program for an orbital bombardment system. Speaking in
Moscow at a trade unions congress on 9 December 1961, Khrushchev
hinted at the feasibility of a Soviet orbital weapons system as
evidenced-by recent Soviet space feats:
If we could send up Yuriy Gagarin and Gorman Titov,
we could, of course, replace Yuriy Gagarin and German
Titov by other freight and land where we would like to
land it.
March 1962: The "Global Rocket"
The claim to Soviet possession of a so-called "global rocket"
(globalnaya raketa) was introduced by Khrushchev in a preelection
speech on 22 March 1962. While the announcement as well as the
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name of this super-weapon seemed calculated to achieve the greatest
psychological effect, little* was revealed about the precise nature
of the weapon, either'by Khrushchev or subsequently by military
spokesmen9 beyond assertions about its unlimited range and tra-
jectory--"the new global rocket can fly around the world in any
directibn and deal a blow at any set target "--and its "invulnera-
bility" or "practical invulnerability" to "modern" antimissile de-
fenses,
None of the references to the "global rocket" from Khrushchev's
introduction of the term in 1962 to date has used language comparable
to that applied to the concept of an orbital weapon, Soviet propa-
gandists have occasionally referred in' the same breath to an
"intercontinental, or global, rocket" conveying the idea that the
"global" rocket is an improved version of the earlier ICBM. One
discussion of global rockets and Soviet rocket'capability generally
did suggest that Soviet global rockets were capable of achieving
at least a fractional orbit: Thus Marshal Krylov wrote in IZVESTIYA
on 17 November 1963 that the unique feature of the USSR's "strategic
rockets" was their accuracy and ability, to place their "trajectories
within parameters which make nuclear rocket attack both unexpected
and inevitable,"
January 1963: Hints at Ability to Develop Orbital Weapons
Statements suggesting that the USSR possessed the scientific . '
capabilities to develop an orbital weapons system first appeared
in Soviet propaganda in January 1963, An article by Major General
G. Shatunov published on 27 January 1963 in SOVETSKIY PATRIOT
contained an explicit claim-that the USSR possessed the scientific
capability to launch rocket weapons from artificial satellites:
It has now become possible to launch a rocket from an
artificial earth satellite on command from earth at
any time and at any point in the satellite's trajectory.
This assertion was repeated by Marshal Biryuzov less than a month
later in identical language. In a radio interview on 21 February
1963 marking Soviet Army Day, Biryuzov said.- "It has now become
possible to launch, at a command from earth, rockets from a satellite,
? and this at any desirable time, at any point in the satellite
trajectory," It may be noted that Shatunov's and Biryuzov's claims
were both made in the months following the withdrawal of Soviet
missiles from Cuba, when the USSR would have had good reason to
want to bolster the image of its unhindered strategic capabilities
at a time of obvious weakness.
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Another specific claim regarding Soviet capabilities to develop
an orbital weapons system, in the vein of the Shatunov and Biryuzov
statements, appeared on 3 April 1963. In a .RED STAR article,
prominent military commentator Colonel V. Glazov cited Biryuzov's
statement and discussed the advantages of an orbital weapons
system over, conventional ballistic missiles. Ridiculing British
disparagement "of the so-called 'orbital bomb,"' Glazov's remarks
seemed contrived to give the impression that an orbital bombard-
ment system had been developed by the Soviet Union and was al-
ready operational,
Articles on U.S. Orbital Rockets in 1964 and Early 1965
In 1964, Soviet propaganda continued to evince concern with
problems of space warfare primarily through the medium of mili-
tary critiques of Western literature on the subject. One such
critique published in RED STAR on 15 April 1964, focusing on U.S.
space programs, contained an unusually detailed discussion of
"orbital rockets" allegedly being developed in the United States.
During the first part of 1965, a two-part article in RED STAR by
Glazov appraised Western scientific experimentation in the uses
of space for military purposes. In the second. installment, on
27 January, Glazov presented alengthy discussion of U.S. mili-
tary plans to develop an orbital weapons system consisting of
"several hundreds of nuclear bombs which are in orbit and ready,
upon command from earth, to deliver a strike against preselected
targets," Unlike Glazov's 1963 article, this one did not suggest
that the USSR possessed or was developing an orbital weapons system
of its own, and no available Soviet statement hinted that such
a system had been developed until the claims to Soviet possession
of orbital rockets were advanced during the V-E Day observance in
May.
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APPENDIX
A compilation of available Soviet statements tracing the
development of the concept of an orbital weapcns system..
Prof. A Rybkin in RED STAR, 22 March 1958?
Artificial earth satellites as well as rockets can be
launched into space. Shot to the necessary altitude,, they
can remain in space almost indefinitely. If the plane
of a satellite's orbit forms a sufficiently wide angle
to the'.plane of the earth's equator, the satellite will
pass over the entire earth's surface. This makes it
possible to utilize it for military purposes,, as
representatives of military circles in capitalist coun-
tries have enthusiastically pointed out more than
once. The satellite can be used for observing ter-
ritories of various countries by means of a telescope
combined with television equipment.
As the foreign press has stated, satellites can carry
atomic and.hydrogen weapons. Considering the diffi-
culty in intercepting and destroying a satellite in
space, it must be kept. in mind that it could be a
dangerous weapon, in the hands of the aggressor. The
Soviet Government?s proposal which poses banning the
utilization of space for military purposes also in-
cludes conditions for international control which would
preclude'the possibility of artificial earth satellites
being used for aggressive purposes.
Col. Zheltikov and Lt. Col. Larionov in RED STAR9 29 November 1961:
In connection with the fact that long-range rockets for
a considerable part of their course pass through space,,
bourgeois military circles are striving to picture
space as a scene of future military operations.
American militarists stubbornly search for possibilities
to utilize earth satellites and other installations as _
strategic means of attack and espionage. Blabbing out
the secret thoughts of U.S. military circles, one
American journal noted in 1960: "In the very near future--
if not already--mighty hydrogen bombs will almost
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certainly be installed in earth satellites. As a
result, space ships or stations will be able to launch
rockets against objects on earth."
Khrushchev speech-to World Federation of Trade Unions Congress in
Moscow, 9 December 1961:
... There is now not a single plot of land where one
could say that this land is safe, because now the means
of delivering thermonuclear weapons are so powerful
that they can be delivered to any spot on the globe.
If we could send up Yuriy Gagarin and German Titovo we
could, of courses replace Yuriy Gagarin and German Titov
by other freight and land where we would like to land
it. [TASS version: A devastating retaliatory blow
will be dealt against any aggressor, because the means of
delivering thermonuclear weapons are now so perfect
that they can be delivered to any point on the globe.
If we could bring the spaceships of Yuriy Gagarin and
German Titov to land at a prearranged spot,, we could,
of course, send up other "payloads" and "land" them
wherever we wanted.
Lt. Col. Larionov in RED STARS 18 March 1962:
The broadly conceived American plans for the military
utilization of cosmic space envisage the creation of new
systems of armament for conducting independent offensive
and defensive operations in space and of space systems
for dealing nuclear blows against land targets, after
1965. This stage envisages the improvement of existing,
and the production of news types of ballistic rockets
which will make it possible to launch into orbit around
the earth sputnik-ships readily recognizable as possible
carriers of thermonuclear charges. It is planned to
place aboard such ships a crew of two to three peoples
and optical, television, and photographic equipment.
It is not considered possible to create experimental
models of space flight devices for destroying land targets
with nuclear charges carried by missiles of the "space-
to-earth" class before 1966.
Excerpt from the book MILITARY STRATEGY, edited by Marshal Sokolovskiys
signed to the press 24 May 1962: '
Our achievements in space research serve peace, scientific
progress, and the benefit of all mankind on our planet.
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Soviet space flights are an expression of the unstint-
ing efforts of the entire Soviet people to achieve lasting
peace on earth.
However, the Soviet Union cannot disregard the fact
that American imperialists subordinate space research
to military purposes and that they plan to use space
to accomplish their aggressive purpose--a surprise
nuclear attack on the Soviet Union and the other so-
cialist countries.
Consequently, Soviet military strategy acknowledges the
need to study the use of space and space vehicles to
reinforce the defense of the socialist countries, The
need to ensure the security of our motherland, the
interests of the whole socialist commonwealth, and
the desirability of preserving peace on earth demand
this. It would be a mistake to allow the imperialist
camp to gain any superiority in this area. The impe-
rialists must be opposed with more effective weapons and
methods of using space for defense. Only in this way
can they be forced to refrain from the use of space for
a destructive, devastating war.
Lt. Col. Leontyev and Maj. V. Polyanskiy in RED STAR, 4 August 1962:
The Pentagon strategists assert that a future war will
be waged in space. They demand that the creation of
cosmic armaments systems and the training of the
necessary personnel should be accelerated and that the
strategy and tactics of war in cosmic space should be
worked out without delay. ...
At the Pentagon's urgent request, the U.S. Government
is now spending 5 billion dollars a year on the imple-
mentation of "cosmic projects" and intends to spend two
or three times as much. The United States is already
using cosmic space for military purposes for their
nuclear arms tests and in such fields as intelligence
(espionage satellites), communication, and navigation.
But it turns out that even this does not suffice, In
the Pentagon's underground premises the sinister plans
for the creation of a "cosmic arms" system for the murder
of hundreds of'millions of people are being worked out.
The former chief of staff of the U. S. air force and
now military columnist of NEWSWEEK, General Whites thinks
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that "death rays" are particularly suitable for military
action in. space. "In shorts" this General and provocateur
reports,, "we will probably have to examine what the
Soviet Union has launched into space; and perhaps we will
have to shoot down this equipment,"
He is seconded by the former Hitlerite and now American
rocket specialists Dornberger. He boasts that he proposed
to the Pentagon as early as in 1948 that the earth be
surrounded by hundreds of artifical satellites in the
form of nuclear bombs. "The orbits of these bombs must
be laid over Russia. I see no reason to prevent us
from doing so.... In case of war we will not have to
change these orbits. I think that it would be possible
to launch these bombs with sufficient precision."
It seems that the people from whom the American generals
are taking their "strategic ideas" are Hitlerite murderers
whose bloodthirsty ideas have now been officially approved
by the Pentagon. The SATURDAY EVENING POST recently
reported that the Pentagon is now working on ways to
destroy "inimical cities and goals" with the help of
cosmic devices carrying gigantic bombs which could be
exploded over a given region at a great height and would
thus burn "a considerable part of an entire continent." ...
Spaceships manned by people will fight, while people on
earth quietly wait the outcome of this duel--this is the
idyllic picture drawn by PARADE magazine. "The winner
in spaces" it remarks wistfully, "will obviously be
able to dictate his will on earths and therefore it would
make no sense to destroy anything on it." But if the
freedom-loving peoples will not submit to another
people's will, what then? Then the American atomic
warmongers would start launching bombs from space to
the earth. This is how they intend to help mankind "sur-
vive" in a future wart
The Soviet people think that space must be conquered for
peaceful purposes9,in the interest of science9 and for
the welfare of man. But the transoceanic strategists are
so enthusiastic about their raving ideas that they have
forgotten at least two very important facts. The first
is that cosmic space is not U0S. territory,, but belongs
to all mankind, and no one will be allowed to behave
there like gangsters and pirates. Second, at present
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military superiority is not on the U.S. side, . The Soviet
Union will see to it that this position is also pre-
served in the future, Those who explode bombs in
space should think twice about whether they will be able
to return to earth.
Major General Baryshev on anticosmic defense in RED STAR, 2 September
1962:
U.S. military circles are paying great attention to creat-
ing cosmic means of attack, One of the most zealous
advocates of preparing a cosmic war, the former Hitlerite
rocketry specialist, Dornberg, who is now working in the
United States, stated openly in the pages of the journal
AVIATION WEEK.- "We must have an offensive system of
weapons in the cosmos ... [RED STAR ellipsis] above all we
need a bombing system consisting of hundreds of nuclear
bombs revolving in orbits-around the earth in all directions,"
This is not simply the. cannibalistic raving of a maniac
who has gone off his rocker. His writings reflect the
real thoughts of the American militarists, who have
worked out a long-term program for the utilization of the
cosmos for military purposes, Even now, on the basis of this
program, reconnaissance satellites, satellites for detect-
ing the launching of ballistic rockets, cosmic systems
for the'navigation of rocket-carrying atomic submarines
and strategic bombers, meteorological. and communication
satellites, and a whole number of other things have been
created, For the future it is planned- to put into opera-
tion maneuverable rocket planes (raketoplan), orbiting
satellites carrying rocket-nuclear weapons, and systems
for striking at ground targets,
General Kurochkin review of the book MILITARY STRATEGY in RED STAR,
22 September 1962:
In the chapter dealing with opinions on the methods of
warfare, the authors also examine such an important
problem as the use of outer space for military purposes.
They cite a number of facts showing that American impe-
rialists have- entered the path of direct use of the
cosmos for carrying out their aggressive aims directed
against the socialist countries. The American press
,openly speaks about "outer space being the strategic
theater of tomorrow,"
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The Soviet people are-occupied in peaceful exploitation
of the cosmos.. The flights of our cosmonauts Yu, Gagarin,
G. Titov9 A. Nikolayev, and P. Popovich, which amazed
the whole world, as is known, did not pursue any military
aims. But it is quite obvious that if the imperialists
continue to search for ways of using outer space for
military purposes, then the interests of insuring the
security of the Soviet state will require the necessary
measures by our side as well. In this connection
the authors draw attention to the fact that in Soviet mili-
tary strategic thought the problem of using outer space
for forestalling the aggressive aims of the imperialists
should be taken into account.
Malinovskiy pamphlet "Vigilantly Stand Guard Over the Peace,"
28 November 1962:
Soviet military doctrine tops strategy and determines
the bases of armed conflict, views on the nature of war
under the conditions that have developed, the prepara-
tion of the country for war and the use of the armed
forces in,defense of the state, the most modern methods
of carrying on an armed conflict by means of all the
forces and facilities of the state in all theaters and
areas, including land, sea, and space.
Maj. Gen. G. Shatunov in SOVETSKIY PATRIOTS 27 January 1963:
The investigations of space by means of rockets and
spaceships which have been carried out by our country
testify to the achievements in the development of Soviet
technology, its high quality, reliability, and accuracy.
It has now become possible to launch a rocket from an
artificial earth satellite on command from earth at any
time and at any point in the satellite's trajectory. .
Marshal of the Soviet Union S. Biryuzov interview broadcast by Moscow
radio 21 February 1963:
The successes in the development of Soviet arms and their
high quality, reliability, and precision are testified to
also by the rockets used in the exploration of the cosmos.
It has now become possible to launch, at a command from
earths rockets. from a satellite, and this at any
desirable time, at any point in the satellite trajectory.
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Col, Terentyev in RED STARE, 12 March 1963, as reported by TASS:
Terentyev further stresses that the military leaders of
the United States feel that in a future war, the domina-
tion of space will be as important as domination of the
air is now. For these purposes they plan to use various
space vehicles and space weapons systems, both manned and
pilotless. Most effective in the opinion of American
military leaders will be a combination of these.
According to Col. Terentyev9 up to now the United States
does not have manned military spaceships. However, its
space engineers are busy developing and modernizing some
aircraft which are being fitted with additional rocket
engines, "All the work in the conquest of space con-
ducted in the United States," Col, Terentyev writes in
conclusion, "pursues military aims--to achieve definite
advantages for,the eventual war they are preparing against
the USSR and the other socialist countries, to achieve
world domination,"
Col, V, Glazov in RED STAR,, 3 April 1963:
The Soviet Union?s remarkable achievements in exploring
space provoke justified admiration throughout the worlds
These explorations which became possible owing to the
rapid progress of rocket technology in the USSR are of
tremendous scientific importance and are striking evidence
of the titanic forces of our socialist motherland and
the unlimited possibilities for further strengthening
its defense capability.
Speaking at the meeting devoted to the 45th anniversary
of the Soviet Armed Forces, Marshal of the Soviet Union
R. Ya Malinovskiy, Minister of Defense 'of the USSR, stressed
that the rockets and warheads served well the cause of the
reliable defense of our motherland. In a radio speech,
Marshal of the Soviet Union S.S. Biryuzov announced that we
possess the capability to launch, upon orders from the
earth, a rocket from a satellite at any point of its
movement in orbit.
The new principle of launching, space rockets from the
orbits of artificial earth satellites makes it possible to
select and calculate in advance the optimal point for a
launch from an intermediate orbit, to reduce the require-
ments for the power of a multistage carrier rocket which
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is to place the space rocket. together with the station
in a. satellite orbit, and to considerably increase
the weight of the station itself. This is strikingly
evidenced by the successful flight of the Mars I auto-
matic interplanetary station... .
The striking achievements of the USSR in space call forth
anxiety among Western militarists. They feverishly search
for some "arguments" which would enable them9 to any
extent, to minimize and cast doubt on the new Soviet
achievements in space in general and the launching of
rockets from a satellite in particular.
The statements carried by the British SUNDAY TIMES and SUNDAY
TELEGRAPH are quite remarkable in this respect. These
papers,, mind you, declared simultaneously, as if by
command, that the "Soviet orbital bomb"--this is how they
call-the satellite which ensures the start of the rocket-
"is a less attractive weapon than the conventional bal-
listic rocket." Where do they see its unattractiveness?
If they can see it in the fact that it is impossible to
hide from the resistless, colossal force of such a bomb's
strike, we will not argueSagainst it. Neither would we
challenge the assertion that to create it, a much higher
level of development in many spheres of science and
technology is needed than that achieved in the United
States and England.
In the great number of projects a prominent place has
been assigned to a so-called orbital bombardment system
consisting of a great number of heavy satellites, up to
three tons, with nuclear charges which must move in low
and high orbits and which are to have different'life
spans. But even the U.S. specialists themselve's
understand that they are not capable of creating such
a system in the near future. So far they have been barely
able to lift into orbit a satellite weighing two tons
with their most powerful rocket. With.dejection and
envy they follow the flights of the more than six-ton
Soviet giant space satellites.
It is no secret that the rockets for military purposes
and the spaceships launched for peaceful purposes are based
on the same scientific achievements. This must be well
known also to U.S. military circles. Obviously, it is
also no secret that space rockets require more powerful
power. units since they have to lift a considerably
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greater weight to a higher altitude. Therefore, it hardly
makes sense to build one's illusions by frightening
the USSR with threats from space. The force of our
retaliatory strike is more than sufficient to burn the
aggressors in fire in the very first hours of the war,
regardless of where they try to start the aggression,
on land, sea, or in space.
Col. Aleksandrov and Maj. Polyanskiy in RED STAR, 5 July 1963:
Even a spy satellite is not the ultimate in the dreams of
the military leaders in the United States, It is known,
for example, that the,Pentagon is working on a project
of a pilotable. winged rocket plane, the "Dynasoar,"
which was named "X-20." This rocket plane is called
a "gliding orbital bomber." The "Saint" project is
intended to create a pilotless satellite "to identify
and destroy the satellites of the enemy." Finally,
the main-thing which the U.S. military leadership is
dreaming of is to create systems of artificial bomber
satellites, armed with nuclear bombs and traveling along
orbits with a great apogee, satellites that will possess
a long life. As LIFE recently wrote,-General D.
Ferguson declared in one of the committees of the O.S.
House of Representatives that an artificial earth satel-
lite that was armed with nuclear warheads would be
capable of 'hitting targets twice as fast as any inter-
continental ballistic rocket. ... It is quite charac-
teristic. that the more successes the Soviet Union gains'
in mastering space for peaceful purposes, 'the more per-
sistently does the Pentagon strive to make the expanses
of the universe a future theater of military operations.
The Soviet-people cannot but draw the necessary con
clusion from the dangerous actions undertaken by the
United States in cosmic space. Our people will not
permit anyone to catch them unaware anywhereo=
Col. Malishkin in RED STAR, 8 August 1963:
At present the United States is working on several
satellite bomber projects, these satellites being
manned or unmanned, carrying hydrogen bombs. The "flying
bomb system" project calls for launching in peacetime a
large number of heavy satellites: weighing up to three
tons, with nuclear warheads. The orbits for these
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satellites are selected so that.during each orbit the
satellite is for 1;8 minutes in a position relative to
a given target which would enable it to strike the target.
on command from earth. According to another project,
,given the name,"Sped," it is planned to launch satellites
in orbit only.after earth radar stations have detected
enemy target signals. In case of false alarm the satel-
lites are to be returned to earth and destroyed in the sea.
A number of American specialists have expressed the
opinion that even images on the screens of radar sta-
tions caused by the falling of meteorites or other natural
phenomena.may serve,as,cause for the launching of hundreds.
of satellites within a few minutes. This in turn may
serve as cause for the beginning of a nuclear war. The
Americans have just cause for such fears. Everyone is
aware of the case-when an armada of American SAC
bombers went . up. due to a signal reflected from a flock
of geese near the Soviet border.
Alongside the. study of possible uses.of unmanned weapons
an extensive program of research is being carried out for
the effectiveness of manned space vehicles for bombing,
On contract with the U.S. air force, the firm of Boeing
is studying different variants of a strategic orbital
bombing system. This system assumes the use of bomber
satellites in-low and high orbits. In addition, the
possibility is being studied of building an orbital
rocket plane capable of taking off from airfields designed
for B52 bombers, capable of landing at such airfields
after one or more orbits. American military leaders are
not concealing their crafty plans for the use of satel-
lite bombers--these hundreds of nuclear bombs circling the
earth in all directions, particularly "over Soviet air
space." The journal MISSILES AND ROCKETS wrote that "in
peacetime it will be necessary to camouflage the orbital
launching of .such satellites,, making detection and destruc-
tion of satellite bombers difficult, We must use rubber or
plastic coverings to fool radar stations," The journal
openly states that "satellite bombers could serve as
international blackmail," Indeed, there is no limit to
the treachery of the most bald-faced saber-rattlers of
American imperialism)
Already American spy satellites are streaking through
space, equipped with intelligence apparatus for photo-
graphing various installations on the surface of the earth.
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In addition to the development of new spy satellites and
further improvements in their equipment, the American air
force has started developing identification satellites.
Their job is to determine the orbits and purpose of other
satellites. These will be inspector satellites, satel-
lite gendarmes. According to the "Saint" project, a radar
set and computer with memory device will'be installed in
such inspector satellites for determining the orbit of a
new satellite, The memory device would hold data on
the speed and orbital figures on the inspector satellite,
as well as those of all known satellites in orbit. By
comparing the orbital parameters it would be possible
to determine the appearance of a new satellite, If this
takes place, the "Saint" would send a report to earth,
approach the satellite and determine its purpose with
the aid of equipment on board.
In addition to the radar equipment, the inspector satel-
lites will contain television equipment for transmitting
an image of the satellites being identified to earth. In
order to determine whether the satellite carries a nuclear
weapon, a radiation indicator would be mounted on the
"space inspector." Other units will make it possible to
determine the mass of the satellite, which will help in
drawing a conclusion as to its military purpose. The
inspector satellite will be put into orbit somewhat higher
and ahead of the satellite being identified. Moving at
a great rate of speed in orbit, the "Saint" would "inter-
cept" the target and then, reducing its velocity with
rocket engines, would draw close to it The initial
distance for target interception would be about 80 kilo-
meters, In order to identify a satellite the "Saint" would
have to move to a distance of 15-30 meters from it. These
figures show that the launch parameters of an inspector
satellite must be extremely accurate, which. cannot be
said about launches now being made in the United States,
The U.S. space program calls for a speed-up in the de-
velopment of antisatellite satellites, capable of
destroying military satellites and rockets. Planning is
being conducted on these destroyer satellites in two basic
areas: against rockets and against satellites, Destruc-
tion of rockets is to be carried out during the active
seqtor of a rocket flight. According to the "Bambi"
project, the first launchings of such antimissile satellites
will begin in 1965, About 3,000 destroyer satellites are
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to be put into orbits up to 320 kilometers high. The
antisatellite satellite will be equipped with six anti-
missile missiles with nuclear warheads and homing equip-
ment. It,will contain an infrared unit for detecting
and tracking missiles during the powered portion of
their trajectory, a computer for determining the missile
flight trajectory figures and feeding the necessary data
into the antimissile missile launch control sytem.
In order to destroy space vehicles, improved inspector
satellites are to be used,-which will have the job not
only of determining the military nature of satellites
but also of destroying them. Therefore, in addition to
radar and infrared equipment for detection and homing,
television and other. equipment for transmitting the
inspection results to earth tracking stations, the
"space inspectors" will contain satellite destruction
weapons.
Maj. Gen. Baryshev in RED STAR, 13 November 1963:
Thus, U.S. reactionary forces, for the sake of camouflage,
are speaking only of a defense system which "would con-
sist of hundreds of artificial earth satellites, all
armed with small missiles with infrared guidance systems
to destroy ballistic missiles." But these people are con-
cerned about different things. "Should we select an
offensive system for defense," they state, "a-sgace
bombing system established in times of peace would be the
most efficient."
Eng. Col. B.. Trofimov in RED STAR, 15 April 1964s
There are forces in the world--the forces of imperialism--
whicha in the interests of aggression, are striving to
utilize such remarkable achievements of mankind as
orbital flights. For a long time there has been a
special administration at the U.S. Department of Defense
directing work for the conquest of space for military
aims. NASA, too, has been working on this concern.
U.S. militarist circles which see in the military use
of space a path to world dominance are assigning tre-
mendous funds for such work.
According to the admission of the American press, mili-
tary space research includes an extensive range,of
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problems, A prominent place among them is assigned to
orbital rockets. In the opinion of a number of American
military experts their creation means a further step in
the development of strategic rocket weapons and will
have an essential influence on the means of waging war,
The German rocket specialist Dornberger, who is working,
in the United States, for example proposed to put into
orbit, with the help of already existing rockets,
hundreds of nuclear bombs over the USSR and to keep them
there in readiness for dealing nuclear blows, "With the
help of such a space bomber system." he stressed, "we
can transfer the field of military operations from earth
to space,"
As is known, owing to the efforts of the peace-loving
states an international agreement was reached which
now bans putting objects carrying weapons of mass
destruction into orbit around the earth. This has to
a certain degree stopped the inhuman plans of the
militarists. At the same time, however, this agreement,
as apparent from numerous data, has not touched the
essence of their plans and intentions. As before a
program for creating offensive space weapons by 1970,
including also the working out of orbital rockets, is
in operation in the United States.
The foreign press noted that the basic idea of the re-
search conducted along this line was to create means of
attack which, revolving in orbits around the earth,
could at a given moment descend on prearranged targets.
It is assumed that such missiles would combine the
flexibility of piloted bombers with the one-time action
of long-range ballistic rockets. It is believed that
in this way it would be possible to overcome such
shortcomings of ballistic rockets as the inability to
maneuver them after they have been launched on their
trajectory and to return them to earth after a mis-
taken launching.
What scientific and technical principles are included in
the project of the orbital weapons? It was noted in the
foreign press that the development of such means
was done on the basis of the improvement of conventional
ballistic rockets. Making use of the successes in the
unbridled development of rocket technology and radio-
electronic means of space controls the specialists are
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trying to add to them new trajectories of movement--the
trajectory of a body which is in free flight and
capable of switching from orbit to orbit while still
under the influence of the earth?s gravity.
To acquaint ourselves with the problems arising here
we will look at the difference between the trajectories
of ballistic and orbital rockets, We will also see under
which conditions the last stage of strategic rockets
can be transformed into an orbital space weapon. ...
The foreign specialists now regard the increase of the
initial 'Speed to the point where the trajectory of the
flight becomes circular at the starting point for
creating orbital rocket weapons that depend on the
creation of mobile launching pads at a great altitude,
As was noted in the foreign press, in addition to a
system of equipment on earth,. the orbital rocket
weapons must include a great number of three-ton
satellites in the last stage of the rockets. They
must move around the earth in circular orbits. It is
assumed that every such orbital rocket system must
insure the attack on prearranged targets within
20 minutes after receiving the order by radio. It was
also noted that in addition to the warhead every orbital
rocket must carry boosters aboard for braking
Etormoznoy. dvigate], a system of orientation.,? automatic
guidance apparatuses, electric power sources, means of
technical control, and other equipment.
The foreign specialists assume that in connection with
the complexity of the orbital rocketsV design their
reliability will be considerably lower than the relia-
bility of ground-to-ground ICBM?s.
According to their calculations, for destroying one
target it will be necessary to have a considerably
greater number of rockets in orbit than would be re-
quired to destroy the target with conventional ballistic
rockets, Butt in the opinion of some specialists, this
is justified in view of the effects of antirocket defense.
means since orbital weapons would be less vulnerable.
Moreover, no unanimous opinion exists on this matter,
Proof of this is the working out of projects in the
United States for so-called screening systems for
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intercepting beyond the dense'strata of the atmosphere
any space flight, apparatus, including reconnaissance
satellites and orbital rockets.
The foreign press notes that the contemporary standard
of rocket technology makes it possible to insure the
launching of orbital rockets to the necessary altitude.
As a number of authors have stressed, one of the
problems in this connection consists of insuring the,
necessary precision in bringing orbital rockets to the
target.- In their opinion, the difficulty lies in the
fact that the possibility of failure grows in pro-
portion to the rocket's speed as it approaches the first
cosmic speedo Basically it is determined by the
precision of measuring the rocket's'speed at the moment
the rocket propulsion system's last stage is cut offs
The foreign specialists regard as the next step in
creating orbital rockets the appearance of rockets
flying at greater altitudes, having a longer life
span, and being invulnerable to antimissile missiles.
Specifically, as noted by the press, studies are being
made of the use of combat space rockets moving along an
elongated elliptical trajectory and having, as a
result,- a considerable range of time to destroy the
target. It is believed that such a rocket would
penetrate very deeply into space and that the attacking
side would thus have more time to make a final decision
on the destruction of the target.
As is known, contemporary ballistic rockets cannot be
reaimed after being launched on a false alarm. As
far as the orbital rockets are concerned, the duration-
of their flight can, depending on the initial speed,
be measured in hours or even day-and-night periods.
According to the given program, they can deviate from
their normal trajectory and can at any time be utilized
for dealing blows. It is noted in the press that the
approach of such rockets to the target they are to
attack must take place under a small angle at speeds
exceeding eight kilometers per second, which makes the
use of antimissile defense means considerably more
difficult.
It is understandable that the mere utilization of
scientific achievements in calculating and controlling
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the trajectories of space flight apparatuses flying
close to earth does not yield all the fundamentals for
creating orbital rocket weapons.
The representatives of U.S. military circles note that
its working out is unthinkable without solving such
problems as the creation of more powerful rocket propulsion
systems and high-precision, guidance systems and a con-
siderable increase in the reliability of rocket weapons
at their disposal. And for solving these tasks the American
imperialists are drawing upon more new resources, inflating
the space armament program and placing the newest achieve-
ments of science and technology in the service of their
aggressive plans.
Owing to this the Soviet Union vigilantly follows the machi-
nations of the imperialists in order to strengthen its de-
fense capacity and the security of the entire socialist
camp,
Col, C. Glazov in RED STAR, 27 January 1965.,
Space weapons can be conditionally divided, according
to purpose, into space-to-earth bombing systems,
space-to-space fighter systems, and combined systems. One
must immediately note that at the present time they all
exist mainly in,the form of projects of which there
are untold numbers in the United States,
At the same time the U.S. press rather frequently carries
statements on the possibility of launching into space
bomb-satellites with nuclear charges, whose "dropping"
on a ground target can be carried out according to the
same principle as, for example, the landing of cosmo-
nauts or of containers of the Discoverer and Samos satel-
lites,
The idea of creating a bombing system consisting of several
hundreds of nuclear bombs which are in orbit and ready,
upon command from the earth, to deliver a strike against
preselected targets emerged among U.S, military circles
a long time ago. Practical research on the possibilities
of working out such systems dates back to. the early 60?s,
Several projects are known which differ from each
other only in the altitude of the orbit of the satellite-
bombs, Recently, the press reported data on pilotless
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3 AUGUST 1965
satellites which are 'eventually planned to be launched
in low orbits; They are to have nuclear charges of
enormous yield on board. According to the U.S. press,
the Discoverer satellites are the prototypes for these
satellites. It is no accident that their total, number
in space is a secret, as instructed by the U.S. Defense
Department.
As Dornberger, a U.S. specialist on space weapons, has
pointed out, piloted satellites of the Mercury type
weighing some two tons are also destined for opera-
tions in-low-altitude orbits. As is known, four
flights with people on board were carried out with these
satellites from 1962 to 1963. The spaceship of the
Gemini type, intended for orbital flights of a duration
of up to two weeks, can probably be used for the same
purpose. It is not without purpose that the New, York
TIMES reported that the Gemini program is also pursuing
a number of 'military goals.
Thus, heavy artifical earth satellites and inhabited
spaceships can become the foundation of a bombing
system or of space weapons of the space-to-earth class.
An editorial in a Swiss journal...lists a number of
sufficiently candid "strategic conclusions" in favor of
the creation of satellite-bombers as carriers of
nuclear weapons. It notes, for example., that bombs
moving. along, an orbit can have a greater psychological
effect on the enemy than rockets on underground launch
pads or on rocket-carrying submarines. In this- connection,
it is further noted,, the enemy would be forced to begin
the destruction of the space forces before those on the
ground..
Space weapons of the space-to-space class are included,
abroad,-among the so-called defense systems. William
Coughlin, the chief editor of the journal MISSILES AND
ROCKETS, particularly insists on this. This is done in
order to somehoV. veil the mad plans of the Pentagon
for the spreading of military preparations into space.
With the aim of justifying.plans for developing such
weapons, references are made to an allegedly existing
"potential threat" against the United States by other
states. In fact,, however, these weapons are intended to
destroy satellites and space ships in orbit.
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It is true that so far, space-to-space fighter systems
are only reviewed as possible in principle. Their
incorporation in armament is not expected until the end
of the current decade or the beginning of the next.
The press states that in order to create them, it is
necessary to implement a number of very difficult tasks
connected with the recognition of space targets, their
interception, and immediate destruction. In the United
States, the problem of maneuvering interceptor. ships in
space is considered a particularly difficult problem.
Various means are proposed for the destruction of enemy
space apparatuses. For this purpose, the U.S. specialists
see great prospects in the use of quantum, light ray generators.
It is considered possible to burn the hull of a ship or
satellite almost instantly and thus put it out of opera-
tion.
.It is also believed that a possible method of destruction
is to force enemy spaceships into dense strata of the
atmosphere and even to the ground. For this purpose, it
is proposed to create piloted fighter apparatuses, part
of whose crews could temporarily leave their ship,
approach the enemy ship, and attach braking rocket engines
to it. U.S. specialists have allegedly already worked
out special suits and apparatuses with a system of
jet nozzles that ensure the free movement of a pilot in
space.
Remote plans include the development of combined systems,
that is, bombing and fighter space systems of the space-to-
earth and space-to-space classes. One may include here
the project of the Dynasoar X-20 rocket plane which is
widely publicized in the pages of the U.S. press from the
military and technical viewpoint.
According to, the intentions of the designers of Dynasoar,
it was planned as a hypersonic intercontinental bomber
capable of dropping bombs or guided rockets while gliding.
down an altitude of 30 to 60 kilometers. It was also
assigned the missions of conducting global. reconnais-
sance and of detecting and destroying various flight ap-
paratuses in space. By its design it was to be a piloted,
glider launched into space with the help of rockets and
capable of flying in orbit, deviating from it, entering
dense strata of the atmosphere, and performing landings
 bi
0 CONFIDENTIAL tOPAGANDA REPORT
// 2 ATT(?TTCrr 109% K
on conventional airfields, The development of the X-20
projects, assigned by the U.S. Air Force, began at the
end of 1957, The difficulties facing the firms working
on the implementation of the projects are indicated by the
fact that in 1963,' the'Dynasoar program received an -
additional allocation of 100 million dollars in addition
to funds allocated earlier which almost equal that.
At the present time, the further development of the
rocket plane has been stopped. In the opinion of foreign
observers this decision does not mean that the United
States has abandoned the idea of creating a rocket plane
or air and space aircraft. They point out that the funds
earmarked for Dynasoar projects have been switched by the
U0S6 Defense Department to creating a military piloted
space apparatus on the basis of the Gemini ship because
this has greater prospects,
Not stopping there, however, the United States is also
undertaking steps in a another direction, Thus' President
Johnson declared in the fall of 1964 that the United
States is creating a system for destroying satellites
with the help of rockets. The press explained recently
that these systems are to utilize the first U.S. Thor
ballistic missile and the Nike-Zeus antirocket, It is
reported that intercepts of their own satellites were
carried out at altitudes up to "several hundred miles,"
The Department of Defense issued the following comment on
these events: "Both systems intercepted satellites in
space, and the missile passed so close to the satellites
that the latter would have been within the range of the
devastating effect of the warhead," Thus the Secretary
[of Defense] added, in effect, that there was no physical
interception of the satellite; it was only computed that
it could have been destroyed.
As before, the U.S. military journals continue to pay
great attention to the idea of creating in the United
States inhabited space platforms or orbital space sta-
tions as the foundation of space forces.
There are descriptions of the designs of such platforms
and stations, and their weight and dimensions and the
number of the crew members are listed. There are a great
variety of data, but they all have the same essence.
CONFI ENTIAL
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CONFI NTIAL
.01
The United. States wants a space ship which would enable
it simultaneously to execute the most diverse military
tasks in. space and--the main thing--to achieve superiority
in space. However, the abundance of projects does
nothing except to uncover and confirm once more the
true strivings of the imperialists,
Recently, U,S0 plans have begun to pay more attention
to man in space. In the U.S., they have begun to regard
him as ,.a basic "element" in various space systems,
mechanically.. comparing him with a light and perfect
computer, possessing varied sources of information and
memory, Since man. is capable of "self-programming," he
is considered most.suitable for use in military space
weapons systems. In connection with this fact,.inten-
sive research is conducted into systems for sustaining
life in space,,,,
A general picture of the status of space armament would
be incomplete if one failed to say something of the
carrier rockets which place flight apparatus of various
types in orbit. The space rocket-systems can by their
degree of readiness be divided into three basic groups;
those existing, those in the stage of being developed,
and those in the stage of study _and planning,
The rocket'systems of the first group include, for example,
the Agena.rocket system? ?o The second group includes
the Saturn and Saturn 1-B rocket systems..... The Titan-3
is a multipurpose and three-stage rocket system, It
is utilized for various military purposes, and in particular
for the launching of the Gemini-B spaceship, The third
group includes the Saturn-5 rocket system. It has been
estimated that this rocket will be capable of placing
a payload of some 100 tons into orbit at an altitude of
over 500 kilometers, to provide a payload of approximately
43 tons with the second cosmic velocity, and to give
a payload of up to 30 tons the speed required for inter-
planetary flight. The first tests are planned for 1966.
The third group includes also the Nova rocket system,
It has a somewhat better performance that the Saturn
rocket, It will not be ready for use until after 1970.
The Rover rocket system is also projected, It will-be the
first rocket with a nuclear engine. At present under-
ground tests of reactors which are prototypes of a nuclear
engine are being performed, So far, no flight tests are
planned.
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AUGUST 1965
The U.S. press notes that the existing U.S. rockets are
not distinguished by being particularly powerful. The
power of the engines of the Soviet rocket which
placed the Vostok-into orbit was no less than 20 mil-
lion horsepower. As 'far as the planned U.S. systems
are concerned, the foreign specialists admit that their
development will require a long period of time.
As can be seen from what was said above, U.S. mili-
tarist circles are paying great attention to develop-
ing space armament. According to their plans, this
armament, in coordination with intercontinental bal-
listic rockets and the strategic air force, is to be
used, at the very onset of the war for implementing
major strategic tasks. With the aid of'space means of
support and control, the U.S. command plans to care-
fully study and select targets for nuclear strikes,
and to bring its armed forces in a centralized manner
into. combat readiness to insure surprise attack. The
U.S. strategists hope to insure for themselves
strategic initiative and superiority in the military field
by the delivery of mighty and surprise nuclear blows
with the help of space weapons. But they will never
attain what they hope for. This is guaranteed by the
continuous concern of the CPSU and of all our people
for strengthening the country's defense and for raising
the combat might of our glorious armed forces.
Moscow radio announcer describing V-E Day parade, Red Square, 9 May
1965:
Three-stage intercontinental missiles (raketa) are pass-
ing by. Their design is improved. They are very'
reliable in use. Their servicing (obsluzhivaniye) is
fully automated. The parade of awesome battle might is
being crowned by the gigantic orbital missiles
(orbitalnyye rakety). They are akin to the carrier
rockets which confidently put into space our remarkable
spaceships like the Voskhod II. For these missiles
there is no limit to range. The main property of mis-
siles of this class is their ability to hit enemy ob-
jectives literally from any direction, which makes
them virtually (prakticheski) invulnerable to antimissile
defense means. (sredstvo). Today the parade is demonstrat-
ing once again the high level of Soviet missile con-
struction. We. have the most varied missiles, with
nuclear and other warheads. This insures the reliability
 REMOVED
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of the solution of combat tasks for annihilating any
aggressor if he should dare to unleash war, ,
Caption under TASS photo showing a three-stage rocket displayed in
Red Square parade, printed in SOVIET LATVIA, 10 May 1965:
Moscow, Red Square, 9 May 1965. The military parade
marking the 20th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet
people in the great patriotic war. In the photo:
Gigantic orbital rockets. They are releated to the
rocket carriers which confidently put into space the
cosmic ships in the series "Vostok" and "Voskhod,"
For these missiles there is no range limit, and the
possible might of their nuclear warheads is fantastic.
The main characteristic of missiles of this class is
their ability to hit enemy objectives literally from
any direction. This makes them practically invulnerable
to-antimissile defense means.
Maj. Gen. A.M. Cherednichenko in LIFE ABROAD No. 23, June 1965:
At the parade on victory day, we demonstrated orbital
rockets capable of carrying charges of any size,
intercontinental solid-fuel rockets which can be main-
tained at the launching pads in constant high readiness,
new naval rockets-with a range of over 1,000 kilometers,
and new rockets for antirocket defense. They remind
the American strategists, who regard their Minuteman and
Polaris rockets as "absolute weapons" and who boast of the
imaginary "superiority" of the American nuclear forces,
that in the case of a nuclear war unleashed by them
nothing can save the aggressor from a devastating
retaliatory blow. This is inexorable reality.
OGONEK No. 25, 20 June 1965:
Strategic rocket troops are the base of the combat might
of the Soviet Union's armed forces, They possess
medium-range ballistic, intercontinental, and orbital
rockets.
Brezhnev speech at reception for military graduates, 3 July 19.65:
It is hardly necessary to quote here concrete data about
the quantity of intercontinental and orbital rockets at
the disposal of the Soviet Union. I can say one thing:
We have enough of them, quite enough, to make short work
 CON" ENTIAL 4ROPAGANDA REPORT
b1 / 3 AUGUST 1965
once and for all of any aggressor or any grouping of
aggressors, We are pleased with our rockets, Their
great reliability and high degree of preparedness for
immediate launching are the result of their high degree
of technical perfection,
S. Mitin commentary broadcast by Radio Moscow in English to South
Asia, 6 July 1965:
The Soviet armed forces are important weapons for pre-
serving present-day world peace. They are equipped
with the most modern weapons, 'including intercon-
tinental and orbital rockets, supersonic long-range
planes, atomic submarines and rocket-carrying surface
ships. Their orbital rockets are an especially strong
-weapon, These rockets are shot into a terrestrial orbit
from where they are capable of hitting any target on
earth when needed. Distinct from other types of
rockets, they have practically no flight limit and are
capable of carrying superpowerful nuclear charges.
Unattributed report on front page of RED STARS lCf July 1965:
Our rocket troops have a sufficient number of inter-
continental, orbital, and other rockets to wipe any
aggressor off the face of the earth.
6
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