"COMBAT WITH ENEMY NUCLEAR ARTILLERY, FREE ROCKETS, AND GUIDED MISSILES IN OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS OF AN ARMY" (CHAPTER IV)

• Document Type: FOIA
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 05771844
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 43
• Document Creation Date: March 9, 2023
• Document Release Date: March 6, 2020
• Case Number: F-2019-00262
• Publication Date: July 11, 1962

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON 25. D. C.
IRONBARTI(
1 1 JUL 1962
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT
: 'Combat with Enemy Nuclear Artillery, Free
Rockets, and Guided Missiles in Offensive
and Defensive Operations of an Army"
(Chapter IV)
1. Enclosed is a verbatim translation of Chapter IV of an
eight-chapter TOP SECRET Soviet publication entitled "Combat
with Enemy Nuclear Artillery, Free Rockets, and Guided Missiles
in Offensive and Defensive Operations of an' Army". It was
issued by Scientific-Research Artillery Institute No. 1 in
Leningrad in October 1960.
2. For convenience of reference by USIB agencies, the
codeword IRONBARK has been assigned to this series of TOP SECRET
CSDB reports containing documentary Soviet material. The word
IRONBARK is classified CONFIDENTIAL and is to be used only among
persons authorized to read and handle this material.
3. In the interests of protecting our source, IRONBARK
material should be handled on a need-to-know basis within your
office. Requests for extra copies of this report or for utili-
zation of any part of this document in any other form should
be addressed to the originating office.
Downgraded to Secret by Authority
of 17ohr,rd Helm, DD/P. Der no
dated Dec. 19f.;2
Enclosure
-SteRE-T-
Richard Helms
Deputy Director (Plans)
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dermoirodios mot
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Original: The Director of Central Intelligence
CC:
The Director of Intelligence and Research,
Department of State
The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
The Director for Intelligence,
The Joint Staff
The Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence,
Department of the Army
The Director of Naval Intelligence
Department of the Navy
The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
U. S. Air Force
The Director, National Security Agency
Director, Divison of Intelligence
Atomic Energy Commission
National Indications Center
Chairman, Guided Missiles and Astronautics
Intelligence Committee
Deputy Director for Research
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Assistant Director for National Estimates
Assistant Director for Current Intelligence
Assistant Director for Research and Reports
Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence
Director, National Photographic Interpretation Center
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COUNTRY
SUBJECT
DATE OF INFO :
USSR
Combat with Enemy Nuclear Artillery, Free
Rockets, and Guided Missiles in Offensive
and Defensive Operations of an Army (Chapter IV)
October 1960
APPRAISAL OF
CONTENT : Documentary
SOURCE : A reliable source CO.
Following is a verbatim translation of Chapter IV of
a TOP SECRET Soviet publication titled "Combat with Enemy
Nuclear Artillery, Free Rockets, and Guided Missiles in
Offensive and Defensive Operations of an Army".
This document contains eight chapters and was published on
15 October 196D by Scientific-Research Artillery Institute
No. 1 in Leningrad. Each chapter will be disseminated as
it becomes available and is translated.
In some cases, there are imperfections in the original
text which leave doubt as to the accuracy of translation.
Question marks are inserted in brackets following uncertain
words or phrases. As in other IRONBARK reports, transliterated
Cyrillic letters are underlined in translation, while Greek
and Roman letters are given as in the original.
According to source, the 3R10 is a free rocket, since
it starts with the figure "3", and the 8K11 is a guided
ballistic missile, since it begins with the figure "8",
The latter missile is cited in
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Chapter IV
The Destruction of Enemy Offensive Nuclear Weapons
by Tactical and Operational-Tactical Missiles
1. Nature of targets and their vulnerability to a nuclear burst
To destroy enemy offensive nuclear weapons, tactical
and operational-tactical missiles (raketa) with nuclear
warheads are used. Investigation has shown that the use
of donventional warheads for these targets is inadvisable.
The primary targets (objectives) among the enemy offensive
nuclear weapons which are to be destroyed by tactical missiles
are: launchers with "Lacrosse; '"Honest Johel. and "Little
John" missiles/rockets at firing positions and waiting
positions (vyzhidatelnaya pozitsiya), on the march, and in
the concentration area, and 280mm (203.2mm) guns at firing
positions and waiting positions, on the move, and in the
concentration area; tedhnical positions and nuclear
=munition depots of subunits equipped with "Lacrosse"
guided missiles, "Honest John" and "Little John" free
rockets and 280mm (203.2mm) guns; and transports with nu-
clear ammunition for these subunits. The main targets for
destruction by operational-tactical missiles are: "Corporalii.
"Sergeant';" and "Redstone" guided missiles at launch sites,
on the march, and in concentration areas; "Matador" and
"Mace" cruise missiles at launch sites; "Nike-Hercules"
antiaircraft guided missiles at launch sites; technical
positions and nuclear warhead depots for subunits equipped
with "Corporal' "Sergeant', ' and "Redstone" guided missiles,
"Matador" and "Mace" cruise missiles or "Nike-Hercules"
antiaircraft guided missiles transports with nuclear war-
heads for these subunits;-and army ammunition supply points.
For convenience in estimating the effectiveness of
fire, the above-mined enemy offensive nuclear weapons can
be divided into two groups of targets: individual and
group targets.
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Individual targets are those whose size is negligible
compared with the size of the destruction zone of a nuclear
burst, for example: individual launchers (guns) at firing
positions (launch sites), waiting positions, and on the
march; batteries of 203.2mm guns; technical positions
of subunits; transports with nuclear warheads; subunits'
depots of nuclear warheads; guidance posts (punkt nav-
edeniya) for guided missiles, etc. The location of an
individual target will be given as coordinates, without
any indication of size.
Group targets include: enemy subunits (units)
equipped with guided missiles, free rockets, and also
280mm and 203.2mm guns in waiting and concentration areas;
army ammunitiOn supply points; a group of individual tar-
gets which it is intended to destroy with one nuclear
warhead when the location of the individual targets is
known exactly; the expected area of deployment of individual
guided missiles (free rockets, guns) when their exact
location is not known; other targets representing, as a
rule, several individual targets located in a certain area
/77 (at a certain distance from each Other) commensurate
With the destruction zone of a nuclear burst. The position
of the individual targets within the limits of the area
may be known or not known, and the nature of the individual
targets may be different.
The location and the size of a group target are
defined either by the coordinates of the center of the
area, showing the radius of a circle whose circumference
(Etta) contains the area of the group target (when the
location of the individual targets is not known), or by
the coordinates of each individual target when their
location is known exactly.
A detailed description of the various offensive
nuclear weapons of the probable enemy is given in Chapter I.
An analysis of these data leads to the following conclusions
By their nature, individual targets are combined
targets, consisting of elements of different vulnerability
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(the materiel part of the launcher or the gun, the missile,
personnel, radar stations, motor transport, etc.). The
destruction of some of these elements,, which we shall call
the main elements, disables the whole target and consequently
puts it out of action (destroys it). For example, to disable
a guided missile like the "Lacrosse" at the firing position,
it is essential either to put out of action all the personnel
(crew) employed on the launcher, or to damage the launcher
or the missile.
On the other hand, out of the several main vulnerable
elements of each target it is possible to select the most
vulnerable, the destruction of which will require the nuclear
charge with the smallest /77yield. For our /77 example
the most vulnerable element will be the persoiinel (crew).
Group targets, as a rule, consist of several individual
targets of unequal vulnerability. The destruction of some
individual targets, which we shall call main /r leads to
putting the whole group target out of action.'
For example, for a battalion of "Corporal" guided
missiles deployed in battle formation the main individual
targets are the two launchers with missiles, the crews, and
the guidance post.
By analogy with the preceding, it is possible in many
cases to distinguish out of the several individual main
targets the most vulnerable, i.e., the one the destruction
of which will require the nuclear warhead with the smallest
yield. In the example given above, the most vulnerable
main individual target will be the guidance post. It will
be noted that in the given instance the destruction of the
group target can be achieved by the destruction of one
individual target. If the location of the guidance post
is not known, the next most vulnerable individual targets
will be the crews of the two launchers.
Tables 21 and 22, compiled on the basis of the analysis
of data in Chapter 1, list the enemy offensive nuclear
weapons,lrepresenting individual and group targets, showing
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the main and the most vulnerable elements of each individual target and also
the most vulnerable individual targets in each group target. Moreover, the
tables ehow,in addition, the nature of elements (targets), and their equivalents
in vulnerability, for which radii of destruction zones are given in the
handbooks /77.
Table 21
Basic and Most Vulnerable Elements of Individual Targets
Serial
Description of target
Basic elements of
target
Most vulnerable
elements
Nature of
target with
equivalent
Rplfrom hand-
book!
1
2
3
4
5
1
"Lacrosse" *guided
missile,"Honest John",missile/rO6ket
"Little John" free
rockets at firing
position
Launcher /7e7 with
deployed in the
Personnel
in the open
Personnel in
the open
�
open /77
2
"Lacrosse" guided
missile,"Honest John"
"Little John" free
rockets in the waiting,shelters
area
Launcher with
missile/rocket in
pit, personnel in
Launcher with
missile/rocket
in pit
�
Free rocket of
"Honest John"
type
3
"Lacrosse" guided
missile)"Honest John"
"Little John" free
rockets on the march
(when changing pos-
ition)
Launcher with
nissile/rocket in
the open
Launcher with
missile/rocket
in the open
Free
rocket of the
"Honest John"
type
4
Transport with "Lac-
rosse" missile, "Hon-
est John", "Little
John" rockets
4issile/rocket on
.larrier
\lissile/rocket
Dut in the open
Free
rocket of the
"Honest John"
type
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Table 21 continued
Betral-DeScriptiod-a-
'Target
-
%SIC eleMenIScl
target
Nbst-Vtillibrable-
elements
Nature of
target with
' equivalent
RP (from hand-
book)
4
5
280mm gun'ai firing
position
Gun in the open,
personnel in the
open
Personnel in
the open
Personnel in
the open
6
280mm gun in the
waiting area
,
Gun in pit, per-
sonnel in shelter
Gun in pit
Gun NA
(nazemnaya art-
illeriya -
field artiller
280mm gun on the
march
.
Gun and prime
overs in the
.pen
.
Gun in the
open
Gun NA
_
8
Battemrof 203.2mm
guns in firing
position
,
uns in pits,
1 ersonnel in pits
and shelters
'Guns in pits
Guns NA
9
Ammunition depots
of "Lacrosse" guided
missile and "Honest
John" and "Little
John" free rocket
subunits
issue/rocket
n shallow pit
(kotlovan)
Missile/rocket
in shallow pit
Free rocket
of the "Honest
John" type
10
"Corporal," "Sergeant;
and "Redstone" guided
missiles at launch
site
auncher with
issile in the
pen;\personnel in
the open
Personnel in
the open,
Personnel in
the open
11
"Corporal', ' "Sergeant f
and "Redstone" guided
missiles on the march.
Transport with "Corpor
all "Sergeant" and
"Redstone" missiles
issue on
launcher (on
arri,er).
Missile in
the open
Guided missile
of the "Corp-
oral" type
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14 "Matador" and "Mace"
cruise missiles on
launching pad
15 Guidance post for
guided missile.
Aine word; missing7
radar control
of cruise missile.
Control post of
fire battery_ of
"Nike-Hercules"
antiaircraft guided
missile _
IRONBARK
... _ Table 21 continued
Serial Description Of taiget ,Basic dlements of Most vulnerable Nature of
1
i target
2 3
elements target with
equivalent
R (from hand-
book)
4
5
12 Ammunition depots Missile in
of subunits equipped shallow pit
with "Corporal",
"Sergeant; and "Red- ;
stone" guided missiled
13 Technical , position Equipment on
of subunits equipped ;special
with the "Lacrosse" vehicles de-
guided missile, ployed in the
"Honest John") "Littldopen, launchers
John." free rockets, With missiles in
280mm guns, "Corporal7the open
"Sergeant" and "Red-
stone" guided missiles
and the "Nike-Hercules
antiaircraft guided
missile
4.
iIissIle
deployed
in the open,
'personnel de-
Ployed in the open,
Radio-technical Radio-technical
equipment ;equipment
allirstekET-
Missile in
shallow pit
Guided missile
, of the "Corp-
oral" type
,Equipment on Trucks (gruz-
special vehicle d ovoy avtomobil)
'Missile deployed "Matador"
,in the open cruise missile
Radar station
of the SON-4
type
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Table 22
The Most Vulnerable Elements (Individual Targets) of
Group Targets
Serial Description of targets The most vulnerable
targets (elements)
The distance Nature of
between the two 'target
most widely sep-twith
arated indivi- equivalent
dual targets In(from
(area of tar- htndbook).
get)
1
2
3
4 5
1
2
4
Battery (battalion)
of "Lacrosse" guided
missiles at firing
position
Battery of "Honest
John" ("Little John")
free rockets at :fir-
ing position
Battalion of "Honest
John" free rockets
in the siting area
(pozitsionm0 rayon)
Battery of 280mm guns
at firing position
Battalion of 280mm
guns in siting area
!Four launchers with
missiles at firing
positions
Two launchers with
rockets at firing
Ipositions
Four launchers
with rockets in
firing positions
Two guns at firing
position
Six guns in firing
positions
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1 km2 and
more
200 to 400m
91311 to 1800m
800 to 1000m
2000to 8000m
*WPM
,Personnel
deployed
in the
,open
- �
!Personnel
deployed
in the
open
Personnel
deployed
,in the
open
Personnel
'deployed
An the
open
Personnel
deployed
in the
cppen
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Table 22 continued
Serial Description of targets he most vulnerable
targets (elements)
The distance Xiture of
between the two ;target
most widely sepwith
arated indivi- equivalent
dual targets :Rn(from
(area of tar- hlhdbook)
get)
1 2 3 4 5
6
7
Battalion of 203.2mm frhree batteries in
guns in siting area firing positions
Battalion of 203.2mm /pain equipment
guns in concentration I
area
Battalion of 280mm tun equipment
guns in concentration
area (waiting area)
9 Battalion of "Honest Luncher equipment
John" free rockets)
'Lacrosse" guided
missile)in concentratio
area
10
----------
Battalion of "Corporal"; uidance post. Two
("Sergeant") guided ,Missiles at launch
missiles in siting areaSites *
-
1500 to 4000m
3/77 to 6km2
to 6km2
Guns NA
Guns NA
Guns NA
n t-
6/$7/to 10km' "Honest
John" tree
k.ocket
700/77 to 2800m hadar
Station
type SON-4
and per-
bonnel
deployed
In the
Open
* When the location of the guidance post (controlling radar) is not
known /?/.
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Table 22 continued
Serial Description of Targets The most vulnerable
; targets (elements)
The distance Nature of
between the two target
most widely sep-1with
arated indivi-
dual targets
(area of tar-
get)
equivalent
R,(from
h.tindbook)
1
2 3
4
5
11
Battalion of "Corporal"Missile equipment
and "Sergeant" guided
missiles in concentra-
tion area
7.5 to 12km2
"Corporal"
guided
Missile
12
Battle group of Two missiles
1500/77 to 2000mPersonne1
"Redstone" guided at launch
deployed
,missile in siting ,sites
area
in the
open
13
;Detachment /77 of 'Controlling
radar
300 to 500
Radar
."Matador" and "Mace"
station. two cruise
Station
cruise missiles in .missiles on launch
type
Ithe siting area pad *
SON-4,
"Matador"
cruise
Missile
14
!Army ammunition supply
ipoint
Personnel
4km2
Personnel
deployed
in the
open
_
15
;Battery of "Nike- hauncher equipment
1200m
"Honest
;Hercules" antiaircraft ,
John"
guided missile at launch
site
free
rocket
. �
*When the position (the controlling radar)
is not known.
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Evaluation of the action( of a nuclear burst shows that
for the destruction of the overwhelming majority of the
targets listed in Tables 21 and 22, it is best to employ air
bursts. The various kinds of shallow pits, pits, and other
installations for shelter of crews '; /77 in view of their
large size /77, do not actually ensure protection from air
bursts /(1777- The radii of the destruction zones of these
targets fi-om nuclear air bursts are shown in Figure 9. With
nuclear ground /77 bursts, the radii of the destruction
zones as shown in Figure 9 should be correspondingly reduced:
by 10 to 20 percent for personnel deployed in the open,
by 10 percent /77 for SON-4,
by 10 percent for "Matador" cruise missiles and
for trucks,
by 15 percent /77 for "Corporal" guided missiles,
by 10 percent for "Honest John" free rockets,
by5/?/ percent for field artillery guns.
For personnel located in a shelter the radius of the
destruction zone, as shown in Figure 9, should be reduced by
8 percent.,
2. Task of firing for destruction (porazheniye)
The evaluation of th6 destructive action of a nuclear
burst leads to the conclusion that missiles with nuclear
charges may inflict decisive damage on an individual target,
as well as on a group of individual targets deployed at a
considerable distance from each other, and thus put out of
action whole subunits (units). The considerable destructive
capabilities of missiles with nuclear charges also permit
their being used to destroy enemy offensive nuclear weapons)
the location of which is determined only approximately, and
this is particularly important if the difficulties of aerial
reconnaissance in an area with strong antiair defense (PV0)
are considered.
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Firing with tactical and operational-tactical missiles
against such targets as enemy offensive nuclear weapons is
usually delivered with the object of destroying them. Here
their destruction must be achieved with one nuclear warhead
with the necessary yield.
As an indication of the effectiveness of firing for
destruction (porazheniye), the probability of the annihilation
(unichtozheniye) of the target is used. Taking into con-
sideration the importance of the targets and also the
circumstance that, as a rulelone nuclear warhead is expended
against the target, the degree of probability that the tar-
get will be destroyed must be high. It is usual to consider
that to meet this requirement the probability must be 80 to
90 percent or higher.
The destruction of a target consists Of. the infliction
on it of such damage (losses) that as a result it will be
put out of action completely, or will lose its combat
effectiveness for the duration of the engagement (operation).
We shall reckon that the destruction (unichtozheniyeS
of an individual target is achieved as a result of destroying
(porftzheniye), with a probability of no less than 90 percent,
a at least one, as a rule the most vulnerable, of the
vulnerable main elements of the target. The destruction of
a group target is achieved by the destruction of each main
individual target of those comprising the given group target.
3. Determination of the required yield of nuclear charge
Q to destroy (unichtozheniye) an individual And a
group target. Determination of probability P of destroying
(porazheniye) the target by a charge of a given yield. Yields
of nuclear charges to destroy (unichtozheniye) various targets.
The essence of evaluating the effectiveness of fire with
nuclear warheads against various targets is to determine the
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yield of the nuclear charge Q necessary to,destroy the,target, and
also to determine the probability P of destruction of the
target by a nuclear charge of a given yield.
It should be noted that these problems have now been
studied in comparative detail. The practical methods which
have been developed for determining Q and P have been assim-
ilated by the -troops and tried out in a number of exercises,
and on the whole they meet operational requirements. The
troops and the training establishments have made several
suggestions to improve the efficiency of existing methods.
The study of these problems in this work is mainly
concerned with' further tefinement7 of determining Q
and P under conditions when the ground zero of a nuclear
burst (point of aim) must be projected to a certain distance
from the target, i.e., under conditions of aiming-off
(vynos tochki pritselivaniya).
A number of authors of articles in military journals
mention aiming-off, as a rule, only in connection with
ensuring the safe distance of friendly troops; other cases
requiring aiming-off are omitted, thereby giving a wrong
impression of the importance of the problem of aiming-off.
Aiming-off is most widely used during destruction of
enemy offensive nuclear weapons -when a nuclear strike is
delivered with the object of destroying several isolated
targets.
The most widely used practical method of determining
Q and P when firing on an individual target is by using
graph Rp E, Xs), showing the ratio between probability
of destYuction of taTget P, radius of the destruction zone
Rpt nuclear charge Q, and the elliptical error of the shot,
Which is defined by the relation E * of the minor axis of
a single ellipse of error of shot�(yedinichnyy ellips oshibok
vystrela) (Vbp or Ydp) to the greater, designated 4. This
graph is :given - in, (15) ,- and is used in the dUfriculum
of the Higher Artillery Academy and among the troops. It
1
* E defines the convexity (as opposed to thefiine woxtd missing7)
of the ellipse.
With E = 1 when /TO words missing7.
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allows Q and P to be determined comparatively simply, but
only when the point of aim coincides /77 with the target.
In practice, besides this method, there is also used the
method of resolving these problems in accordance with the
formula:
Rp-let/Vd (13)
- coefficient /45ne word miseling7 with probability of
destruction of target P;
1,7 mean circular error of shot (sredinnaya krugovaya
oshibka vystrela);
d = the distance between the point of aim and the
center of the target.
Using this formula it is possible to determine Rn and,
consequently,Q,even when the point of aim is at a certain
distance d from the center of the target. To do this it
is necessary to give the appropriate value to the coefficient
k in the frula; this value is found from the auxiliary
graph k (P, dllt). When d is known in some cases when
the elliptical error of shot is near to the circular one,
and is defined by the magnitude E within the limits of 0.5
to: 1.0, then by using formula (13) and the graph k -4(P, c0t)
it is also possible to find the approximate value of P, the
probability of destruction of the target.
The fact is that it is unusual to determine the mean
circular error of shot't, from the following circumstance;
that the probability of destruction of the target calculated
by using tmust be Lane wolid m1ss1ng7 equal to the probability
of destruction of the target calculated by using the actual
elliptical error of shot, characterized by !Is and E.
The ,eatablfshed ' circular error% found in thiS manner
depends on 17, Ethellp because '1,= -(P, E, Vp). In cases
where E 0.5 + ?).vonly negligibly depends-on P and there-
fore it becomes possible, particularly by using the formula
&'L? 44Vb2 /?/
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to find the approximate circular error of shot lld? which
with certain tolerance /77 may be considered independent of
P. In these circumstances the solution of problems by
using't2 is accompanied by /77 permissible errors.
When E is less /77 than 0.5,1twill substantially depend
on P, and Therefore the determination of probability of
destruction of target P by using the circular errorljwhich
itself depends on this probabilitytis not possible, and
the solution of this problem using the approximate circular
error may lead to inadmissible errors. *
Considering the circumstance that over a wide compass
of ranges of fire with tactical missiles" E is less than
0.5, this work sets out a fairly accurate-method of solving
problems of determining Q and P for any value of d by
using theEiliptical error of shot with the characteristics
E and 1p.
Using the proposed method, it is recommended that Q and
P should be found from the expression:
(14)
whenfl=4(13, d, E) - the coefficient allowing for the
probability of a-hit and a circle of radius RD depending
on E and the displacement d of the center of tlspersion
in Felation to the center of the circle.
The values of the coefficientrk for various values of
d, P, and E are given in a table in the appendix. Also in
the appendix are graphs forf1=-1,(P, d, E) constructed on the
basis of the table where E = 1, 0.9, 0.R, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4,
0.3, 0.2 and 0.1, i.e., f4.5r the whole of the practical possible
range of values of E.
The solution of problems of launching nuclear strikes
against individual targets, using the graphs given in the
* The problem of circular error of shot is described in
detail in (18) .
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appendix, are shown in the following examples.
Example 1.
Determine the required (minimum) yield of a nuclear
charge Q for the destruction of a battery of 203.2mm guns
in firing positions, with a probability of 90 percent, when
using a tactical missile at the range of 18km(yp - 320 meters,
E = 0.35), air burst, the point of aim is displaced in re-:l
ration to the target d = 500 .
Solution. 1. d = 500 = 1.56
VP 320
-
2. in the appendix we find the graph for
E = 0.4 * using this and with d = i.5A
Tnd P 90 percent we find the value
for coefficientft= 3.4
3. Rp = fk.y_p= 3.4 x 320 = 1090m, Q= 88kt .
Example 2.
Determine the probability of destruction of a 280mm
gun at a firing position, 800mfrom a target against which
a nuclear strike is being delivered with a tactical missile
with a nuclear warhead of 5kt yield, air burst, range 22km
(V- = 280m, E = 0.5).
-P
Solution. 1. d = 80Q _ 2.86
V '280
-P
2. using Q = 5kt we find the radius of
destruction of the gun Rp = 1220m/77
gme word missing7 it and-yp, we �
determine ix= Rp/77= 4.35 7W
VW?/
The values of E are given to the nearest decimal point,
reducing the value when the hundredths /T are less than
5 and increasing it when the hundredths are 5 or over.
The error in values of Q and P resulting from this are
negligible.
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3. in the appendix we find the graph for
E = 0.5, with the aid of whichlwith
= 2.86 ' and = 4.35 /77 we
find P = 90 percent /77
The proposed graphs may also be used for the solution
of problems when performing the tasks of firing against a
group target. *
As noted earlier, the area covered by a group target,
representing a great many elementary targets or several
individual targets of equal vulnerability, dispersed
arbitrarily, can always be represented by a minimal area
of a circle with radius Rt ! within which lie all the
s
targets subject to destruction. It is assumed that any
one individual (elementary) target may be located on the
edge of the area and will be d' =Rts distant from the
center of the circle, which is also-the point of aim. With
the aid of the appropriate graph (see appendix) we can then
find Rts = R.VD /77 and consequently) also Q, ensuring the
destruclon ol'each of the individual targets farthest re-
moved from the point of aim, with probability P - 90 percent,
or the probability of destroying each of these targets when
using a nuclear charge of a given yield Q.
Should the point of aim for some reason be displaced
in relation to the center of the circle by a value / d,
then the solution of problems in determining Q or P is found
by using n = Rts a /?/.
The method of working out of problems in connection
with the destruction of group targets is shown in the ex-
amples below.
Example 3
To determine the yield of a nuclear charge for the
destruction with a probability of 90 percent /?/ of an
army ammunition supply point deployed on an area of 4 /?/km2.
* Graphs may be used also in determining A-hree words missing7
of center of the burst from the center of the target
(1713) /Cine line m1ssing7 and the required probability P.
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(Rts = 1130m/?/), using an operational-tactical missile at
a range of 17am CV 1,1 = 810m, E = /(7.49?1, air burst, point
of aim is the cen-C&F- of the iea:
Solution. 1. We get
R t d1= . 1130
'
=1.4810
2. in the appendix we find the graph for
E =0.55with the aid of which,with d1
ind P - 90 percent we find fv.- 3.35.
3. using the known values fort-Nand Vp,
we resolve Rp =VVC Vn = 3.35 x 81U - 2710
from which ,-accordifig to the graph
(Pigure 9) Q = 69kt.
Example 4
A 100kt missile strike is delivered against two "Corporal"
guided missile launchers on laiinch sites, 2km apart (the
location of the guidance post is not known), air burst, point
of aim halfway between the launchers, range 150km CV - 730m,
-P
E = 0.53).
To be determined: (a) the probability of destruction of
each of the two launchers,
(b) the distance from the point of aim,
inside which the guidance post will be
put out of action with a probability of
not less than 90 percent;
(c) the probability of destruction of
the guidance post if itis known that it
is located not more than 2800/?/m from
the point of aim.
Solution 1. Using the graph (Figure 9) from Q = 100kt,
determine the radius of destruction for a
"Corporal" launcher at launch site Rp1= 3080m,
and for the guidance post Rp2 = 2,80D/?/M.
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(a) Considering each launcher as a separate
target at a distance, d, of 1000m (for
1.27 /77 y.p) from the point of aim, /5ne
word missiug7 Rp, and yE, we find -
II= 11,1 -�
= 4.2 and with aid of a graph for
XR.
E = 0.5, R. 4.2 and d = 1.27 we find
r= 97 percent.
Therefore each of the launchers will be
destroyed.
(b) Expressing Rp2 in terms of V we find
ri= R = 4
From the graph for E = 0.5, if R= 4 and
P = 90 percent we fInd d = 2.2 V2. = 1600m.
Thus, if the guidance post is located at a
distance of up to 1600m from the point of
aim, it will be destroyed.
(c) Expressing Rcd in terms of Vp we find
11= 4; if t\ 7-7 4 and d = 28013�= 3.85, by
using the graph for 730
E = 0.5 we determine P - 50 percent, i.e.,
If the guidance post is located at the
maximum possible distance from the point
of aim the probability of its destruction
will be 50 percent.
As can be seen, the solution of these problems by using
graphs is fairly simple and, what is most important, is done
with the use of the actual elliptical errors of shot, i.e.,
the necessity of substituting the circular error for the
elliptical error of shot is eliminated. Some inconvenience
is caused by the large number of graphs, but it is fully
justified by the great accuracy of the result obtained.
Simpler approximate methods of solving these problems by
means of graphs or based on graphs may be developed in the
future.
411161111111111110
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When planning nuclear strikes it is more convenient to
use tables compiled beforehand showing the yield required
for the destruction of individual and group targets, rather
than calculations. It should be noted that, depending on
circumstances, the distances between the elements of the
battle formation of a certain subunit, representing a group
target or, what is the same, the area of the group target
may vary over a considerable amount (this can be seen from
Table 22). In this connection, in the table for group
targets Q should be LO-ne word missing7 depending on the
size of the area of the group target. By interpolating
between the values in the tables the required Q may be
found.
Tables of this kind are given below.
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Table 23
The required yield Q of a nuclear charge for the destruction of an
individual target using tactical missiles 3R10 (air burst, point of aim
coincides with target).
Designation of
target
QI(kt) at a range of D(km)
Fuse Mechanism I Fuse Mechanism
VDM-T 3917
1 2
"Lacrosse" guidJ
ed
"Honest John"
and "Little
John" free rock-1.
ets, 280mm gun
at firing pos-
ition
"Lacrosse" guid4
ed missile,
"Honest John"
and "Little
John free rock-
eta. in a wait-
ing position
and on the mar-
ch
Transport with
"Lacrosse",
"Honest John"
and "Little '
John" missiles/
7,nrkets
12 16 16
3
4 5
1
20 24 28 32
�1-
6 7 8 9
..4
1 1
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Table 22 continued
Designation of
target
Q (kt) at a range of D (kms)
use Mechanism
VDM-T
Fuse Mechanism
3917
2
3
5 6
7
8
9
Ammunition stor-
age installation
for "Lacrosse';
"Honest John"
and "Little John"
subunits
12
7
11
3
Battery of 203.2
mm guns at firing
positions, 280mm
gun in a waiting
position and on
the march
6
42 28
24
25
39/7/
.Technical posi-
tion of "Lacrosse'
guided missile,
"Honest ,John" and
"Little John" free
rockets, and 280mm
gun subunits
1
5
3
3
3 5/77
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Table 24
The required yields Q of nuclear charge to destroy an individual target
by firing 8K11 missiles (izdeliye) (air burst, Point of aim coincides with
target).
Designation of
I targets
iy0.1
1 !"Corporal",
"Sergeant",
and "Redstone"
,guided missiles
lat launch site
Q (kt) at a range of D(km)
60 80
100
120 140 160 180
4 6 10 14 19 27 39/77
,"Corporal",
"Sergeant", and
,"Redstone" guid-
ed missiles on
:the march
!Transport with
P"Corporal", ,
:"Sergeant", and !
"Redstone" missi-
les
Ammunition stor-
age installations,
of "Corporal",
"Sergeant", and ,
"Redstone" guided.
missile subunits
37 52/77 7? '100 150
200 250
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Table 24 continued
Designation of
targets
2
1
"Matador" i
("Mace") cruise
missile at
launch site
Q (kt) at a range of D(km)
4
5
6 7
8
9
Technical
position of
subunits of
"Corporal"
"Sergeant" and j
"Redstone"guid-:
ed missiles ' '13 ?
17
17
24/77 32/7 45
59/77
76
Guidance post
for guided
missiles,
position of
radar station i
controlling
cruise missiles: 8
10
15
20 28 37 48
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Table 25
The requireeyields Q of nuclear charge to destroy a group target using
tactical missiles 3R10 (air burst, most effective point of aim).
Serial Designation of targets Size of target
Q (kt) at a range of D(km)
(km2)
Fuse
Mechanism
VDM-T
1
2
3 4
Fuse Mechanism
3917
12 16 16, '20 24128 p32
7 .8 9 10 111
Subunit of "Lacrosse" 200
guided missiles, "Hones
John" and "Little John" 400
free rockets or 280mm
guns at firing positions 600/77
_ ,
800
0.1
O.?
1.0
1
1
1
3
1 l 5
2, 3
1200 4 H10 3.0 19/T7W771515V 18
; --
i 1600 8 /77�22
_ 22 5/771D 303O 237
I
2000 12 .27 28/77?? q2 "t202/7 77
1
2400 19 63/765/?/80/?!????4,7,7 WY
_
1
11 3
1 1 3
? 4 .5
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PRONBARKI
2
3
5
6 7
8
10 11
2 Battalion of 203.2mm guns
600
46 46 130
90
90
95
120
in siting area (at fire
position)
800
85 85 200
160
150
155
190
1200 4 220
220 375 3251320
315
370
Battalion of 280mm guns
4600 8 450
450
1 or 203.2mm guns in con-More than
centration area (wait-200 12 500
ing area) *
3 'Subunits of "Lacrosse" 600 1 18
guided missiles, "Honest
18 33 23 23
24 , 30
,John", "Little John" 800 2 22 22 50 401 38
39 48
free rockets in concent-1200 4 57 57 100 86, 85
85 i 97
ration area * 1600 8 120 120 190 120120
120 190
2000 12 210 210 310.275 275
275 300
ffialf page missing.- This presumably contains the remainder of Table 25 '
and the heading and beginning of Table 267
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Table 26
2
3
4
6
7
8
1600
2000
2400
8 47 53
' 12 76 83
18 115 !125
62! 72
90 100
140 155
Subunits of "Matador"
("Mace" )cruise missiles
in .:siting � area (on
launch Pads)
-------
6ubunits of "Nike-
Hercules" antiaircraft
guided missiles in the
:siting � area (at
ilaunch .pads)
',Subunits of "Corporal"
Sergeant", and "Red-
stone" guided missiles
;in concentration area*
, 200
400
. 600
! 800
1200
600
900
11200
1600,
2000,
2400
200 0.1 15 19 27 35
400 0.1 19 25 33 41
600 1.1 25 32 40 50
800 2.0 34 44 52 68
, ,
0.1 34 42 64 83
0.1 41 58. 77 96
1 60 75 95 120
2 80 100 125 175
4150 175 215 245
180/7/96 1341150
210U-140 170225
4200 230275 310
S320360.410 475
9
10
11
85
95
115
125
140
160
175
195
220
1
50
62
84
56
71
93
66
81
' 105
82
100
120
120
160
210
:140
180
2?0
3.65
205,
265
210
250
,300
:300
! 350
'420
-f
220
265
335
270
1 315
380
;380
450,
12 More than 1 500
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IRONBARK
As can be seen from Tables 25 and 26, the destruction
of guided missile', free rocket, and arti1107 subunits
deployed in a concentration area (marked with an asterisk)
requires nuclear charges with considerable yield. These
have been worked out on the assumption that shelters for
personnel have been provided in the concentration areas.
If it is known for sure that no shelters for personnel '
have been provided in the concentration areas, then the
yields of nuclear warheads to destroy subunits deployed
In concentration areas will be the same as the yields
necessary to destroy these subunits if they were deployed
In the siting area (see Serial 1, Tables 25 and 26).
When the yields of the nuclear charges for each
delivery system which are being released for the operation
are known beforehand, it is advisable to compile tables
similar in form to the tables given, but showing the
probability of destruction of the target by each of the
allotted nuclear charges instead of Q.
4. The selection of type and height of a nuclear burst.
With a nuclear burst the destruction caused at the
moment of the burst is the result of the impact on targets
located near the burst, of shockwave, thermal radiation,
and penetrating radiation, and that following the burst
is the result of radioactive irradiation (oblucheniye)
(contamination) of various targets in the path of the
radioactive cloud.
The destructive effect of a nuclear burst on targets
located near the burst is defined by the radius of the
destruction zone, R. The radius of the destruction zone
of a certain target�depends chiefly on the yield of the
nuclear burst. As for the effect of the height of the
nuclear burst on a change in magnitude of the destruction
radius, it is insignificant. That is why handbooks on
nuclear weapons give values for Rp only for air (within
the limits of low to very high) arid ground nuclear bursts.
And, as shown in one of the previous paragraphs, RD for a
ground and an air burst varies only 3 to 20 percent in
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magnitude, depending on the nature of the targets.
The selection of a certain type and height of nuclear
burst is dictated chiefly not by the desire to obtain a
greater radius of the destruction zone, but by the necessity
to obtain a certain rildioactive contamination of the ground,
and this contamination changes considerably with the height
of burst. It is just for this reason that nuclear bursts
are subdivided according to altitude into ground, low air,
high air, and very high air bursts. The average necessary
height of a low Hin/771 high H'v/77, and very high H'0
air burst is deter/III-Ted by the wiTl-known formulae:
H'n /77 = 71-4
H' /17 121/47
H' /77 - 17N (15)
ov �
/NOTE: These roots may not be square. The original is too
indistinct to te117
The level of radioactive contamination of terrain, and
consequently the destructive effect after a nuclear burst,
increases as the height of burst is reduced/77. The maximum
effect /Two words m1ssing7 after /?/ a nuclear explosion is
achieved with a ground 177 burst.--
It should be noted that if all the favorable conditions
of the situation are calculated correctly, a ground nuclear
burst will have a more considerable total destructpre effect
on a target than an air nuclear burst because of radioactive
contamination. The advisable conditions for the selection
of certain height of an air nuclear burst are specified in
detail in the appropriate Regulations and basically: correspond
to the requirements for delivering-duclear strikes against
enemy offensive nuclear weapons, and so we shall not pursue
this question here. As for ground bursts, when the situation
and meteorological conditions permit, it is advisable to
use them for the destruction of:
--army ammunition supply points;
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--firing positions (launch sites, waiting areas, and
technical -) positions) calculated so that some will
be destroyed by the nuclear burst and others by the
radioactive fallout in the path of the radioactive
cloud;
--enemy offensive nuclear weapons on the march when they
are passing through defiles, large forest areas, water
crossings, etc;
--enemy offensive nuclear weapons located in concentration
areas and in anticipated /77 areas.
In practice, during the selection of the type and
height of a nuclear burst, it is essential to take into
consideration the forthcoming actions of friendly troops
to determine the type of burst, and then to determine the
tabular height (tablichhaya vysota) depending on the type
of burst and the yield of the nuclear charge /77.
The tabular height of a ground burst is taken to equal
zero.
The tabular height of a nuclear air burst should be
calculated making allowance for the dispersion of the burst
in height (rasseivant6 vzryva po vysote).
Using tactical missiles with VDMT fpse mechanistvat
a range of 10 to 16 km, the magnitude :of mean deviation
(otkloneniye) in height of a burst (V.1.�n) is on the average
equal to 80m.
With such a considerable dispersion of the burst in
height, there is a great probability of getting a low air
burst when the necessary height has been selected so as to
get a high air burst. In just the same way the probability
of obtaining a surface burst, when the necessary height has
been selected so as to get a low air burst is inadmissibly
/77 high.
The formula for determining the tabular height is:
-110110010
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H = H' + D'VrUp
(16)
when H'? = the necessary height of air burst, determined
in accordance with formula (15);
Vribp - mean deviation in height of burst;
fl,= coefficient to allow for the probability of a
burst at a height not less /?/ than the necessary
height.
The coefficient CV is assumed to equal 2 for low air
bursts and 1 for high and very high air bursts. The pro-
bability of getting an air burst at a height not less /77
than the necessary height will equal 91 percent for low air
bursts and ??percent for high and very high air bursts.
Tabular heights of bursts, calculated in accordance
with formula (16) for firing tactical missiles with fuse
mechanism VDMT, at a range of 10 to 16 km are given in
Table 27.
Table 27
Tabular height of an air burst, firing tactical missiles
3R10, with VDMT fuse mahanism.
Type of bUrst Q (kt)10
20
30
50
_.
100
Low air burst
310
350
380
420
480
High air
340
410
450
500
640
Very high air
450
540
610
710
860
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For missiles with ,proximity fuses (radiovzryvatel)
Vrt does not eXceed 10m. When the dispersion in height
is so insignificant, the tabular height of a:huclear burst
is practically the same as the necessary height. Therefore
when firing missiles with proximity fuses, the tabular
height of the nuclear burst is calculated in accordance
with formula (15).
5. Determination of the most effective location for the
point of aim.
The most effective location for the point of aim will
be taken to be that point at which the targets (target)
intended for destruction are destroyed by a nuclear charge
of minimum yield.
The location of the point of aim determined for a
minimum yield nuclear charge will obviously also be correct
for a nuclear charge of greater yield.
In each case where a nuclear charge is used, there is
an optimum location for the point of aim, and this depends
chiefly on the nature, location (relative distance), and
dimensions of the targets to be destroyed, their resistance
to the effects of the nuclear burst (relative vulnerability
the probability of destruction, and the accuracy of the
delivery system.
Before proceeding to the solution of the problem of
determining the most effective location for the polnt of
aim, let_us. consider the idea of the vulnerability of the
target. It is known that for a given Q the radii of destruc-
tion zones for targets cf different nature vary in magnitude,
i.e., if, for example, for target A the radius of the
destruction zone corresponds to the magnitude Rn /77 and
for target B, R, /77, then RnA777 R.
� zi-
-43/?/. Comparison
between radii of destruction zones for these targets for
different values of Q shows that the ratio REA7,/ remains
f./
RPB-
diONNIMMO
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apprOximately constant for all values of Q.
Let us Call the vulnerability of a given target A
coefficient equal to the ratio of the radius of destruc-
tion zone of this target at a certain value of Q to the
radius of destruction zone of personnel in the open at
the same value for Q, = RPA/ The values for the
77
p???
coefficient determining the vulnerability of the targets
studied above are given in Table 28.
Table 28
Values of coefficien�,
Nature of target
_
t
1
2
Personnel in the open
1
Radar station of the SON-4 type
0.9
Motor vehicles, "Matador" cruise missiles
0.75
"Honest John" free rocket
0.57
"Corporal" guided missile
0.52
Guns of field artillery
0.37
Personnel in shelters
0.25
The relative vulnerability of two targets of different
nature will be determined by the ratio of the corresponding
coefficients (the lesser to the greater).
40111.11111111110111116.
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We shall consider the most common of the possible cases
of determining the most effective location for the point
of aim when a nuclear strike is delivered to destroy in-
dividual or group targets of different vulnerability. The
conclusions so obtained may be extended to other cases -as
well.
The conditions of the problem of determining the most
effective location for the point of aim will be formulated
in the following way.
We have two individual targets, located at a distance
C from each other; target A, the vulnerability of which is
represented by value`/?/ and target B, the vulnerability
of which is represented-by the value'rc: /77, and
07;
The problem is to determine the location of the point
of aim from which each target will be destroyed by a
nuclear weapon of minimum /?/ yield Q with probability
of destruction P,= 90 percent.
Evidently the ro-ne word mis41ng7 point of aim must
lie on the straiga line connecting A and B, at a certain
distance d? from the less 77 vulnerable target B and a
distance C-d? from target AT
The solution of the problem, in fact, amounts to
determining d? at which each of the targets will be
destroyed with a probability P = 90 percent. This
problem may be solved with the aid of the graphs given
in the appendix.
Because it is possible to fire at any value for E ,
it is necessary to trace the relation of rl to E when P
= 90 percent is a constant. This relationship-Is shown
in Figure 10. Figure 10 shows that if P = 90 percent,
n, =,k(d,E) changes in relation to E only insignificantly,
so t at with a certain degree of error, Er may be taken.
to be a constant, equal to its average value which is
APINIMINIMM
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= 0.8.
_... sr
So, the problem of determining the most effective location
for the point of aim may be solved with the aid of the
graphr\ -L (d,P) when E = 0.8. To do this it is necessary,
using the kiven values -C and and setting various n,
to determine with the aid of tfie selection graph (grafik
podbora) the minimum d? at which each target will be
destroyed with a probability P = 90 percent.
On the basis of the solution of the problem using
different values for C and a graph was constructed
(Figure 11) to determine the distance d of the point of
aim from the less vulnerable target.
On the graph (Figure 11), along the horizontal axis
are shown the distances between the targets C, expressed
in terms of V, and along the vertical axis the distance
d? of the porft of aim from the less vulnerable target.
In terms of C, the line of the graph is plotted through
the points which are characterized by equal relative
vulnerability.
The method of determining the most effective location
for the point of aim with the aid of the graph in Figure 11
is illustrated in the following example.
Example 6
To determine the most effective location for the
point of aim in order to destroy with one nuclear charge
an "Honest John" free rocket launcher in a waiting position
and a battery of 203.2mm guns located lkm from each other,
when using a tactical missile at 28km range (Vp - 260m).
Solution: J. from data in Table 28 we determine
h03/7/
0.37
0.57 - 0.65.
cg) /77
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2. we express C in terms of V (C
-P =g=3.85)
26
3. from the graph with c - 0.65 and C - 3.85 by
interpolation we find e=0.23, from which
d? = 230m.
Therefore, the point of aim is located on the straight
line joining the targets under consideration7230m from
the battery of 203.2mm guns.
The graph (Figure 11) may also be used to determine
the most effective location of the point of aim when
launching a nuclear strike against two group targets.
In this case C should represent the distance between the
two most distant points in the particular group targets.
Example 7
Two grotp targets: Ts 1 with Rl = 500m and
Ts ,2 with Rt52 = 1000m anA=0.6
Distance between centers of targets - C2= 2000m.
Determine the most effective location for point of aim
when 4 = 400m.
Solution.
1. we determine t = 0.6 - 0.75
F2. we determine C t51 + + Rts2
500 + 2000 + 1000
3500 - 8.75 V
-R
3. from the graph with 0.75 and C
8.75 V we find d'2
= 0.39 therefore
-P
r--
d? = 0,39 c = 1370m.
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That is, the most effective location for the point
of aim is on the straight line joining the centers of
the targets 1370m from the center of target No.2.
Employment of the above method of determining the
most effective location of the point of aim for fire at
various targets permits the formulation of the following
practical recommendations;
When delivering a nuclear strike against an individual
target the point of aim should coincide with the target.
When delivering a nuclear strike against a group
target consisting of several individual targets of equal
vulnerability or of a large number of elementary targets
of equal vulnerability dispersed at random over a certain
area and also when delivering a nuclear strike against
two or more group targets of equal vulnerability, the
point of aim should be the center of the smallest circle
whose circumference will contain all the targets earmarked
for destruction.
When delivering a nuclear strike against a group
target consisting of two individual or group targetsr
of unequal vulnera14lity, the point of aim should be
selected by using the graph (Figure 11).
Chapter Conclusions
1. To destroy enemy offensive nuclear weapons,
tactical and operational-tactical,. missiles with
nuclear warheads should be used.
2. Using tactical missiles 3R10 at the most eff-
ective range, a nuclear charge with a yield of up to
lOkt will be required to destroy individual guns and
launchers at a firing position (waiting position)
and on the march, and to destroy a battery of "Lacrosse"
guided missiles, a battery of 280mm guns, or a battalion
of "Honest John" ("Little John") free rockets deployed
in the firing position; but a nuclear charge with a yield
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of up to 24kt will be required to destroy a battery of
203.2mm guns at a firing position, and a nuclear charge
with a yield of more than 100kt will be required to
destroy offensive nuclear weapons in concentration areas
provided with shelters for personnel.
3. Using an 8K11 missile (izdeliye) to destroy the
more typical targets, the following yields of nuclear
charges will be required, depending on the range:
from 4 to 50kt - to destroy an individual guided
missile at the launch site
,or a guidance post for guided
missiles (cruise missiles).
from 10 to 80kt- to destroy a "Corporal", "Sergeant",
or "Redstone" guided missile battalion;
a detachment (otryad) of "Matador"
("Mace"), cruise missiles, and an
army ammunition supply point. The
destruction of enemy offensive nu-
clear weapons in concentration
areas will require a nuclear charge
of over 500kt.
4. The effectiveness of using missiles with nuclear
warheads depends largely on the correct selection of the
point of aim. When delivering a nuclear strike against
a group of targets of similar vulnerability the point
of aim should be the center of the smallest circle whose
circumference will contain all the targets earmarked for
destruction. When delivering a nuclear strike against
a group target consisting of two individual or group
targets of unequal vulnerability, the point of aim should
be selected by using the graph (Figure 11).
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Radii of Destruction Zone
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441
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o
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erte,e;
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Figure 9 �
gote: Writing illegible but see Cha,prV, para
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I RONBARKI
40(0 I �
, .
.l,00) I
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0
d? 4(4 CV�htnPs 9o% abet
a
ci rd
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INN AMEN
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I r AU�
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[ Note : For eApiculation. see Chapter poso.S. 66- 61)
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