QUARTERLY ECONOMIC SURVEY OF THE FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS (U)

• Document Type: FOIA
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 06614204
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: March 8, 2023
• Document Release Date: August 13, 2019
• Case Number: F-2018-00127
• Publication Date: December 1, 1991

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Directorate of
Intelligence
NOT MICRUF Hifi ED
� 00 A�e -
For Data Entry Only
Cz6pa. v pq4 24.
-"ConfidentiaL_
(b)(3)
Quarterly Economic Survey of the
Former Soviet Republics (u)
Third Quarter 1991
207
SOV E90004 91
300-301
0
SOY ESQ 91-004
December 1991
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Directorate of
Intelligence
Quarterly Economic Survey of the
Former Soviet Republics (u)
Third Quarter 1991
Reverse Blank
This survey was prepared by the
Office of Soviet Analysis
Comments and queries are welcome and may be
directed to the Chief
----Milliteri that�
SOV ESQ 91 004
December 1991
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Scope Note
Reverse Blank
Quarterly Economic Survey of the
Former Soviet Republics (u)
This Quarterly Economic Survey of the Former Soviet Republics is the
first issue of a redesigned serial publication replacing the Quarterly
Bulletin on Soviet Economic Performance, which was last published in
August 1991. The combination of text and graphics familiar to readers of
the Bulletin has a new format, and the contents highlight regional aspects
of economic developments in the former Soviet Union, focusing particular-
ly on Russia and the next largest republics. In addition, each issue of the
Survey will include a tabular appendix of key indicators of economic
change by republic. Reader reaction to these changes in presentation would
be most welcome;
(u)
111
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(b)
V
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Chief,
vi
SOVA
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Contents
Scope Note
Current Developments
Page
111
After the Coup
1
Food and Energy Shortages 2
Hard Currency Crunch 3
Financial Mess 4
Human Pain 5
Appendixes
A.
Indicators of Economic Change, by Republic, 1988-91 7
B.
The Former Soviet Republics on the Eve of the Breakup 11
vii
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Current Developments
After the Coup
The disintegration of the Soviet Union in the wake of
the failed August coup has been accompanied by
continuing economic deterioration. Mirroring this dis-
integration, Soviet official statistics for January-
September 1991 were reported for only 12 republics�
excluding the newly independent Baltic states�rather
than the former 15. These statistics reflect declining
output and employment, rapidly rising prices, and a
sharp drop in the volume of foreign trade. Moreover,
shortages show no signs of abating, barriers to interre-
public trade remain widespread, the value of the ruble
is plummeting, and several republics are contemplat-
ing separate currencies.
Negotiations on Economic Treaty.... By mid-
November, representatives of 10 republics had signed
a treaty establishing�on paper�an economic com-
munity committed to move promptly toward markets,
lower barriers to internal trade, and develop more
open trade with the rest of the world. The treaty,
however, was more a promise to reach agreement at
some future date than a concrete agreement; it left
Soviet Official Indicators of
Real Economic Performance
the resolution of a variety of critical issues, such as
the voting and veto rights of individual republics, to
be worked out in auxiliary agreements
. Overtaken by Commonwealth. Efforts to conclude
those agreements have been overtaken by an accord
signed by Russia, Ukraine, and Byelarus on 8 Decem-
ber. The three Slavic republics have declared the
USSR defunct as a geopolitical reality, established a
commonwealth of independent states among them-
selves, and invited other former Soviet republics to
join.
Meanwhile, Boris Yel'tsin has announced that Russia
will step up its own move toward markets by removing
price controls on all but a limited range of output, such
as energy, transportation, and essential consumer
goods and services; by rapidly privatizing small and
medium-size enterprises; and by lowering barriers to
trade with the outside world. Although some form of
price controls for oil and gas will remain in place,
Russia has indicated it will raise the prices of these
fuels, boosting the import bills of most other republics.
Ukraine, the major exporter of food, is likely to see its
purchasing power in interrepublic trade decline
Percent change Trade and Financial Indicators
Fifteen Republics,
1990
Twelve Republics,
January-September
1991 a
GNP b
�12
Industrial output b
�1.2
�6
Agricultural output b
�2.3
�10
Retail sales
10.4
�12
State investment
�5.4
�4
Centralized
�19
�11
Decentralized
8
2
Total employment
�0.6
�2d
State employment
�1.7
�3
a As compared with January-September 1990.
b GNP reflects final output of goods and services for uses such as
consumption and investment, or, equivalently, value added by
primary inputs, such as labor and capital, used in production. The
indicators of industrial and agricultural output, in contrast, reflect
total output including materials used in production.
Soviet GNP fell by 4 to 5 percent in 1990.
the unemployment rate was
less than 2 percent in mid-1991. This figure, however, masks the
longstanding enormous underemployment that is increasing sharply
this year as GNP declines while state subsidies enable firms to
avoid massive layoffs.
Fifteen Republics
1990 1991 a
Hard currency exports
Billion US $
35.6 31.0
Hard currency imports
35.2 27.1
Gross hard currency debt b c 59.4 57.7
Net hard currency debt b c 50.7 54.7
Debt service to hard
currency earnings
Percent
24.6 32.1
Budget deficit
Billion rubles
105 300 to 350
Money stock b
733 1,200 to 1,300
a Projection for whole year.
b stocks on 1 January 1991 and 1 January 1992.
. Excluding Soviet trade debt to Eastern Europe and the former
German Democratic Republic.
d Including cash, demand deposits, and time deposits.
This table is Unclassified.
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Food and Energy Shortages
Shortages of food and energy are worsening rapidly as
a result of falling output, depleted stocks, the prolifer-
ation of trade barriers between republics and regions,
and continuing price controls. The impact of these
shortages will be uneven�and dangerous in vulnera-
ble areas�because of regional variations in produc-
tion and consumption.
Food. The 1991 grain crop in the former Soviet Union
is likely to be about 25 percent smaller than last
year's near-record harvest, and we expect meat and
milk output to be down 5 to 6 percent. The potato and
vegetable crops probably will exceed depressed 1990
levels by about 2 percent.
Ukraine and Kazakhstan, which usually export grain,
will not have large enough grain crops this year to
cover their normal internal needs for food and live-
stock feed. Meat output will suffer as a result in
Byelarus and Moldova, which depend heavily on
imports of feed, and even in Ukraine. Grain deliveries
from the United States, however, will help keep meat
production up in the Baltic countries
Surplus or Deficit of Selected Foods,
by Republic a
Meat Milk b Grain c Potatoes c Vegeta-
bles
Russia
Ukraine
Byelarus
Moldova
Kazakhstan +
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan �
Uzbekistan
Armenia
Food shortages are likely to be particularly severe in
regions of Russia that depend almost entirely on
imports�industrial centers in the Urals and Siberia,
plus the far north and far east. The republics of
Central Asia (excluding Kazakhstan) and the Cauca-
sus�which import large amounts of grain, meat, and
milk�will also experience serious shortages. A com-
bination of food shortages and popular dissatisfaction
with republic governments could spark protests in
Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
Energy. Oil output fell by 10 percent during January-
September 1991 as compared with the same period
last year, coal output dropped by 11 percent, and gas
production leveled off for the first time in four
decades. The republics likely to suffer least from the
resulting shortages are the major energy producers�
Russia and Turkmenistan, which satisfy almost all of
their own needs from internal production, and Azer-
baijan and Kazakhstan, which export some fuels
while importing others in small amounts. The most
vulnerable energy consumers, which depend on im-
ports for more than 95 percent of their needs, are
Byelarus, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia, and Latvia.
Oil, Gas, and Coal Balances, by Republic
Crude Oil Gas Coal
Oil Products
Russia
Ukraine
Byelarus
Moldova 0
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
0
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan X
Uzbekistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan
Georgia
Estonia
Latvia
Georgia
0
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania + Lithuania
Note: + Production greater than normal consumption.
� Production less than normal consumption.
= Production roughly equal to normal consumption.
a Based on Soviet
b Including butter.
Excluding amount fed to livestock.
production and consumption.
Note: X = Net exporter.
0 = Net importer.
= Production roughly equal to consumption.
� No production or refining capacity.
This table is Unclassified.
This table is Unclassified.
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�confidential__
Hard Currency Crunch
The former Soviet republics face a daunting combina-
tion of problems in their economic relations with the
outside world. The volume of trade has plunged, the
hard currency debt has become a serious burden, and
the previously reliable centralized mechanism for
servicing the debt has broken down.
Trade. Total exports during January-September 1991
were 30 percent lower than in the same 1990 period,
while total imports were down 45 percent
may exaggerate
the decline because of the increased difficulty of
collecting data and the proliferation of barter trade.
Nonetheless, the steep drops in exports and imports
reflect the collapse of trade with Eastern Europe since
the transfer of such trade to world market prices in
January. In addition, falling output has curtailed
exports of oil, coal, timber, and ferrous metals, and a
shortage of hard currency has forced painful cuts in
imports of both raw materials and equipment needed
for domestic production and food and clothing for the
shortage-ridden consumer market.
Hard Currency Debt. With imports down more sharp-
ly than exports and trade with Eastern Europe shift-
ing to a hard currency basis, the hard currency trade
surplus could approach $4 billion this year. But the
centralized mechanism for making payments on the
hard currency debt is in shambles. In large part, the
Hard Currency Trade by Half Year, 1988-91 a
Billion US $
25
11111 Oil exports El Other exports Ell Imports
20
15
10
0 I II
1988
I II
89
90
a Trade with the USSR's traditional hard currency partners.
91
Unclassified
333662 12-91
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
problem is that a growing share of trade is carried out by
organizations operating on behalf of the republics, by
individual enterprises, by commercial trading firms, and
on a barter basis. We estimate that about one-third of oil
exports, for instance, bypass central channels.
moreover, gold
and hard currency reserves have been drawn down to
rockbottom levels.
On 21 November eight republics agreed to a tentative
debt deferral program proposed by the G-7 countries.
This program would defer payment of the principal on
some official debt, and Western officials also promised to
maintain financing for imports. The republics, in turn,
agreed to bear collective responsibility for payments on
the debt that was not deferred and to implement reforms
under the direction of the IMF. Then on 4 December the
central Foreign Economic Bank announced that it would
suspend immediately payments of principal on its debt to
commercial banks but continue to pay interest on sched-
ule. Although the G-7 program called for negotiations on
a deferral of these principal payments, the unilateral
suspension caught some commercial banks off guard. The (b)(3)
republics subsequently reached agreement with the com-
mercial banks to formally defer principal payments due
before 1 April. These agreements with the G-7 and the
commercial banks will give the republics some breathing
space to move forward on economic reforms and work
out a longer term plan for servicing the USSR's debt.
(b�)(;(3)
(b)(3)
Hard Currency Debts at Midyear, 1991
Total= 63 billion US $
Commercial
$34 billion
Official
$29 billion
� Canada
US
UK
Austria
US
Germany
a Includes several billion dollars' worth of trade debts to the former
East Germany, which are now owed to Germany.
(b)(3)
33366312-91 (b)(3)
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Financial Mess
With the budget deficit ballooning and the money
supply growing rapidly, a combination of adminis-
tered price increases and an easing of price controls
has brought triple-digit inflation.
Fiscal and Monetary Excess. In planning their 1991
budgets, union and republic officials alike paid lip-
service to the need to reduce deficits. During the
course of the year, however, disputes over the alloca-
tion of revenues have left the union budget strapped
for funds. At the same time, increasingly generous
measures to soften the blow of rising prices on the
population have brought soaring expenditures in most
republics. As a result, the combined 1991 deficit of
union and republic budgets, plus off-budget stabiliza-
tion funds, is likely to approximate 300-350 billion
rubles�roughly triple the 1990 deficit, or 15 percent
of 1991 GNP. This soaring budget deficit and a rapid
expansion of bank lending�including credit extended
by new private banks�probably will boost the money
stock by 65 to 75 percent this year.
Inflation.
wholesale and retail prices in September 1991 were
Soviet Official Indexes of Wholesale
Prices
September 1991
(percent of September 1990)
Total GNP
216 a
Industry
264
Construction
250
Agriculture
156
Transportation
158b
Trade
195 c
Services
135 d
a Average of indexes shown (plus rough estimate of increase in
military pay), weighted by GNP by sector.
b Average of indexes for freight and passenger transportation.
c Index of prices in official retail trade network, used as proxy for
prices of services provided by all trade organizations.
d Average of retail price indexes for consumer services including
free services such as education and health care.
This table is Unclassified.
COTIldt entiaL,
more than twice as high as in September 1990. The
Pavlov government raised wholesale prices by decree
on 1 January, and retail price hikes followed on
2 April. In addition, roughly half of industrial output
is reportedly being sold at free wholesale prices, and
half of retail sales are at prices that have been
decontrolled at least partially. The wholesale prices of
industrial products have continued to climb since
January at rates generally ranging from 5 to 10
percent per month and by yearend will be at least
triple the level of last December. Retail prices, which
rose only slightly from April to September, reportedly
are climbing more rapidly now as a result of upward
pressure from budget deficits, wholesale prices, and
rising personal money incomes.
Inflation in both wholesale and retail prices has been
slightly faster in Russia than in most of the other
former Soviet republics, excluding the Baltic states.
Retail prices also have risen more than average in the
Caucasus�probably as a result of sharp declines in
production and deliveries of goods from other repub-
lics�but less than average in Central Asia, where
republic authorities have used large budget subsidies
to keep the prices of basic foods low.
Soviet Official Indexes of Retail
Prices a
April-June 1991
(percent of April-June 1990)
Consumer goods and services
192
Consumer goods
196
Food
225
Alcohol
126
Nonfood
206
Consumer services b
164
a Including state retail trade network and farmers' markets.
b Excluding free services such as education and health care.
This table is Unclassified.
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Human Pain
Already suffering from rising prices, unrelieved short-
ages, and worsening poverty, the population will have
to bear the additional pain of unemployment and
further inflation as the transition to markets gets
under way in earnest. Moreover, the further disinte-
gration of the former Soviet Union could prompt a
surge of migration that would uproot skilled workers
and make housing shortages even more acute.
Poverty. Estimates
indicate that consumer prices increased by about 135
percent on average from mid-1989 to September
1991, running ahead of personal money incomes,
which rose by an average of about 100 percent. These
higher prices have hit people with low incomes partic-
ularly hard, largely because sharp reductions in subsi-
dies have resulted in steep price hikes for necessities.
The poverty problem is especially serious in Central
Asia (excluding Kazakhstan) and Azerbaijan, where
incomes are substantially lower than in the other
republics.
Unemployment. Central officials claim that unem-
ployment affects less than 2 percent of the labor force
currently working or seeking jobs, but this number
masks the enormous underemployment that long has
existed in the economy and that has increased sharply
this year. In the next few years such concealed
joblessness will give way to open unemployment.
Readjustments accompanying the transition to a mar-
ket economy are likely to cause high unemployment in
industries producing investment goods and weapons,
which are concentrated in Russia, Byelarus, eastern
Ukraine, and northern Kazakhstan. Eventually, up to
20 percent of the workers in these regions could be at
risk. Discharges of soldiers from the military and
cutbacks in conscription will increase the pool of
jobseekers in Central Asia, where unemployment is
already a problem, but the region may experience
some relief if opportunities for private agriculture and
service businesses open up.
Migration. Growing resentment of ethnic Russians in
non-Russian republics could prompt a mass migration
back to Russia, leaving shortages of skilled workers in
other republics and exacerbating unemployment and
housing shortages in Russia. Slavic workers reported-
ly have been leaving Central Asia at a sharply higher
rate in the last two years, and
many Russians there fear violence from largely Mus-
lim local populations. Substantial numbers of Arme-
nians and Azeris have already fled violence in their
native republics, and future flashpoints could include
ethnically mixed areas of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan, and southern Kazakhstan.
Income Distribution, by Republic, 1990
Percent
Share of Population With Per Capita Monthly Income
Less Than 75
Rubles
75 to 100
Rubles
100 to 150
Rubles
150 to 200
Rubles
200 to 250
Rubles
250 to 300
Rubles
More Than
300 Rubles
Russia
3.2
8.2
27.2
26.0
17.3
9.6
8.5
Ukraine
2.7
8.6
31.2
28.0
16.2
7.9
5.4
Byelarus
1.5
5.9
27.0
28.9
19.1
10.0
7.6
Moldova
6.1
12.5
32.9
24.5
13.0
6.4
4.6
Kazakhstan
10.0
14.4
31.1
21.5
11.9
6.0
5.1
Kyrgyzstan
24.8
21.7
30.8
13.7
5.5
2.1
1.4
Tajikistan
45.1
22.7
21.6
6.8
2.4
0.9
0.5
Turkmenistan
26.9
22.3
29.6
12.7
5.1
2.0
1.4
Uzbekistan
34.1
23.0
26.8
10.1
3.7
1.4
0.9
Armenia
5.4
11.3
31.6
24.6
14.3
7.1
5.7
Azerbaijan
29.7
19.7
26.8
13.0
6.0
2.7
2.1
Georgia
65
11.2
28.7
23.1
14.5
8.2
7.8
Estonia
0.6
2.7
15.4
23.6
21.7
16.2
19.8
Latvia
09
3.8
19.5
26.1
21.3
13.9
14.5
Lithuania
1.2
4.5
20.9
25.8
20.5
13.3
13.8
This table is Unclassified.
(b)(b)(3)
(b)(3)
(b)(3)
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Appendix A
Indicators of Economic Change,
by Republic, 1988-91
National Income Produced, 1988-91 .
Percent change
1988
1989
1990
January-September
1991 b
Twelve republics
Russia
4.3
1.7
-5.0
-9
Ukraine
3.8
3.6
-1.5
-8
Byelarus
3.2
5.7
-1.4
_5c
Moldova
3.1
3.9
-6.6
_13.5c
Kazakhstan
2.6
1.3
-1.7
Kyrgyzstan
5.9
5.3
-0.9
-5
Tajikistan
8.2
0
-8.9
Turkmenistan
4.3
3.2
0.5
Uzbekistan
5.1
3.4
3.4
_1.4c
Armenia
0.1
9.9
-9.8
-9.7
Azerbaijan
1.6
-1.8
-5.0
0.3c
Georgia
4.5
-3.6
-4.3
_16.7c
Baltic countries
Estonia
4.0
5.2
1.1
Latvia
4.0
5.0
-3.2
-6.1 .
Lithuania
5.3
2.9
-3.9
a National income produced reflects value added by primary inputs,
such as labor and capital, used in the production of material goods
and services; it excludes depreciation and services that do not
contribute directly to material output.
b As compared with January-September 1990. Overall decrease
reported for 12 republics together was 13 percent-substantially
below weighted average of rates of change reported for individual
republics. This may reflect inclusion of export and import duties in
overall figure but not in republic statistics.
. January-June 1991, as compared with January-June 1990.
This table is Unclassified.
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Industrial Output, 1988-91 .
Percent change
1988
1989
1990
January-September
1991 b
Twelve republics
Russia
3.8
1.4
-0.5
-3.3
Ukraine
4.1
2.8
-0.4
-4.7
Byelarus
6.3
4.6
1.6
Moldova
3.3
5.7
1.7
-7.3
Kazakhstan
3.7
2.5
-0.8
Kyrgyzstan
6.8
5.2
-1.2
_2.7c
Tajikistan
5.5
1.8
0.4
Turkmenistan
4.3
3.3
2.6
6d
Uzbekistan
3.3
3.6
1.5
Armenia
-1.1
-8.3
-7.3
_34e
Azerbaijan
3.4
0.7
-5.5
5.4 e
Georgia
3.2
0.7
-6.2
-22
Baltic countries
Estonia
3.1
0.7
-1.9
-6.8c
Latvia
3.5
3.1
-2.0
-6.3
Lithuania
5.7
4.2
-1.3
-1.5
a Total output, including material inputs used in production.
b As compared with January-September 1990. Overall decrease
reported for 12 republics together was 6.4 percent-substantially
below weighted average of rates of change reported for individual
republics. The reasons for this discrepancy are not clear.
e January-June 1991, as compared with January-June 1990.
d January-July 1991, as compared with January-July 1990.
e January-March 1991, as compared with January-March 1990.
This table is Unclassified.
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--teltfifleutiat
Agricultural Output, 1988-91 a
Percent change Cooperative Sales, 1988-90
Percent change
1988
1989
1990
January-
September
1991 b
1988
1989
1990
Twelve republics
Twelve republics
Russia
1,877
648
72
Russia
3.3
1.7
�2.7
�10
Ukraine
1,784
472
54
Ukraine
�1.6
5.0
�2.6
Byelarus
1,178
523
68
Byelarus
�8
9
�6
Moldova
2,159
567
49
Moldova
0
6
�12
�23
Kazakhstan
2,295
478
68
Kazakhstan
4
�8
5
Kyrgyzstan
1,488
303
24
Kyrgyzstan
4
3
0
�13
Tajikistan
740
691
88
Tajikistan
13
�12
�9
Turkmenistan
748
732
71
Turkmenistan
8
0
4
Uzbekistan
1,070
677
22
Uzbekistan
9
�4
4
Armenia
1,379
249
70
Armenia
0
�21
0
Azerbaijan
752
456
�12
Azerbaijan
�3
�10
�3
Georgia
941
384
76
Georgia
6
�18
11
Baltic countries
Baltic countries
Estonia
1,124
279
154
Estonia
0
6
�5
Latvia
1,864
466
89
Latvia
�3
7
�10
Lithuania
831
451
62
Lithuania
2
2
�8
This table is Unclassified.
Total output, including material inputs used in production.
b As compared with January-September 1990.
This table is Unclassified.
Reverse Blank 9
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ial
Appendix B
The Former Soviet Republics on
the Eve of the Breakup
Government Leaders, 1991
President
Chairman of Legislature Prime Minister or
Head of Government
Twelve republics
Russia Boris Yel'tsin
Ruslan Khasbulatov Boris Yel'tsin
Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk
Leonid Kravchuk Vitol'd Fokin
Byelarus
Stanislav Shushkevich Vyacheslav Kebich
Moldova Mircea Snegur
Aleksandr Moshanu Valeriu Murayski
Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev
Verik Asanbayev Sergey Tereshchenko
Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev
Medetkan Sherimkulov Vacant
Tajikistan Rakhmon Nabiyev
Akbarsho Iskandarov Izatullo Khayeyev
Turkmenistan Saparmurad Niyazov
Sakhat Muradov Vacant
Uzbekistan Islam Karimov
Shavkat Yuldashev Vacant
Armenia Levon Ter-Petrosyan
Vacant Gagik Arutyunyan
Azerbaijan Ayaz Mutalibov
EI'mira Kafarova Hasan Hasanov
Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdiya
Akaki Asatiani Vazgen Gugushvili
Baltic countries
Estonia
Arnol'd Ruutel Edgar Savisaar
Latvia
Anatolijs Gorbunovs Ivars Godmanis
Lithuania
Vitautas Landsbergis Gediminas Vagnorius
a Acting.
This table is Unclassified.
11
--rattfrdeatitl,
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General Information, 1990
Population
(thousands)
Ethnic Composition (percent)
Area
(thousand
sq km)
Capital
Administrative Units
Titular
Nationality
Russian
Other
Autonomous
Republics and
Other Units
Krays and
Oblasts
Twelve republics
280,631
22,101
38
120
Russia
148,041
81.5
81.5
18.5
17,075
Moscow
31
55
Ukraine
51,839
72.7
22.1
5.2
604
Kiev
25
Byelarus
10,259
77.9
13.2
8.9
208
Minsk
6
Moldova
4,362
64.5
13.0
22.6
34
Kishinev
Kazakhstan
16,691
39.7
37.8
22.5
2,717
Alma-Ata
17
Kyrgyzstan
4,367
52.6
21.5
25.9
199
Bishkek (former-
ly Frunze)
2
Tajikistan
5,248
62.3
7.6
30.1
143
Dushanbe
1
2
Turkmenistan
3,622
72.0
9.5
18.5
488
Ashkhabad
3
Uzbekistan
20,322
71.4
8.3
20.3
447
Tashkent
1
10
Armenia
3,293
93.3
1.6
5.1
30
Yerevan
Azerbaijan
7,131
82.7
5.6
11.7
87
Baku
2
Georgia
5,456
70.1
6.3
23.6
70
Tbilisi
3
Baltic countries
7,993
175
Estonia
1,583
61.5
30.3
8.2
45
Tallinn
Latvia
2,687
52.0
34.0
14.0
65
Riga
Lithuania
3,723
81.1
9.4
9.6
65
Vilnius
This table is Unclassified.
frdentist,
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--CO71111ei
Macroeconomic Indicators, 1989 a
Percent of former USSR
GNP,
1989
National
Income
Produced,
1989
Cooperative
Sales,
1990
Employment,
1989
Capital
Stock,
1988
Capital/Labor
Ratio,b
1988
Twelve republics
96.8
96.8
93.9
97.0
96.8
Russia
60.9
61.3
63.6
54.8
61.6
19.3
Ukraine
16.2
16.2
11.8
18.7
15.5
14.2
Byelarus
4.0
4.2
2.2
3.9
3.4
14.4
Moldova
1.2
1.3
2.3
1.4
1.1
11.5
Kazakhstan
4.5
4.2
4.0
5.3
5.8
18.5
Kyrgyzstan
0.8
0.8
0.5
1.1
0.8
10.4
Tajikistan
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.1
0.7
8.5
Turkmenistan
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.9
0.9
15.5
Uzbekistan
3.4
3.2
3.2
4.8
3.4
10.9
Armenia
0.9
1.0
2.0
1.1
0.8
11.8
Azerbaijan
1.7
1.7
0.5
1.9
1.5
13.4
Georgia
1.7
1.5
2.6
1.9
1.4
12.2
Baltic countries
3.2
3.2
6.1
3.0
3.2
Estonia
0.7
0.7
1.5
0.6
0.7
19.8
Latvia
1.1
1.1
3.0
1.0
1.1
17.5
Lithuania
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
17.0
a Adjacent years as shown.
b Thousand rubles per worker.
This table is Unclassified.
13
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Socioeconomic Indicators, 1989
Consumption Per
Capita
(rubles)
Savings Per
Capita
(rubles)
Living Space Per Capita
Urban Share
of Population
(percent)
Specialist Share
of Labor Force a
(percent)
Urban
(sq m)
Rural
(sq m)
Twelve republics
Russia
1,903.6
1,626
9.9
13.3
74
29.7
Ukraine
1,691.8
1,614
10.2
14.3
67
28.5
Byelarus
1,779.2
1,468
9.7
16.0
66
28.5
Moldova
1,711.6
1,471
9.0
15.2
47
25.3
Kazakhstan
1,558.9
1,361
9.3
9.5
57
27.6
Kyrgyzstan
1,290.6
1,377
8.0
8.7
38
25.5
Tajikistan
1,001.0
1,300
7.7
6.0
32
22.5
Turkmenistan
1,156.4
1,682
7.5
8.9
45
22.8
Uzbekistan
1,078.7
1,443
7.8
8.5
41
25.9
Armenia
1,430.8
2,672
8.4
12.4
68
28.7
Azerbaijan
1,135.8
1,298
7.8
7.7
54
25.3
Georgia
1,563.6
2,219
10.3
16.0
56
27.1
Baltic countries
Estonia
2,408.4
2,039
12.7
17.1
72
30.7
Latvia
2,248.0
1,782
11.3
15.9
71
28.4
Lithuania
2,059.3
2,496
10.7
16.3
68
30.5
a Specialists with higher education and technical training as share
of all workers.
This table is Unclassified.
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-ennfideakaL
Socioeconomic Indicators, 1989
Percent of Russia
Consumption Per
Capita
Savings Per
Capita
Living Space Per Capita
Urban Share
of Population
Specialist Share
of Labor Force a
Urban
Rural
Twelve republics
Russia
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Ukraine
88.9
99.3
103.0
107.5
90.5
96.0
Byelarus
93.5
90.3
98.0
120.3
89.2
96.0
Moldova
89.9
90.5
90.9
114.3
63.5
85.2
Kazakhstan
81.9
83.7
93.9
71.4
77.0
92.9
Kyrgyzstan
67.8
84.7
80.8
65.4
51.4
85.9
Tajikistan
52.6
80.0
77.8
45.1
43.2
75.8
Turkmenistan
60.7
103.4
75.8
66.9
60.8
76.8
Uzbekistan
56.7
88.7
78.8
63.9
55.4
87.2
Armenia
75.2
164.3
84.8
93.2
91.9
96.6
Azerbaijan
59.7
79.8
78.8
57.9
73.0
85.2
Georgia
82.1
136.5
104.0
120.3
75.7
91.2
Baltic countries
Estonia
126.5
125.4
128.3
128.6
97.3
103.4
Latvia
118.1
109.6
114.1
119.5
95.9
95.6
Lithuania
108.2
153.5
108.1
122.6
91.9
102.7
a Specialists with higher education and technical training as share
of all workers.
This table is Unclassified.
15
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-.-MaifdentiaL_,
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Population Changes per 1,000
Persons, 1989
Natural
Growth
Births
Deaths
Infant
Mortality a
Twelve republics
Russia
3.9
14.6
10.7
17.8
Ukraine
1.7
13.3
11.6
13.0
Byelarus
4.9
15.0
10.1
11.8
Moldova
9.7
18.9
9.2
20.4
Kazakhstan
15.4
23.0
7.6
25.9
Kyrgyzstan
23.2
30.4
7.2
32.2
Tajikistan
32.2
38.7
6.5
43.2
Turkmenistan
27.3
35.0
7.7
54.7
Uzbekistan
27.0
33.3
6.3
37.7
Armenia
15.6
21.6
6.0
20.4
Azerbaijan
20.0
26.4
6.4
26.2
Georgia
8.1
16.7
8.6
19.6
Baltic countries
Estonia
3.7
15.4
11.7
14.7
Latvia
2.4
14.5
12.1
11.1
Lithuania
4.8
15.1
10.3
10.7
a Infants dying in first year per 1,000 live births.
This table is Unclassified.
16
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