NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 25B; MALTA; THE SOCIETY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200080035-9
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: October 25, 2016
• Sequence Number: 35
• Content Type: REPORTS

25B /GS /S
Malta
July 1973
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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basik wall of *a NO Is Ow Glnerof smay whalda b now
palbNdwd in o bmW by dooptea teener se that topics of greeter per�
IshobiNy
MA W updated an on Indhrlduol bosh. tiaes chophs =tow+lry
ropie, The Sodety, and toNtic+� T Nc MNi1sry ieop.
ad Seairlfyr pfarlde Naf p :many NIS carerop Some chwot,
pmtivAml, Science and rnK and Secwhyr, doe we not perthmnt to
ON cow Aft ore produced seledhrehy. f;or snaaN coaanfies requirWW only
mMainaol HIS li so! nh the General Swry cowrafe my be bowed into
one 1olums
s ow Ift
book, reedy n publicotlon Chat ttnaioia i y updo n key stn
tbtiool dots reword In the Siwrrey. An w b"Ified edfion of dw logbook
ombs tom details on the sconompr the defense foss� and the inhl VK*
OW som y orVaniendow
AhdM dsWW sessio I on many topks were port o the HIS
p, pioduclio -1 of dmw vloWy Prodmd wil conwe b s
be oroiloble ens log as
db the MOW
portion of the study is considered Mold.
A qmfoly Owing of oN ochre HIS waft b pubibhed in the Inwntarf
of Ai o61 IWS Pub*otbnsi, which is also bownd Ink ie concurrent
E doomiftd yoethaook. The Marenr+ory No oN HIS wits by oreo Home omh
mumbse and I id and dek of bt" It thus fodlitotes the
ordo is of NO waft as well as" f1bw cstolooing, and utiNsotiora.
WMW dim -Nom. adelldo a copies of NO waits, or sepwaft
d optars of tine t3owW k"op can be obk6wd dkecth z; iiarough
Nobon chaaneis from dm Csr*4 WmINgeiacs Ag*my.
e
The Gee ao Survey b f
A or thR NIS bar the Csntrol kntellifeince
fency and th e Dolo a cy wader th nerol direction
of the M Ce m left& f b coo rdinwtd pubNshed, nand dissemi-
nsNd by the Controh beeNipaa Aqvsy.
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WARNING
The NIS is National Intelligence and may not be re-
leased or shown to representatives of any foreign govern-
ment or international body except: by specific authorization
of the Director of Central Intelligence in accordance with
the provisions of National Security Council Intelligence Di-
rective No. 1.
For NIS containing unclassified 1 material, however, the
portions so marked may be made available' for officia'I pur-
poses to foreign nationals and nongovernment personnel
provided no attribution is made to National Intelligence or
the National Intelligence Survey.
Subsections and graphics are individually classified
according to content. Classification /control designa-
tions are:
(U /OU) Unclassified /For Official Use Only
(C) Confidential
(S) Secret
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i
1
This chapter was prepared for the NIS by the
Central' Intelligence Agency. Research was sub-
tantially c'mpleted by April 1973.
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f.
G
COr"fE'TS
This ch4ptcr nuprnrder the vw*4,w" nwrtew
in the (.cnrrd tian�ry doted 1/4v 1!7A;.
A. Introduction l
B. Structure and characteristics of the society 3
1. Crneral characteristics 3
2. Religion 8
3. Language 7
C. PopuStion S
D. Societal aspects of labor 11
1. Employm�ent 11
2. Organization of labor and manaiprmcnt 12
3. [Ahoy ass agmewnt n4atkm 13
RIM OFFKUL UM CXLT
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I.VVVIVVI .V. Nair 1 \5.f. V. VVI V.. \VVVI.VVVVVVW%f w
t
Page
Page
L. Living eondilkno and social problems
14
I. Public information media
19
1. 1d' "Lq of living
14
1. Press
19
2. Social problems
14
2. Broadcasting
19
F. Health.
15
3. Censorship
Q Education
17
H. Artistic and cultural expression
18
J. Selected bibliography
20
FIGURES
Page
Page
Fig. 1 '_Malta achieves independence photo)
1
Fig. 6 Village church in Cozo photo)
7
Fig. 2 Prehistoric ruins at Hagar Qim temple
Fig. 7 Pre- Lenten religious festival (photo)
7
(photo)
2
Fig. 8 Population distribution chart)
8
Fig. 3 The Knights of St. John today
Fig. 9 Vital rates chart)
9
(photo)
2
Fig. 10 Vital rates, Malta and selected
Fig. 4 Mdina, the old capital (photo)
4
countr;ea (chart)
Fig. 11 Population changes (table)
9
10
Fig. 5 Farming with primitive implements
Fig. 12 Age -sex distribution (chart)
11
photo)
5
Fig. 13 St. John's Co- Cathedral (photo)
18
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A. Introduction
In 1972, it year after tIte election which brought IIiIII
to power. Maltese Prints Minister Dominic \littttff
successfully concluded negotiations with the British
which significantly inervased the amount paid to
Malta for the military use of its facilities. Yet. as the
)"laltese and the British well kiw the real
significance Of the event was not the increased
assistance but the new relationship with the West
which Mintoff succeeded in establishing. By thcsc
agreements Malta gained reccgnition Of its ri hl and
intention to order its Own affairs and thus brought to
fulfillment the formal independence achieved from
the United Kingdom ill 1964 (Figure 1 If in One sense
it is correct to speak of N in terms of it new
beginning in 1972, however, it is scarcely Sufficient to
do so. In the character of its life no less than in the
activities of its people, Xlalta reflec!s the influence of
the several foreign rulers who controlled its affairs for
centuries before independence. Thus, it proper
understanding of NIitIIit begins not xyith its
independence, but with its long history of rule by
Others, and proceeds front an account of the external
forces which shaped its development.
Malta has Inng been an Object of European interest
because Of its strategic location midway between
NOTE�The entire content of this ch,:pter iN LACI_vs.. IFIFD
but is FOR OFFICI:1!. USf? O\ 1.1'.
FIGURE 1. Prime Minister Dr. Giorgio Borg Olivier,
'with Prince Philip, as Malta became independent,
21 September 1964
Gibraltar aril \lexandtia, al OpIxsilr 1 .1 1( 1. of Iltr
Meditrrruean. 'I'll(- earlir�l inhabitants a f the i.l:rn(J.
:I)Ite�;or It have ctune fntn Sicih, which INssiI)I% as
once joined It Malta, ;uud remnants tf varl% Maltese
life reflevt %iibstat lial if infineluent eotntnrnr %%ith Ihr
con'munities of the eastern \leditrrnnrvu goirrally.
Prominent relics of these .;trl% tithes �and of ti
NIcditcrr;,ncan influence� �are the Maltese furial
tombs, shallow oval pits carved out of the (itnr.tortr
surface. In Malta, these tombs \%err put to novel use a.
temples (I-igury 2). it development which suggests that
life On the islands was in some tneasnre iudependetll cf
surrounding influences. Generally, ho\%vvvr. there was
nO continuous development Of a single tradition even
in this curly period. Rather. the islands suffered it series
Of Separate cOlOnirttiunS by various Mediterranean
peoples. The location of settlements crt inaccessible
and defensible hilltops, it pattern which still exists,
suggests an unsettled state of affairs which apparently
lasted for centuries.
Colonization by the Phoenicians about 800 B.C.
marks both the arrival Of the first of Malta's Sennitic
colonists and the appearance of the first written
historical reference to the islands. It was the fo,!ner
Phoenician colony Carthage, however. which brought
`-lalt new glory and transformed it front an object of
colonization to all utpost of strategic importance.
Malta became part of the vast Carthaginian project of
consOlidating Sicily and the islands of the Gulf of Syrt
to withstand the Greek advance in the western
Mediterranean. Carthage ruled Malta as part of the
Punic Empire for almost three centuries, until the
developing rivalry with Rome in the Mediterranean
brought unrest and. ultimately, the conquest of Malta
by the Romans at the beginning Of the Second Punic
\Var. Under the Romans. Malta was made it part of
Sicily, which had shared the archipelagos fate.
During this period, about A.D. 60., St. Paul is said to
have converted the islands to Christianity, when he
was en route to Rona: as it prisoner, and his ship welit
clown close to the archipelago.
Malta, with Sicily, fell under the dominion of
Bvzantium in the afte of the breakup of the
empire. But in A.D. 870 the islands were Overrun by
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dpow
FIGURE 2. Ruins of prehistoric Hagar Oim Temple, interior walls
the Mtislints in the course of theire\pan.iem across llte
Mediterrane.m. The Abbasid Caliphs eventually
became masters of Spain, southern I r:covv. Ital\. and
Sicily. 'fill- coneluerors brought to the islands cotters
and citrus fruits and fixed the predominantly Semitic
character of the Maltese l:rnt, 'They ai;:
establisha�d many c�ustonts and gave names to it
nurnher of significant landnntrks. 'Tile Europe all
counterattack mac�hcd the archipelago in 1091 under
Count Roger till- Norman. Ilis success restored the
authorit of t;ic Boman Catholic Church in Malta
and reestablished the re�ligiotis hicrarc�hy.
For several hundred years thereafter control passed
among it variety of Sicilian rulers, most of mhos
ercised authority over `Malta as a part of the Sicilian
dornains in the nanc of the Iloly Rotnan Empire. In
1530, however, against the background of the
continuing Christian campaign against the 'Muslim
Turks, Emperor Charles V ceded authority over Millta
to the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalcn
(I' igure 3). The Knights were then in retreat from
Rhodes, where the force. of Sultan Sulehmin the
Magnificent had decimated their numbers. The order
did not concern itself initially with governing the
resident Sicilian clement; indeed, for some years its
only concern was rtnity against the 'Turks. This
preoccupation waS clearly justified, for in 1765
Suleiman the Magnificent rallied all the Turkish
dominions against the Knights. With the help of the
a
IF
rI ss
r
Maltese. the Knights aithslood it fencions Beige at
Gratid I larboor, %%hich is still celebratud in Malta. For
many \ears thereafter, the order dirveted it� re--mirces
Ill the cmisiruc�tion (if it series of fort% mitt coastal
lookouts for use against possible further depredation-
by the'I'urks. These structures %kern later int-wp raled
into till- 19th century British defense .yaent and .o
survive today.
The 'I'urki�h threat never again reached seri(m%
proportions. and, as it declinecl, the Knight� turned (o
trade. In ihc� process. their increasing %%vallh
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FIGURE 3. Procession in Valletta of a few of the current
members of the once powerful Order of the Knights of
St. John of Jerusalem

trawflit111ed Malta (r11m it Ixxrr 111ililar% Ir�1e initr it
flutlri.hinK Civil .1x14.. 8111.:1 1111-it Icolnloftt illrtr:lNell.
Ihr K11igI11% %tea II�.% a ild II�.. 111Ofn:lmi4. :Intl 11140n� awl
1114, 111.1141.4.41 tot IIt�1�t1Ii111h111�. :111c1 diMtdet-
pnInptin% (:illlxln'� m11latk 111.11 lbe Kni %hl% uvw
prrpanel 141 Ili(- 1111 nlol 14, live in tilt M�r%ive Off CII. 1.
Their 1,fMf /liOfn led 141 :111 i11(�rl�a�ililt Ileglerl Ili tht.ir
Ixditfc:il n�.Ix111i11ililil�.:11141 1111in1a14.1h IOf it �me% Off
Mallu-se n�vOfll. I14-Kil11linK in 172 The th�t�linl� Off Ihr
Ofnlrl a :t. Ila fill leled ill F.11nIx� 11% the dimifi11ltlofi of(
the political Ixrttet Off Ihr 1'111x�.:1 t,m/liliOf11 uhi4.h
rinived irlle"NI in the .ttalt-gic a41rth off Malta in
%ariof11. (Ofn�i%tl 4.h:ux,�114.ri1�.. 'I'hr Frrti4.h Iil'.OfIuU11n
tl4.privl�11 Ih4. Kui %hl. 1.1 their prllfilable F11"1111-all
I�.htle.. 14111% till- .mint of till-it .In�ns;ih affil Mall:t
pn1.Ix�ril, Ivil%in% Ihrnl in fi11:oltt�ia) �trait� amt .1l-
v111111�ralfie too allach that it. 1 099 Nalx ll�1111 N:1� :11111�
Ill taller (,1111") Off Malt ttilll41ul :a .1r11gt;le.
TLr K11i %111% had rolled \I:111 Ilor 233 %var.:
:gxrinm'. dOfnlifiiOfll it. 111114.1 :.h11rt4.r and far lowty
di.r11ptie. 'rlbr itofnuul ciiri.ti:4,1 itoief. of 1111
1:1111��1� in�pined 11% tit. Iluoll had n�tnailled �tr41u+
1111der II%La11ti111� :11141 %rtlr roll� inial had lived
�ln�fi%thrmel 10% lilt- (fins Ix�ri4od Ill rile 11 the Kfiight�.
Nalxrl4e111'. n�p11hli(:Ini�m 11111% collie :t. M 1111etllinit 4,f
it .hlx�k. and. uh/�n he Ix�Ita11 tit (11��.Ixil c1111rdle, ilolel
invade tile- /�trll�.i:1.liral and .piril11a) jold"li4.tion ill 11%
M111141. 114. ill.-Wr.41.1 4 lrter111illed ro.- Wilillr. lalxl�111'�
ideal he \I�No'l al (111� hilt. 11"nid/el th4.4,ppxtt11nil
(fir t4 �Ix�lii/rl. ;%itIrd h, Ill� threat 4,f .1111411 kale 11, dw
BMW). the Ialtl�.4� (firmed .1 prini.iotl.It ..1�rnrn4.111
JIM all .wt.111111% :Ind :144.41 the Ildli�h 14, ,l.�i.l Iht�nl.
2�%rar Mice Off Ihr Fn�nt h Ixnili4,ll 14. till- Mall"..
the ilrili�ll..Itltl thl'lr hortolgtlt�M�:11111 V;11"llitall x111�.
led Ill 1114� Frl�nch �urn�ndo.r. lit Ihr n� +ulli11g Irwlh
irl�h11rll Ihr Iititi�h and lilt. Fre111.11. 41111114961% 40% 4-r dw
0611d. ua. n�.Ifirlel tit lile Kfiight�. The MAIL..
�111111lornd% 1111po ed Ill� n�ill�lituli4nl of derival rule.
Mid in IS13 the% It14ok achilntasce 4,1 tilt treeltwl
(ightilig 114�1.(ee�11 Ih4. lirili�h ild (h4. F r4�fic�h tit Ix�liliofrl
Ihr Brili.h tcl a.�11111e aoilhoorit% finer the i.lato(k The
�iti.11 accc pled the fiC r. and the Mallem. Ix�ca1114�
11riti.11 .1111ject.. Thi� arratigo -iiiew aa� ratified 11% tilt.
�rrr:it% off Mori� ill Is I.
The Briti.h rlll�el MAN 1111til it� iud4.lx�rldleur in
1961 Filrh in the 18111 cr41111r%. Midlu WMA :t. it
1.�1�nter (fir Brili.h trade with c,runtrie% in tilt- \rar F::1t
and alOfng dw Adrialic. 'I'hi. pnvided Mm1e .titnuli
too agriculture alld too the devl'l4,pml'tlt off dher%ified
t�Clrtltrltlic� activit%. vie intrixi114.11 /111 a l:1r 1�r
inerchant .hip later ill the te�11111rv. hfine%er. 111aele
the c,rni"iercial f tnelifin .tiIx�rfhltltl.. Tilt- gap %I,:1.
hri�li;rcl by Briti.h naval rlx�ntIi111r1�.. ulliele made the
iisl aild. 11nt,� atj:litl- i ts Ott-% had 1"�4-11 1111(lrr the
K lli%h1. 111 1t. )I Ill ll- 111�Ix'lll It'll I 111x111 fln�i %11 Mlllnrs
flit their rtiat.mr. I Ott At lank little \I:111:1 %%il% in effl'cl
filled ditet�11% 11% lilt- Iltilkli. 11111 l4.�! till- 19111 1.1�1111111 till- Ilrili.h irltnxluteel it d%'Ifullivill .vm1-111 4,f
jili11l alithOfril'" ait:l till- \ItIlteNe that Ix�rnlit.Ie) lilt-
(IM limited .1 Ah1fim
ittlnitedi.114�1% Ihr Ilaliall and Ell%li.h l'lt.11r11t. in
Malta. r4.(11e�1111% AM, the differvel e�. IN�11Ne'll 0111rell
:11111 male. split little lull patliv%. hot 111.111% )rah Malta
.1:I. (11014e1 Ir.rr. ullirlt traditilnl uIllil 1 Ni'". florin Ito
Ihr 41.lil11 ooll.:lm1 pravlity of pllitit life.
The Mail�.(� ga%v villit�n�te leigNi4. :���'I %atti.ton
�uplxrl tfi lilt- 1'uitlel Kint;dofrn ill Will ullfld Uan
Mid ar11 (tor Ihr i�1:110� the (:ICrr%t- Ctim in 11112 feet
havillu .4.i %e .111d avr:al
Ixml oil rt1111rn1 11% the (:e r111N1. and Italialn. A likene.14
off tlli.:Ittanl :1111x ar.41ll the natifilyd flit%. 11%. virlul' off
IIIi% ullo.t. idl'lltilir:ttifin ((ill the Iirilkh in %tarlifile�
:Intl Ihr do-11-al lot the Italian. .will their Kochi
ideellifi(ali1111. Ihr Italian ptl�M`Ilce ill Mallil 61 its
inilurnc,�. :Ofll�i�trfil ailh Ihr f11ttller devt.11opmra 41f
/gl�litulirllal go.rmnu Ofl.
it tlrN Ixrlilir:l! Ailtfilllvill
rtnrtttlel and 111tillel 111xrtl Ihr i�.11r off Jilt" [)I We off til
1:x1114,114. (:ll11ndl in ilill�.1� lilt'. In 111� 1!1:11..
1,inrideul (ail!, the Ilrili.h det�i.ilon Ito Frtnm4.11
rrlililari1% anl11nd the .(fitly. Malta al"+lli fed hrir(h
ml�r 1(h1�thrr I4, Mrk in 111�Ixmd4.nc,� inid whine 1111�
rl'�Ixrn�iloilil% 111x..1.4.1% tit recorder an I ,11ler11ry
d4.lx�nd4.n1 nlowl llorrilln �11101x111 of Ill inl,lrpxrite %%ill
tilt. Ulliled K:nt;d4,nl. The latter vowrle (tit% hrie(h
allt.lnpl/el. 11111 till- lues ll�. t,xdd 11411 :time� 11Ixn the
111111. off Mall"- hove M:olla Iht-11 devidetl Ill
.rile il� i11tle114-10t.n4.r a� if :nrtnlx�r 1l-( tilt
(:111n11x111(tralth :uld 14, prOfnide a� I4�.t it clould f41r Ihr
t.t,xl11nlir :011d p4Iili4.al �4.1(��11((iti4.n4. it had never
Ixdfin� lr4�rll able its a4.11iv%e.
B. Structure v.nd ch aracteristics of the
society
1. General characteristics
In light lot their Ili�tiort the Mallem. are 4111itl' :1
11411114,ge ,Y 11� IM11111r. Their IINit kind 11f 11e%( itilrll t1
Iifinlall (:atholici.nl ild their di tin4.live lanci Call
Ill- 4.nelited %bill the pn�M�n�:llifia Irf a M�11M� Off naliton:ll
idenlil% thnofl %hOf111 Me 111:111% ffirri %n dfi111i11alifill
credit �hared. Off t,II %Jill the trudelevir.
off Ihr dfiminalfir%. The 11a.ie h4.nelil% pnobably mill i.
P11414�11itian. 111hed fiver list- %rar% nilh that off it M�rie%
4,l /cullurn r�. There it". fill 111arko�d elh11ic 41ivi�itn%
atnfin% iht- Ix1pu1:sliOfn. 11111 n�%iofna) (welt p are- tplile
�milt; (for.olch a .mall c,xnlin.
:3
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(it-lll�rillk. 1114� %l allies tYmiprim. w%vrill di -third
rotntmtt.itir. whicll t,lrrr.ltstill g4- 4 tofraphivillf% 14
aria. UIf tv I.ltiou. r111t-r. rottk�1�nt fit ied their
,viliviii4-rit. or �tughl to x.1511111 dwir jilturticr. 0III t
0ilet. hill pelidt�ncl-. Aid Model the itnllild 41f "wi -Ill
atte ill Ill.. 141 iltdtut fill I1/1% ha� \I:111a ildvallt4.41
.ignific:tntl% ttlward a 011111114111 life.
The Itmg Iti.htr% of the '1(all4�.l- a. lrtiitic:ll
.nlxrdin:llt�. ill their m%n Maud% ha, inhibited the
devehipmeni of iltiliali%r. and Ihr
alilit% to org:utir.; atd alm: 11;1� loot n�u :I 0111111MI
inlerinti1% tY11ltplt-%. I'rbai df%4-111- Ilaw i4-tldetl to
adopt th n1 :,tu11�r.. 4�10111111 and laltguagl- Of the
foreign 11111%11 to the %voril of t�4,ttitlr
dwrll4-r.. 'hu�m
is i t tendrltc% ill %(fill(� vircll- to plwlt-
.ix�ci.11 .'lt1phA-4� felt the older :V icitu mad ;%raliv
hrril :igv to ofket I ?urolx�an cillill l influe,ntY��.
Geographical divW1111. are 11n11.t1:llf% i11illfrtalt ill
tilt clan, .tr11ctoite tt1 .1l- simill :ltd are: :1. Malta 'file�
%irinall% umlxiled nu�dit-%A aw: I.: flaim�alicl- 4 iln of
Mithim 1 Figure -1 I %%as the capital Ix�foty Ihl- K11ight
c ;role ill tlly Ifith tr11111r% .uld ,till i� the 1lotlll- of ,ml.t
of its older native ;Iri�Iit r./t�% 'fill- :unlit,( ltla.. I. or tilt.
�+tffi of linger the \41"11;111 tYnnr%. Ihl- .piril of this
Medieval l-11cla%v. The- ari %ifteralic f:lnlilie. of �nidin :l
tYm.idl-r Iht-liv.0%rm Italian in heritage. if not it'
h4-r�Ilih. Stfna� of the falttilirm .till are great
1:,t1d41%%11t-r% and wtotribntor% to church charilie� 11111
otht-rwi�l- take little part in the life of the ;Tluttr%.
Like Mtlilta. \':dlo,lta, the prr.rltt capital. %rt tq
41 111 lit mililar% nrtY�..it%. Durin>; the Great Svigl- h.
Ili� Tiirkm 111 1565 the area mt� r%4-d a� it Mfrljm
,tringliold. '1'114- Knight� thrr� :dtrr �l-ttlo,d :old
fortified tin� ar4-a 141 prf�.rr%e it fr41ltl it'f loss' it IIW
FIGURE 4. n4- medieval fortress of MdIna, the capital
until 1570, dominates the countryside from its rocky site
about 3 miles inland from Malta's southwest coast
-1
I ill firl-. I. :114'r w!14.11 till- Briti.11 be,g :ltd to vwr�i.t-
e,41tltrti o.e,r 1114' Willod.. 1hl-% rt�I:lin�11 Villl-tta its Jill-
Will of I114-ir ad11lini.tralilln. 'rill rl "'O �Ill Ilriti.h
conlnnniln. (.1111 j.li11t, nlainh of r'lir4-d British
utilitat% lx�r.o11r1r) mill of I :unitlr% ide11'ifird with
rrc4-111 Iltiti.lt t111e. is t�+�rtll-rl-d in Ihr Villll�11.1
ltlt-lr else ita11 ar�:l. it li%e. it fairy %f'pliMicall-d.
1-41-4111111111 t ;std life. '1'10. 4Ymn1111lt'it: li%�m anloni; the
+a114-.r 4111 Irtltl� ff fril-lld.11;l; and ro,.pl-0 and
viltrtinl14�. (o rnim tYln'.04-rall4 nodal pr�.tigv.
nrrmlrr. elf Ihi. tfmununil% .l-ldom t- thl-nl.4-hl-. am
!(:dleme, howr%l-r. v%etl I114i.4- %%;w %%rry bot11 ill Malta
and lla% .1lt�11t Ihe,ir li%r. there. Like the ari.torraliv
t�fstltmunit% ill Militia. Ill-% are 1oond b% .e,tilin14�ltl
Mill opinion to if for�ign Iradiiiotl.
Lining parallel with Ihi. t�4st1,t11u11ith :still in Mal%
o.a%m duplicating its ma irrm :Ind 11%141111" are till-
g41%erilliwill offivial.. pnlb'��if,t1Al., wr.11ill% bn.i-
ne,..tltrn. and landlord.. who vivmpri.e, Ihl- nppt�r
�Isla of the, \falh'�r trfptllatiotr in \'allrtla. Ilfit"
+t�it�Ii4�. 111:4tY� i;rval 4 ;1%i� fill p l-tY'dl'IIIY alld
prlffYI. ,till looth mono apprftpriali-1% agaiti,t till-
backdrop prinidl-d b% till- jmlace,.. fortificatiom. mid
0 rt�hl-. 4rf till- litII tY nt.lrn Knight,: litme-%l-r. tilt�
111: 11j "t� trildilimlall% had little, dailn vollitacl %%ith
f ach other.
Mfiltil% with flit� Brit i.h. )fit tn..rd b% tilt-
4 aIAi�hl-d Imidit-l- of �l-ndirlg aspiring young \1 alIvmt-
If Itrilimh imi%vr.itio,m and fnrthe,r 4�nllamrd den %hawd
p :lrtit�ip :llioll ill too, tnno world warm. ham, howl-%rr.
IN�rtl fdllit4� appar�tit. ill tile, 19156%. for l-%amplr. %%hvii
\lalta c: ,till- to rl-giord its colo11 i �latu a, all
a11,lthro11i�nt. its Io,adrrm iltili:dl% Ianorl-d iiivwpxtra-
tiotl with the 1'11jll-tl Kiligdffltl o%l-r till- altl-rtlall%r of
i11de,lx�101-11m.
Go%rrnnll-nt itdi%it% and nlplo%nll-nl Ila%v lout;
plae,d :1 maior roll- ill ,Ilea,. 6111 industrial life- is
incrl-:lsjng. %jncl- 11141.4 of tilt- ell-%% industrit-, arm
tMiltitig ltl-ar Ihl- 1141r1 :oo,a. (fi tilt- wholr. %%orkl-rs, mid
Awir f:unilil-� in Valll-tt :4 haul- li%l-tl IN-It(" than those
ill othl-r Otis-, oil till- Muditl-rraiwarl. Bonn that British
l-nlplo%tnent is declining. Illm title% Ile, Ihr bl-a
4111alifil-d Mallrsr to sl-l-k rniploynu lt1 in Ihr new
indltstrirs Ihr go%rrnmrltl is truing to attract. The%
have long Ix l-n
listd to tll-alitig %%ith and working for
forvigtx�r%. ,till 111:111% have r�lali%vs ,ltd frit-ltdk who
hav4- l-mtgn114-d or h:t%l- tht-m.t-l%rs %i-med %%ith tilt-
British Arm\ Abroad. llitlll.Iriai workvr, Art- Malta's
runt inobily. Imist traditionalist group. voinparitivOy
willing 14, tnt%t� %%jilt oplxrtunitl. Tlivir (-%po.tlry to)
Itpix�r clam. MA Imi life :sold to list- otitmitiv n%orld has
tnadt- them lift- 14-ader, in tilt- th�mand for hight-r
wagt-.. Ix�Itrr li%ing t�4ntliliow.. and wider oplxr-
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Iti11ilie. hot Ilf�if rhihln�11 The% .fill. 1141Nr%1�t. Ilan
Ilip h +1111 to I".
n�%llesoalIr fell lift" idinit r11lllh% low nt.
(:1.11er1111k. fill' 11110.111 4110114N�r. 11:1%e 4j11t0plell Ihr
111:1t:1 1IrfHt1e�s oil I loll r fofftn-1 fvllrh. "1111�% elf ilk
F11141irh liftoff- 10111-11 1114111 food, Moll Nltett flee�% life ita�
their III so Ulltivatr. Il f �it M:IIew it
1a.ih 41ix1i /14eislMl In /tti Il Iw�.e%s %loll.4Hl.uff� :m11
Ilffkfl �Iran� 111 r1IIIItMItn�to. 1111 %11alolll.at% .11111
inllf%lilm of fllr f1flUll et�sillrnl dilirt as 1Ae11. �bossing
11nHr of the Il;di.ul :Itnl IMU-1 inllefmves 11 hilt
411�%111111% 141111/:111 4:11I141Ii.�: li fe% "Rant Ihr (.tooth .e
o11h otw� :lsp1�14 111 tittle li sts. Fmll a n- 4,1101� hill
6-A cfrllrtldrtil on 401W an10Irr 111at1 its the 4v11u1n.
411111 1111- om$lhrt i11ll11rnse is atnrsshal I4,..
lifech 1111ina lll.
In erNllfa�I lot sill� ntlultf and rrlali%eh prnlf�ro11x
Vallellil flf�tholullitalt ilfr.1_ life ill %ill.tlto .still lots
lath" is 111 elan% ssa%. 11f �die�s.,l tit r1 et1 Niblical
viwott� an� 4'141111%.1!'1 .rfilvitteii1s 111 loll. fl+ll`nlitefe'el.
sI#Vnr Iwlufaw. NINw' %4111rr if Itill I ran a1410� faradr. a n
ltlkr11 lull� h% Tsorki.h��hk lath, ISies f.ol�ilog Ihe-
11. 1t n n%. Wheeling �1t4vi. 'Ilea.- �14id ..rt4ro11tie
center atollnll it Older "111.1tr: apprfipti.414-
domitallell In .t Isan14{oe larldf s"lftin�h 'rlw� stpeaff� it
life crlslef of �.+vial life lot f1wic IIf� loolale Ilseir
wnirlir�. Nilf��I14g1�. 4111111a1t. Nhilr fin' N1011w�o tti.lkt�
sh�gl{/itlit in life tw�iltidwtlf.14is 1114� m.ltfi vr-1.11 4.%4,111
of 1114.114la%.
%l111. of life %ill.ut4.0 fill 111 vessel 1.11141. 11111 .1
�11114.1110.11 n11111114�t al I .6rttf�r% list- aluff tnm Ih4-
�ill.udr. 'i'lw% a Is.fnl li%in 1111111 "oil ssllirh 1-
111i11 :steel power list .I19 rMt1I1fill /dl/�o 0�1%ific nlfaf
ptitnilisr im140.11f�n1. lot 1.61111 11.1111.41 I.ufl 0 l iclur .r
Whets file hnitthls of ost John tubed L411a. Ihr%
.11'crp11.1i 1.0tln.4tl^% off t11�N seed from %i�ilisit
11HIItiN�n 1.61 sill {ss .4. 11.ItINSt 41111'..Ilwl Illen� ix dill .1
Lou reil eitlutt .In% 14ihirt I.. 41rli%rr di�{da41d %40il Its
life cont
t
Its voliftiM I the rulalic" mo11ilit% of his urban
I,0u111"rlratl. Ihr rural Madh�se is inlrust,lc local to his
Iitfhplaul.. Fell it he t11t1%4,s to if ti4,a village. by 111ay
11es110' 111.1,01114 if trill part of it. 11111 orlinaril\ continues
to 1/.ltlieip.ih� ill Ihr religious societies and otltl�r
aclisiliv% of his 11ali%r %illage. Tlly lwople of the
xmall"t isl:ueels of Cote and K4,nsnnona are (�then more
i 11ssard leroking. The Cotilam art regarded oti fit(
Witold 14011ee1%hat :4,s III(- Scofs are in Lotidon-
16111%. doref. harllllradrd folk. %cho. %%11t,u the% reach
ihr ells. fn�(ln4-ntl uork Iht,ir %%:e% into 1114- best jobs.
'1 Mallf -w. ".ln�ciall% ill rural areas, are b%
111.4r1sil% haul %%orkititr .utd frugal. Whill. intensel%
lelt:ll to their 4 .%steno of f:unil% r�lationsbips.
fill.% gullf -rdl% .in� stion� ollt�rr to str:oigers and
forriun4,r. 111411 art most otln�r Wallet people On the
alfIra 14,414,1%. livaltln. r%iro%eried peoplt,. Ihv% share
the \1 I'll i WIN 11"a 11 loco of metaphor and of
I.11't:linitllt FI :,rr 11saisfained with inlensitc front
fill" tl urr.liotl to :usolher. 4-,1,1 eiall in cillat4-s. but
ssilifrlt Ihr pM�ieal %iol4-nc4- rharac�trriai(� of soon(.
other \111dill1f:llll�:111 1
Rfifh rslfi61 and ortati %%ork-e are fit,rc�t,lc
1alit.lti.rn '4,%t,rthelt,.�. 1�tlucation. occup :pion, and
%%rallll 4,4114,% Mine� 4-11.1114-111� of social pr�sligv. and
x101.r�ial it11lfttlaner is atlacht,d (o offices of the carious
rrlittilots xe14�il�1i(� or of IIle %illaet, band clubs.
Fd lvali.ols is tevet;ni /ell b%_ the ltiore.l dullest, Is the
k4,% t/ .111% alle"1114-nt.:uut male% seek to rise from the
ssorkil.lt 1141�� 111nough file- t4-ac�hiug profession or
11111011,;11 4.letulw�liti.4- t�%ammalism for the c�icil ser%icu.
lint fit- lei 1f1otti4- and fat11ih :u1d Ifi the village chweb
Aft r�s1r1.41ille1% �Iroutt .slid act its if r4-slraining
11111111� 141� 1t110as .lnlhition� that might o111cm ise lead
tiller" I.rhe�.r III 1".1.4, the %illage'.
F.14�I fi{1e�f.16119 ill \1.61141 IlKl:l% tend 1�. onoderate
�114.0.61 &%joaritit-x .still foriher I..ak do%%o the
tlifferum s 114-1ar4,n unbars and rur it life. 'I'll(- first
�Irin Nrrt- 1ak4-1e 4-arl% in this e�entur% \%ith the
11i�pfacl�su4�ul 01 liali.ur alld 1111� sullsfilution of
1.1111�4� as 40114� of the h%o official langliat;es. The
4101tgHrturnl to this %%as III(- rme0urat;entrtil gict,n to
Ihr r11h.ufcl�ttw�td of Malta's Peuvic. or soli- Emopcan.
Am
hrrilay.:md fo the 61t,%rlopsne�111 .f indt,lx�tdent
111I1414s of artistic and culltir:el r%prv%%iot:. Moreover.
41rs{tile the differences in 1114, incidrner and degrve of
dillrrac.s I14�Issrcle Io N11 .still c1tlnlr%. the- introduction
fit c1f11p111min rclucatio11 itf 14)1(1 hi v. %harpl% reduced
thew CA11% .11141 lees 4,%lltlw�/l vallfe�.t- %outll to it
41Imnusio loomh of ttfalrrial al140ul Ih4,usxehrs and their
Itiv.l
"terl/l Wif II cvnlrilinh�el 1111,talitialh fo the
hrr- Achoun o1 social di�mic�tioos :ufl the gr%cth of a
ai
if
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FICAN S. fonith whh pflldMlre plow. Faflfll
dtwdl k In 1111 bodWowld.

f
k
a
A I
sense of common purpose. The bombing of the islands
both united the Maltese and motivated it dispersal of
the urban poptlation into the countryside and into
contact with people there.
'l'he foreign community around Valletta has bought
land in and has spread out to other parts of the island,
which may in time lead to their assimilation into
Maltese life. Since 1 Vorld War II younger sons of the
aristocratic Mdina families have begun to participate
in the business and professional life of Valletta before
inheriting the family homes. This is gradually
producing it more cosmopolitan attitude in N
itself.
In addition, after the war Malta initiated it policy of
encouraging industrial development to relieve its
almost exclusive dependence upon local agriculture
and foreign imports.
The ncrease in urban
employment opportunities that has accompanied this
process, the increase in areas of governmenlcI
responsibility, and the deliberate improvemcmt of
public transportation have encouraged large: numbers
of villagers to commute (fail\ to the cities.
The effect of this has been to facilitate tle flow of
opinion and custom bezween town and country and to
foster the growth of it new industrial working class
which reflects the impact of both influences. The rural
residents of Cozo have participated in this growing
intercourse with the cities as well. Coro is only it one
half hour ferry ride frorn Malta, and many Go %italls
spend the week in Malta and return home to their
families on the weekend.
2. Religion
The Roman Catholic Church continues to dominate
Maltese society to it degree possibly no longer found in
any other country save the Vatican itself, despite the
growing influence of t! secular and cosmopolitan in
Maltese life. The central place of the church is
sanctioned by the Maltese Constitution, which
recognizes the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion as
the official religion of the islands and guarutees its
right to "freely express its proper spiritual and
ecclesiastical functions and duties and to manage its
own affairs." The Archbishop of Malta and the Bishop
of Cozo are exempt from criminal law, and canon law
is still the law of the land in such matters as marriage,
divorce, and burial. The influence of the church in the
educational system remains strong. Religious
instruction is mandatory even in the public schools,
and much of the overall instruction comes from
teachers trained in Catholic colleges. Freedom of
worship is protected by the Constitution. The
Churches of England (Anglican) and of Scotland
6
(Presbyterian) and the Creek Orthodox Church arc
mprerscuted ill Malta, but they serve the foreign
comnuuity almost exclusively, being forbidden by
law to proselytize.
The prominent place given to the Catholic Church
under the Maltese Constitution is not an attempt to
establish its influences but is it recognition of its real
authority. St. Paul brought Christianity to Malta, and
the line of bishops that he founded, though
interrupted during the Arab invasions, began anew
with the Norman Couyuest ill 1091. The present
position of the church was fixed during the long period
of role by the Order of the Knights of St. John. It has
renained strong because of its curly identification
with the respected Italian aristocracy, long the
dominant clement itt 'lie islands, and because later the
British chose to coni rtrtte their activities in the
cities, leaving the church and the clergy preeminent
outside them. Despite some effort by the Maltese
Government to extend and expand its influcuce, social
life in the vAlages still revolves around the parish
church.
The village, in fact, has almost no life apart from
the church. As a secular community it has neither
leader nor coninion property. and its inhabitants are
ra rely called upon to work for it common end. Only as
it congregation within the traditional parish
fratnework does the village manifest these characteris-
tics, and its most cherished property is commonly tile.
richly decorated church (Figuie 6). fleligious feasts
Mid holidays and the succession of daily masses order
the lives of the residents and mirk the divisions of tit(.
year U igure 7). 'I'll(- annual festival of the patron saint
is a notable symbol of the religious grounding of life.
for the festival honors the saint as patron of both the
village and the parish.
The appointed leader of the parish �and thus of the
village generally �is the priest. To the villagers he is
also an adviser, and the government has routinely
recognized him as the de facto head of the village.
Thus, ill addition to his religious duties, it is customary
for him to be called upon to divide inheritances, argue
claims against the government, and to intervene with
employers. The importance of his secular rove was for
many years enhanced by the fact that he was
commonly the only literate person in the village and
the traditional dispenser of charity_ The institution of
compulsory education, however, and the increased
government role in providing for social needs since the
war have reduced the need to depend solely upon the
priest and the church for these services.
The church permeates the social life of the villagers
as well. As an institution, it still runs welfare
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o 4
FIGURE 6. TaTinu church near Gharb, northwestern Gozo
orb ;IIIiiations slaflcd \\ith doctors,
soli :II \\(Irkcr,, :Intl tc�:cc�Ilrr,. ;and it 1no\ ill(,, ,o4. sal
IIIItIf't, ,II1OIIi"II a profct,iom ol,tric�II!, raIIkccl rc�ligiccu,
so4.i(,tic's. '11'11(� c ;II Iv( I ,c�c�IIL�u lul)s-- 11rinl ;Irik tlit-
en iullrc,rluut illagv h;mrcls :I11(1 flit fool hall (lull,-
havc chaplains ;Intl liulinl:lin (-I( )Sc link, \\it11 ill(
pri(�,t,. Bel i1;ious fcsti\al, pro \ill(- the main
(-nlcrtainnml'mt Ior IIlc� illm crs. and Ihl' intvii c hu1
non\ iolvitt fcucls bcl\\evii local adlivrenl, parlili l of
ri\al :lint a (I III(�ir fcsIi\al, ;II1,url1 Ilit- ;I(�Ii\itics.
c�n(�ri;ic�,. alld l�IIII III I, r(,wr\ed in other socictics for
Ioc;Il lmlitics.
\'Ili lc Ihc church rvimii Its strot�k. conlenlllorar\
trciids are slo\\ I\ reduciIig its inf1u(,ncc. 'I'll( incrcasilig
lit(�I.I(�\ r;lt(� :11110 III(� IIIIIIifwr (1f 1)t�OpI(� Ill II(I\% \\ork
in and InI,:�I Iwt\\vetl Ilivir iIlaizes an(I lllc ciIics 11 ;I\l'
acccicmWd the spr(%id of Ili );I attitude, to rtim1 lift.
not all of t Ill 'It I mil ),Itihl(- \\it11 1Ilc continlied
maintcnance of religions faith. \\'flat is II if rt lhc,c
factor lia\v ht-1pe l In (-;I ken IIlc ant It( ril\ Id \illai;c
customs and tmdiIiom ;md tItii, Ill( ittachnu�nt if the
religions c(Itntnntlit\ out (II hick ill(-\ orii;in ;ltcd.
Finall\. dic gO\crimiew g(,ncnlll\ prm ides nlan\ of
the wr\ ic�cs mile( a\ailahle ()ill\ lhrorleil Ihc c lm ell.
;md there arc local sec�ctlar;IltcrilAi\(,s If) ill(. (lull, .out
,(Wial functions concluctcd m ider chim -ll mvpicc,.
:3. Language
\laltc,c ;md I�:ii0kh :Iry t11c official lams ijiwvs.
Maltese is an IIrii;iII ;II combination of colllriI)IIIiIIII
Front (\\o IItIIr\\is(, distinct Ii IIL:IIi,Iiu fanlilics. \\iII
till' addition of latter -da\. IfaiI\%Imis udOptecl froth
F,ngli,h. Its b ;I,ic ,truc�tIIrc is Semitic. hill, Iik(,
I:mglisII. it iII Irllonll(,, soul(, Il'almres of the IiIIIIIclnc4.
langnai;cs. 11111 oil\ ScIIIiIic tougII offici ;III\ \\riticn
in I.ItiII. it 11l'ar, a c�lo,( r( Ilion to tII \\e,ll'riI .1nd
clialcrl,.
I' I gen( -,is II \tall(,,(, i, soml,�timu�, 4.f It(,d Iromt th4.
cmi(Im.,t of the ;,land about ;llt! B.C. h\ till'
(:arlhaginiims. III spA it Sc inilic longu(, akin to
Phnctlic�ian and Ilehrew. 'I'hi, dal( i, c ii Itru\cr,i if I.
IimI,,er. shut( the \rah,. \\ho con(lu(,rc( I XIit a in
\.I)..ti; tl in the comIsc of their (�(inquest oI Spain and
Sic�il ,o aIf(,(�lccl the nati\v loni4m� that the\
oblih�nItecl irtrtall. Al trace of the naIi\e I;utguagc.
Thus. the rah, it rl' t;vncrall\ gi\rm credit for ha\ins;
cskiblislicd the Semitic ham. of Ihc I;ulgrtas;l'. With 1114.
\ormmn touchiest of Malta and miller th(, ;till horit\ oil'
,rtbscquenl d\nasties and the Knights of St. Jo11n. it
Ito\\ (d orris horro\\ed front Sicilian and Italian
beg;ul.
The mo rllholog: Of the Homance 1Ommorcls has
been ;ulaplcd to ,slit the ImItern of the imm- basic
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FIGURE 7. Carnival parade along the Kingsway in
Valletta opens the 4 -day pre- Lenten festival

ll-nlilit� rlrinl-ut. 1'114. dt.INh111iut1 l it 1111 %41� :lhulan
If�lartu life lull 41tiv%lys Nl� 111 liar litni11a atnl
eharaelet 11f fill- p e rilxl N 11t-11 1114. .1N�akr of life". 11111
I:I11%114Itr. 111�.111111 fill- 14:11141�. 11111.. %L1114a�
111"411(ll'.111:IIIN11nl. fnIn ll:lliall. 1lriliall.:lllll. lit 1 4011M
rlle11f. Fuali.11, 111 (1rnlIr 1414.1. 11.41 11hj1.1.1. abich
Iwluntt 111 Ihr ltna Aralie t�itili1,:di1111 got file Wasiak
The Wxah11lan 4f n�1ig i11ta. 41�aan Inot11 11111 :ul. 1�:111
1�falliple. I:1111 IIN�.II:Ilhe tirillllle %tll"k (41111.114111�
1111j4 4111111(14%1'4 Ih :l9 Ix�IIlltt 111 lilt- lfl�ti"d 1x�11111.1101.
N t,1114pN�.1. "All "ot1N� ruvi1ilow. lilt- 14 111ilir
tt11n1. toot -olla file %11t�:1h111an whirl ndt-r� Is lilt
1111% %i:d ulid j :11111 il. 4�IeuN�III�.
elite ow 111 %l:lill�.1.'till 11111 Altilt� 1�I1t llifafril ill
Jill' 1.1:11111�. 11HIM-11. it. 1111�.4.111 4ffirial �11111� eau ix�
atlrihlllell tit IFIe 11111ilivill �Irnggle allirh 11trutayl
eatle 111 Ihi. 41.111111 1x�114.4.11 Ihr 1lri li�ll 11141 ll:fli :fl
r14.1n4�111� in Ihr :m�bilN�latt11. N. it Sim im 111 ml41rti'mir
Iht- anotlatrr hilliall lamili4nl :lull lot r.11l4 11a1i1111.161
"�nlilneill agaitl.l 1111� Ihdi.lm. ihr Ilrili.h 111.It-n Jill-
t3 .4. 111 Maltme. 'f ale in�1i1111ie i1 411 1.111� a� m
Ilfit�ial latlgnalte ill 1!M. 11i.111arinit I AMM .11 1411
111 ill iI'llmnetiN�11f 1 Illil 111.11 Mile. N1.1111w4� 11 .111 lx-lit
largrh it 01114xinial I:ulO otalt4. 11 -4 �41 utll% 10% Iflr
t,ntiNotl 11t10pie. (bit- t.nI N ,11N�ntr 141 1hi� llipU :4di11!!
1a� the dinrlivimi�tll 111 if %lamlanl 11rt114
Ihrrrh% ent 1111racillt liar 1 W I4411.11 dr 111 .1
lalll�"� lift-tar, nNnrttlrlll. 1hir11 bxl.l 114.n1� a
uNx14�.l nurnlx�r s /f di�1i110ni�ht,l 11.1111��.
1% 6 off Flicli�h �fill i% if pn�r1�1110 i1r fact
.41dill 10I nnlf91 .i4/11.11 a41t.11ill'lIN'llf. .gl Fllltli�h 1�
11lttlp111min its .1; Ihr w h141I�. blltlr F iveh.11 I%
uudl�r.hxxl h llx/ni ;11'. 141 Ihr 111pul./1i41n..11NI IIN-
ix�'t�r i� hi,tht-t 111 IIt11.111 .IM.1� 11.111.111 .fill i�
l itlrh �1Nkrn. Viii alti1l m 111111.41 .111 tlifit�ial
611rt 11:iKr, kINNIr4 4.I it 1. 4t011�idersr1 In 1 ".111% .111
ari.l4t�ralir .1111ihulr. II i. 1,n111ndNIn ill wnN� 111 Ill�
e1111r1�h w�hinI. 11.11nllain91 In 111� nlhls�r 4.t vw
C. Population
%l a ll.l i, total- 111 Ihr 11 /rlek IINni tlellw�I 111111111.11#41
tv1111IIrim ytlNld 11111% 111 1i111;a1MIe .IIt11/114 liar
111rrnlx�r� 111 liar I'11ilrtl ali4a1. Will"limt 111 an
nffid'al Mallew (i41N1 r�lil$Ll till I j.uul.ln
111;2 there arm .1U.im n�+N1r111% rnNtival tnll11 I l k
1.1.11141. 111 (d.n. %lalla. allfl hI�f11t114 ---.1 cls" 11x1.ill�
il rea III filth i_i N111.Irr Illih�� 711 a%misr lNixl6li4xl
tlr1141%. Ih4t.. 1 :1. :.WO l rmotl. llrr w11tan� 111dr.
mrilluml vilh a tlr11�il% ill ri/hnWnl.tlrl% Ms its 11A
and all �Vvrnoll ficlorr 111 2. 111r nll llrna F11n1114�
Itr11rralh.. 7114. ltnale�t Iuu11lx�r 441 w4dru1. -its We
111;11 an mlinalrtl :3170111 m n01MC1 112 -li%r Iota
h
fill- iaand 11f Malta. 1111. l a11tr.i 11f life III-1. i.laull. ;11111
dw I. tilt tN�14-ml :Intl 11111ili4�:d 4.4�1111.r IVitrotn� !i4.. In
191;11 0,140 11:111 ahotll 150111 iN�hutic alld lim
k,�111n111na had I.S.
Ldl 1. a uuifat .1:114. 11111111111 f will 11�It.Ilk
4 tahli.111.11 a1111iilli.lf:11111. Illlil. 1�u,�1f fur a 1.i%il'
4+11011101 tilt 011 .11111 k 1 1111111111.. 'I'he11.f11t1.. In4I.1
1 ,1111u1.11rd id :IVIN- .1114111�.. 111N11�. -Bil -4111 11111 him.
(A"m is per
Tmom "a of Oerfenf 11 nnk)
k EW _'MI
22.S
p IlJ�� oil
MirM4r N .l
S.?
Se.lh 111
1
4 1t a
1.8
wow" M 1
1.1
Iwl its
1.4
No/tdern
08
m t+s
0.8
Gene C
rd
A
R.MWAM 311
0.9
C*"A. it N&ANOW F Mpwd M trrltl o
ova of e4wn wm 4 41111 new t~ flowns
1MKpM daww" N DrterAw,
41020
4.r
j1r141 MMUNA
v .7
1 1XI
GIw
34 twu
11w tl>A
FIGURE Pop111 Mm distribution
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however, the sire of lire populuce is certain to renrain it
critical problem for the goyernnwnt for some tittle to
cnnc.
'1'Ite p -it tters of emigration has had some
nn fortunate consequences for Maltese society, tilt
long terns effects of which may prove even more
troublesome than the growth emigration has been
intended to control. Not only have the emigrants been
young 87% of those in 1969 were under 35 years cif
age �but there has been it disproportionate nonnber of
males; nearly two- thirds of the 1969 emigrants in the
I ritical 15 to 34 wars of age bracket were nudes.
I ?migration, therefore, has resulted not only in it larger
proportion of elderly people in the population, but
also in it surplus of females (figure 12).
The population, though still relatively young in
1957, hits aged steadily since then, largely because of
the falling birth rate and pattern of emigration. At the
tine: of the 1957 census the proportion of the
population under age 15 was 37.4 0. The 1967 census
recorded 29.75 tinder age 13, and the i\4alta Central
Office of Statistics has projected it further drop to
25.4% by the end of 1973. During the same period the
proportion 60 years of age and over rose from 10.851, in
1957 to 12.85i in 1967 and is projected to reach 14.4%
by the end of 1973.
The 1967 census showed a sex ratio of 92.2 males for
every 100 fcrnalcs, it small increase from the ratio at
the time of the 1957 census (91.9 nudes p; r 100
females), reflecting a slight increase in the proportion
of fenudes emigrating; in the curly 1960's. The deficit
of males reflects in part their lower survival rates in
1969 life expectancy at birth was about 68.5 for nudes
and 72.2 for females �but the pattern of emigration
Age
75
and over
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
f5-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
described above has played by far the greater role. 14'o r
example, in 1969 each of the first four 5 Fear age
brackets (covering the years 0 through 19) show an
excess of males, the determining factor being the
universal excess of male over female births. In the
overall 0 to 19 age bracket there were 10.1 males per
100 females. 'I'll( 20 to 29 age bracket, however, shows
a sharp reversal, with only 85 males per 100 females,
reflecting the disproportionate number of Young males
in the emigration population.
D. Societal aspects of labor
1. Employment
Malta, largely because of its position in the
Mediterranean, became invoiveci at an early stage in
entrepol trade and extensive port activity. including
the� bunkering of ships. 'file. arrival of the British in
1800, the Napoleonic wars, the industrial revolution ill
northern Europe, and the opening of the Suez Canal
in 1869 all helped \9alta to achieve some degree of
economic well being. The lie with the United
Kingdom paid continuous dividends, and imly in
recent years have the extent and dangers of ccononric
dependence urn London become apparent.
Although the British helped the IMaltese achieve it
higher standard of living than nary of their
Mediterrtincan neighbors, prmperily was precarious
because of this dependency. Port facilities were
designed to reet the needs of the British fleet and
proved to be inadequate to handle larger civil vessels.
Eutrepot trade declined, as I?urope turned to the New
orld for many of its raw nuatcrials, and it was given a
near -death No by the closing of the Suez Canal in
1967. The British have reduced their presence
considerabi, with it consequent rise in unemploy-
ment, and other countries have not taken tip the slack.
The Maltese labor force, numbering roughly
S tates 1 11',000 derives most of its income from manufactur-
77' ing� primarily ship repairs, textiles, and food
FEMALES
6 4 2 0 0 2
Percent
FIGURE 12. Age -sex distribution, Malta and
the United States, 1970
processing �and government services. About one -third
of the labor force is employed in the service sector,
with trade the largest employer. Unlike most of the less
developed countries, where agriculture is at traditional
occupation, fewer than 6% of the working population
aanr it living from the land.
L_ Malta suffers 14om it lack of skilled workers, largely
because of the British failure to encourage technical
training and because past emigration policies
facilitated the exodus of large numbers of workers.
Despite the oversupply of general labor, site shortage
of skilled workers has been serious enough to
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discourage sonic foreign firms from establishing
l.ranches.on the islands. Women make up only about
one -fifth of the total labor force.
Dc,spite government efforts to improve agricultural
production, the soil, climate, and small size of most
farms militate against agriculture as a lucrative means
of employment. Thus, agriculture, traditionally a
haven during hard times, provides full -time work for
fewer persons each while part -time farmers are
increasing slightly in number. Young men clearly sec
the folly of going into farming, with the result that the
number choosing agriculture as an occupation
declines each More than half the full -time
farmers are over the age of 50.
The government is by far the largest employer, with
more than 22,000 employees in 1972, representing a
considerable increase in recent as the
government has undertaken a wide range of new
responsibilities. In particular, officials have coneen-
trated on reducing unemployment brought on by the
reduction in British activities and by the lack of
industrial development. The government has hired so
many per that it is unable to employ them
rationally: many are underemployed. Charges have
been made that highly educated people are assigned
to clerical duties, and that skilled workers are doing
menial labor. 11mighly 80% of government employees
are male. Females are employed in such traditional
occupations as teaching and health services.
Until recently both the construction and tourist
industries employed an increasing nc niber of workers
each year. No both industries are in it state of
decline, largely because of the departure of the British,
and there is little chance of a recovery to previous
lcv, is in the near future. Employment in. the
conytnletion industry, which had spurted from about
5,800 in 1966 to 1 `1,800 in 1969, began to decline in
1971; by the end of that year, employment was down
17% over the previous year. Employment oppclr-
tunitieF in this field are poor, with most construcU:cin
companies working well under capacity, and mail\
small contractors totally idle. Earl\ in 1972 tourism`'
began to slump, with sonic hotels filled to only about
25% of capacity. The industry is not expected to
recover until 1973, if then. The key question is
whether the British, who made up the great bulk of
tourists, will return to their old haunts.
Employment in the industrial sector increased 17%
in 1971 over the year before. job opportunities in this
sector depend on the ability of the present Maltese
Government to attract new investment. The
impressive rise noted in 1971 stemmed in large part
from investment generated under the investment
12
incentive program of lie previous Nationalist Party
governnie:lt. There has been little or no n(,-\%
investment promised since Prirne Minister Mintoff
took office in slid -1971. Mintoff, however, caul look to
sonic countries of the North Atlantic Trealy
Organization and possibly the European C:onl-
nitlllities as well as to the Chinese to provide some
light industry, thereby creating new opportunities.
\Volnen generally turn to the textile and wearing
apparel industries and increasingly to electronics for
employment. As in other countries, in general wages
tend to be lower for women than for rnen. \Vages paid
to inexperienced or unskilled workers are about the
same for men and women, but once longevity and skill
are factors, women's wages tend to be considerably
lower.
The government -owned Malta Drydocks Corpora-
tion, which is managed jointly by the government and
the General Workers Union, employs about 5% of the
la bor force. When the British controlled the
dockyards, underemployment was the general rule �a
situation the present operators are unwilling or unable
to change. Reduction of the work force to rational
levels would only contribute to the sizable
unemployment problem. 'I'll(- government is studying
ways to make the dockyards it paying proposition, hilt
progress has been slow.
Unemployment reached a peak of more than 8.000
in early 1972 or about 7% of the labor force; it rose to
8.5% in early 197, the highest rate since slid -1966.
The farther reduction in the British presence is
expected to create even more unenlploynlent, unless
the government intervenes. Layoffs among supervisory
personnel and skilled construction workers were
largely responsible for thc high rate, with the decline
in the tourist industry contributing to the rise. In
earlier years emigration was the typical solution to
unemployment, with the government providing
assistance to those willing to leave. The result wits that
man persons left Malta annually (Figure Il).
Realizing- that most of the emigrants were nun
between the ages of 20 and 40 �the cream o the labor
force �Prime Minister Mintoff has attempted to
discourage current emigration by establishing the
Emergency Labor Corps and subsequently the Pioneer
Corps, and he is seeking n(!\\ investment to create job
opportunities.
2 Organization of labor and management
The 'Trade Disputes Ordinance of 19 -15, supplement-
ed by the "Trade Union Regulations of 1956, provides
for the ow- :dzation and operation of trade unions of
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Rate per 1,000 persons
35
30
25
20
Is
'1 etude� fiflh raft� r1e�c6111 -d shatlll% during the
1950'S and I!N O% t.Jill all-time lo%t in 111(0). Ov(-r III(-
.arse lx�fiod. Ills� ctntl(- death rill(- charnged little
(Figurl. S)1. The dl. :alll fall. is alluul dw affil� a. for the
United stall.. III II is h1 %%I�r than frost of Ih(-
NIedile fraIIvi111 areal. I ,*(-(-all.(- Malta lack. III(-
r 5011rcl.s to .upI14ft ex4.1n its pm.(-nt popnl;alio1. III(-
dec;:!Ie in 1114� birth wit. is u0cnn(-d. on(-th(-I(-�.. Otis
decline is curious. giv(-n III(- Among fort to Ilw
contr�Ir. For (-xatnpl(-. th� t:atholic hierarck
entetlrag(-s large fatlnilies. and Own� is no birth clontrol
prograin other than instrllt�tion ill th(- f6thran method
provided for inarried cuplr. h% 1114� (-lurch ;Iffiliat(-d
10
aatM
5 MALTA
arete
France
Italy
Tu"slaeta
United
lutes
Spain
Israel
Rapt
9.4
0
1950 SS 60 65 10
FIGURE 9. Vital rates
precise bo(indaries. The go%ern m�nt ntiliies Ill.
boundaries of ecclesiastical parishes in defining
localities f(:r censt., purlx)ses. hilt since parishes
usually encompass ho: h urban and rural .Yeas and
often more ;han one Populated plat�(�� the population
of even the principal villages or towns can lov only
roughly approximated front statistics. For the IS)(i;
census the islands were divided into fit localities
grouped into the 6 regions shown in FigltreS. All hilt
four of these localities were cot(-rminus uith
IWIesiastical parishes; (�uc�h of the four. all highl
wban, embraced two or more parishes.
Recently, as the government has expanded. and the
economy has he(mi ne more diversified. the population
has tended to shit fronn farm to town. Approxinnalr�le
200,000 people, 62j of the total population. are
concentrated in the metropolitan area surrounding
Valetta -an area of aloout Is s(Inarc� miles comprising
the Inner Harbour and Outer Ilarbour (-emus region.
Other population centers are small �only five or six
outside the harbor metrolmli;an area have populations
in excess of 0N)--and III(-%- are widely separated b%
farms and open space. Because no locality on the main
island is more than an hour's Ions ride from Valetta.
many workers commnte front their villages or farms to
jobs in the harbor area. Urbanization. therefore, is I(-s,%
apparent than in most countries.
Rate per
1.000 persons
rrrrrrrrrr rrrrrr 16.3
rrrrrrrrrr rrrrrr 163
rrrnrrr1 83
r rrrrrrr 16.7
Ilrnllrrl l 10 6
rrrrrrrrrr rrrrrrr t6S
rrrrrr
rrrrrrrrrr rrrrrtrl r.
9.0
l rrrrrrr rrrrrrrt 182
f rrnrrrrl 9.4
trttrr rrrrrr 196
rnnr!ri f15
rrrrrrrrrr rrrrrrrrrr 1111111 268
Innrr 70
Infant mortal,t
(omits per I.00
Ire births)
1
27.9
Io
rrrrrrrrrr rrrrrrrrrr rrrrrrrrrr rrrrf 3,,
mnnnr rnn 1S0
rrr nr
FIGURE 10. Vital rotes, Molts and
selected countries, 1970
i
29.2
I
SS 2
I
14.e
77.9
229
Owes
100
$l
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5-J
n
t
Ceuta nutvetrtent. F urtIieriIiorc, divorce is not
permitted. The infant mortality rate, which dropped
from 88.5 per 1,000 live birth:, in 1950 to a low of 23.7
per 1,000 in 1969, is comparable to the rate of the
West European countries bordering the Mediterranean
but is substtutially lower than that of Malta's North
African neighbors. Since 1969 the crude birth rate has
shown a small annual increase, while the crude death
rate has remained constant despite an increase in the
infant mortality rate registered in 1970. As u
consequence, the rate of nattral increase h as gone up
slightly. Figure 10 compares vital races in Malta, some
other Mediterranean countries, and the United States.
me substantial decline in the birth rate is largely
explained by the high rate: of emigration, mostly
Deopl(' in the reproductive ages, which Malta has
cxpen .;ced since World War 11. In particular, the
lack of employment opportunities for skilled workers
after the war led to heavy emigration. Although this
has tradit'on illy provided an outlet for population in
excess of what the country's meager' resourc could
maintain, the need to provide jobs for workers released
.IS .t consequence of British force cutbacks placed
FIGURE 11. Population changes, 1950 -71
special strains on the econoniv. Since 1963 the number
leaving to establi. h permanent residence ill other
countries has actually exceeded the natural increase of
the population. I lowever, the number of inimigratrt's
establishing permanent resilience in Malta, the
number of short tern migrant and the number of
tourists still in the country al lei(' end of the year have
had it generally counlerv:dling e "feet since 1965, with
the cud -of -year population age iin increasing -to
322,000 in 1969 -71 (Iigttre I I 'I'll(- most popular
countries for endgranls have been Australia, the
United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, in
that order.
The 2,798 persons who emigrated in 1971 represent
a dramatic decline from the numb leaving in the
nid- 1960's. The decline is due largely to increased
employment opportunities made available by the
development of new industries and the eximnsion of
government services, but partly also to the sharp
reduction in natural increase of the, population, both
factors acting to reduce the pressures for emigration.
Because Malta continues to lack the resources to
provide for the needs of its present population,
10
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COMPONENTS OF Nt:r CHANGE
Ocher
�rOT,u.
population
Po PGr.:CrroN
NF:r
Natural
Long; term
nurvcnunt,*
Y EA It
(31 DECEMBER)
CHANGE
increase.
emigmt.ion
(net)
195
:312,447
rill
7,057
8,50:3
rill
1951
3 12 6
199
6, 035
7, 692
1 8511
1052
316,764
4,118
5,8(il
5,:345
3,602
195:3
:320,01:3
3, 8.19
6, 129
-1,532
2,252
195.1
315,952
4 (3(i 1
5 920
11,147
866
19-)5
313,955
-1,997
:5,877
9,(1(17
1,1:3:3
1956
316,2:31)
2 28.1
5,500
4,492
1,276
1957
319,957
3,718
5,840
3,'285
1,1(1:3
1958
:3'2:3,(1(17
:3,710
-5,871
:3,152
901
1959..
:327,218
3,:)51
5,663
:3,265
1,153
1960
328,Y38
1,720
5,746
3,811
185
1961
320,763
825
�1, 7:37
3,581)
-332
1962..
:321),326
-137
�1,67:3
:3,6.11
1,4(i9
1963..
320, 1:30
-:3, 196
:3,(191
(3,579
-:308
196.1
32(1,(120
-5,510
:3,(338
5,987
-161
1965..
316,1.111
-.1,180
'2, 627
8,090
1,28:3
1966..
318,109
1,669
2,475
1,340
:3,531
1967..
317,026
1,083
2 324
3,971
56.1
1968..
:315,158
1,132
2,262
2,992
1.56'1
1969..
322.:353
1,195
2,072
2,645
4,771
1970..
:321,187
166
2,244
2,696
256
1971
:322,053
134
2,455
2,795
209
r7a Data not available.
*Includes, long term immigration,
short term migration,
and end
-of -year balance
of tourist,
still in the country.
10
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ti
4
employees and cnployem Unions must file with the
Registrar of Trade Unions and meet certain standards
o f fiscal integrity set by the 1945 ordinance. The
ordinance also provides the guarantees concerning
trade union activity common ill most Western
countries: the right to conduct peaceful picketing,
freedom from intimidation or persecution of trade
union actions (including freedom from prosecution for
conspiracy and immunity from actions of tort for
interfeing with another's business iu furtherance of it
union dispute.
In 1971 there were 57, registered trade unions: 32
made up of employees, 1; of employers, and eight
mixed associations. The theoretical aim of the
employers' associations is to present it united front to
orga!aized labor and to speak with one voice to the
goy ,rnment concerning legislation affecting the
commercial interests of the association. In fact, these
organizations are little more than discussion groups.
The largest is the General Retailers and "Traders
Union, with a membership of 1,40:3. The eight mixed
associations consist of employers and employees %vho
share it common trade interest. In practice self
ernployed persons and their one or two employees
usually close relatives comprise the bulk of this
group. Tile\ are not an important factor in economic
or political life
The 39,696 members of employee anions represent
less than half of the wage- earning workers, and 70% of
them belong to the powerful General Worker Union
(GWU;. The union is administered by its generl
council of 36 nenbers; Joe Borg is president and
George Agius is general secretary. Sections of the union
and membership are as follows:
Metal Workers 5,754
Civil Government 5,226
United Kingdom Government 3,653
Textiles 2,737
Petroleum and Chemicals 2,701
Hotel and Food 2,537
Port and Transport 1,596
Construction and Woodworking 1,232
National Association of Clerical and
Supervisor Staffs 3,008
Each section has full executive power in its sector,
including recruitment of memb er,. organization, and
negotiations. "!'he GWU is affiliated with the
International Confederation of Free 'Trade Unions
and has close relations with the Italian Union of Labor
and the Italian Confederation of Labor Unions. The
GWU publishes four newspapers.
The 31 affiliates of the Confederation of Malta
Trade Unions (CMTU), with more than 11,000 total
menliership, cater largely to clerical and professional
civil servants. The largest union in the confederation
and Malta's second largest union, the Malta Union of
Teachers, has 3.379 inernhers. The CMTU is not
particularly active, nor is it a power ill labor affairs. It
is a member of the International' Federation of
Christian Trade Unions.
As a counterpoise to the sec unions, the church
is represented by two unions sponsored by the Roman
Cathcilie Social Action Movement: the Workers and
Family Union and the Wonun Employees Union,
with 1970 memberships of 2,:324 and 667 respectively.
Tile membership distribution in the GWU and
CMTU gives further evidence of continung
dependence on the British and Maltese Governments
for employment. Approximately it third of the G\VU
members are in its United Kingdom Government
Section and the Maltese Civil Government Section. In
the CMTU over half the membership belongs to the
various association:, of government workers.
The GWU created 'she Malta Labor Party in the
1920'x, ancs the party still receives the bulk of its
support from union members. While the G\VU
theoretically is an independent trade union, the party
has exercised almost complete control over it since
1967, when it group of Mintoff supporters took over its
general council. The Metal Workers Section is the
most influential unit of the GWU because of its
control of labor activity at the drydocks.
3. Labor management relations
Labor- management relations are on the whole
good, although they vary, depending on existing
personal relationships between the heads of the
various sections of the C:WU and the management
concerned. The drydocks have posed the most critical
;problem in recent wears; periodic strikes have
been costly in terms of wage raises and missed
deadlines on repairs. The Mintoff government took
office in the midst of one of these disputes. The
workers were operating under an overtime ban I,ci;un
in late 1970. A management proposal was rejected in
February of the follo\ wing year, and not until June,
just alter Prime Minister Mintoff took office, did the
drydocks open for business again. Since then the
government and the G\VU have maintained an
uneasy peace, with the workers voting in mid -1972 to
suspend all wag:: ci.:;ms.
The Arbitration Tribunal judges disputes between
workers and employers and may _also decide on
jurisdictional disputes between unions or between
individual workers and it union. Presided over by one
of the eight justices, the tribunal is part of the legal
i3
.I
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s
system. Arbitration of a labor dispute becomes
compulsory on the 'request of either party, and
decisions are binding. lit add;tion to 0,ce presid;ng
justice, the Arbitration "Tribunal cunsists of an equal
number of members who are nominated by the two
parties to the dispute question.
E. Living conditions and social problems
1. Levels of living
Although crowded together on a rocky group of
islands lacking rivers, lakes, woods, and raw materials,
the congenial Maltese live relatively well. Signs of
well -being abound: television sets, cars, new hotels,
modern furniture, powerboats. The mechanical and
industrial age has c