WE DIDN'T CHOOSE THE BOY SCOUTS AS A CAREER'

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP77-00432R000100370005-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 43
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 25, 2001
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: July 26, 1975
• Content Type: NSPR

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BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Further use
of selected items would rarely be advisable.
Destroy after backgrounder has served
its purpose or within 60 days.
25 JULY 1975
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For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100370005-2
" Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100370005-2
THE NATIONAL OBSERVER
26 JULY 1975
Choose the
Scouts as a areer'
These CIA Alumni
Now Try to Improve
The Agency's Image
By Daniel St. Albin Greene
FROM WASHINGTON, D.C.
DECEPTION was integral to their
way of life. They went to work
about the same time as most
other Government employes- in this
"one-industry town," but their neigh-
bors didn't know where they went or
what they did when they got there.
When asked, they'd usually say vaguely
that they worked someplace in the Fed-
eral bureaucracy, where anonymity
thrives. Sometimes two friends would
'discover that they were in the same
trade and had been lying needlessly to
each other for years.
? s- But for David Atlee Phillips, Sam-
..13.y1-1Crl
Biddle, Jr., the daily intrigue is over.
For many years they were in the busi-
ness of espionage as officers of the
Central of,
Agency?and they .
don't mind saying they're proud of it.
. ?
? Such an admission is unusual
enough in the midst of rampaging con-
troversy that now engulfs the CIA and
threatens to downgrade the Govern-
ment's attitude toward peacetime es-
pionage in 'general. But in addition
these and other onetime intelligence
agents. have mounted the first public-
relations :campaign in history to "ex-
plain" what the murky world of Amer-
ican spying is all about.
' .'What It Is Not' .
s ? .
We didn't choose the Boy Scouts
as a career," says Dave Phillips, who
resigned as chief of. the CIA's Latin
American operations three months
ago. "But it is also true that these
things come in cycles. Many of the
things we are getting our lumps for
these days are. things that U.S. Presi-
dents thought were pretty remarkable."
This irony is at the heart of the
message that Phillips and his previ-
ously secretive colleagues want to get
across to the American public. In a
letter to former CIA employes an-
nouncing the formation, of the Asso-
-dation of Retired Intelligence Officers
(ARIO)', Phillips said he had resigned
, from ? the agency "to help clear, up
some rof the erroneous Impressions and
sensationalism surrounding us, by ex-
plaining what CIA is and, more im-
portant. probably; what it Is rs"
More specifically, ARIO members
can be expected to use all the propa-
ganda skills they developed in foreign
Intrigue to counteract damaging dis-
closures by the press, the Rockefeller
Commission, Sen. Frank Rill5F60ellif or
,1
ate Intelligence Committee, and expose
hooks by former agents Victor Mar-
chetti (The CIA and the Cult of Intel-
ligence, written with John D. Marks)
and Philip Agee [see _accompanying
story). .
The intelligence men who, as "John
LeCarre readers put it, have come "in
from the cold" don't deny that they've
been involved in a lot of secret doings
they still can't talk about. But those
interviewed by The Observer main-
tained that during their careers' they
knew nothing about CIA people spy-
ing on Americans in their own land,
tampering with the public mail, spik-
ing drinks with LSD, or any of the
other misdeeds revealed by the Rocke-
feller Commission. .
Cables to Chile ?
What about the most persistent and
potentially damning charge of all: that
the CIA plotted to have some foreign
political leaders ?asaassinated, includ-
ing*. Cuban Premier Fidel Castro and
former Chilean President Salvador Al
Phillips, who was a spy in Cuba
both before and after the Castro revo-
lution and who was directing Latin
American operations when Allende was
killed in 1973, denies the allegations.
He says that a few months before the
bloody overthrow of Allende, CIA head-
quarters sent cables ordering agents
in Chile to "cut off contacts with peo-
ple who are planning coups" against
the Marxist president.
But Sam Halpern, who retired last
December after 32 years in the intelli-
gence business, adds a provocative
qualifier: "Nobody in his right mind
would think that the CIA would go off
on its own to knock off a political leader
in another country." Not even if the
order came from the White House?
"We might try to argue 'em out of it;
but if the order was, 'Yeah, we heard
you, but go ahead and do _it anyway.'
we'd go do it.
Congressional Control
Whether ARIO members are driven
by personal dedication, are erecting a
propaganda front for their old agency,
or have some other motive can't be es-
tablished. Phillips acknowledges it Will
take time for ARIO to earn credibility
in an increasingly skeptical society.
But whatever their motivations, four
erstwhile crA men talked freely last
week about their careers in that mys-
terious institution. .
"We are doing something now," oto-.
served Phillips, "that we would not
have dreamed of doing a year ago."
Why now? "There's no question that
some sort of congressional control is
going to be implicit in whatever the ulti-
mate solution is," he said. "And when
congressional control is. Involved, it
means the people are the final arbiters
of what's going to happen. So_ sty& are
RitgfeAres200400840antsiiinwEmeD
' mandsa fOr the first time in our his-
tory, that a secret intelligence organi-
zation must be publicly talked about."
In 1946 President Truman establish-
ed the Central Intelligeace Group (CIG)
to carry on some of the functions of
the Office of Strategic Services (OSS),
the. nation's wartime intelligence or-
ganization. Though skeptical that the
new outfit would be dominated by un-
regenerated militarists from the OSS,
Hayden Estey and a few other dis-
gruntled staffers left World Report mag-
azine (now. U.S. News and World Re-
port) to work_fpa the .CIG. The National
Security Act of 1947 created the Na-
tional Security Council and the Central
Intelligence Agency, replacing the CIG.
Attracted Young Graduates
? 'Estey's early 'skepticism proved
groundless. "The morale and dedication
was so high in the early days," he re-
calls, "that most people worked seven
days a week." That spirit sustained him
for the next 23 years, until he retired
, in 1970. ? s
1 - "Many young college graduates,"
adds Phillips, "chose the CIA because
it was known as a place where there
was intellectual stimulation, ferment of
ideas; and room for dissent."
His own gravitation to the world of
espionage, however, was far more cir-
cuitous. After high school, the handsome
young Texan followed his older brother,
an aspiring novelist, to New York City
to pursue an acting career. His brother,
James Atlee Phillips, went on to become
a prolific writer of spy novels (James'
sons Shawn, is a folk-rock balladeer).
But after the war, part of which he
spent in a German prisoner-of-war
camp, David Phillips gradually decided
that he would never be a very good
actor; so he, too, turned his attention
to writing.
A producer bought an option on a
comedic play. Phillips wrote about a
POW camp. It was never staged, but
the monthly income from the option en-
abled Phillips to go to Chile to write and
attend college. When the owner of a
struggling English language weekly
died, he took. it over by assuming its
debts. Then, to increase the paper's
chances of survival, he bought a local
printing plant?and that's how Dave
Phillips became a spy.
Served as a 'Dangle' =
"The day. I bought the printing ,
plant," he reminisces, "a CIA Man call-1
. ed to ask if Uwould Collaborate with
them. That was the beginning of the
Cold War, and the combination of a
,'clearable' American and a printing
press was irresistible." ? . ?
For $50 a month,
Phillips secretIT
printed propaganda and served as at
"dangle." Word was spread that the
young publisher was really the chief
04 44/011414 ;Liin ChIle. "I
? ? Ogiecet people who
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would try, to cultivate me, which is
just What the local Soviet KGB man
did." ? ? ? ?
Dangling led' to full-time employ-
znent as a contract spy in Guatemala,
then Cuba, where he posed as an Ameri-
can businessman. He was in Cuba when
Castro came out of the mountains. He
kept the same kind of cover as a spy
in Lebanon, which he left the night be-
fore the Marines landed in 1958. ?.
. "I had become a specialist in propa-
ganda and political action," Phillips ex-
plains.- "During.the Cold War, my mis-
sions were to do things to make peo-
ple overseas think better of the United
fltes than they did 'of the Soviet Union.
of my.job was to see that certain
Massages got Iti,tertain-people, to culti-7
-tate -.th?e of .friends that' a triVent=
'meat needs hi any country."
?
. .
Virtuous Compartments
Sometimes spying, by any name,
'can be a risky business. While Phillips
Was in Cuba in the late 1950s, another
American agent masquerading as a
businessman was arrested? and execut-
ed ? :
After a decade of spying under con-
tract, Phillips' was given civil-service
status as a $16,000-a-year intelligence
officer stationed at CIA headquarters
In Langley,. Va., where he worked on
the ill-fated Bay of Pigs project. That
was followed by stints in several Latin
American countries.
. Phillips disclaims Knowleage or me
nefarious deeds attributed to the CIA
during the years he was rising in the
-hierarchy: "You mustn't be surprised
to find out that some people don't know
thingq in nn inteliirfence organization
where' secrecy and compartmentation
are considered virtues. It used to be
that everyone within the 'system de-
pended on the assumption that orders
came from the top and that the right
people who needed to know were doing
THE PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER
22 JULY 1975
things they should do. Now we have
found out that over this long period of
time, some of those people were doing
things that were wrong. Obviously,
these things might not have happened u
more people had known about them.:
But it is equally obvious that without
secrecy we wouldn't have had the best
intelligence service in the world."
Phillips was not a typical CIA man.
Most intelligence officers are engaged
in the overt aspects of the business,
such as research, analysis, and eval-
uation of intelligence. Even those in-
volved in covert operations- generally
function as "agent handlers.," recruit-
ing foreign spies and directing their
clandestine activities. Phillips esti-
mates that no more- than 5 per cent
of those actively engaged in spying?
as he was before becoming a staff in-
telligence officer?are Americans.
'! 'A Burn Idea'.
More representative, 'perhaps, is
Sam Halpern, whose long and varied in-
telligence career never included spying
in the traditional sense of the word. ?
At 53, Halpern is a trim, genial man
who wears thick glasses and keeps his
steel-gray hair cropped military style
He's also a man who speaks his mind,
bluntly and without hesitation. _
On political assassination: "I don't
see any difference, in terms of national
policy, between a Bay-of Pigs opera-
tion, in which a lot of people get killed
on both sides, and the killing of one
guy. The only difference is, in the one
case you don't know who's going to die,
and in the other case you do Mow
who's going to die. But from c"" pc'^t,
of view, assassination is a bum iaea.-
? ?
'It Has Never Helped' -
. On the CIA's problems: "I'M not try-
ing to condone everything we've done.
But don't blame the agency. Blame the
a -secrets- are larna
.. : ,....., ?
? :-..,.f-.1.- vi-; :?;.--:?:?i;?? I :- ? - .--*J-:' ? ?
.t. ?:; ??:,?? - - ??????? - -_- - -? .- lied under oath alimit those activitiei.
... .
- We aceept: the principle , that even - lid alse-learned that the chairman:of
in. art., open ,SPoiety. like- -ours - the .gorV:"
%. - tlieHobse. subcommittee: in? charge of
ernment ls--entitled pn ?occasion . tO CIA::'tiVersight; Rep.:, Louis"-Ned4: of.
lc:pep:son:le matters ?under :wraps: fn.' Michigan, had known-of at least .Soine
die eenduct. of diplomacy,- in particu7- of -the things but had kept his know17i
..:
Inot .everythingsan _be done in a: edge to himself.-" -
. .
Oldfish bowl.:11,1oreover,- we also go ...??-,, ? ? --- ' - - . - -' ' '-?-? ?-? ? ? . ?
? - ? .perstia'de House .. and S.enate_conr.nit--,,.
..iirou make an' agreement,-you ought to? - - .
------- -....._ ,.. .....,.........?._. . _ ,-,_ tees, on foreign. affairs to hold..hear-::'
Iceep- it: .? - ?.- - ???? - ? ?-.
I ' ' - ? . -. ?'???. ings. on . the matter,:- Mr. -Harrington'
;Simple enough.. Or is it? Consider
.. - - last: ? summer revealed ...what ---,:he-
. .
ttie case of Rep. Michael Harrington: learned: He has...been in.:trouble-ever:,
Somewhat over a year ago, the Masa- since.?:-.The--?HOuse Armed.-- Services -
ctrisSetts- Democrat-was- given access: Cominittee chastised shim .-laSt month
tii classified material bearing on ? oper=-: for breaking the rules, and. now, at-his.
Akins of --the _ Central Intelligence- r.6-iflueSt, . the 'House..:: Coriiinittee7ori.
Ayiency ..ia,Chile,. on condition that he Standards .of Official .Conductis.look-
gree ? as :he did .-..L. 'not to reveal ?
..i. at he'lederied.:72:-:':?:`:4--:-.?"7 "?:-.?:-??7-r:7 F--.7:'
? --.
tfong with'. the principle that ? when ;,;/%.fter having tried unst*essfully
.0: What he learned: from_Secret..teSti-)
*o_n_y_ of Director
WaS-not only that-the had'
.?tiolated -treaty commitments in the
-rjA-,!s ..secret activities to .t!destabilize..n:r.
-the former- Chilean government ? of:
Salvadore Allende, but that top U.S.-
-C-ozerfimen ff lease
President?or the system of Govern-
ment that makes the President supreme
in foreign matters." Halpern says he's
still proud of the agency, "despite the
things I've found out that we shouldn't
have done. ? . . I've got no.regrets."
Eric Biddle, Jr., has, though. Since
he left the agency in 1960. after more
than eight years of service, his CIA
background has been an occupational
onus.
"I 'still believe it was the most im-
portant work I ever did," says Biddle.
"I'm proud of it. But I regret having
done it because I don't think this coun-
try is sure that it wants a strategic in-
telligence service. In every other major
country in the world, to have been in
the intelligence service means that you
were a select and highly thought-of per-
son. But here?it has never helped and
It has frequently hurt me."
Biddle talks about some Of the rea-
sons he decided to leave the agency:
"One was the great discipline you live
under in that business?the great de-
mands it makes on your private life.
You have to assume, the whole time
you're in, that your entire life may be
observed, one way or another. Then
when you get back here fin Washington,
from overseas], you've got the problem
of not being able to tell anybody where
you work. You have to develop your
own cover. So the people in the busines-1
become extremely inhibited, and tend
to draw within themselves and into a
small circle Of their own people. I'm
a pretty outgoing person; I just didn't
want to spend my life that way."
Will tttf. C17% ever 1:147. .:0110 to redeem
itself? Eric Biddle is pessimistic: "The
only way to ensure the integrity of the
intelligence system is to have Presi-
dents of integrity. And. that's beyone
the control of the intelligence people."
into-the
the ?responSibilititof-:-.-
metriber-lwhO. discovers' in.: classifieft
records -a ,-clear2
governthent....;has ..broken:rthe...1*?:'2.
Rep...Harring:con- asks.. in:. a ,je.tter..
1-1.ouse. Speaker Carl
Albert '-
We' think -Rep._ Harrington. made ? the
right :decision: ,As-. we .say;:thetovern?:::i
ment has a r.righf to 'keep,;:leoltimate; ?
secrets, but the operating--word 'there;
-iS":"legitiinate..?:-.Governmentr;Officials
have no legitimate right td- break laws
and .abuse :power: and lie..fabout--What:
they've .done? and. then :put.1:atep.-.se-
cret" classification on it
? ..._?? ?,
.-..:The'llouse-ethics panel 'should prep.,.
Ceed -withIts'inquiry into' 'Rep. Han:
qington's. behavior, but:Congress Itself
oughtto- be far more concerned :about
the behavior that prompted
'WASHINGTON POST
' 18 July 1975
1i'-',3,,f- :Tlie Lagfys . Workers
1
?....... _.
liiion urged the Nigeria gov- '
.iliment to close down a radio
()tutoring station operated
y the Foreign, Broadcast ,
, Information Service, a facil-
i ity of the CIA, ' , , ? .._,:
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Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R00010037.0005-2.
trc.:visT
21 JULY 1975
The Casualty
To his family, Frank R?Olson was a
.warm, playful, easygoing man. To his
colleagues at the Army's top-secret
germ-warfare lab at Fort Detrick, Md., he
was a top-flight research biochemist. But
suddenly in the fall of 1953, while he was
working on a special project for the
-Central Intelligence Agency, Olson,
then 43, seemed inexplicably to be going
mad?and two days after Thanksgiving
he killed himself by jumping from a
tenth-story window in New York City.
His death was officially attributed to a
,'work-related accident" so that his wid-
ow, Alice, and their three children could
:collect death benefits. But for the next 22
years the family was plagued by persist-
ent and troubling questions about what
psychic horror could possibly have driv-
-en him to take his own life.
Last week, the Olson family gathered!
in the garden of their .Frederick, Md.,
.home to announce that they had discov-
ered the tragic answer at last. Their clue
had been a passing page or two in the
-Rockefeller commission report on do-
'mestic CIA activities which was released ?
last month?a terse no-names recounting
of one agency project in which unwitting
human subjects were given closes of the
hallucinogen LSD. One of the CIA's
guinea pigs, the commission reported,
had developed "serious side effects" and
had committed suicide. The dates and
details meshed with Olson's death?and
finally his onetime supervisor. at Fort
Detrick, Vincent Pe,sse-t, admitted to the
family what fie had withheld from them
for more than hventy years. "Suddenly,"
the family said, "we learn that Alice
:Olson's being left in early adulthood to-
raise a family alone, we children left to
:grow up without a father?we learn that
:these deprivations were not necessary at
all ... jThis discovery] marks a shift in
our lives from thinking that our .father's
:death was a suicide to knowing it was a
CIA atrocity." -
Olson had been part of the: Special
Operations Division at Fort Detrick?an
elite corps of 50 bacteriologists and
:biochemists working under tight securi-
ty
. .
with sonic of the deadliest micro-
organisms known to man. Within SOD
was another, smaller group under special
contract to the CIA to study, among other
things, potential offensive and defensive
uses of LSD in war and for intelligence
gathering. Periodical ly,:the CIA contract
group retreated into the nearby Catoctin
Mountains to discuss their progress in
privacy?and it was after dinner during
one three-clay retreat that Olson and
: three other high-level scientists were
: told by their CIA hosts that LSD had
: been slipped into their Cointreau and
: Triple Sec cordials.
: What happened in Olson's mind that
night may never be known; most of the
: records of the LSD project were de-
stroyed in 1973. But when he returned
home, Alice Olson remembers, "he was
an entirely different person. I didn't
know what had happened. I just knew
that something was terribly wrong. The
entire weekend he was very melancholy
and talked about a mistake he had_made.
He said he was going to leave his job."
Monday-morning reassurances from co-
workers helped forestall his decision to
quit, and he came home in better spirits
that evening. But on Tuesday morning,
Ruwet, who himself had been one of the
subjects and experienced aftereffects of
the drug for several weeks, decided that
Olson needed psychiatric attention, and
? Olson went home to tell his wife he
would be going to .New York for it. An
SOD employee sped him to the Wash-
ington airport, and Alice Olson never
saw her husband again.
Psychosis: Ruwet and a man named
Robert Lashbrook accompanied Olson to
. New York and arranged for him to see Dr.
, Harold A. Abramson, a former psychiat-
: ric consultant col-w;f1-? ^ 4-ep
security clearance whose early research
, into LSD was beginning to attract con-
siderable professional interest. After
several long sessions, including one that
ran' for most of a day, Abramson diag-
nosed Olson's problem as delusions and
severe psychosis. On Thanksgiving Day,
. Olson returned to Washington but decid-
ed at the- last minute not to go home,
fearing he might become irrational in
front of his children. Instead, he went
back to New York, where Abramson
prepared to have, him admitted to a
- Maryland sanitarium on Saturday.
? Friday evening, Olson called his wife
from -the room at the Statler Hotel in
midtown Manhattan where he and Lash-
brook were staying. "1,Ve talked of his
BALTIMORE SUN
17 July 1975
Drug agency hired CIA agent
linked to researcher's LSD de th
Washington Bureau of the Sun
Washington?Sidney Got-
tlieb, the Central Intelligence
Agency operative allegedly
present when LSD was given to
an Army researcher who later
killed himself, was later hired
by the Drug Enforcement Ad-
ministration, a DEA spokesman
confirmed yesterday.
Mr. Gottlieb, described by
an official of the Senate Intel-
ligence Cammittee as a long-
time CIA agent, was hired as a
'consultant by John R. Bartels,
Jr., former director of drug
agency who was fired by the
Attorney General, Edward H.
Levi, in the course of the cur-
rent probe into corruption at
the drug fighting agency.
Reportedly, Mr. Gottlieb
wa:s hired in late 1973 as a con-
sultant at DEA. assisting in or-
ganizing the agency's office of
science and technology. He
worked for the dgency for
abet five maths, his duties in-
volving drug research and the
development of hardware, ac-
cording to a spokesman.
, Mr. Gottlieb, who retired
and went to Colorado, was re-
ported to be on a round-the-
world trip at present, and una-
vailable for comment.
The name of the former CIA
agent emerged in the course oil
the revelations stemming fromi
the Rockefeller commission's
report that Frank Olson, an Ar-
my researcher, had been given
LSD by intelligence operatives
-at a time when the agency was
bxperimenting with variousl
c':rugs.
Mr:- Olsen, -anawarc at
the time that his liqueur con-
tained the drug, committed sui-
cide 10 days later. The Olson
family is now suing the CIA.
Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-13IDP77-00432
coming home and entering the hospital,"
she remembers. It was in no way a
farewell call." But only a few hours later,
according, to the potice report, Lash-
brook was startled awake by the sound of
shattering glass?and Olson, who had
thrown himself through the closed win-
dow, lay lifeless on the Seventh Avenue
pavement.
The death benefits helped pay the
bills, but did not answer the inevitable
? questions of neighbors and friends. "I
used to say my father died of a nervous
breakdown," said Olson's'
married daughter, Lisa:
Hayward, 29. "Then I heard.
my brother Nils say he died
of a concussion so I said that:
too. That was difficult to deal
with.' Just as hard was deal-
ing with their own nagging.
uncertainty. On learning the:
truth, Mrs. Olson said, "I felt,
tremendous relief and veryi
deep sorrow. The grief was:
overwhelming, almost like'
the night he died. And I had a:
feeling of futility?such a
waste of his life, such a waste:
of my life."
Hope: The Olson children
decided to file a multi-
million-dollar suit against
the agency. "Since 1953, we
have struggled to understand
my father's death as an inex-
plicable 'suicide'," Lisa said.
"Now, 22 years later, we
learn that his death was the.
result of CIA negligence and :
illegality on a scale difficult
to contemplate." Eric Olson,
who was 9 years old when his
father died and is now a
research psychologist at
Yale, emphasized that the
suit was less for money than "full disclo-
sure" sure" of the facts surrounding the sui-
cide?but his larger,- unspoken hope was-
that the suit might finally relieve his:
family of a long-festering wound. "We
cannot expect that everyone in this na-
tion will be as -critical of the CIA as
we have become," he said. "No other.
family has been violated in quite the
same way."
?JAMES FL GAINES with CANE WHITMORE in Wa..4iington
NEW YORK TIMES
20 July 1975
Luck and the C.I.A.
,
? Later this month, Joseph Okpaku's
Third Press will publish a book, a
year in preparation, by investigators '
Michael Canfield and Alan J. Weber-
man.
Called "Coup d'Etat in America,
the C.I.A. and the Assassination of
John F. Kennedy," the title alone has
the ring of money, and Mr. Okpaku
cheerfully admits that the fortuitous
disclosures about the Central Intel-
ligence Agency in recent months lend
credence and saleability to the in- ,
vestigative work.
The 300-page book, with 70,pagea
of which are in the form of an ap- ?
pendix of documents, purports to
show that Lee Harvey Oswald was a
"deep-cover" C.I.A. agent who acted .
for the agency In killing the Presi-
dent In November, 1963.
R00010070005-2
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THE NEW YORK TIMES, SATURIMY, TEILY 12, 1973
C.I.A. in the Early Nineteen-Fifties Was Among
" By BOYCE RENSBERGER
The Central Intelligence
.gerley was one of the pioneers
imstudying the drug LSD, hay-
.
ki.ng begun its research eight
1 years before Dr. Timothy Leary
swallowed his first dose of
t? he powerful mind-altering sub-
?stance: -
4 The C.LA., a review of the
? history of LSD research indi-
'eates, began its experiments
'With the drug at about the
same time the Army and Navy
began their studies of what
:was then, in the early nineteen-
"'Mies, a mysterious drug with
?extraordinary powers to modify
'perception, thought, emotion
and behavior.
4 ..',L.SD's potential utility as a
:Chemical warafre agent? was
Obvious from its earliest days
'in, the laboratory in the late
nineteen-forties.
.4, Standard reference works on
'chemical warfare agents list
LSD as one of a handful of
"psychochemicals" under study
by the chemical warfare re-`
search laboratories once housed
at Fort Detrick and at Edge-
%,/
ood Arsenal, both in Mary-
land. Chemical warfare re-
search at these centers , has
since been phased out.
i'.unged to His Death ?
? Whop ir Frank R olson,
the bacteriologist employed at
Fort. Detrick who was given
LSD by C.I.A. experimenters,
plunged from a New York hotel
,window to his death 22 years
,ago, the drug had only been
:made available to researchers
in the United States a few
months earlier by the Sandoz
akesearch Laboratories of
Switzerland,
Various government agencies
,had .been working with the
drug for several years, hoVing
(obtained it privately. A fewi
Pioneers in Research on LSD's Effects
civilian researchers had also!
begun work earlier, including,
Dr. Howard A. Abramson, the;
psychiatrist to whom the C.I.A.!
took Dr. Olson when he beganI
experiencing bad reactions to
the drug.
LSD, or lysergic acid diethy-
lamide, was first synthesized
in 1938 by Dr. Albert Hofmann,
a Sandoz chemist in Basel. The
chemical's effects on the mind
were not discovered until 1943:
when Dr. Hofmann accidentally;
inhaled some LSD powder and
experienced "a peculiar sensa-
tion? in which "fantastic pic-
tures of extraordinary plastici-
ty and intensive color, seemed
to surge toward me."
In 1947 the first systematic
study of the effects of the
curious compound confirmed
Dr. Hofmann's earlier conclu-
sions and spurred other re-
searchers to investigate. Dr..
Abramson began his exper-
iments with LSD in 1951.
Because of the drug's wide-
ranging effects, it was studied
as a possible treatment for
mental illness and as a way
of producing artificial and tem-
porary psychoses for research.
According to Dr. Sidney Co-
hen of the University of Cali-
fornia at Los Angeles, another
pioneer in
T i. the
drug disrupts the brain's nor-
mal ability to sort and code
incoming information, thereby
permitting an overflow sensa-
tion and a loss of one's "sense
of self." Visual and tactile hal-
lucinations are common.
. In the early days, Dr. Cohen
said, LSD was of interest to
military and intelligence agen-
cies . because it was thought
it might be a way of "breaking
down a person's defenses" dur-
ing interrogation. There was
;nterest in the drug's usefulness
WASHINGTON POST
24 July 1975
?
.?
Intelligence Role of
Associated Press
The director of the De-
. fense Intelligence Agency
says U.S. military attaches
around the world are "the
. most cost-effective intelli-
gence collection operation
we have in the government
today."
The director, . Lt. Gen.
Daniel O. Graham. also said
he expects to have a mili-
tary attache in Peking by
the end of next year.: "I
don't think the Chinese will
mind at all" having him
there, Graham said.
Military attaches are
among the most visible
members of the U.S. intelli.
as such an agent and in finding
an antidote to protect Ameri-
can military and intelligence
personnel.
The drug would also have
obvious value as a way of
temporarily incapacitating indi-
viduals. Because extremely
small doses of the drug ' are
effective, LSD is almost impos-
sible to detect in body tissues.
The drug was also studied by
chemical warfare scientists for
use in a gas or aerosol form
to knock out enemy armies.
Accounts of Dr. Olson's death
have indicated that he ap-
parently committed suicide
more than a week after receiv-
ing LSD. All trace of the drug
is ordinarily broken down by
the human body and excreted
within 24 hours. For this rea-
son, Dr. Cohen and other au-
thorities said the suicide could
hardly have been a direct result
of the drug.
Rather, Dr. Cohen suggested,
the drug probably stirred up
such a storm in 'Dr. Olson's
mind that some long repressed
memory or other information
became conscious and had a
depressing effect on Dr. Olson's
mood. Dr. Olson's wife has
said that after taking LSD he
seemed "very melancholy" and
talked of quitting his job be-
nf cnme mistake he had
made.
Dr. Cohen suggested that al-
though the immediate effects
of LSD had long subsided. the
depression they spawned deep-
ened and Dr. Olson became
suicidal.
i Dr. Cohen said such reac-
tions,' ?although uncommon,
have occurred .in other circum-
stances, particularly when the
recipient of the LSD was not
Under close psychiatric supervi-
sign.
1 Dr. Jndd Marmor, president
ditary
gence community and their
mission is rarely a secret.
The Defense Intelligence
Agency is the Pentagon's in
telligence branch and spe-
cializes in military informa-.
tion.
Graham and Maj. Gen.
Willis D. Crittenberger jr.,
deputy DIA ? director. ? testi-
fied June 11 before the De-
fense Subcommittee of the
House Appropriations Com-
mittee. A heavily censored
transcript of their remarks
was released Tuesday.
Crittenberger said there
are 88 U.S. military attaches
and they have to be high-
ranking in order to get
of the American Psychiatric As-
sociation, issued a statement
yesterday. Saying that giving
LSD to a person without his
full informed consent is unethi-
cal, even if done in the purport-
ed interest of "national securi-
ty:"
"Once yon, open that door,"
Dr. Marmor said, "you open
the door to the potential for
the -ruthless modification of I
reople's minds on the grounds
-of national security. ?I think
that . . . would be a very dan-
gerous thing from the stand-
point of a democratic society."
? From 1953 to 1966 the Na-
tional Institute of Mental
Healh granted $7.5-million to
fund 84 research projects stu-
dying LSD. Some scientists exa-
mined the drug's chemical
:properties, some studied its ef-
fects in animals and a few,
gave it to human beings.
The C.I.A.'s research on LSD
is said to have continued from
1953 to 1963.
From the early nineteen-six-
ties on, it was increasingly
apparent that quantities of LSD
Were being diverted from legiti-
mate research by such persons
as Dr. Leary, who upon expul-
sion from the Harvard faculty,
went on to become a drug
:cult hero.
- In 1966, feeerl wtha grow-
ing barrage of publicity aboutI
drug abuse, Sandoz stopped
production of LSD and the pace
of research. on the drug de-
clined. It has now virtually
ceased, even though some sci-
entists such as Dr. Cohen be-
lieve LSD may still have a role
.to play in psychotherapy. ,
Despite- Sandoz's move, il-
licit sources of the drug, which
is only moderately difficult to
make under clandestine circum?
stances, continues to supply, a:
reduced number of recreationall
.users of LSD.
ttaches Lti
"For an attache to lie
able to gain access to a for-
eign military regime, he
can't be a second lieutenant.
He has got to be a _flag offi-
cer, or a colonel, to talk
equally to the foreign peo-
ple with whom he must deal
to bring back the intelli-
gence we need."
.Crittenberger said the
British have four adinirals
and generals in Washington
and the F'renc'h have three
or four generals while the
United States has only one
officer that high in their
countries, so "we are under
strength 'compared to the.
others."
"The RuSsians are the:
most rank-happy - people tin.
the world," Graham said..
"The only way I could get a
man over there to talk to
those generals arid. marshals
?
? and get 'anything otit?:of
them was to get a: genttal
officer in there, so we did,"
The two DIA generals
were testifying to support
the agency's request for a
$111 million budadt fot 'the
15 months beginning -LAY. I.
That sum includes 825 mil-
lion' for the attache pro-
gram. he DIA *budget for
the 12 months that ended.
-June 30 totaled $80' million,
including $18 million. for the
attache program. - " - ' , ?
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raE NEW YORK TIMES, FRIDAY; JULY 18, 1975
Ex-CJ .A. Aide Says Scientist Who Died Knew About
By. JOSEPH B. TREASTER
A former employe of the
Central Intelligence Agency
said yesterday he believed that
a scientist who plunged to his
death from a Manhattan hotel
window 22 years ago had
knowingly participated in a
C.I.A. experiment with LSD
shortly before.
The statement by Robert V.
Lashbrook in a telephone inter-
view appeared to contradict a
report by the Rockefeller com-
mission that the drug had been
given to the scientist. Frank R.
Olson, without his knowledge.
In describing the LSD inci-
dent, the Rockefeller paned did
not identify the scientist who
died, but a colleague later told
his widow and children that the
scientist was Mr. Olson. The
family has announced its inten-
tions to sue the C.I.A. for what
it calls Mr. Olson's "wrongful
death."
? Neither the family nor the
police and officials of the medi-
cal examiner's office who in-
vestigated the death were
aware of Mr. Olson's exposure
to the potent mind-altering drug
until the Rockefeller commis-
sion's report was published last
month.
? In the interview from his
home in Ojai, Calif., Mr. Lash-
brook, who has a Ph.D. in
*Chemistry and worked for the
C.I.A. for 12 years as a re-
searcher, recalled attending al
"technical meeting" in Novem-i
ber, 1953, with three other!
C.I.A. employes, 'Mr. Olson and?
five other employes of the Spe-
cial Operations Division at Fort
Detrick, Md.. where the drug
reportedly was given to four or
five persons.
Mr. Lashbrook said he had
not been present when "every-
one agreed", to take part in a
test with LSD. but he said
someone he felt was reliable
had told him of the arrange-
ment.
- "It was my understanding
that actually everyone there
had agreed in advance that
such a test would be conducted,
that they were willing to be one
of the subjects. The only thing
was that the time was not spe-
cified," Mr. Lashbrook said.
Mr. Lashbrook said that he,
had been asked whether he
would be willing to be a sub-
ject in the LSD tests during
the meeting and that he had
reluctantly agreed. He said he
had been a "guinea pig" sev-
eral tithes in LSD experiments
and added, "Frankly, I didn't
like it."
In a section apparently re-
ferring to Mr. Olson, the Rocke-
feller report sr: "Prior to re-
ceiving the LSD. the subiect
stances on unsuspecting sub-
jects was agreed to in principle.'
"However," the report con-
tinued, "this individual was nott
aware that he had been given
LSD until about 20 minutes af-
ter it had been administered.
He developed serious side ef-
fects and was sent to New
York with a C.I.A. escort for
psychiatric treatment. Several
days later he jumped from a
10th floor window of his room
and died as a result."
Experiment Not Noted
According to New York city
police reports, Mr. Lashbrook
was one of two men who ac-
companied Mr. Olsop to New
York and was ? sharing room
,1018A at the Statler Hotel with
Mr. Olson when Mr. Olson
? went out the window.
; Mr. Lashbrook, who said that
;he was a- "friend" and a "con-
sultant chemist" employed by
the "War Department," identi-
fied Mr. Olson's body at the
Medical Examiner's Office and
gave the .police most of the in-
formation in their report. He,
did not mention the LSD ex-
periment or his C.I.A. affilia-
tion.
Mr. Lashbrook said in the
interview that lasted for more!
had??????????+irsirson+nA than an hour that the police
I
where the testing of such
t wouldn't have known about":
sub-
BALTIMORE SUN
22 July 1975
Ford apologizes to Maryland family
of man killed in CIA's test of LSD
Washington Bureau of The Sun
Washington?President
Ford apologized yesterday on
behalf of the government to the
family of Dr. Frank R. Olson, 1
the Frederick biochemist who I
died in November, 1953, after
being given a dose of LSD with-
out his knowledge by Central
Intelligence Agency operatives.
Mr. Ford expressed the sym-
pathy of the American people
personally in a 17-minute meet-
ing with Mr. Olson's widow, Al-
ice, and their three children,
Lisa Olson Hayward, Nils W.
and Eric W. Olson.
? The family asked the Presi-
dent to provide them with
"all the facts" about Dr. Olson's
death. Mr. Ford told them that
.he would instruct the White
House counsel's office "to make
information available to them
at the earliest possible
Mr. Ford promised further
that he has asked' Edward H.
Levi, the Attorney General, to
meet with their legal represent-
atives about the claims they are
to make against the CIA.
, Ronald H. Nassau, the pres-
idential press secretary, said
the family was invited in for a
talk because Mr. Ford "feels
very strongly about this." The
White House photographer,
David Hume Kennerly, record-
ed the meeting with the Mary-
land family.
Dr. Olson was a research
scientist at Fort Detrick, near
his Frederick home, in 1953. He
has been identified as the indi-
vidual referred to in the Rocke-
feller commission report on
CIA aciivities as an Army civil-
ian administered LSD without
his knowledge or consent.
According to the commis-
sion, the employee "had partici-
pated in discussions where the
testing of such substances on
unsuspecting subjects was
agreed to in principle." It add-
ed, "however, this individual
was. not made aware that he
had been given LSD until about
20 minutes after it had been ad-
ministered.
7.:e developed serious side
effects and was sent to New
York with a CIA escort for psy-
chiatric treatment. Several
I.days later, he jumped out a
window and died as a result.
In a formal White House I
news release, the following
statement was issued on behalf
of the family yesterday after
the presidential meeting:
"We deeply appreciate Pres-
ident Ford's expression of sym-
pathy and apology to our fami-
ly. His concern and his invita-
tion to meet with him are of
great value to us.
"Frank Olson's death was a
tragic loss to his family, his
friends and his scientific col-
leagues. As previously unknown
circumstances of his death have
been revealed, the American
people have been deeply
U. S. NEWS & WORLD
28 JULY 1975
LSDTest
LSD and that the- "qnestion
never came up" in what he
said was a brief talk with an
official at the Medical Exami-
ner's Office. The C.I.A. did
some of the pioneer research
with LSD; the drug did not
receive wide publicity until
well into the nineteen-sixties.
"Any direct relationship be-
tween [the drug and Mr. Olson's
death] would be a little difficult
to justify," Mr. Lashbrook said,
because the body would havel
eliminated any elements of!
LSD within 24 hours and thet
death occurred more than a;
week after the experiment.
"Possibly LSD had brougla
'up something in his past thlt
was bothering him," Mr. Lash,-
brook added. "Certainly at the
time the LSD would appear
'to have been not directly. re-
lated and it, would have raised
a lot of questions that L. or
no one else was prepared to
answer." -
When Mr. Lashbrook was
asked why he did not mention
the LSD to Mr. Olson's widow,
he replied, "How would :you
explain it. The name itself
would not have meant anythjng
to her.
"At that time," he said,
"everyone was very, very up-
set. No one expected. ***Irwin&
lik'e that. Everyone was quite
beside themselves as to what
Ito do."
moved. We are heartened by
this response and encouraged
that this experience has provid-
ed an impetus in our country
for reflection on fundamental
issues important to us all as a
free people.
"We are grateful that Presi-
dent Ford has given us his sup-
port for our effort to be fully in-
formed about Frank Olson's
death and to obtain a just reso-
lution of this matter. We hope '
that this will be part of a con-
tinuing effort to insure that the
CIA Is accountable for its ac-
tions and that people in all
parts of the world are safe
from abuses of power by Amer-
ican Intelligence agencies."
Asked if Mr. Ford ag
with the last sentence of th
statement Mr. Nessen said Mr.
Ford wants "all governmen
agencies to hide by the law."
REPORT
ashington Whisper_-
- ? _
A witness who testified in the ? CIA
probe complains that his interrogators
were yozmg lawyers who showed little
knowledge of and less interest in the ?
broader aspects of the investigation. ?
His comment: "They were interested
only in the specifics of 'who did what
to whom' and became visibly bored
Approved For Release 2001/4/08 : CIA-RDP1410440214060943f47/000-2vhys of
U.S. policy."
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NEW YOP.KTIMES
11 July 1975
Frig- heaLe' Vel Baking' Cited
hi C.I.A.Drug-LIntt Spying
By NICHOLAS M. HORROCK
?Spedal to The New York Times
, WASHINGTON, July 10? lThe Rockefeller commission'
John N. Mitchell, the former At-
Uriley General, and Richard'
found that it violated the
C.I.A.'s 1947 charter, which
Helms, former Director of Can,' ,prohibits the agency from exer-.
Icising police powers within the
tral. Intelligence, authorized a
secret program to infiltrate;the. !United States. And?army offi-
'cials believe that in its primary
.Bureau of Narcotics and Dan- goal of stamping out corruption
gerous Drugs with agents, a among Federal narcotics agents,
program that the Rockefeller the program abrogated , the
Commission later found illegal, agent's rights to due process of
'authortative sources reported law and privacy.
'John R. Bartels Jr., who re-
today. cently resigned as head of the
This report came as William Drug Enforcement Administra-
E. Colby, the current Director tion, told the Jackson subcom-
of Central hltelligence,i denied mittee today he did not con-
as -"outrageous nonsense" a tinue the program under
? D A because "the philosophy
report. indicating that a high- " ' ?
of using this type of covert
level member of the Nixon program seemed to me to be
White House staff had given
information to the C.I.A.
Also today, the House Rules
Committee moved to abolish
the strife-torn House Select
Committee on Intelligence and
replace it with a larger p&nel
that, would retain the same
;authority:" [Page 34.]
According to the sources
potentially damaging to the mo-
rale of agents in the field and
also at variance with my philo-
sophy of according the same.
type of constitutional protec-
tions to agents as one accords
to defendants in drug-related,
cases." 1
The idea for the undercover'
men was conceived by Mr. In-I
gersoll in 1970 as a result of
'familiar. with the *Bureau of his growing concern about how
to identify, and 'halt internal
?,h, '
; cuirupiion II, the nar..-xtics
?gram.. was instituted at the
request of John Ingersoll, then
director of the narcotics bureau,
and partly paid for out of "un-
Vnuchered" funds available to
the Attorney General. '
.,' Three Attorneys. General?
Mr. Mitchell, Richard G. Klein-
dienSt 'and Elliot L. Richaard-
son7--knew about the program,
but never questioned its'legal-
ity, these sources said.
? James R. Schlesinger, former
head of the C.I:A., may not
have been briefed on the opera-
`--tion during his short tenure at
the agency, the sources said.
.Mr. Colby _halted the operation
In 1973; when the Drug En-
forcement Administration ab-
sorbed the narcotics bureau in
a major reorganization.
' The agents allegedly used in
;the narcotic bureau were re-
cruited and trained by the C.I.A.
As the program moved forware
in 1970 and 1971, there was
concern as to wether the 13
'men who had infiltrated the
B.N.D.D. might still be report-
ing to the C.I.A., sources said.
Two of the men, for instance,
went overseas as part of their
function for the narcotics bu-
reau.
?
The program is under re-
newed scrutiny by the Senate
Select Committee on Intern-
ePnce and is also being investi-
gated by the Senate Permanenti
Subcommittee on Investigations,.
whose chairman, is Senator
Henry M. Jackson, Democrat of
Washington.
The program has come un'der
sharp criticism on two grounds.
reau. He received approval fort
,the program from Mr. Mitchell'
land?on the basis of, it being a
'request from the Attorney Gen-
eral?Mr. Helms pledged agen-
cy cooperation. No considera-
tion was given to- the question
Of whether the program was
legal, two sources familiar with
it said. .
"It could not be said that the,
C.I.A. was in any way reluctant'
to cooperate," one source said.,
According to sources, the
following occurred:
Two C.I.A. agents, posing as
private businessmen, began re-
cruiting candidates for ,a secret
operation in law enforcement.
.Candidates were not told,
they would be working under;'
cover within B.N.D.D. at first.,
The men were trained' in two?
week courses in the "trade
craft" of code names and other
aspects of covert operations.
They were also given a rigor-
ous background check.
At the end of this period
they were asked if they wanted
to work for the narcotics
bureau. Thirteen of the 19 can-
didates eventually went to'
work there. The secret opera-
tives applied, were examined
and trained as Federal narcotics
agents- with the knowledge of
only two men, Mr. Ingersoll
and Patrick Fuller, then Chief.
of Internal Inspection. Mr.
Ingersoll 'is abroad and Mr.
Fuller declined to.comment.
The operatives were spread'
er, over ti:a various B.N.D.M,?
regions, and eventually two of
them went abroad. In one case,'
officials of the bureau heard
a "rumor" that agents in a
field office were ? drinking
heavily and using. Government,
tars to drive' arciund
.girl friends. .
': One of the operatives was
"routinely"- transferred into the
suspect office and assigned 'to
rcultive the erring agents.
_? It was his job to find out
if there was sufficient 'truth to
the rumor to begin an internal
incpection case. The agent re-
ported only to Mr. Fuller, using
a code name and other pro-
tections. There is some question
over'. the effect the undercover
report of 'corruption, might have
on the victim.
"There's a phrase in, the
trade," said one source. "It's
ailed, 'dropping a -dime on- a
guy.' That means you can ruin
a man with a telephone call."
He said that unsubstantiated
allegations by these sectet op-
eratives resulted in men's
chances for promotion being
halted. Another source, 'how-
ever, said the material was not
used against an agent unless it
could be substantiated in a
case for dismissal or other Civil
Service action.
The .13 men are all still with
the' narcotics bureau, according
to several sources, and, have
been transferred to routine
jobs. The Drug Enforcement
Administration also has some i
60 former C.I.A. employes
working in its structure. ?
? What has concerned several
intelligence sources is the rea-
son the C.I.A. would *coop- i
erate in such a prograr ? and :
whether, in feet some of these
opeiativas weta placed iu
? ,
C.I.A. secret internal power in
the narcotics agency: -
Yesterday a source close to
the staff of the House- Select
'Committee on Intelligence told
The New York Times that the
staff director, A. Searle Field,
had seen .a. document that in-
dicated that a high level mem-
ber of the Nixon White House
staff . was reporting to the
C.I.A. Several members of the
committee told reporters that
NEW YORK TIMES
15 July 1975
Common Cause Aidel
Quits After Getting
C.I.A. Counsel Post
Special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, July 14 ?
Common Cause, the public in-
terest lobbying group, an-
nounced today the resignation
of Mitchell Rogovin as general
counsel and as chairman of its
litigation committee.
Mr. Rogovin, a partner in the
Washington law firm of Arnold
& Porter, recently agreed to
serve as special counsel to the
Central Intelligence Agency
during. the House and Senate
"Mr. Field had issued an inter
nal advisory to the committee
'Members suggesting the C.I.A.
documents showed the agency;
had a pattern of infiltratinet
the executive branch.
. Today a source close to the
House Commitee' s investiga-
tion said the, documents thati
Mr. Field saw were apparentlyi
produced by the Office of the
C.I.A.'s Inspector General, bu
;had not been provided to t.11
,Senate Committee.
This source said Mr. Field
saw the documents as part of
a list of possible improprietiesj
that the C.I.A. might have to
I
answer to.. This, the, source
suggested, would make it ap-
pear that the C.I.A. had meni
in. the White House. witho
the knowledge of the Presi-
dent. ? . . ....
Mr. Colby, however, reacted
to these reports with an ang
charge that they were "out-
rageous nonsenSe" and- there
was "no truth. to" the proposi-
tion the C.I.A. had secretly in-
filtrated the White House. Ron,
Nessen, the White House press4
Secretary, said there "may be a'
handful" of C.I.A. employes,
working at the' White House
but. it "shows up on the pay-
roll ? . . . .they're here quite
openly." .., . ' . ,
Authoritative 'sources ? fa-
miliar with the Rockefelle
commission activities said the
commission never saw- any evi-
dence that the C.I.A. had mad
improper infiltration into any
other United States Govern-
theta agn.,:y ttxCe.pi? Lhe nar
bu -
cotics reau.
Senator Frank Church, De.
zriocrat of Idaho, who is chair-
man of the Senate Select Com-
,mittee on Intelligence, has or-
dered his staff to make an in-
vestigation into' the infiltration
charges. He declined, however,
to confirm or deny whether his'
'committee
'committee had received any.,
CIA: documents that implied
it was spyirig on _the White 4
House.
intelligence inqUiries.
In a statement reversing ?Iiia
earlier position, David Cohen,
president of Common Cause,
said that he and Mr. Rogovin
had recently agreed that "the
potential exists for conflicting
positions between Common
Cause and the C.I.A. with re-
gard to the Congressional in-
vestigations." Common Cause
has been advocating' public
disclosure of ? the C.I.A.'s
budget. . .
"Under these circumstances,"
Mr. Cohen said, "both Mitchell
Rogovin and Common Cause
-believe that in a given situa-
tion the appearances of a con-
Ilict of interest might exist be-
cause of Mr. Rogovin's dual
roles, regardless of what the
actual circumstances are."
Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-006432R000100370005-2
? Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100370005-2
T1MF, JULY 21, 1975
A 'Spy' in the White House?
Bombarded by criticism and hound-
ed by investigations, the CIA is beginning
to take on some of the characteristics of
the State Department during the Mc-
Carthy era in the early 1950s: morale is
falling, effectiveness is diminishing, re-
cruiting is becoming tougher, and good
men are wary of committing their
thoughts to paper in memos and recom-
mendations that might come back to
haunt them some day. Last week the
pressure on the besieged CIA contin-
ued with a welter of new accusations.
The most sensational charge was
that the CIA had secretly planted its
agents not only in the Treasury, Com-
merce and many other departments but
also in Richard Nixon's White House.
What was more, the alleged top agent
was no file clerk or chauffeur but Alex-
ander Butterfield, the former presiden-
tial deputy assistant who did as much as
anyone to break open the Watergate
scandal. It was Butterfield who super-
vised Nixon's notorious taping system.
When an aide to the Senate Watergate
committee casually asked Butterfield in
July 1973 if conversations had been
taped in the White House, Butterfield
forthrightly said yes, and Nixon's fate
was sealed.
The report that Butterfield had been
a CIA man was persuasively denied by
many sources, but it started a wave of
speculation about how high and wide the
agency had spread its covert operations.
More basically, it produced a rare
Ellinr,sc into the rzystericr's workings of
the CIA and its use of "contact" people in
Government agencies.
BALTIMORE SUN
23 July 1975
The story began last week when
Congressmen Robert Kasten and Ron-
ald Dellums, members of the House
committee investigating the CIA, report-
ed that the agency had planted its own
operatives in the White House and many
other arms of Government. Both men
said that the committee's staff director,
A. Searle Field, had reviewed CIA docu-
ments reporting such plants. The next
day the agency's alleged man in the
White House was named by L. Fletcher
Prouty, 57, who retired as an Air
Force colonel in 1963.
For nine years, while still in
the Air Force, Prouty was a con-
tact for the CIA in the Pentagon.
As such, he had acted as a liai-
son between the two establish-
ments. Last week he said he had
learned in 1971 that the CIA's
contact in the White House was
Butterfield. At the time, Prouty
was looking for access to the
White House to get help for a
project involving U.S. prisoners
of war in Viet Nam. His CIA con-
nections referred him to Howard
Hunt, the convicted Watergate
burglar and a longtime CIA
agent. "If you're a Rotarian," ex-
plains Prouty, "you go to a mem-
ber of the Rotary Club." The old
school tie worked. Prouty said
that Hunt, who was working for
a CIA front company, told him,
"My contact is Butterfield.
There'll be no problem -with it.
Give me a week or so." Soon af-
ter, said Prouty, the White
House began to help.
Still, Prouty did not go so far
New ouse intelli
e rings on CIA fi
By MURIEL DOBBIN
Washington Bureau of The Sun ,
Washington ? The long-dor-
mant House intelligence-activi-
ties investigation will be
launched next? month with a
public probe of how the Central
Intelligence Agency uses its
money, Representative Otis G.
Pike (D., N.Y.) announced yes-
terday.
Mr. Pike, the new chairman
of the reconstituted House in-
telligence committee, held a
two-hour organizational meet-
ing to outline his panel's strate-
gy, which will involve co-opera-
tion with the Senate intelli-
gence panel and an effort not to
retread ground already plowed
In the course of the congres-
sional inquiry into the espio-
nage community.
According to Mr. Pike, as a
result of a conference with Sen-
ator Frank Church (D., Idaho),
chairman of the Senate intelli-
genee committee, it had been
decided that the House counter-
part should explore the fiscal
aspects of the CIA and leave
the field of political assassina-
as to call Butterfield a CIA "spy" in the
White House. Indeed, from what Prouty
said, Butterfield was performing only the
traditional role of contact in Washing-
ton?acting as a go-between. The CIA,
like most federal departments, relies
heavily on contact men in other agencies
to look out for its interests.
Prouty cited his own experience as
a contact man. At the beginning of
1960, the CIA wanted to fly two Cubans
into Cuba in the hope that they might as-
sassinate Fidel Castro. As a contact in
the Pentagon, Prouty was approached
by the CIA to see that the plan worked
smoothly. Said he: "I set it all up, made
sure some [U.S.] fighter plane didn't
shoot us down."
Vicious Nonsense. It was long ru-
mored in Washington that Butterfield
had been the "CIA man" in the White
House and that the relationship was
known to Nixon. As a contact, Butter-
field would have routinely handled re- ?
quests from the CIA. That certainly did
not make him an "agent." CIA Director
William Colby angrily maintained that
the claim that the agency had infiltrated
the White House was "outrageous, vi-
cious nonsense." Without clearing But-
terfield unequivocally, the White House
declared that as far as it knew, no pres-
idential aide had ever acted as "a secret
CIA agent."
The CIA may not have "infiltrated"
the White House, as charged, but the
bothersome question remained of just
when a contact man becomes so loyal to
the agency that in effect he turns into its
agt st. As time goes on, the congressional
committees investigating the CIA will
want to know more about the agency's
invisible web of influence that stretches
throughout Washington. The CIA'S or-
deal has a long, long way to go.
ence panel to o lIen
antes next month
tion to the Church group, now
about to make a public report
on that sector.
The CIA budget, estimated '
at around $4 billion, has long
been a closely held secret, and
William E. Colby, director of
the agency, has shown no
enthusiasm for any change in
that arrangement. It is general-
ly accepted that the trail of the
money could lead to intelli-
gence agents and their opera-
tions, a sensitive area fiercely
protected by the agency.
An example of that protec-
tiveness was offered before the
House individual rights sub-
committee yesterday, when
Lawrence R. Huston, former
CIA general counsel, defended
the agency's decision not to
prosecute nine of its employees
because of the danger of expos-
ing secret operations. ?
Representative Bella S. Ab-
zug a , N.Y.), chairwoman of
the subcommittee, released a
letter in which the CIA admit-
ted it had discovered 30 cases
of alleged lawbreaking by agen-
cy employees but had referred
Those decisions were made
by the agency during the period
of an agreement between the
CIA and the Justice Depart-
ment whereby such intelli-
gence-related prosecutions
were contingent of their endan-
gering sensitive projects.
The Rockefeller commission I
report took the position that
such an arrangement involved I
the CIA in forbidden domestici
law-enforcement activity and
also meant the Justice Depart-
ment was abdicating its respon-
sibility.
Mrs. Abzug asked Mr. Hus-
ton whether he would have de-
cided against criminal prosecu-
tion in cases "all the way up to
murder" under this agreement.
The witness said that he would
have but added that none of the
cases had involved murder.
After his appearance before
the committee. Mr. Huston told
newsmen he bee' told Robert F.
Kennedy, Attorney General at
the time, how the CIA plotted
with the Mafia to kill the Cuban
premier, Fidel Castro.
According to Mr. Huston,
:KtaMeiPtsf-b6e45A
ApprNaig:#101iMib9NE
perturbed" but commented, "If
you're going to have anything
to do with the Mafia, come to
me first." During that 1962
meeting, said Mr. Huston, there
was no suggestion that those in-
volved in Castro plots should be
prosecuted.
The revived House intent,
gence probe will call for testi- ,
mony by witnesses from Con-
gress, the General Accounting ?
Office and the Office of Man-
agement and Budget, according
to Mr. Pike. The new chairman
said the committee would seek
to pinpoint responsibility for
the CIA's fiscal decisions, espe-
cially in cases of "wrong or im-
proper" moves.
An atmosphere of at least
temporary harmony prevailed
at the House intelligence com-
mittee, a panel bedeviled by
dissension since its inception
six months ago. The House last
week voted to abolish the first
intelligence committee and set
up a new one with a different
chairman and three more mem-
bers.
00100370005-2
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NEW YOPICTIMES
16 July 1975
' Spies in White House
Allegations About C.I.A. Point UP
Accepted Role of Capital 'Tattling'
By JAMES M. NAUGHTON
? . Special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, July 15?The
Central Intelligence Agency has,
denied vigorously that it ever;
planted any spies in the exec-
utive mansion, and the White
House insists there certainly
, are none there
now. But true or
s News ? not, the allegations
Analysis of C.I.A. penetra-
? tion of the Presi-
dent's home and
office serve to illustrate a curi-
ous fact of life in bureaucratic
Washington: the Government,
routinely "spies" on itself' be-I
cause knowledge is power.'
"The brutal truth," said a gov-
ernment veteran now serving
in the White House," is that
knowing something first can
give you tremendous leverage."
A cabinet member armed
with foreknowledge of a Presi.
dent's view on a current policy
Issue can frame a position that
will have minimum impact.
And a bureaucrat able to ad-
vise a senior official on White
House attitudes can enhance
the bureaucrat's career pros-
pects.
, Mr. Prouty was quoted yes-
terday by The Springfield
-(Mass.) Daily News as saying
that perhaps he had been given
"the wrong name to cover ,up
the real informer." The search
for the facts was further corn-
plicated today when Mr. Prouty!
denied making such a state-i
?pent.
The chairmen of Senate andl
House committees looking intoi
C.I.A. activities have said they
have no evidence now that the
agency penetrated the White
House in the sense that agents
were working there on clan-
destine assignments. The mat-
ter remains under investiga-
tion, however.
So does an ?allegation, re--
'portedly supported by a 19731
report of the C.I.A. Inspectorl
General, that agents of the
C.I.A. infiltrated the now-de-1
funct Bureau of Narcotics and
Dangerous Drugs with the ap-
proval of Bureau and Justicel
agency problems. The official,
insisting on anonymity, . said
that he had acted as an agency
"contact officer" while working
in the White House. But he said
that amounted to no more than
providing informal guidance to
gence agency who asked from
time to time about policy
attitudes.
Accordingly, say those who
have been both bureaucrats and
White House officials, intra-
mural spying "tattling" of
"coordination" are words they
would prefer?has become a
government ? commonplace and
will likely remain so.
Presidents trying to gain con-
trol, of entrenched bureaucra-,
cies seed agencies with loyal'
allies who will report back on
the extent to which White
House policy directives are be=
ing honored.
Conversely, agencies asked
to assign personnel to work
in the White House respond
enthusiastically, secure in the
knowledge that a buraucrat's
loyalty will often run more
to the old agency than to the
new FrricienL
'?t
Both practices can go amok,
with embarrassing or worse
'consequences. Documents
showing the attempt by the
Nixon White House to make
the Internal Revenue Service
"politically responsive" Were
disclosed during' the Watergate
investigations and formed part
of the grounds for seeking the
impeachment of Mr. Nixon for
abuSe of power.
Similarly, testimony last year
before the Senate Armed Servi-
ces' Committee showed how
Charles E. Radford,. a young
Navy yeoman assigned as a
National Security Council clerk,
kept the Pentagon advised of
what kenry A. Kissinger, now
Secretary of State. had in his
White House briefcase and
waste basket: -
No one has yet established
the facts of the alleged C.I.A.
infiltration of the White House.
L. Fletcher Prouty, a retired
Department executives but Air Force colonel who once
without the knowledge of Fe'd-i was a liaison officer with the
eral narcotics agents. t intelligence agency, charged.
The C.I.A., like the State and -last week that Alexander P.
Defense Departments and other Butterfield had been a C.I.A.'
agencies, routinely assigns in- "contact officer" in the Nixon
dividuals to work in the White. White House. The agency, the
House and various departments White House and Mr. Butter-
in roles related to their intel- field all denied it.
ligence gathering function. Whether anyone in the White
What remained at issue was
whether these and other indi-
viduals might be performing apparently was at issue. . One ?
intelligence agency duties with- government official, insisting on.
out the knowledge of their
supetiors in the White House
and Cabinet departments.
One government official,
while neither confirming nor
.denying these suggestions; said
that the image of C.I.A. per-
sonnel working in Mata Hari
style in the White House might
stem from confusion A
House acted as an "informer"
in the classic Mata Hari sense
anonymity, said today that he:
had performed as a C.I.A. "con--
tart officer" while working ,in
the White House. The official
said that amounted, however,
to no more than providing in-
formal guidance to ,acquaint-
ances in the intelligence agency
who asked from time to time
?PbellgeNsiPiletiroete
rexecutive mansion.- ? ,
Other officials described such'
'practices as neither surprising
,nor 'alarming and said they
I were an unavoidable conse-
1iquence of bureaucratic one-
upmanship.
1 ? To a bureaucrat, said one, it
-can be "critical information"
to' determine how much room
for maneuvering exists in a
given policy debate. Thus, the
aide said, it is common for a
White House official with ties
to a government agency to be
asked, "Where do we stand on
this before I send k such-and-
such paper to the White
House?"
According to another well-
place official,"the more highly
structured [is] the advancement
system of an agency, the stron-
ger is the tie" binding a tem-
porary White House aide to
that agency. Thus military offi-
cials, whose career advance-
ment will depend on judgments
of superiors in the Pentagon,
are said to be more prone to
pressure fori nside information.
Similarly, the official said;
LONDON TIMES
10 July 1975
11 fir
advocates of particular goiern-
,ment programs are likely to
'feed strategic information to,
an agency promoting that pro-
gram within the Administra-
tion, "People who are bright
enough to get transferredf rom'
an agency to the White House
are generally zealots about one.
thing or another," he said. "
he routine acceptance- of.
intragovernment tattling may's
be illustrated by two matters
involving Secretary of State
Kissinger. ' Although frowned
upono fficially, the spying on
Mr. Kissinger by yeoman Rad-
ford was hushed up initially
and no formal action was taken
against the yeoman or his su-
periors at the Pentagon.
,. -When a reporter for the-:tah,;
laid National Enquirer took
away the garbage at curbside.
of Mt. ,Kissinger's home lass
week, the State Department'
issued a formal denunciation,
saying that the Secretary was
"revolted" by the act and tha
Mrs. Kissinger was -suffermgj
"grave anguish
'From Frank Vanl
US Economics Correspondent
-Washington, July 9
The Ashland Oil Company,
the fiftieth largest company in
the United States, disclosed in
a 400-page report to the Securi-
ties and Exchange Commission
(SEC) that it received $98,968
(about ?44,400) ,from the
Central Intelligence Agency,
(CIA) in the five years to
March, 1973.
, This disclosure adds a new
twist to what has already be-
come a sensational series of
revelations about the secret
uses of huge funds by giant
multinational companies.
Many large United States
companies have been charged
by federal Government prose-
cutors with making illegal
domestic political campaign
contributions, and SEC investi-
gations have shown that many
of these companies gave large
bribes to foreign politicians and
government officials.
The latest SEC investigation
has produced evidence that
some foreign activities of
United States companies have
directly involved the CIA.
It would appear that the
money received by Ashland
from the CIA was a reimburse-
ment of salaries that/Ashland
had paid to CIA agents abroad,
who had posed as Ashland
executives.
? Senator Frank Church, as
chairman of the Senate com-
mittee on multinational com-
panies, has been investigating
the illegal uses of company
funds for political payments
iij?hij
CIA
did, as chairman of a special
Senate committee, he has been
investigating the activities of
the CIA.
? With this latest disclosure,
the work of his two committees
appears to be converging and
he is likely to exploit this to
the full. Thus many more !
admissions by companies of!
links with the CIA and foreign
,political payments are likely to
be disclosed at public hearings
staged by the senator.
Ashland executives are bound
to be called before one of the
senator's committees, especially
because the new report fails to
give details of the exact nature
of the company's involvement
with the CIA, and also fails to
detail to whom exactly Ashland
made illegal foreign payments.
The report does note that
Ashland possibly made pay-offs
to foreign officials and politi-
cians totalling about $275,000
(?125,000) in recent years, with
about $190,000 of this amount
being spent in Gabon. Most
of the report deals with the
previously disclosed domestic
political payments by the com-
pany of $800,000. Most of these
payments were illegal.
One of the hitherto undis-
closed domestic political con-
tributions by Ashland was
$5,000 to the campaign of Mr
Hugh Carey for the governor-
ship of New York last year.
This payment appears to be
legal. .
But it could have repercus-.
sions, particularly on the
reputation of Mr Carey. ITe is
already facing consiaerable
difficulties and embarrassment
ovei payments from oil com-
panies, notably those run by
his brother. . ,
: CIA-RDP77-0044R000100370005-2
Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100'37000-2
WASHINGTON POST
22 July 1975
,Charles B. Seib
1.The' Prouty-Butterfield Flap
? The , Alexander Butterfield-CIA before the broadcasts, but without sue- White House aide during the Nixon ad'
story, which flared and then fizzled cess. ministration was a CIA man. And
out in one brief week, provided a good The story hung there for 21/2 days. then he and Schorr went into the
?but not reassuring?case history of Prouty elaborated on his charge, and it Prouty material.
enterprise journalism as it is practiced ' was widely carried in the print press, On the NBC broadcast, reporter
on television today. There was a shoot- usually coupled with a CIA denial and Ford Rowan developed Prouty's asser-,
from-the-hip quality to it and a disturb-. . with emphasis on Prouty's statement tion that during Butterfield's military
ing disregard for a man's reputation that he was not calling Butterfield a Career he was processed for assign-
.and for the public's need, to make "SPY." ment to CIA, which led to this
sense out of the strange doings in Then Butterfield, who had not been exchange: -
Washington. -: reached by reporters, astutely ac- ROWAN: Is there any doubt in
4 The story had its beginning in an ef- cepted an invitation to appear on the your mind that. Alexander Butter-
fort by two congressmen to defend - popular CBS show, "60 Minutes," that field was a man with CIA connec-
their turf?namely the House investi- ' Sunday evening. There, before a prime tions, who went to the White
gation of the CIA. Reacting to a move ; time audience of around 20 million House staff and his CIA connec-
to kill or restrict the investigation, : viewers, he indignantly denied Prou- . tions persisted at the time he was
they committed a little leak. They told ty's story. an the White House?
reporters that they had learned of a "Not a shred of truth," he said under PROUTY: No, I've never had '
CIA practice of "infiltrating" the exec- questioning by Mike Wallace: At an- any doubts about that.
utive agencies to the extent ef placing other point in the interview: "I have At the end of the segment, Rowan
an agent high on the Nixon White, c never been their designated contact did note that Prouty said he did not
House staff. ,, - ' : . .:i. man. That is absolutely false." Later: think that "Butterfield or any CIA
The result Was predictable. CIA Di-4 "I had no contact whatsoever with the man assigned to the White House" was.
rector William Colby called the story - CIA." And later:. "I never did deal asked to spy on the President. .,..
"vicious nonsense.", Ron Nessen, the with the CIA in any way." ? Now, if Prouty was merely saying
(Wallace says that Butterfield was that Butterfield was a contact man, the
. not paid to appear on "60 Minutes," man the CIA dealt with when it had
: Mr. Seib is an dssocias te editor of but his and his wife's fares?his from something to take up with the White
_The Post, serving as an. internal the West Coast and hers from Wash-
House (Butterfield's denial rejects
ombudsman. From time to time he
ington?and their hotel bills were paid even that role), Why the rush ;by CBS
also writes a column of press crit-
by CBS.) . and NBC to get the story before the, .
public first thing Friday -morning? Arid:
i Since then, Hunt has denied he told
icism. ? ,-
-Prouty that Butterfield was a CIA con-
why the presentation of the Prouty
\ ,
tact, and Sen. Church, who heads the revelation, if it can be called that. as a
?
.Pregiriptiva 1.11.1.CCI . CPMPOenntr, . snia n , Senate CIA investivation, hs said rv_s big development in the 5:tcry alsout_
mountain was being made of a mole-' shred of evidence has been found to high-level CIA "infiltration" of the fed-
hill. And reporters set out on the trail pral establishment? ? -
of the alleged part-time snook on the Butterfields feel that his job search support the :charge. Nevertheless, the ? :
In retrospect, it is clearthat all eons...
old Nixon team.
,
cerned?Prouty and CBS and NBC?
were careless , . ,.
were careless in their handling of' az-
The next day, July 11, shortly after 7. The' .NewS Lis-i.' negi'l man's reputation and of an ,important
'a.m., the two top network morning
and complex story. Not; ohlY &es it am i
shows?the CBS Morning News and
,
the NBC Today Show?came up with a: (he was eased out of his post as head pear that unjustifiable harm Was donee!
to Butterfield, but a':great fdisservitat
of the Federal Aviation Agency last
name?the same name. They produced
waS 'done .to the .ptiblieetetliat the DWI
March) has been seriously hampered.
former Air Force Col. Fletcher Prouty,
live on CBS and taped on NBC. Prouty And it is a fact of life ,that undoub-
terfield story drew attention away'
'
said the high Nixon official with CIA tedly there will'bt- pptne-ewho wiliesaye from a very serious question: Just
ties was none other than Alexander years from noWre when hisfehameles what has been the nature and extent!.
Butterfield, who in 1973 started Rich-
of the CIA's involvement in the opera-
ard Nixon's slide toward disgrace by
up: "Oh, !yes. , He'e::the gtly whP; gut-
tled Nixon for the CIA."; . e: , ,J.:4.'i time of , other ogovernment .agencies?',
That: cfeestion:la' "Irloirielo 'i be hir
disclosing the White House taping sys- Prouty claims that the :did nbt ' de-
tem. fame Butterfield?that he, aftee all,
enough to answer: Sue:h .diktr?a,C., tion
- Butterfield was a CIA "contact offi-
only called him a "contact officer." It'ti
the Butterfield, caper, 'don't make i14)'
'
cern in the White House, Prouty said, is true that nowhere in the network job any easier.
His source: E. Howard Hunt, a long- transcripts is there the charge that Schorr and Rowan were asked for'
?time CIA man who later was sent to Butterfield was a spy or an infiltrator, their afterthoughts on the Prouty7
prison for his connection with the -But consider this exchange between broadcasts. Schorr defends the use of
Watergate burglary. CBS- reporter Daniel Schorr and Prouty without supporting evidence on;
, ' :
Just what is Butterfield supposed to Prouty: the ground that in an earlier situation
have done for the CIA? That didn't SCHORR: Colonel Prouty, I Prouty's information stood up. Rowan,
,
come clear. On the CBS show, Prouty guess you have no way of knowing defend? his broadcast on the ground
said Butterfield's function was "to whether President Nixon knew Al-
that he had received some support for'
open doors for CIA operations." On cxander Butterfield, who worked Prouty's story from several other,
the NBC show he assented to a de- in his office, was a CIA man? sources. ' ' . ,- e? ? eeei.
,
scription of Butterfield as a "man with PROUTY: I think that's one of . Conceding those points, one musts
CIA connections." Imprecise deserip- the big problems. I would doubt still ask why they didn't' take the timer
tions to be sure, and far from identify-. Nixon or anyone else really knew to check on Prouty's story fhore fully
!
ing Butterfield as a CIA spy. But in it. or at least wait for Butterfield's re'
the context, the implication was clear; A strong implication that Butterfield sponse.
Butterfield was the CIA's man right on was more than a contact man came Schorr said that although CBSlearned the evening before the broad-'the edge of the Oval Office. again later in the CBS broadcast when cast that NBC also had Prouty, compet7
Neither network provided a response Schorr and Bruce Morton of CBS were
from Butterfield or verification from !live pressure was not a factor in the
recapping the Prouty charge. Morton
any other source: NBC did couple a stated the question: "Did the CIA infil- decision to go ahead. In fact, he said,
flat denial from Mrs. Butterfield with trate the White klouse and other gov. that decision was made before 1-....
the Pro'UtY cliar'a CBS piii'Proule on . ernment agencies?" A tape of Colby's found out that Prouty had talked to
the air without any denial, direct or in-Rowan. lie noted, however, that Thurs.
"vicious nonzense denial was run, and
direct, but a half hour later reported then Morton said: "But earlier on this day was a dull news day and that the
that ?Mrs. Butterfield said the chargeMorning News people were happy to
broadcast, a retired Air Force officer
was "ridiculous." Both networks saywho handled liaison with the CIA told get a good lead story for Friday morn- .
they tried hard to locate Butterfield Daniel Schorr that a high-ranking ing.
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LOS ANGELES TIMES
18 July 1975
Why, the 11j
-II
oritaa Men.
The Agency Must Communicate, and Floating Bottles Aren't the Answer
BY ERNEST CONINE .
?
The American people, at least many of
those prominent in politics and journalism,
are showing signs of becoming paranoiac. Ex-
Idbit A is the remarkable uproar set off by
,the unremarkable disclosure that there are
people in the White House and various feder-
al agencies and departments who maintain
?contact" with the Central Intelligence Agen-
cy-
Alexander P. Butterfield, best k _
known as the
'former White House aide who disclosed the
'existence of the Nixon tapes to the Senate
:Watergate committee, has flatly denied that
? he was ever a "contact officer" for the CIA.
1. The retired Air Force officer who made the
allegation about Butterfield now allows that
he may have been misinformed. And, contra-,
Ty to initial insinuations, responsible congres-
:sional investigators say there is no evidence
that the CIA has spied on the White House or
'other agencies by "infiltrating" personnel
;without the knowledge of the agency in-
volved. ? .
' Butterfield, who left the government some
time ago, glumly expects that the notoriety
now attached to his name Will complicate his
? efforts to establish a suitable niche in the pri-
vate sector. .
But while the damage so irresponsibly done
-to his reputation is disturbing in itself, this
serzaation over the existence of CA. "contact
imen" is even more so for what it says about
-the current atmosphere in -Washington and
.the country.
The CIA was created to serve the President
,
of the United States by providing intelligence
On the activities, capabilities and intentions of
..other nations. How is the agency supposed to
get the information to the White House? By
floating it across the Potomac in a bottle?
lt is self-evident that a degree of coopera-
tion and coordination is essential between the
CIA and other departments that have intel-
ligence responsibilities?Defense, Treasurar.
State and the FBI, to name a few. How are
they supposed to communicate? Through
? Western Union?
People with common sense will conclude
'that the logical thing is for the CIA and agen-
cies of government with which it has business
to maintain liaison officers for such contacts.
would have been appropriate at almost any
time in the last 200 years. But it. is especially
appropriate at a time when we are developing
a national talent for seeing evil even where
none exists. The talent is nowhere more
evident than in the controversy surrounding
the CIA.
The CIA deserves its lumps for doing things
that, to put it mildly, it shouldn't have done.
It had no business penetrating U.S. radical
groups to establish their connection, if any,
with foreign powers; that is the FBI's respon-
sibility. It had no business investigating leaks
to newsmen in this country, or opening peo-
ple's mail or listening to their telephone- con-
versations. .
Certainly the CIA had no business getting
involved, if it did, in assassination attempts.
against foreign leaders whose actions were in-
jurious to this country's interests but hardly,
perilous to our fundamentalhational security.
As Sen. Frank Church (D-Ida.) put it, "If we
are going to lay claim to being a civilized
,country, we must make certain in the future
that no agency of our government can be
licensed to murder"?with or without pres-
idential approval.
The American people have a right to expect
Congress to conduct a thorough investigation
into- CIA deeds and misdeeds. If some people
must be fired from the CIA in disgrace, if
some rniiRt go to jail, if the agency itself must
be shaken up to keep it from -becoming a
rogue elephant, so be it. ?
It is equally obvious, however, that the na-
tion needs a first-class intelligence-gathering
capability; that the goal must be to reform
the CIA, not destroy it, to see that the agency
stops doing the wrong things but doesa bet-
ter job of the right things.
Unfortunately, the CIA's critics show an ap-
palling inability to distinguish between the
agency's excesses and normal, acceptable in-
telligence-gathering techniques.
? In the bizarre atmosphere that now pre-
vails, it is considered sinful that the CIA has
asked scientists to fill their government inon
what transpires at international conferences'
attended by Soviet scientists. Never mind
that Soviet participants at such confererices
are always under KGB discipline. _
Disclosure that Ashland Oil Co. and gone
other firms allowed themselves to be used as
financial conduits for CIA operations, and
knowingly provided cover for agents mas-
querading as corporate representativa
abroad, is received as a shameful example of
corporate behavior.
How, pray tell, is the CIA supposed to ran
its intelligence-gathering operations? Are CIL
agents in other countries supposed to wear
signs on their backs? Are they and their con-
tacts supposed to come to the embassy_for
their paychecks?
. _
Finally, in the flap over CIA "contact mile
critics seem to be suggesting that any man or
woman who ever worked for or with the CiA.
is some kind of monster who must forever he
shunned by decent folk and denied employ-
,
ment elsewhere.
Such indiscriminate character assassination
is McCarthyism of the worst kind. It is also
nonsense of a sort that will make it harder
than ever for the CIA to recruit good people
for its legitimate functions, and to avoid !m-
ing the good people it has.
Sensation-seeking members of Congress and
their compliant allies in the media will have a
lot to answer for if they end up destroying
the CIA instead of reforming it, thereby set-
. ting the stage for massive intelligence failures
of the sort that could lead to serious mistakes
in judgment. And when either of the two
great nuclear powers makes mistakes, he
world becomes a very dangerous place. ?
-
The admonition against throwing out tire
baby with the bath water is the hoariest of
cliches. But it's worth keeping in mind. .
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
21 July 1975
Butterfield exonerated
? ,
. The trouble- with trying to ferret out backing down on the Butterfield allegatio
Ernest Conine i. a member of The Times'
Editorial Board.
Yet confirmation that CIA liaison men have
. indeed been detailed to the White House and
other departments is treated as a sensational
and incriminating disclosure.
: A European diplomat, expressing his won-
derment at the expose-a-day atmosphere that
now prevails in America, told the New York
Times, "You don't have a country over there.
, You have a huge church." ?
? Given the American character, the remark
..........ormam??????????????,
*as a factor in his pressing to gc4 the
story on the air. He said he didn't
know that CBS had Prouty, but he
thought ABC might have him. "In a
situation like this," he said, "my
thought is to get it on the air and see
how it flies."
wrongdoing in high places is that over-
aggressiveness, a tendency to fetus on per-
sonalities, or failure to follow up news tips
? adequately can lead to the harming of some-
one's reputation. . ?,
? Such appears to have been the case with
Alexander P. Butterfield, retired Air Force.
officer, former head of the Federal Aviation
Administration, and best known for his revela-
tion of the White House taping system that led
directly to the downfall of the Nixon adminii-
tration. ?
? a. aaaa
The allegation by L.. Fletcher Prouty,
'formerly the Central Intelligence Agency's
liaison in the Air. Force, that Mr. Butterfield
was the CIA's "contact man" in the White
House turns cut to have been based on a
passing Comment in 1971 by E. Howard Hunt. -
Notwithstanding ailr. Prouty's subsequent
This one appears to have crashed, - ?10
and the finding by the Senate Select ?
mittee on Intelligence that "all the evidence ?
directly contrary to that charge," an indelibl:
? ? if erroneous ? mark has been left on
?? Otherwise good record., , ? ?
There is still much foninvestigators in
Senate and elsewhere to do regarding U.S
intelligence agencies that have overstep4
? their bounds in recent years. The extent ty
_which the CIA played a role in the operatic,
of other governmental departments, for ex
? ample, needs to be thoroughly studied so (ha,
future abuses can be avoided. ?,
But the Butterfield case points up thal
investigators, and particularly- thc
have a special obligation to make sure Ma
public reports are indeed based on fact, an.
that individual tights are protected in th
reporting.
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NEW YORK TTMES
24 July 1975
'70 Nixon Order to Ce
To Balk Allende Reported
President's Authorization Termed Cause
of Agency's Role in Military Plots
to Thwart Marxist's Election
By NICHOLAS
Special to The
- . WASHINGTON, July. 23. ?
President Richard M.. Nixon
authorized the Central Intelli-
gence Agency to make a last-
ditch, all-out effort in Septem-
ber, 1970, to keep Salvador Al-
lende Gossens from becoming
President of Chile, authorita-
tive Government sources said
today.
,
? e As a result of ,the'.assign-
ment, the sources said, the
C.I.A. became involved in the
planning ofitwo military coups
d'etate?planning that included
proposals 'to kidnap Gen. Ren?
Schneider, Chief of Staff of the
Chilean Army,
Theoretically, the kidnapping
of General Schneider would
have 'given .he .Chilean military.
a' -je' tification for declaring
martial law and ,ss,,,,,i."g frt..e
ipowers of government. ,
The sources said that the
C.I.A. tried later to stop the
carrying out of one plan, but
that it went forward neverthe-
less and General Schneider was
killed by Chilean military plot-
ters, in the kidnap attempt.
In the other plot, the agency
was said to have supplied in-
surgents with three machine
guns i and 'with tear-gas gre-
nades. When it was discerned
that the plot could not get
broad political support it was
halted and the guns were later
returned to The C.I.A. unused,
the sources said.
; ?Henry. A. Kissinger, then
President ,Nixon's assistant for
'national . security, affairs, was
:briefed about the first plot on
'Oct. , 13e 1970, ,by Thomas J.
1,
Karamessines, then chief of
covert operations for the in-
telligence agency, the sources
isaid. Mr. Karamessines report-
edly told Mr. Kissinger the plot
lhad little chance of success and
it was at that point the two
agreed it should be halted.
Mr. Kissinger has told Presi-
dent Ford of this plot, Admin-
istration sources said, but has
said he did not know that the
C.I.A. was negotiationg with
yet another group. Intelligence
sources said, howeever, that
agency officials felt Mr. Nixon's
orders to block Mr. Allende
whch were strongly worded,
constituted a blanket authoriza-
tion for their activities.
Reports in The New York
Times last fall indicated that
the C.I.A. was involved in ef-
Approv
M. HORROCK
New York Times
forts to stop Mr. Allende from
assuming the Presidency. But
in these accounts and in subse-
quent Congressional hearings
the efforts appeared to be lim-
ited to the secret financing of
opposition parties and labor
unions. The latest disclosures
are the first confirmation that
President Nixon and the C.I.A.
contemplated military coups or
the violent take-over of the
Chilean Government.
The new information, with
copies of Congressional testi-
mony in 1973 by Richard M.
Helms, then Director of Cen-
tral Intelligence, have been for-
warded to the Department of
Justice for study on whether
the contradictions may consti-
tute perjury, the sources con-
firmed.
Mr. Helms testified on Chile
before a Senate committee as
early as May, 1973, and later
n connection with his confir-
mation as United States Am-
bassador to Iran. He also testi-
fied at a Senate Foreign Rela-
tions Committee hearing on
Chile earlier this year. There
are contradictions in his testi-
mony over the depth and ex-
tent of C.I.A. activities against
Dr. Allende.
Kissinger's Testimony Sought
Meanwhile, Senator Frank'
Church, chairman of the Sen-
ate Select Committee on Intel-
ligence announced today that
the committee would call Mr.
Kissinger to testify on the "line
of authority implementing the
Nixon policy toward Chile."
The Idahoe Demccrat said that
Mr. Kissinger could offer in-
sight into the extent of the
"knowledge and control" exer-
cised by the policy-makers.
The announcement brought
a sharp reactin from Roderick
Hills, a counsel to President
Ford. He said the request for
Mr. Kissinger's testimony was
"abrupt" and was not handled
with the same courtesy he
knew the committee had ex-
tended to other witnesses.
The committee, Mr. Hills
said, had made no attempt to
find out what Mr. Kissinger
could really add on the ques-
tion. He said, however, that his
reaction should not "in any
way" indicate that Mr. Kiss-
inger would attempt to avoid
testifying.
Government ' sources and
sources within the intelligence
community ^1-re this report on
the fast-paced events of the
fall of 1970:
On Sept. 15, 1970, 11 days
after Mr. Allende a Markist,
had won teh presidential elec.
tePOI AsfiejaageY2doefi
Nikon 'Called a secret meetine
at the White House. It Was
attended by Mr. Kissinger, Mr.
Helms and John Mitchel!, then
Attorney General.
The meeting was unusual be-
cause it was out of the normal
channels of transmitting in-
structions to the C.I.A. Under
the law and in practice C.I.A.
covert operations are passed'
on by the 40 Committee, a top
level White House security
group, and transmitted through
the national Security Council.
It is unclear whether the matter
ever reached the agenda of the
committee.
Mr. Nixon was, one source
said, "extremelytanxious" abou
Mr. Allende's rise to power in
Chile. Another source said the
former President was "frantic."
He told Mr. Helms in 'strong
language" that the C.I.A. was
not doing enough in the situa-
tion and it had better "come
up with some ideas." He said
that money was no object and
authorized an initial expendi-
ture of $10-million to unseat
tehe Chilean Marxist.
C.I.A.'s Efforts Redoubled
Notes on the meeting, how-
ever, do not indicate that Mr.
Nixon ever specifically ordered
the C.I.A. to arrange a coup
d'etat in Chile. But the "tone'
of the meeting, one source said,
was "do everything you can."
The agency redcubied Us ef-
forts. Mr. Karamessines, depute
director of plans at C.I.A. and
thus the chief covert operate:,
,went to Chiie himseti,
source said.
On Oct. 13, 1970, Mr. Kara-
messines briefed Mr. Kissinger
on the C.I.A.'s progress. He
told Mr. Kissinger that Brig.
Gen. Roberto Vieux, who had
recently retired from the Chil-
ean Army, was plotting to kid-
nap General Schneider as the
prelude to a military take-over.
Mr. Karamessines said, how-
ever, that it was the opinion
of the C.I.A. that General
Viaux's project could not suc-
ceed. Mr. Kissinger told the
C.I.A. to "keep the pressure
, up" and keep the C.I.A.'s "as:
sete" in Chile up to par, but
agreed that this plan should.
not go forward.
He told the agency to try to
halt General Viaux's plot.
These sources said that C.I.A.
cable traffic, copies of which
are in the hands of the Senate
Select Committee on Intelli-
gence, indicate that the C.I.A.
did make an effort to halt the
plan.
Nevertheless, General Viaux's
plot went forward. On October
22, 48 hours before the
,Chilean Congress was sched-
uled to vote on Mr. Allende's
election?the fact that he had
not won a majority threw the
decision into Congress ? an
attempt was made to kidnap
General Schneider, When it ap-
peared the general was going
to resist, these sources said,
'he was kill' 1 by three .45
:ealiber buIllets, according to
t,:leilean press accounts.
However, between the Oct.,
13 meeting and the killing of
General Schneider on Oct. 22,
these sources said, the C.I.A.
MI e scanty testimony on.
8 :MO,
ngloir
tees. 'A grout) of military oft{-
cers under Gen. 'Camilo Valen-
zuela, then commander of the
Santiago army garrison, was
also planning to kidnao Gen-
eral Schneider to pave the way
for a military take-over.
The C.I.A. these sources said,
at first had greater confidence
in General Valenzuela's plot.
Accordingly, officials at the
agency headquarters at Lang-
ley, Va.. authorized the C.I.A.
station in Santiago to give the
insurgents three machine guns
and tear gas grenades for use
in a kidnapping attempt. The
authorization was .issued on
Sunday, Oct. 24.
But within hours the C.I.A.
'had ascertained that the Valen-
zuela coup not get sufficient
pdlitical support to succeed and
that Jorge Alessandri Rodri-
guez of the right-wing National
party, the runer-up in the elec-
tion, would not accept the presi-
dency. Nevertheless, apparently
on the order of C.I.A. officials
in Santiago, the guns and tear
gas were reportedly given to
the conspirators. They were
later returned to the agency
unused.
After Mr. Allende had been
confirmed and had assumed of-
lice, the agency secretly sent
imoney to the families of men
arrested in General Viaux's
;abortive plot, the sources said.
:The money, one source said,
was paid to "keep the families
ouiet about the contacts with
C.I.A."
Nixon Reported Told
L According. to the sources. Mr.
iKissinger told President Ford.
!after Mr. Nixon had resigned,
of the stenped-up effort to un-
seat Mr. Allende and about the
Viaux plot. But Mr. Kissinger
has maintained, in private con-
versations, that he never knew
about the second plot, the.
'sources said.'
Mr. Kissinger has said,' in
these private conversations,
that had the C.I.A. proposed
a military coup in Chile the
agency would presumably have
come back to him and outlined
the plot, and the President and
the 40 Committee would either
'have authorized or prohibited
it. The 40 Committee is a spe-
cial group under the National
Security Council that passes on
all covert operations.
One source said that the 40
Committee had approved all co-
vert activities in Chile except
the involvement in the Viaux
and Valenzuela affairs. But an-
'other source said that "from
the beginning it appeared the
matter was being handled on
Its own special track."
Another source said that,
C.I.A. officials had felt that!
the President's strongly worded;
!assignment on Sept. 15, 1970,
lwas a "blanket authorization"
Ito become involved in plan-
fling' for a military take-over. I
Since the military coup in
September, 1973, in which Pres-
ident Allende was killed, therel
has , been a growing national
inquiry into the role of Mr.-
Kiseinger and the C.I.A..iin ef-
forts to undermine the Chilean'
G-ovcrnmzni. When Mr. Helms'
testified before the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee dur-
ing hearings in 1973 on his.
003 kotOn as ambassador, he.
11
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the Chilean matter. ' -1
Earlier this year, in private,
testimony later made public.
Mr. Helms told the Senators
he had "made a mistake in his
earlier testimony" in that he
had not revealed that President
Nixon wanted President Allen--
des Government overthrown.
In other testimony this year,,
Mr. Helms said there had been
a "probe" to see if there were.
any forces in Chile to oppose
Dr. Allende's advent as Presi-
dent.
"It was very quickly estab-'
fished there were not," he
added, "and therefore no further.
effort was made along those'
lines to the best of my knowl-
edge, at least I know of none."
Mr. Helms returned to Te-'
Iheran, where he is Ambassador.
He could not be reached by
_ The New York Times today.
NEW YORK TIMES
23 July 1975
rilud Sons Charge
C.I.A. Used Agents
; To Embezzle Funds
DALLAS, July 22 (UPI)?Two
sons of H. L. Hunt, the late
billionaire contending they
were discriminated against be-
cause of their conservative
views, charged today that the
Central Intelligence Agency in-
filtrated the family oil empire
and used secret agents to help
embezzle more . than $50-mil-
lion from them.
? The brothers, Nelson Bunker
Hunt and W. Herbert Hunt,
said new Federal charges that
they had tried to cover up
a family wiretapping scheme
were a further result of an
attempt by the C.I.A. to discred-
it the Hunt oil empire. They
said they held the C.I.A. re-
sponsible for earlier Federal
charges that they had spied
on aides of their father.
. They said their refusal to
allow the C.I.A. to use their
overseas Hunt Oil Company af-
filiate for espionge had led
to the Federal charges against
them.
"After turning down the
C.I.A., a massive embezzlement
scheme involving loses of over
$50-million from the Hunt Oil
Company were uncovered," the
brothers said in a news release.
."An investigation disclosed'
that some of the Hunt employes
Involved in the scheme were
secret Government agents."
A Federal grand jury yester-
day charged the Hunt brothers,
Percy Foreman of Houston, a
criminal lawyer, three other,
attorneys and a retired Texas
industrialist with obstruction
iof justice for allegedly trying
Ito thwart the wiretap investiga-
,tion.
The indictment charged that
the seven men had conspired
to pay witnesses to go to prison',
to hush testimony about the
iwiretapping. The Hunt brothers
'allegedly spied on aides of their
'father to obtain information
ELT! business dealings.
LOS ANGELES TIMES
10 July 1975
'swill Impossible?
By J. F. terHORST
, WASHINOTON?Mike? Ackerman is a spy
Who came in from the glare. Now, having
quit the CIA, he is doggedly seeking the glare
?not to rat on his fellow spies, but to per-
suade the country, the press and members of
congress that undressing the CIA is as trea-
sonous as giving our missile secrets to the
Russians. ' ?
?This will be a' tougher mission than any' in
Ackerman's ll-year career as a professional
espionage agent carrying out -clandestine
operations in 20 countries in North and South
America, Europe and Africa. For, while he is
extremely critical of the CIA, he doesn't want
it: destroyed or rendered impotent by the
glare of publicity on past or Present activities.
And that's a hard product to sell to people
who believe in an open society, resent prying,
'fear "secret police" and are properly shocked
by official reports of CIA domestic surveil-
lance, testing drugs on innocent persons, as-
sassination plottings and dealings With the
Mafia. ? " .
I told him as much when he-dropped by my
Office the other day. We had been fellow
panelists on the Mike Douglas television show
the previous evening and, frankly, Ackerman
hadn't gotten in many good licks for the
agency. No way, I told him, to make a hero
- out of the CIA. The public climate is hostile.
Ackerman is for real. He quit the CIA in.
Miami three weeks ago, cashing' in a bright
*figure wi".) the agency for the refund of his
pension and $4,000 in leave pay. He blew his
pwn cover by walking into the office of the
Miami Herald and telling his story to .a
*porter:- ? ?
story checks out. He really is off the
-agency payroll and on his own. He is not be-
ing paid under the table to peddle CIA propa-
ganda. As a bachelor of 34, he can afford un-
ernployment better than most.
r He quit for several reasons. Disgust with
*me of the goings-on he has. been reading
about, like assassination planning and cozying
,up to gangsters?stuff concocted by the
'"cowboys," he says,, the sold generation of
.clandestine operatives who thought they
were still working for the OSS and Wild Bill
Donovan. And Ackerman is angry with sena-
tors and congressmen and journalists who
, don't want to settle for controlling CIA but
are more interested in the political and per-
roved For
? *,1
sonal benefits to be reaped from stripping
CIA naked before the world.'
But mainly he resigned because he no long- f
er could do his job?a ticklish and risky job of
persuading knowledgeable foreigners to gath-
er secrets from their own 'governments and
turn-them over to the United States. That,
and sometimes covertly helping non-Commu-
nist groups and officials to stay in power?
something he thinks the CIA should be doing.;
right now in Portugal. .
? "The CIA is paralyzed," Ackerman says. "Its1/
credibility overseas is nil. Its enemies rejoice.';
Its friends are chagrined. Its professional offi-
cers are demoralized." He quit because hisi
own intelligence sources were frightened thatl
they, too, would be exposed and their livesi
endangered. "I quit because I no longer couldl
guarantee them the security .they have to
have." . ? /
He is deeply religious. His late father was),
an immigrant Russian Jew, and his mother
still keeps a kosher home near Miami. ?That
heritage, and a trip to Russia as a student;
have made him intensely -conscious of Soviet
oppression. His CIA experiences, moreovero
have made him keenly aware of the threat
posed by the Soviet KGB in this country, Lat-
in America, Europe and the Arab lands?and
the- need- for an effective CIA to monitor;
those activities and counter them.
Ackerman swears that his CIA _unit opera:.
ed under a strict ban against any assassinvi
tion or political murder. Dut if it's It that!
'others did such plotting, he thinks Congress ;
should pass a law to make it a crime. He )
wants a law forbidding CIA personnel from
divulging secrets, saying that is as traitorous-1
as when somebody in the military slips weap-
on secrets to a foreign Owen He thinks Con-
gress should set up a special committee for
permanent oversight of the CIA, with strict
accountability required. And he thinks a law;
maker who tells secrets out of the hearing
room should be cashiered from Congress. -
Fat chance of that. And only a slim chance,
that Mike will succeed in saving the CIA from
overexposure. A lecture agent has told him
he might be able to meet expenses with that
kind of pitch to audiences?but that he could.:
make, up to a hundred grand this year as a.i
blabbermouth.
?
PUBLISHERS WEEKLY
14 JULY 1975
NO VEL TO ORDER
The CIA's recovery of that sunken
Russian submarine has stirred at least
one publisher to commission a book. The
publisher is British, the author is Ameri-
can and the form will be fiction.
Noel Gerson, who recently became a i
client of Scott Meredith, has started
work on the novel, "Neptune," for
Heinemann. Pan, on the strength of a
large advance, has tied up reprint rights.
John Farquharson Ltd., Meredith's Lon-
don associate, helped put the deal togeth-
er. U.S. and other publication rights are
in the hands of the New f ork agency.
The Gerson output numbers 138 titles,
one of which became the well-known Ave
Gardner picture "The Naked Maja" and
four of whfch during the last five years,
have been Reader's Digest Condensed
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WASHINGTON STAR
23 July 1975
By Norman Kempster
Washington Star Staff Writer
Following a White House meeting
with President John F. Kennedy in
1963, a Belgian Jesuit priest was
.given $5 million in under-the-table
CIA money to support anti-Commu-
nist labor unions throughout Latin
America and back the presidential
campaign of Eduardo Frei in Chile.
The incident was related by an
American Jesuit friend of Belgian
Rev. Roger Vekemans as an example
of the CIA's relations with mission-
aries and other overseas representa-
tives of religious groups.
The Rev. James Vizzard said he
was having lunch with Vekemans at
a restaurant near Dupont Circle
when a White House automobile pick-
ed up the Belgian for a meeting with
Kennedy, Atty. Gen. Robert F.
Kennedy, CIA Director John McCone
and Peace Corps Director R. Sargent
Shriver.
AFTER VEKEMANS' session at
the White House, Vizzard related,
"Roger came back with a big grin on
his face and he said, 'I got $10 million
?$5 million overt from AID (Agency
for International Development) and
$5 million covert from the CIA."
Vizzo.rc.' said he has ria reasor,
believe that the CIA ever asked
Vekemans to do anything that he
would not have done anyway in at-
tempting to carry out orders from his
superiors in Rome to support social
development in Latin America. It
was just a.case of the CIA helping to
finance a program that fit in with the
agency's objectives.
Almost from its inception in 1947,
the CIA has used religious groups
both as a source of information and
as a conduit for funds. CIA spokes-
men declined to discuss the CIA-
church connection in any detail but
other sources said the relationship
was prevalent in the 1950s and 1960s
at least. Some sources said it may be,
used less frequently today.
SOURCES SAID the CIA dealt with
religious groups in Latin America,
Africa, Asia and elsewhere.
A spokesman for the Senate select
intelligence committee said the
panel's staff is investigating com-
plaints that the CIA has had improp-
er dealings with missionaries.
HOWEVER, Stockwell said his
organization is warning missionarie4
that the CIA may try to contact them4
He said it is important that overseal
churchmen not be gullible enough tci
inadvertently provide information t
intelligence agencies.
"I personally would hope
that missionaries would not
provide information of this
kind." he said in a tele-
phone interview.
David A. Phillips, once
the chief of the CIA's Latin
Americans operations, re-
marked, "CIA people go to
church, too."
"Over the past 25 years
in Latin America, CIA peo-
ple have been in contact to
-mutual, advantage with
some of the many fine
churchmen who work in the
area," said Phillips, who
has been attempting to re-,
spond to criticism of the
agency since he retired
from r ^,tive service earlier
this year.
"THIS DOES NOT sur-?
prise or shock me," he,
added. "On the contrary,
any information gathering
organization would be dere-
lict if it did not take advan-
tage of the in-depth exper-
tise of American clerics
working in the area."
But Phillips insisted that
overseas contacts with mis-
sionary groups have
declined in recent years.
? "There are a lot of things
that used to happen f.. Latin
America in the 1960s that
don't happen in the 1970s,"
Phillips said in a telephone
. interview.
? Other sources indicated
that any reduction in CIA
contacts with church
groups is probably due to a
new suspicion of the agency
on the part of missionaries
rather than any CIA
scruples about using reli-
gious figures.
a The spokesman said some of the ACCORDING to the
accusations resulted.from CIA activi- Rockefeller Commission re-
ties in Bolivia. He said the charges port, the CIA routinely con-
included "tapped phones, dossiers tacts American citizens re-
And improper use of priests." turning from abroad to
' "The committee is interested in determine if they can pro=
whatever it can get on this matter." vide useful information.,
- the spokesman said. The commission said the
agency attempts to contact
Dr. Eugene Stockwell, assistant all Americans except for
students and Peace Corps
volunteers.
missions, said he has personal knowli A CIA official confirmed
.
edge of two cases in which mission; that there is no prohibition
aries provided intelligence informal on contacting missionaries,
.tion to the CIA. But he said the either those who are taking
occurred roved_Fo %Mir :tbat-RD P 0432 RO 141913139045 tke organ-
general.
14 years ag
neneral secretary of the National
Council of Churches foe overseas
who are returning to the
United States to stay. He re-
fused to discuss specifics
but he left little doubt that
missionaries are routinely
asked for information.
The official emphasized
?that in contacting returning
Americans, CIA representa-
tives always identify them-
selves fully and stress that
the interview is voluntary.
NEVERTHELESS, some
returning missionaries have
expressed shock at having
been questioned by the CIA.
The CIA official said he
knows of no instance in
'which churchmen were
asked for information while'
they were working in for-
eign countries.
But former State Depart-
ment intelligence officer
John Marks said such con-
tacts have been made.
Marks, a CIA critic who
is director of the CIA
nroject at the
?enter fnr
National Security Studies,
related the case of a Pro-
testant missionary who said
that until he left Bolivia two
years ago he routinely pass-
ed on to the U.S. Embassy,
and thus presumably to the
CIA station, the names of
Bolivians he thought were
Communists.
Marks said another
American at the same mis-
:sion was asked to take over
the reporting duties but re-
;fused to do so.
VIZZARD, who serves as
a lobbyist for the United
Farm Workers Union, was
interviewed in the living
room of a house near Chevy
, Chase Circle which he
shares with eight other Je-
suit priests. He said he has
frequently heard reports of
CIA contacts with mission-
aries.
, "If you get eight or ten
priests together, you hear
stories," he said. "Some of
Ahem are probably true,
some are probably false."
Vizzard said he has first
'hand knowledge of CIA
funding of one church-relat-
ed organization in addition
to what Vekemans revealed
about his CIA connection.
Lathe 1950s, Vizzard said,:
lie was working in the
Washington office of the
National Catholic Rural
Life Conference which was
sponsoring a series of land-
reform congresses in sever-
al Latin American nations.
Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100370005-2
ization received i $25006.
check from a prominent
Philadelphia businessman
to help finance one of the,
meetings._
?
VIZZARD SAID he re-
marked to the organiza-
tion's director, Msgr. Luigi
Ligutti, that the contribu-
tion was most generous.
? "Ligutti replied, `Oh, it's
not his money, it's the CIA's
money," Vizzard said. He
added that he understands
that the CIA helped to fi-
nance the other congresses
'as well.
? Vekemans. the Belgian,
was secretary of some of
the conferences, Vizzard,
said.
But Vekernans' primary
effort was the Center for
Economic and Social Devel-
opment of Latin America
located in Santiago. Chile.
Vizzard said the primary
purpose of the center was to
support anti-Communist
labor organizatins. But Viz-
zard said Vekemans also
worked hard for the elec-
tion of Frei as president of
Chile in 1964.
? FREI DEFEATED
Marxist Salvadore Allende
that year. CIA Director Wil-
ham P. rni.by has told a
cong,ree,sier.ai committee
that the CIA pumped $3 mil-
lion into Frei's campaign. It
was not clear whether the
portion of the $S million in
CIA money which Veke-
mans spent on Frei's behalf
was included in the $3 mil-
lion total.
Allende ran for president
again in 1970 and was elect-
ed. Colby told the same
committee that the CIA.
spent million in opposing.
Allende's election and in at-
tempting to undermine his
government. Allende died in
a coup that overthrew his
government in 1973.
Vizzard emphasized that'
support of Frei, a Christian
Democrat, was a happy
, marriage between the CIA
and the Catholic church..
Both supported Frei for
their own reasons. ? _
"THERE REALLY was a'
sbelief at that time that the
'answer to social problems
was a movement like the
Christian Democratic
party," Vizzard remarked. .
. Marks said he has learn-
ed that the CIA had the
Catholic bishop of a diocese
outside of Saigon on its pay-
roll at least as late a 1971.
He said the CIA treated the
bishop with such care that a
CIA case officer flew in
from Saigon for special se-
cret meetings with him.
. According to Philip
Agee, a former CIA officer
:who has since turned
BALTIMORE NEWS AMERICAN
16 JULY 1975
sj CARL T. .111013' illY
_eat.
which in ways was more a threat -to the
. .
.?You come home from a *month abroad
?American people than to any foreign toe.
and plunge into this seemingly endless
string of revelations about the excesses and .s'CIA leaders who, in awe of presidents
abuses by the Central Intelligence Agency.
And you are filled with revulsion by reports
that the CIA secretly administered LSD to
Lye- of its scientists,- causing the death of
one of- them ? and then let his family be-. ? of this powerful inteiJg.ence agency-Who
lieve for 22 years that he simply had com--...?? -were utterly timid, shamefully derelict.- .
mined suicide. . ,? '; ? So now America's front pages are full of
4:0
', ?
? or presidential aides, committed the agency
and its resources to operations they knew
were illegal and beyond the CIA's mandate.
a' Congressmen entrusted with oversight
?- :You are outraged that for 20 years the stories suggesting that not only did the CIA
CIA carried on an illegal program of inter- plot to overthrow or kill foreign leaders, but
cepting and reading the mail of American -'that.it even "infiltrated" the White House
citizens, or that some of the CIA's vast se- ' and spied on presidents.
cret pool,of money was funneled to?Ashland Somehow we must do two things-. -(1)
Oil, Inc., and. probably to other companies, -. . restore a sane perspective about the role of
and .Wound up in illegal funds which were . the CIA and other intelligence agencies in
used to determine who got elected to the
presidency and other powerful political of-
fjces in this country:: , ? .
But most of all, you are left with a sense
of growing national tragedy. For what we .
may be witnessing is a tawdry drama in
which an agency that is still vital to nation-
al securityself-destructs. '
The proven and documented abuses and
transgressions of the CIA are now so nu-
merous, and in many cases so revolting,
there is virtually nothing the CIA can be ac-
cused of that millions of Americans (and
foreigners) will not believe. Thus the ques-
. lion arises as to whether the CIA as it exists
our national life, and (2) establish safe-
guards that involve watching not just the in-
telligence community, but thepresident and
his chief aides who are most able' to turn
the CIA, the FBI and other agencies onto
evil courses.
? The-same perspective must include an
? understanding by all of us thatir, .a world
Where dangerous adversaries are constant-
ly spying, subverting, scheming, stirring up
trouble; playing dirty tricks, we can never
be mere Boy Scouts and Sunday school
teachers. Survival depends on our having.
pee:pie who can play a rough game, too.
:That bit of sanity also inciudes a real'.
can ever again effectively serve this nation: - zation that, whatever its excesses, the CIA
But how does one abolish an agency so as to has. not been ruling presidents, our chief
kill its poisonous growths, and start anew executives have been exploiting the CIA: Of
with an organization that deals only with course there have been CIA people on the
those intelligence activities essential to sur- White House staffs: And Defense Depart:.
vival in what is still a very dirty dangerous- ? '.ment men. And FBI men. And USIA men
international atmosphere?. (one. of my worst arguments with Lyndon
Nothing constructive seems possible un- Johnson came when I insisted that if he
til we get all the. investigations over, until ? wanted USIA employe Voichi Okamoto 'to
all the, abuses. have been aired, until the
American people have a clear understand-
ing of What it. is that we must forbid, and
build strong safeguards against, in the
future. . ? ;
? e?There is a foolish tendency in many cir-
cles these days to argue that the nation is
being harmed by congressmen, who leak
information about CIA excesses, or by
newspapers carrying stories of CIA abuses.
Let us first face the truth that our secu-
rity ? and the-CIA's ? has been jeopard-
ized, not by blabbering congressmen, pot by
an "unpatriotic" press, hut by
A Presidents, grown overpowerful yet
craving even more power, who ignored both
? the Bill of Rights and laws passed by Con-
gress, and turned the CIA into a monster
against the agency, the
CIA's dealings with
churches were not always
of the "mutual benefit"
variety described by the
agency's friends.
In his book. "Inside the
Company," Agee relates
that in Ecuador in the early
1960s, CIA-backed squads of
right-wing terrorists bomb-
ed churches because they
believed the Communists
would be blamed for the at-
tacks. In most cases, Agee
wrote, the blame did go to
the left.
be his personal photographer, the USIA
.could not- legally pick up- the tab). Presi-
dents- tend to build empires by pirating
staffs of other agencies, and no staff is ens-
- ier to raid than the CIA, which has limited
public accountability.
This kind of absurdity will end when the
nation declares that the president's .staff
shall be only what the president gets. Con-
gress to approve, and that it may not be
'swelled to ridiculous proportions by bring-
ing in ten times more people from agc.ncie.c.
whose heads don't have the guts to say no.
We need an effective CIA that Ameri-
? cans can trost. But we'll never have one Un-
til we rein in our presidents and bald
responsible our congressional overr.cers to
? the extent thet ',ve.can believe in thcrn, tt-x).
?
THE WASHINGTON STPR
23 JULY 19 75
Commentary
Joseph McCaffrey (WMAL-7 News): "Perhaps we
really need the CIA to open up its books so that we can
find out what we have been paying for over these
many years. So far all we have heard makes us feel
that we really haven't been getting our money's
,,worth. . . . Columnist Jimmy Breslin might be a ,..c,00d
choice as the next director. After all, he wrote the book
about not being able to sheet straight. We have spent
billions on the CIA, even building it a nice expensive
playpen over in Langley. Please, CIA, tell us some-
thing that will make us feel we got at least 10 cents on
our tax dollar. Please."
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POTHOUSE
August 1975
ate
Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100370065-2
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