ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC EVENTS AT THE AFRO-ASIAN SOLIDARITY CONFERENCE CAIRO 26 DECEMBER 1957-1 JANUARY 1958

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-00915R001000290046-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 40
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 17, 1998
• Sequence Number: 46
• Publication Date: October 1, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC EVENTS
AT THE
AFRO-ASIAN SOLIDARITY CONFERENCE
CAIRO
26 DECEMBER 1957 -1 JANUARY 1958
Distributed
October 1958
SPY ~ ~
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ANAIsYS~S 0~'' SPECIFIC EVEN75
AT TgE
~AS~AN ~U,I,~l3ARI~'Y G4i'~'E~~YGF
26 Dea~mr ~:~~~ :? 1 ,Janu~;ry 195$
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TABLE. CF CONTENTS
I, DELIBERATIONS OF ~ MAIN COMMCSSIONS 1
A. The Political Commissioxi
1
1. The Palestine S~.bcocnmi.ttee
2. 'T'he Algeria Subcommittee
3. The Subcommittee on,Imgerialism
~+. The Racial. Discrimination
Subcommittee
5, The Nuclear Warfare,
Subcommittee
B. The Economic Commission
~+
7
g
11
ll
12
1. Economic Struggle Against Colonialism -
The Soviet Program is Presented
15
2. ~e Question oP Colonial
Territories
l:7
3. die Final Resolutions
1$
C. The Culturssl Commission '
lg
IT.
III.
S~ttTC'3:'tIRAL AMID C-RGANTZATIONAL CHARAC9~tISTICS
OF THE AFRO ASIAN SOLIDARITY' COUNCIL AND
SECRETARIAT
TETE CONFERENCE AND BLACK AFRICA
2l
26
IV.
7~EATMENT OF THE CONFERENCE WITHIN
THE SOVIET BLAC
33
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1 A ~'BE~A~JC?~ilrS ~~ 1tiT Ct~~+P~5S7C4~TS
A. ~~ ~'~]~ti~a~. t~s,m~,~.ssion
g~*er the ~~ ga~i~ing gtzid~nce off' I)z?. Arnim Singh,
this ~issisan se~.e~:d ~~Ase :~ash~ra~?i Nel~x?u as
preside~at (iugati~sn nsa~:isan), althoazgh D~^. Singh
hi~s~3.f o~?igft~.7.;A.y favsared an ~~t~.~tn ,resident. A
S~,d~,~e dr~~.~;g~f~e (nsarnisted ~y- ~t~.ioisia~ was then
e~.es~ted i?irst vise p~?esi~ient, aij.=~gac~~a~? the Iras,~ delegate
oa~~,~ no x~e~. fca~ ~~e presidents?oc `he st~,Uabble that
fs~lled s~gges?~d ~;ha'~ the :~i;~~b~ 'cZe?ega,te rasa, i~a the
~saanists 4 Seca, t~~e 1~"'~~~' der :~san tsa stee~? the s:omtn~.s-
si~n4s ca~rk. ~iss~~assi~~ ?:~ tg?a.~ gcxesti~an ended wl3era the
Chinec~e de~.~g~,fi~ ~;;agge?~ t9d. tm~~t Pre 'fie sa-s~sa vi.~e presidents,
n~~..ited ~g,t f~ t'~e sec~~nd v~.ee p~esideney, and. iaroposed
mat the ~sre ~:~~ie~~a?~~s head ~~~ ;satgas:a~cttees.# dais
prsap~s~ way s~pps7:r-~~d ~~ t~.e J's,~se, the ~hax~ians, and
Indians. ~'~ '~a~ ~,c~ep?rs~d. as fag? as tgae vise ~esid,ens:ies
we~?e ~~n~e~?;d, t~~'~, '~a'ie ~~ab~~~ait'eee c;~zestivn still.
caused ?~a~saaxhle.
re is nsa fi~~ ~?~r~..nce sai? fibs c~n~~e:rrpl~t+~d, division
saf l.sga~u^ heee~ the p~~~p~se~. rasa sniacsa~ttees.
~~,~ accsa~~daLng t~ a ~rcn~lic s~atesnt b~ I,.Y,ic3
~. ~,~?~~~~~, the ~ was tsa pc~?~t s~~-at?ate trestraent
?~ ,~? ~~ ~"+~ re~~ca ~, ar~~t~~.ee ieriali.sma `tae
f ~ was ~~ea v~~~, eai?~'~ csal~n$~ t~:~?~it?~ ies, ~'hiel-i
gas cha~?s,c?w i~e~t as ag s~-.~~t~,~.s oaf the saki fsaa?r~ ~f
lames ~.al~,~s~"~ a the ~.~tter was tsa derv. witg~ aa~,nifestativns
ai~fecting ~.ndepenc~.c'nt csa~~xsa?~~.: ies9 s~z~h' as the Eisenhsawer
~ = c?~rine, ~?`~~ o ~e gave c:Aet ~'a~? this ~ixstificstion
t~ a m~e~^ ~f the ~%~~d~sn{ ~,n c~elega?~i~aaap b~.t it is dear
that ~~~h a disis9n s~f ?.~,Yasar ~rsaaal.d. Yseve fitted. neatly
iffita the ~~~~.ni~t pin sag sraign~
-1-
rt~3~7~?m'~-~z;~ n~B r n ,~
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As in other comm~.ssions, sores delegations obviously
desired to prevent the creation o~? many subcommittees.,
But, on a 7,'axnisian motion, supported by the Sudan, Syria,
Palestine, Jordan, and apparently, Egypt, a decision was
.made to create five subcotm~aittees, with sgecif is attention
directed towax?d dealing with the Tian and Palestit~:an
questions Just p~?ior to the vothich showed only
four delegations opposed), ~?x?. Sin{,~i again appealed for
the creation of no mare than two subcommittees, endorsing
the original Chinese suggestion. When the vote went
against his proposal, D~u?. Sixagh p~?ev+ented the recording
of the identities of the f~ delegations which had
supported him. St is ~OOSSible that moderates from Japan,
Ethiopia, and Ghana sup~,ort~:d India on this vrste and
were the fc~x~c inv~alved; 'but it is equa].?ly possible that
the Chinese and two of the other four Comt~unist delega-
tions present may have voted. with the Ix~diaxis. In the
latter ev~:nt Dr. Singh's concern over the identificatipn
of the aainority could be easiay understa~ndable~ for it'
would have raised. questions c?~ncerning the votes of the
other two Coe~munist bloc del~9gations, and perha'cs
exposed a dii'f erence of opinion amom~g Cotaaa~.sts
over a question of ope~?atiag tactics.
`phis b~?eakup in?~o subco~rmittee~, in fact, tended
a to highlight the issues of A,~.ge:~ia and Palestine,
~b~ to dilute possible opposition to such prefabricated
reports and resolutions as those presented by the
E tiara delegate in the subcomt~ittee on i~,serialism, ~,nd
{to permit such single~m~.nc~ed p~?o-Co~rmaunist delegates
as the Japanese YAa`~ill Kao~~a to make the ma~sir~aum
ingression.
she five subccsmmitt~es event~ral].y approved. covered.
a? It:~perialism
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13. Algeria
c. Racial discrimination
Nuclear weapons
7~ie Ccanfereace resolutions which' emerged from
the Political Comgaission supported ~rirtually -all
nations]. liberation and irredentist struggles in
Asia and. Africa. They also
a. Gave explicit endorsement to the central
thesis which the Communist movement is currently
prc~agating throughout the world$ that the prob-
leas of the colvmial areas and newly independent
countries as well as the threat to world peace
are daze solely to "imperialist ambitions.'
b. Devoted .most attention t? the Algerian
conflict.
c. Made what appears to be the Conference's
most significant statement on the question of
Palestine.
one mayor Afro Asian liberation problem--that
of Kashmir--gas not discussed.
The most it~f'I.ammstory statements' made at the
Confer~r~ce by self-styled representatives of national.
liberation organizations were those of the persons
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who spoke in the- name of the Chad and of Kenya. Both
called for Afro-Asian arming of their peoples and
promised that with arms the national liberation.forc~s
would eel the eolouial powers from their territory.
Neither of these "spokesmen" is known tv have had-
Communist contacts or to have demonstrated pro-Communist
attitudes in the past; both in fact have-apparently been
resident in Cairo for some time and appear to be Egyptian-
sponsored. However, .the Kenya delegates were cultivated
by the Soviet delegation tv the Conference.. and proceeded
to the tTSSR after the end of the Conferences where they.
were given very flattering treatment and publicity.
~.. The Palestine Subcommittee
The endorsement by the Cairo Conference of a,
special resol,~tion incorporating a demand for the
"recognition ,of the rights" of Palestinian refugees
is of considerable interest, As was pointed out earlier,
the proposal that a special subcommittee be created to'
deal with Palestine caused some trouble in the pcalitics~l
corumittee meeting.
The ..Arab-Israeli issue-was in fact a subject of
discussion~;at the .April 1955, New Delhi Conference,.
where the Asian Solidarity Movement was created; and
resolutions were passed. there which ob,~ected to "pressures
exerted through;Israel and Turkey to force Arab states'
to loin military 'blocs" and denounced the "aggressive
policy of ruling circles in Israel." These clearcut
positions taken in April 1955 are interesting contrasts
to the World Peace Council's inability, since the irrita-
tion of the. Soviet program of military aid to-the Arab --
World, to pass resolutions on Arab-Israeli relations, and
suggest that on this critical issue the Solidarity Movement
is more responsive to Communist desires than is the World
Peace Council.
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~illT.
tae full import of the Cairo resolution can only be reeog-
nized, hc~we~rer, when it is viewed against the baekgrourad of
authoritative Communist statements on the Arab-Israeli issue
ma9~e during the latter half of 19''j7. The most relevant is a
policy declaration by the Congress of the Israeli Communist
Party made in mid-1957, which called for "recognition of the
rights of .the Palestin3.as~ Arabs--including the right of self-
d,etermination,. and if they so deoired, their right to secession."
The Cairo resolution, proposed by the Palestinian delegation with
Eg'~tian aid and encouragement and with a licit Soviets ~ cart
enco~asses the first part .of is declaxation, and reiterates
the April-1955 New Delhi condemnation off' the Israeli Government
as-an aggressive imperialist tool. The ".mocl,~rate" nature of
the resolution is,.thsrefore, in fact deceptive, it is better
characterized, as a cautious step forward 'by international
Commca~iism~: in a typically d,eeeptivn long mange campaign, to
e~~,cait as exceeding cc3mplex and explosive issue to its own
egds~ R. Palms Thitt, who for .many years has been the most
accurate d authoritative spokesman of international. Communism
on the strategy and tactics to be employed in the, colonial world,
:made this wear in an exhaustive article on Israel published in
A~ug~st 1957 ~ the British Communist magazine, Lam A~-nth a
Approving.tl~ above~,uoted policy statement of the Communis
Party of Israel, he pointed out that the'politicai conditions for
such a settlement "are not yet ripe, but are gathering." the
Cairo resolution is a significant step toward the creation of.
the ~ripe_political conditior3s" envisioned by Dutt in this plan,
from which only the Soviet bloc and international Comm-~nism
~o~ald d~e~ive `moor benefit.
.Resolutions endorsed an 1 February 1988 by the Communist Party
of Israel real the extent to which the Cairo resolutions are
consistent with its dcamestic program and ob~ectivess
~LCI~ -~ _R_~E CI;Pl!I~AL CoTT~E of TBE CAST PARTY of ISRAEL
3d ~anuax~y - 1 February 1~-
"`ate Ce~atral Committee of the Communist Party of Israel.
~~ held its seventh plenary session at Tel Aviv from 3? January
to 1 Febrasxy. Comrade Meir Wil~rtter, member of the political bureau,
outlined the party program for the tech anniversary of the establish-
ment o#? the:state. 'Editorial IJote Meir Wilmer is also a leading
figtare is Israeli Peace Committee delegations to the World Peace Council
"An agreement of the great powers on the disarma~me'mt questioB
and other international problems--among which are those of the
-5-
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Middle East--would serve the catase ?~' peace in geaieral a~Id would
represent a great contribution towards.a,relaxation of today's;;
dangerous tensions. It would create more favorable conditions,
for the solution of the Palestinian problem and the Israel-Arab.-..
confliet9 which, is intentioa~a].ly.aggravated by the imperialists
and their servants.
ye ~ AFRO aszATle corESS I1+i cAIRo
"R3ie Cairo Cougressy -lay- ma~.festing the solidarity of-all the
peoples of.Asia and Africay has made a great contributiott to, ?
world peace.
"~,e resolutions concerning economics social' and- cull.tural,
questions, as well as the resolutions relati:ag to the development
of the national economies. of the Asian amd African countries
are all part of a general program for the fight against-imperialism
from abroad and against-reaction at home.
"fie resolution concerning Palestinian problems decl~~area
that Israel serves as affi imperialist 'base which threatens thehe ut rs;ce a ~~xc~a rectors tact as a truer to
stmt a shoot3.ng tthet will. be disast~?ous .~,a~iasd.a
~~ecau~e oi? t.s belief and i~ the spirit o~ ~nduxaag9
it conde~s a
$? Via) ria~isffi iffi e11 its ~~r and anax~i~estationse
?9m
lt.
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~ (b} foreign interference in t23e affairs of other
countries;
8t (c) milits~?~y ar~~. political paacts and alliances that
create overriding spheres of influence, endanger world
peace and suppx?c~as the peoples aspirations;
u (d) mi.l~.tery aid one country or group of countries,
which constitutes threat. to neighbouring ccntntries and
campe]as them to increase their md.li?~a'~y bu,8gets, than
retarding their peoples' econoffic development;
"(e) trestles that encroach upon. nations]. sovereignty
of nations;
a, (f } exploits,tiot~ of ~~e tiotaal econoa~r in other
countries for the benefit of imperialistic powers;
"(g) conspiring to overtYarow national governments
in the interest of? the im~aeria,3.ists;
?(h) si?~ on cond?itiox~ detrimental to the interests
of seller countries that ultimately jeopardise their
sovereignty and independence; .
,t (i) establishment of foreigY.9 mi7.itst?y bases and
forces on the territories of other countries;
t'`7:'he Conference sees in the policy embodied in Pancha
Shi1a seed the ten principles of ~and~ung best ,means to alleviate
international te~-sion and to end the cold war,
"Therefore it dec7.~?es t.~aat it gives its fu].1. support to
the rights of the peoplesa
~' (a) to f`~?eedom$ self'-deter.~aination, sovereignty,
and complete independence;
"('b} to e~ettle their ita~ttF:~?~sa~. p~?ob3.ems by them~elv~es
"(c) to choose form of their go~rnments according
t0 their desire~o"
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1~ t~ai~ ~axb~~~~e9 d~.~ssiaa~ ~e~ter~d upo~a
c~m~~ie~r~ ~i? ~1.~ged d~.~~~i~i,tsa~~ s~~ic~~ o~ ~, g~ali?ti~e~7.
F.a~ - - --- - - --
~ s~ dale ___,~_~ -~__ w~ ~~,,,.....6
b ~?~e ~~~~ dale ~ ~.t~a ~a,~e~ v~ t~~ i~ad~pea~d~a~t
?
~
fi~i~~ ire ~~^ ~itaai ~vi`tli ~Y~~9s A~i~a wrere ~g11,y ~~~ tae
"3` ~~~ol~~~~~~ ~?~d i~ ?~ ~~'b~?r~i?~t~~`~l.i~i~~.izes~:e
'~ i~~ bar ~,?~?~~?ib?~ia~g tie ~~~ti~e~ to ?~&e d~~ia~~ c~~ the
~~al~?~i~ `~~'~ ' t ~i ~`tx~~t?theaa ?thei~ csar~txol and
~l~iii~~ ~i' r~~i ~i~r~~ ~ ?tc~ re~,?e~~ acad.
Affi ~?~?~~~ ~ i~~u~~e ~ ~~~ ?~ioxa ~f ~a~ial
di~~,~i~ai~aa~tiAta ins ~ ~':?~~, ~~ i~~m $~e r~t~~i~x~ioxaq b~~
i~ w~,~ ~ ffi~e~~~~ ?I,~e ~..9.~~d~r 6? rate?" a~~iot~ Paz ~o
~~~e~~ ~~i~ ~io~ .at~x?itffi ~~~e~ ~c~?axtirr h~~er, i~a ].i~,kat
~~ ~ ~,~~~. ~b~et~~i~~ o~ ~ ~?~~?.l~~io~4 ~~ ~i~t~ fi~ae
c~aaa~a?~io~ of d~.~~~i~i.?~i~~ ?k~a i~c~. 3.~~ . ~~?t~~i~~~ to tgae
~r~1d ~`t~te~ ~ k~~ di~;a~d aid Asa ~ effigy ?~s~?~d the
?~i.t~? p~li?~i~~7. isa~~~~~i~~ ~~t '~ a~ ~?i?aa~y i~ate~?e~t~-_
i~ ~ ~a~ias~. d~.ffi~iuai,?~ion ~ mar~:~~~~~~tiot~ o~ ~oloa~iali~me
~ ~ ~~zb~eg~xea~~ ~~d im ~oas~tioa wit~a the ce~.~-
~~a~i~~ ~~? t toix?thday o~ Pam Rob~~a~~ egp~a~?~ ~sr~ e~'e~tir~e~r
d~~id ?t~ ~~ra a~~ti Aa~i~~ ffieffi~iim~xa~ bayed s~~a ~.l~ged
~a~;is~9, difficritaia~s,~i~~e ',
5 a ~ ~~e~ Wa~~~~ Sra~~;earr~~t,~~
~~ ihia$ bot?~ ~~ ~~~ p~?o-C ~~ YAS~,~ Tf ati~+ax
~x~~~t~~e~ed lit?~le ?mmi~i~~ hip i,~~ta~ e,~st ~Yae We~tg
~k~i~Ya #?~x??tYa~~? _ d ~ ~~llm d~xa~iati~n~ of? Western
larre?~,?~ion~ 3'~r ~~Ya3~ ~, n`~~lear ~a~?~. iced tY~e Western Wirers
~#? n.si .Ai?s?o Asiaas fi~rritsr~?~.es "~~r pre~ere~t~e faar i~ea~~~aas ?tes~ti~a~
~, ~~?~ risl~ o~ i~,~~ari 1~ ~^t~,ca~ and inn d era
t~c~r ?~hei~? u37o~..i ~~ t~ ~,~?~~~~ S~`~"t,e?~ sus ~?~ t~.e baranin
e ee~h b~ Via, ~`~ and ~ s`~xp,~~ti re by Syriaxa,
lane end o?tla~r 4Z~~ld ~a~e ~o~il re mere dearly
?~,?
fir' ,
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cp
untended to support the "atomic blacl~i~.?' strategy t~c>w being
applied by the CFaU in the Free World through the peace campaigns
Sits "struggle for peace,' whic~t is art extension of the well-lmown
WPC program, has taken on new features since the publicatign of
the Peace Manifesto signed by sixty-four Comrrtunist parties in November
1957 at Moscows It demands acceirtatirtce of Soviet-initiated or supported
proposals on .many matters, includ.iaag t~aose on colonial terri-
tories, as the only alternative to increased international tension,
and evex?-increasing possibilities of nuclear warn Subsequent
Soviet coanmentery has etnphaasized that the Conference "endArsed and
supported Soviet policy oat atuclear warrfare a ~'
It is intet?esting to note, in connection with the drifting
of the nuclea~? warfare resolutions, ?traat the Soviet cl,eleg$tion
flatly refused to permit the inclusion of the USSR as a
recipient of txze proposed, appeml. for banning testae The sensi-
tivity of the 'CSSIi on this paint 'becomes understandable wfien
it is realized that the USSR refuses to permit array propagation
inside the Soviet bloc of the scare-mongering used by men such as
XA~''"UTe a tactic whi h they era'thusiastically endorse and repeat
abroado This posture seems dictated by their concern over the
possible impact of such arguments upon the Soviet peopled The
basis for this concern was made clear as far back as ear7,y 1955,
when then Premier Malenkov was accused by the CFSIJ of succumbing
to ~imperislist atomic b].s~,ckmail"` and. contributing to "sle~eatism:'
when he stated that nucleat? warfare would lead. to the d~es~Gruction
of eiroilizationo Malenkov was obliged. to restate his pos~.tion
for the Soviet people and to affirt~ that "in spite of widespread
destruction, the Soviet Coa~aunist society would emerge victorieau,s
fret a asuclear war." This remains the official dor~estie liras in the
Bloc today.
Yugosledv attempts to criticize the USSR as well as certain
Western states for contributing to the heightening of tensions
have, since earl~r Ir ].958, dz?awaa virulent denunci~-tions from
the Soviet blow
Ba The Economic Comm3.ssion
The organization of the ~acaa?k of this commission was carried.
out raith a, speed. aazd incisiveness not encounte~?ed elsewhere and
control appeared to remeiin firmly in Communist ha~ads o lRae problem
of subco~.ttees arose9 as in the political. commission, but it dad
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not seriously affect the coarse of et~:nts'. , At the first .meeting
the Egyptian delegation nominated a Syrian Comraunistt Nazim
~alii a professor from Damascus who had,been a,member of the
predominantly Communist diglegation to Idew Delhi in April 19558
to head the commission. FIa~ring assumed control of the proceedings,
Mr. Mousli proposed, as soon as he took the chair
a. the election of two vice presidents and a secretary;.
the- notn~iinatiora of the ~'apanese delegate as secretary,
e, the nomination of an Egyptian delegate and the
Soviet delegate to the vice presidencies.
Tlaese nominations frcan the chair were accepted, The Egyptian
delegate was then recognized and 8romptly read, a series of
si~,teeh recommendations. The Sudanese delegate then proposed-that
the reports by the USSR and ~Tapan be presented The chairman,
who obvI,ously wished to givre the ~'SSEi d,ele6ate the advantage of
making the final presentation and reacting to proposals made by
others, statedF "In this .meeting we only hear recommendations
from all sid~es,`~ and then called upon the Ceylon delegate to
present his recommendations, As the: Ceylon delegate himself
stated, `gam,proposals bear very close resemblance to those advanced
by Syria-and Egypt." He first highlighted as a "'basic problem"
the question "hc,~w can the strangle hold o~? economic imperialism
be broken?~ '1~tis question he proceeded to answer proe~tly by
proposing adoption of the. concept of regional es contrasted
with national $ndustrialization. I3ia reccammendations dealt with
the centr questions of (a~ sources of capital$ ~'b} sources of
technical. knowledge; ~c~ relatioxsship between ecrnsu-ner and capital
goods production; ~d~ state sponsorship ?f industry; Vie) the need for
'political similarity" of participating gei`rernments, all of which
topics were dealt with in the subsequent Soviet presentation,
After a short comment from the Tunisian .member, a second Syrian
d,elegate9 Nlaraaf Dawalibi who also was present at the New De]l1i
.meeting in April 1955 then sought to prevent the introc~aa.ctioa of
osier ideas a~ad to steer- the organization of the deliberations.
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He proposed a plan of work, suggesting that "the written at~d verbal
reports so far presented were quite adequate as a basis fir
defining the agenda of our committee.?1 Iie suggested that axt
agenda subcommittee of the whole be created and also introduced
a-new topic, calling attention to the need to deal with the case
"of the people who are still crlanized.?' The chairman, after
having heard and passed outer comments by an Egyptian delegate
and the Burmese delegate'. reiterated'- the observation of his
Syrian colleague concerning the commissions need to consider the
problems of peoples still in colonial status, and again riecognized
his colleague. ',
Returning again to the question of organizing the committee's
work, !~. Dawalibi repeated his proposal that the coa~i.ttee
operate eas a unit, thus opposing the Egyptian and Sudanese
proposals for the creation of subcommittees. After furth~,er in-
conclus3ve discussion on whether one, threes or four subccunmi.ttees
should 'be organized, the-chair finally recognized the Russian delegate,
who proposed (a) a general discussion on the following day With
the whole committee in attendance; (b~ a decision in principle on
the creation of subcommittees; and (c a postponement of the
decision of need for and number of subcommittees necessary until
after the general discussion..- His."suggestions" were prtly
supported by the Chinese delegates Chi Tao N13.ngs-and thereafter by
Palestine, the Sudan, and Egypt. In this manner the entire
committee was held to ther (as had been originally proposed by
the Syrian d,elegation~to hear the Soviet reports and an opportunity
was created for the real discussion on convening subcommittees to
take place outside the formal meeting. Four subcoam~ittees (again
a reflection of the Syrian delegatets insistence on a special
eonsidsration of the dependent countries) were in fact formed
~e most .elaborate and lengthy reports presented at the'Ccnferenee
were those presented by Egypt and Syria to the Economic Commission.
The Egyptian report had been prepared as-far back as ?ctaber by Ai3e1
Aa~.t~, an Egyptian Communist. The authors of the Syrian report
are not known, but its content clearly reflects the close link
which the writers must have had to the Afro Asian Lawyers Coherence
in Damascus in November. Significant similarity to the Egyptian and
Syrian reports have also been noted in detailed and lengthy reports
presented by individual members of the Ceylonese and. Japanese
delegations.
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on the following day8 ~a) the Commerce Exchange Subcommittee;
{`b) the Industrial and Agricultural Subcommittee; ~c} the Labor
and Cooperatives Subcommittee; and (d) the Dependent Countries
Subcommittee.
1. Ecouomic,S~l_e Against Colonialism -The Soviet
Program is Presented
~~~
On the second day of delberationsr the Soviet delegates
Arzumaniyanr in his speech to the Economic C ommission presented.
a Communist blueprint for economic development in Afro Asia,
repeating the usual Soviet offer of disinterested aid without
strings to independent countries in Africa and Asia.- Other
aspects of his speech merit closer and ire immediate priority
attention.
Firsts he spoke in a curiously ambiguous manner. .When
proposing courses of actions he spoke as sn Afro-Asian exploit-
ing the basic advantage offered by the admittance of the 't1SSR to
the Conference as a full and egos]. participant. At other pointer
particularly when making offers of assistances he spoke as a repre-
sentative of the Soviet. bloc addressing Afro-Asian peoples. ~e
significance of this dualism emerged later whew. the economic
commission produced for all Afro Asian countries resolutions on
corm~ercer 1.aborr and industrial development-which were consistent
with Mr. Arzumaniyan's recommendationsr and a separate group
of resolutions directed to the dependent countriesr which called for
struggle against inclusion of dependent African territories in the
European Common Market programs condemned existing colonial
development schemesr Colombo P]:anr etc.r Arad advocated acceptance
only of such aid as was offered without strings.
Secandr basing his presentation on the Soviet examples he
suggested the essentials of a national. economic development program
which each Afro Asian country could profitably adopt. The
principal elements of this program were
a. Financing of industrial development through
nationalization of foreign-owned entes?prise,.
b? State control of a17. foreign trader with severe
restriction of aeon-essential imgorts, to ensure direction
of profits and benefits to productive', purposes.
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co Central economic planning, with emphasis upon the
priority development of productive industrial capacity
rather than upon coasumer goods.-
d. Maximaam ezcploitation of raw materials expo~?ts in
foreign .markets to help defray costs of internal de~relopment.
In view of his offer of Soviet aid and technical assistance,
"within the capabilities of the Soviet economy,fi? it is interesting
to note that he emphasized in this portion of his speech that
economic development could be achieved9 as he claimed it',was in
the Soviet Union, without foreign aid, if th~ e proper tee~.niAUes
were employed. '
Third? he suggested a cooperatives economic program,''to be
undertaken by all Afro-Asian countries in concert, which',would
further contribute to economic development of the whole ~.rea.
This cooperative progx?am would involve the acceptance by'the
Afro-Asian g~?oup of such concepts as complementary national
economies, the use of preferential and p~^otective tariffs, and
,point pricing of raw materials exports outside the Afro Asiaa
area ' to caa~cimlze profits o The progx?am~; which he related to the
need to protect the Afz?o-Asian countries a~,inst unfair ensures
of "new colonialism" of the European Common Market and the threat
of plans for Eurafrican developn~nt, contained what was in effect
an endorsement in principle of tx~~e Egyptian call for the'. creation of
sn Afro Asian common .market, within which the USSC and its Asian
sataellites presumably would be :Included. But it went far beyond those
ideas by cs~.ling for the inte~ation of national economies in Africa
and Asia. It was clear from the proceedings that the US~R was not
disposed to commit itse].i' in advance to such enterprises',.ae-were
envisioned in the detailed Syrian, Egyptian, Japanese,. a{~d. even
Moroccan proposals. !,
Also,~in this section of his speech, the Soviet delegate
said that the Afro Asian countries, "being dedicated to "the
principles of anti-colonialism naturally could not themselves indulge
in the techniques of colonial plunder.` This interesting state-
m,ent, which followed his description of private investment of
capital abroad as ?tthe main icnperiali st device for pluhd~ring
colonial territories,' is a clear indication that in Comt~unist
opinion such operations by private capital are u.naccepta'~le even
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ii? serried. out by the more aclvaraced independent countries oi' Asia
and African such as Tnelt+a sad pagan. Together with. a statem~eret
03' Nfa?? Sadekf~ it :makes clear that Soviet ', opposition to real
Afro Avian 'economic cooperation at tla,is time will persist so long
as the e~~lusion of the West i'r?~m Ado Asiaaa eeor~mio af`Feir~
is ~t ec~mpl~te~, aatd, tl~,t it does not envision the assigrunerst
o~ ' rs~le in such devel,cipmentsc~scmes ta''private capital.
Path the speech and the Dina]. resol~xti?nt~ an econowic questions sa
Bch the Soviet delegation accepted9 laid the gro-;rndwork f?r
the piecemea3. development o~ a system of? economic cooperation'
with the 1JSSi3 in a pEasition to c?retrol the pace eared euterlt of
?t~he development.
Against this backg,~c~id,~ the emp_'hasia placed oa regional3y~
ita?~~ated indtria]~i.~ation, with its aceeptazece of the i~nter-
d~epend,erece o~ the pat?ticipating state~a. c]early suggests the
line- along which Leninist ~unity~ is tea be' de~loped between the
Soi-let b 3.oc and the free nations of Asia and. Africa: as the slogan,
of "Yeational self-dretermireetion" ceases tc be vend.
2. Tl~e_ Qwestion o~lonialor3.e~
The denuneiation by the commission of the Europee~re
Common I+?ax?l~et and, the related L'earafrica d,ev~elopment plan bad, also
ote; Are iref'cermativt il.].ustratiore of the'... Communist capability
to deal g~acef?illy with problems which arise in such co~erence,s
is prov3,dsd by a statement made on 2~ December by an Egyptian
d~;legate~ Abd ai A2iz Sadiek ~a long-time Egyptian Peace Partisan~?
~Jlien it appeared that the question ot? an Afro Asian Common Market
w getting. too arch attentions this man issued a statement that
Lgy7a?~ d,id. not i?avor the creation ?i' a cowman .markett because;
`~l. The ru~z~-recogziition oi? Comm~xuist China by
certain countries constituted are obstacle to the common market.
g?2. -There was a possibility that certain Wester~a powers
would their control ovjer certain territories in Asia attd
Af~:?ica to ' iretrFZde a on the common market. `~
~e them gently directed discu?esion into whet the US~ft considered
proper terizrs at this titsr~ by ~pa?oposing~ `Mast ~Af~ican and Asian
countries coopex?ate closely ire. the economic Meld throh individual.
bilateral, agr?eements.~ j
_l7e
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been foreeed e~ere b~ ~~~.~~ ~tate~ne~ta ae i'~? back
ae September ].~57, when tYae W?a~?].d ~'e~ce ~a~il ~ab].icati?n9
~~i~?an~ pbxbli~he~. a~ article b~ ~3.erre ~~~ an `~ Il].~aia~s
~i' t3e n I1~~.t0 ~'~in~ ~e~]?a~?a?~i+~~r~ i~~. ~n 29 I~~ember
aid. ~ I~~ern'ber by ?t~xe '~reffich ~o,~~~ P ?~'ty's te~gether pith leading
repreeentati~e ~~ the Cs~z~;+.~t p~~~iee ~i? A3.gerias M~racce~,
and, t~ieiae b~t~. ia~crated this ear at~,e;+~k on the E~ra~?ica
ply. ether mm~~ atc~ on; a EafY~i~a pYan t~rere a]8o made
earlier in ~,9~7. ~ore~.gn '' ~ ~bl,ishing Houae 'in Moscow
in fact cat~ade a ~~?3b~ition ~o this ~ gn at the end cif the
gear by p~]Die~.3.ng a ~'Ssie~ap$ ~.,..ich c~ontaia~d articled fY?om
sixteen caa~trieffim-ate d~~te~. to criticiatn of the Comme~n I~rket
~pra~gr?ain.
~ i~or??~ pc-int w~ii~h urged during tY#e
~aixo s~Siberatioa~ way that t'~ q~tia~ffi o~ the Eurafriaan
~ w~ ~ie~aed f~t?~s t~ao d3.erer~t aspectffi
a. one t~'a?ab],e it~a~?t o~ a E~ara~`ri~an p]~an
om the ec~a~ni~ de~3L nib o~ t,~~ indepen~nt co~zntries
e~f o Asia, o~tsids the p ax?ea9 whose ec~onoe wo~u].d
encounter coct~tition ~ ~axrmica.
b. 3~e eg;~r u~a~rab].e i,et mf the plan ;on the
A~`a?icat~ ?~erritoriea ?~ be d3.rect~y affected. {e.g.9 Forth
Ai3?ica9 Mack A~i~,~ ~ho~e p~?eaent sub~u~ti,~n to ~o3.~nia].
natio~a wo~].d be enhanced by the operation of the plays.
~. '1'Yse final Resol.~,tione ',
A c~c~~arison of ?~ ~i~.a~, pro~sal.s ~t' tlhe eco~.c
coai.asi?as with the recd n~,?~io .b~i.tt,ed tar the x?io
p~ticipant~ re~als .e i"o].lirsg. a Simian re~:otm~n~,tiona
+~n t,~ae pr~x?iet~r of a3atio ~,atio~e ~~~ e~co~aging go~s*nt~nts tcg
tae~rk ~ the d~e~elopmant oi' point p and prog~ i`or econom3.c
deb,?ga~aent~ ply the rec~anda?ti~n~ ~~ar ~ r?~ ~~ c:~l:~nial
peoples s i~g #'?r freedom and. i~upend~nce' ire in~arpc~rated
iffi the Sinai re~olutiorae. the ~~ac~l~tion~s on e~ossomi~e ag~icazl.t~?als
at~d indaxetria~. ~oopera?~ion a,*sd oss action meeting aabor and
c~pera?~i~a ref'I,ec?ted prima~?i the Eg~atian aub~.s$ion? ~e
recotar~~:datio c~oncer~i~ c rci~., exc~sae f'i31~r p~?eaented
to the Co~eren~e ref"le~teci the gesnta pre~e~s"~d b~ b~~?h 'use
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Egyptians and Syrians and incorporated specific secondary recom-
.mendations .~,de by both of then, such as the need for a point
consultative body to deal. with economic planning, proposals for
exchange of commercial data,- and support for a Cairo Conference
of Chambers of Commerce Cato Egyptian proposal.
However, all specific recom~aendations for such measures as
the creation of a cQm?~on economic development fuxu], a common.
market, a central bank CMoroccan proposal, an Asian African
payments union,. etc.y simply vanished. These very concrete
proposala which had considerable support from members of the Jaiaanese
and Indian delegations, among others9 appear to have beau dropped
without any significant discussion after the une~nthus3ast3~ Soviet
attitude towa~?d these reco~ttnendations was .made clear in the
speech delivered on the second day of the Cotai'erence:.
Although .many of the d,slegates came to this Conference,. in
.spite of Misgivings, because of their hope that o~ or a of these
proposals .might be endorsedF their failure to achieve att~gthing
tangible appears to have gone unnoticed.
]3ut this was- not :tserely a .failure to achieve ~ desired eud.
It was, even .more importantly, a mayor victory for the International
Commuaaist I~vement which is not' in a position to e~loit for
agitatianal purposes tme alluring and generalized resolutions of
the Conference, ,which define aspirations that are universally ap-
pealing, and courses of action which appear desirable. The
movet~ea~t cata accept this wholeheartedly and yet remain free to
maneuver and agitate over methods and specific steps to the
advantage of its own cause.
This cottIInission functioned as a single body with I3r. Taha
~Iussein of Egypt as presiding officer and an Indian delegate,
Professor R. '~, 4ttu?kar, as rapporteur. In this coherence it dif-
fered from the Political and Economic Commissions, which broke
into subcommittees in spite of the desirea of some delegations.
The heads of the: Chinese axad Ghanian delegations participated in
its deliberations, as did Dr. I,ouia Azad, the rappcirteur of the
Egyptian delegation. Proceedings went for?.arard smoothly and
cons~ipsAted .main~.yoyf~y,~hearing proposals from,~am~y delegates. T~iere
was ? .Lrtuall~ no kiln 6;7a f
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The original Egyptian proposals were discussed and.cainor
amendments were offered by the Ceylon Indian8 Japanese9 and
Burma delegationao These9 howev+er~ were taken up with the rapporteur
rather than in open discussions ~e Syrian delegate offered at
the second .meeting a .modifier of the preamble to the Egyptian
resolutiono This statement which f`~oliticalized~ tlae entire
content of the recommendations highl3.ghted 'the role played by
cu7.ture in the development of politicala economics and social
solidaritye~
The Soviet delete on the commission extended the invitation
to Afro-Asian writers to participate in the second Asian $Jriters4
Conference to be held. in Tashkent in October 1958. ',
The final meeting of the commission adopted the original
Egyptian recommendations with the addition. of only the 5y~ian
amendment described above and. a proposal for the creation; of
national translation bureausa
Four additional recommendations were approved--one op teaching
of the mayor Sang~zages of A~?ica and Asia9 one on scholarships
for Algerian stadents; one ca~.ing for an ennue,], Afro Asian
cultural prize, and o~ calling on governments to combat ]literacy
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II. ST[~TCTTR~+ AIItI[3 E~tGANIZATIONAL CHARAC7~ISrICS ~F ~ AFRO ASIAN
St3 Co A~ SECRETAR
The Organization Comtniaaion of the Conference comprised
the heads of all aaatiotaal de]aegatione. However, i~ a xaumber
of inataasees--as in the 'SSSR delegation, for example--leas
proM.i.~nt delegates-were present who either directed the actions
of delegation leaderas or were authorized to speak for them.
Little is knor~n ?about the deliberations of this commi.asion,
but the results of its acti?na merit close study. The fine].
reac~lution on organization approved the creation of an Afro-
Aaian Peopleps Solidarity Council and a permanent secretariat.
.This i.a the cu].~aination of an organizing effort which began
three years ago. These bodies, which ~aave not to date (A-1~gust
195$) begin coMpletely staffed, have not yep began to function.
In the interim the Egyptian committee is operating in their stead
and appears to be concentrating on the translation and dieaemina-
tion of some of the Conference speeches. Preparation of .Material
for the vitriolic ~~Tmice o~ Free-Africa" is 8].~o being carried
oat,
tan the basis of data so far received, the Afro-Asian solidarity
,movement and i~~ permanent bodies are, rough3y, regions]. equiv~enta
of the World Peace Moveanent and its organs, the Execative Bureau
and Secretariat.
a. It encompaasea all binds of geople, as distingaished
from the other ~ze,~or fronts, which specialize in appealing.
to one specific group--trade unionists, youth, lawyer.
b. It has espoused as one of its primar~r tas}~a the same
basic program to which the WPC is dedicated, i.e., the
carapai;grs for peace--on Soviet terms. ,
c. .There is no evidence that the Council and Secretariat
are coa~atitutionally responsible to the Conference-which
authorized their creation. (In the-WPC the Secretariat is
self perpetuating and not responsible to the World Peace
Council; the Executive Bateau of the WPC is noa~.nated by the
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Secretariat; there is no mechanism or procedure for
direct nomination by the Council.)
It differs from the World Peace Movement--and avoids'a-..
ma,~or defect of that organization_-in one essential. It has a
second positive mission, through which it can reach and iti~f'luence
others who are not Communists. This .mission is its support of
national liberation movements. In this it can serve as a'focus
and coordinating center, bringing together all Communist Front
activity in the Afro-Asian area, whether it be?in youth, labor,
professional fields, women, etc. The organization of "Algeria
Days' programs on 3o March throughout the Afro Asian area was its
main project so far, and at the national level Communist parties
have invariably played key roles in these programs.
The organization and charter of the Council is still unclear.
All that is known is that every country in the two continents
is entitled to have one member of the Council, to be nominated
by the national committee. The Council will convene when'. called
by the Secretariat and will meet at least once each year.' From
this limited information it seems clear, however, that the princi-
pal function of the Council will be that of a rubber stamp, to
approve in retrospect the actions of-the Secretariat. pro-
vision for individual nominations to the Council is also Wf interest,
because it .f'acilitatos: Communist control of the body (through
the close-knit international party mechanism) and inhibits point
action by the free nations of Africa and Asia, which laek',agy
equivalent device.
The Secretariat, composed of a Secretary General and,teri
secretaries, is given virtual carte blanche so far as its '...mission
and internal structure is concerned. The Egyptian committee
was given the right to select the Secretary General (fox? cone
year!)g the ten other national committees authorized to designate
one secretary each were Cameroons, China, India, Indonesia, Iraq,
Japan, the Sudan, Syria, the USSR, and Ghana. There has '~-een an
unexplained delay in the selection of secretaries. The Smviet
secretary, Abd al Ghaffar Abd al Rashidov, the first to arrive
in Cairo, did so in early March. The Chinese .member, Yang Shiro,
arrived in Cairo 5 May.
Both the method of selection and the specific countries
selected are of critical importance in determining the future
of Communist control of this strategic body.
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C
a. A precedent has been established by which,. at a
second conference, the key post of Secretary Gener~l,a:an
be handed to a Communist, ,from either a Bloc country or
even a wee World country where CP domination of the
national committee is co~}plete.
b. 3'he precedent has been established by which any
country not considered a reliable ally by the Soviet
'Sloe can easily be prevented from gaining a seat on the
Secretariat,
mwo seats on the Secretariat are already Communist-controlled.
Far other seats Coa~munists or erypto-Communists are likely to
13e designated, .although the decisions have riot as yet been .made.
The countx?ies to be represented are India, Syria, and the Sudan.
In at least acne of theseq however, there +s already evidence that
the national committee is deadlocked in .making its choice. It
is impossible at present to e~,etermine whether Communist influence
in the national coma~.ttees of the Camera3ons, Indonesia,- Iraq,.
Japan,. and Ghana is sut'ficiently strong taa lead to the designation
of an individual ~s~ is, overtly or covertly, subject to Communist
party discipline or to control by a cl,sxidestine arm of a Soviet
bloc 8~rnment.
'1'he question is not, however, being left ccampletely to
chance, if the Secretariat follows a reported plan fair the internal
division of labor and thaw specific assignments of the individual
country secretaries.
Ftrur :main cotr~i.ttees have irl fact beau provideai for
?
a. Political
b. Social
C . I'~''+CClnomiC
d. Liaison.
It is reported that within these main a~o~,ttees specific
assigexments for country secretaries have been distributed
as follows;
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a. Ana (Social GQ~t~~tee) m Yout:~ and Socia3s Services
b, IndiaEconomic G~-m~aittee ~ d Labor and Cooperatives
c o ~'apan ~Polit~.c~. Geaas~.tt~e ~ < LM1fnc~ag? Weapons
&. Indaanesia {ld.a.~.eom Gou~ittee) a Asian States
e. Iraq (Y~..aison Go.ttee~ -Arab States
~o Sazdan ~Y.iais?n ~Co~ttee~ @ Aftcica~a States ''
an the bae~.s oi? the aet~rities o~ tlae Conference itself, and
of general l~aow3.ea3ge conce~?nimg a ec'~;ivities of tae national
Go~anist parties of the A~?~a Sian a~?ea, these assigr~emts
cannot be cot~idered fortune o father, they re?3.ect a particularly
apt division of labor fro~a tae +~oast point caf ~ie~a, in which
a partica~lar strength or special frznction of the respective
mational G?~amuniat party would teaei to it?ove its cY~ancee for
exertia~g influence.
ao Ira ~hasaa the ycara~' ms's are -`~~ bodies to'
which local Gaans.et~ and. pro?Soviet extremists havie
directed their maim ef?i?oz.~ta.
b? In India, Co'~ist Pa~?ty tnass~ organi2atior~' is
strmngest in bot~a. labor and peasant bodies, and. ma~o~
unity c iga~s are being conducted. ix~ both fie~.d~o It
is, further, eaa].ighten~.r~g tea no"s.e that A. ~L. ~opalan the
leading Cot~u+a~aist iss tl~ 3sadian delegation to Gairo, is
a member oi' t3ae Po~.itbt~?o of the GP, pi,^esident of the
P atcty? ~ peasant o~.~gan ration, and a foresstor a~ leading
spokesa ft~? the c,~x?'x?ea~t ~?as?ty policy of aggressive' umi.ty
campai~s in bot'~a the labor ~snd, agricultural cooperatives
fields. ~e .main points of tine Gairo resolutions om, these
matters foll~red c~.aseA,~ the main liaaes ?~ a key speech he
made iaa Augaas~t X953 tea t~~e Goma`~erence of the Party ? s;
peasant a~ntmo All?Is, ~fis~ Sabhe,.
c. Againq 'fie ~apase G.an:~st Par~:y has had' mayor
success in deve~.aa~aing and. dom~.x~ting the front c 8ms
mn the ntac~,ear ~eapo~ issrae. a speech, by ~A~JY ~aoxu,
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at Gairo on the topic. was the .most intemperate address
delivered by any Japanese delegate9 and it faithi'~.il1y
echoed the Soviet9 Ghinesey and World Peace Council
line on the topic..
d. The designation of Sudan to handle liaison with
the African countries is also enlightening. In this
regard, the statements .made by the Sudanese Communist Izzal
Diu Amere quoted elsewhere in this paper, revasl that this
function is prec3ee],y the one which .moat closely f ita the
cs~pablities of the Sudanese party.
ee The designation of Indonesia and Iraq to
equally cxitical liaison tasks is also significant. The
Iraqi delegation to the Conference was drawt3 Prom the Left-
~ationalst oppQSition at home and ixt e~.le~ in a couratx~ in
which official policy eras, at least at that time9 contrary
to that advocated by the Conferenceo' Such elementsy which
have heretofore accepted the cooperettion of the Iraqi
C?mmunist Bartyy are admirably suited to serge as a bridge
to dissident elements in the other Arab states, and at the
samrt: time, as a channel through which Iraqi Com~cunists can
exert influence by providing clandestine communication
lit~ksy introductions to Party m~es~bers in other- couatriest
advice9 and other useful services.
In Indonesia the- ratrea~gth9 international. contacts, anc3.
favorable .position of the Gomffiunist ~"typ which has succeeded
is identifying itself' as a leading element in the campaign for
recovery of West Irian, again would tend to give it considerable
leverage in gaining control of and e~loiting this position.
It rernai~as to be determined what functions will be assigned
to the secretaries f'ra~ the USSR and China, the Gameroonsg a~td
Syriag all of .ch are of critical importance to Communist
control of the Secretariat. It also remains tee be seen-resat
individna~.s actual],y are designated to these positionsF
?~n the basis of the events at the Conference it appears
likely. that either the tJSSt~ or the Syrian member Mould head the
~onomic ~cmmi.ttee~ with the- other designee takisag respo~bility
fox a subcotmtaittee om comtmercial relations or national. economic policy.
China is a logical cand3.dste to head the ~cial 6tommittec~. It is
iossible to envisage the function likely to be assigned to the
Croonian secxetaxy.
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COlE~'~'AT~7.
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zoo ~ coErt~E ~ a~ae~ cA
With the exception of the Ghanian and Ethiopian d,e].agations,
which attended primarily as observers with the approval df their
respective governments, and the goon d,ele,~ationg which
represented an undeniably significant (although illegal)...political
element, the raumero~us "delegations" which c3.aimed to repl^eaent
Black Africa at Cairo were largely composed of individuals currently
residing in Cairo. T~ieae, as well as others such as the repre-
sentatives of the French Sudan, have at 'best very dubious bases for
their claims to be representative of politically significant coups.
N~any, such as tk~e Kenya representatives, are im fact atuc~nts in
Cairo whose education is being subsidized by the Egyptian authorities.
Few such ?1representatives,?t however, have been repudiated
by the ge?oups or Gauntries they clammed to represent; and there
is a hazard that they.tmay im course o~ time be considered
"representatives approved by default".
One such self-designated ~?epresentative who was openly
.repudiated was Joseph Garang, native of the Southern Sudan.
lie nevertheless went to Cairo and was officially listed. as a
mmember of the Sudanese delegation, as a representative of the
Southern &iberal ~at?ty. Prior to his departure from ~iartoum,
however, the secretary general of the Southern Liberal lty had
publicly disavowed him. and announced that he represented no one
except himself--arid the Communist Party, of which he has `been a
.member for some time. It is also interesting to note that~he
was not included in the list off' official Sudanese delegates
released in Khartoum by the all~~arty committee which chase the
official Sudanese delegation.
The caliber and character of most of the Black African
"representatives" is clearly revealed in the following items based
on official transcripts of representative speeches and statements:
ao John Kamwidhi (allegedly a student resi.dsnt ira
Cairo), self-styled ~lead,er of the ?~enya delegation,"' delivered
a strange parod~r of the ~mierican Lleclaration of Independence,
incorporating praise for such degenerate Mau Mau terrorists
as "Marshal" China, "I+'ield Marshal Kime~tYii and "Marshal"
Mathenye, and repeated denunciations of the British security
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practices. He also described. Kenya political organizations,
id,entif'ying Mr. Arqu,itiga Khodek as president of the Nairobi
District African National CongressA the only strong body}."
and listed, as three other "repressed bodiese the North,
Centrsl~ arid, South Nyanza African Associations.
b. A Nigerian delegate {speakiarg in the subcommittee on
imperialism. on the question of choosing a president for
the committee: "I propose we elect', alternatively different
presidents from Af~?ica and Asia. ',
Chairman ~ tem: t"This is not very clear; if I understand
properly,. everyone would become president..'
c. The spokeamatz for the Chad delegation aroused.
coiasit'lerable apprehension at the Conference when he called
for the provision of arms to a ~?Tnited Afrrcan Army" which,
he eaide would then carry out the ~aaz' to eliminate colonial
oppression.
Mere is~ ho~revery evidence which suggests that considerable
effort was expended without success by the Egypt~,iana its attempts
to bring more competent an$ impressive delegates.from Black Africa
to the Conference. Tnvita~tions were conveyed to such prominent
personalities as Team Nlboya of Neraya, Juliuxa Nyerere of Tangatry9.ka~,
and Diallo Seydou of Fa?ench West AfSricay but a7.~. of them failed 'to
attend. T~ seems ;likely that their son-appearance resulted either
from their own lack of enthusiae~m,or, .more significantly from the
disfavor with which their organizations viewed the gathering. Other
figcres from East Africa9 according to Egyptian bresadcasts9 allegedly
received clandestine invitations and. of'fe~?s of s5~id, far clandestine
travel to Cairo vta the Sudan. But in spite of such "opportunities?~
to evade the travel restrictions certain to be imposed by coloratal
ac~ttaittistrations, virtually all East African invitees appeared to
find it less compromising and politica]1y more profitable to follow
the normal procedures of applying for passports and: of`f'icial
permission t~'travel, knowing fta].2. well that permission would be
denied,. These executive actions they--and, the Egyptian radio
as well--have asince e~loited in post?Conf`erence propaganda. This
ce~urse was adopted by a five-man delegation f?ror~ Zanzibari three
men f'rt~m Kenya, attd two from Tanganyika.
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Comrmzniat participation from Black At~?ica was in fact very
limited; but this fact may have beau the outgrowth of local
political problems with which these elements are currently
concerned.
Perhaps the most interesting and ea2lighteuing reaction to
the Conference by the Communist-oriented elements in Black
Africa was the treatment given the Conference in the 27 December
issue of the South African New .Age weekly. A factual and generally
favorable half-page story concerning the opening of the Conference
was published si8~e by side with a reprint of the .manifesto issued
by the Egyptian Communist Party in July 1957, which was published
at that time by Humanite and Unity the newspapers of the Ccam~unist
b~rties of Fx?ance and~taly. his manifesto, which states clearly
(for a Communist audiences at least} the reservations and limits
conditioning Communist endorsement of the Masser regime, seems '
likely to have been published in this way to aid the Communist
reader to understand. the true character and significance of the
Ganf'erence and the cautious enthusiasm with which the paper treated
the event. die $ December issue of CP India?s New used precisely
the same d,ev3ce, printing the manifesto on oa~e pao~, with a
CP Egypt criticism of Nasser~'s domestic policy; a report concerning
the Cairo CoarP'erence was on the adjacent page.
In spite of the existence of significant C~nur~.st-oriented
elements among the nationalist groups in French Equatorial. and
West Africa, and the issuance of imitations to local aff~.liates
of the World Peace Council, their _participation at Cairo', was
minima]-. Travel difficulties along cannot be held responsib7.e,
for paid passages were available by the Secretariat mf the
Cvaf'erence, and Communist student and trade-union personaXities
i`x?om the area have usually Managed in the past to ov~ercoaue this
obstacle when the event was considered important. But s number
of Black African Communists decided to forego attending even
such.ma~or activities as the Vlth World Youth Festival in'
Moscow any the WFIU Congress in Leipzig in 19,57 to avoid ex-
posing themselves to local denunciation. On the basis of'it~'c~rma-
tion gleaned eaatc?lier in 1957 it is also considered. likely', that
this most mature component of Communism in Black Africa iffi well.-aware
of the fact that ' non-Cammun3.st and anti-Communist nationalists,
as a result of their e~eriences with Arab residents in tlyeir
own countries, also find Egyptian pan-Arabisffi at~c3. e~,gansi~anism
distasteful. It is also likely that some Gists share this
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ce~r.~a
attitude and d~ not yet fully understand and~or enthusiastically
accept the Soviet-inspired strategy of collaboration with
~'asser-Arab nationalism in advancing the anti-colonial struggle
in Africa. his general problem is reflected in the speech
delivered by Firmin Joseph Abalo~ delegate from Togo which
reflects this attitude of Central Afx?icar~ nationalists
"There is finally a problem which should not escape
ust and with tlhich Centre]. Africa will request that the
Conference concern itself9 to try to find possible solutionse
It is the attitude of the Syro I~bataeae.
"You no doubt know (at least tho Central African
delegations, that Syrian and Lebanese citizens are engaged
in commerce in our countries. Their behavior toward
the-local population is like that of the European colonialistst
and they are in general allied with.-them to e~pl?it our
people.. C?n the political. lave]. as we31 they aide with
the imperialists.
4th masses have diffieultlr understanding ua when we
estplain to them that all the countries of Ai"rica and Asia--
including the Syrians and Leba~se ih consequence--aY?e
united in the same struggle for their liberation from
imperialist domination. These massesg we aay~ cannot
understand how their Asian i~?ie~ads continue to fight
.against us in the camp of our aggre~sor~~
There is in tact no reason to believe that in its choice of
.means of infl.~tencng Africa the "CSSR and Intert~tional Cor~unism
are placing undue emphasis and reliance upon the Ai'~o Asian
Solidarity organization and st~pc~rt for N~aser9s aspirations. Trade
uni.ar~ sx~d ycsuth g3r?oups throughout Af`rics have. long been cultivated
dir~ectlya and the problems attendant upon simultaneously exploit-
ing African nationalism and strengthening'Communism,in Black
Ai`rica have already been recognized withiffi the Internatioaaa3.
Movement. An article by A. Zusmanovicht published in August 1987
in the second issue oi? the new Soviet academic publication on
Afro-Asia, C~~te~porar East sheds light on this aspect of the
Soviet attitude totted A~~'~^iCa. While it grants that "at the
present sta~e'of development the liberation movement in the
African colonies is headed by the national bourgeoisie;" the
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.main emphasis in the a~tiele is on the developing strength
trade unionism and the need to integrate that strength into
the anti-colonial effort.
"The African working class must clash with the',colc-nizers
because the basic enterprises using hired labor belong
to foreign corporations. Therefore the struggle of 'the
working class is becoming ats integral part of the a11-
pepo le, nationa3., anti-i~perialiat Wit." -`
This "assessment" is clearly not a new one; but in the past
it has been largely restricted to tracLe union circles. From
the abundant proof that an intensive campaign has been carried
out by the WFitT and its African offshoots since 1955 to involve
non-Communist African trade unionists in united front arrangements
at the national level two conclusions emerge.
(a} The tTSgft continues to place high priority on
establishing Communist d,omtnation of African trade unions
as the .main instrument for influencing and dominating the
national liberation effort in the area.
(b) Because the efforts .made between lgl+6 and X955 to
pull African Labor bodies directly into the Communist camp
by working through Gommaznist trade union bodies in tie
mother countries have largely failedt the current intent
is to exploit unity of action in economic struggle against
colonialism at the local and national level $s a diffierent
route to the same end.
Communist-dominated African unions have in fact been',.permitted
to disaffiliate from the WFTI'fJF as a tactical .measure o in order
to make their unity proposals :more palatable loc ~ and'they have
been accepted in acme national aaad regional. bodies as a result.
But their ability to exploit these gains is limited as lobs as the
trade unions do not become (a~ involved in violent conflict
with local governments (b) identified with the extremist e]~eu~nts
of the national liberation movements and~or {c} combined in
broader regional bodies and thus open to Communist e~loitation of
the opportunity to manipulate their organisational skills common
perspectives and parallel lines of coordination and direction
which operate through the International Communist Movement.
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The A~'rc~-.Ammiax~ aolidax?ity mm~kra~egy i~ ab~ric~usly vie~red
as ~ .mans ~f encouraging azrd, controlling thiffi rapprochement,
wYail.e keeping the aaature and. eartent o~ the Co~runimmt it~'luence
iu the procemms concealed.. But the hcalding o~ the Cairo Cor~f'erence
acrd tlae establish rat o~ tlae Council and Secretariat sre by no
:~eaaamm ader~uate orgarxizational measureas ino thes~selv~ess.
other .~asuremm are berg taken. These measuremm appear likely
to in~+sal~re the assumption by the Corunist party of the Sudan
and itmm cadres o#' art Carat tammk--that oi' beccunixrg a bridge,
intermediy, btrff?er, and so~.rce o~ mmuppo~t, beteu the pro-
Co:rnist . rrt in the Arab World and at least sc~e cf the
nat~,otma]. liberation ~orcemm o~f Mack A~rice~. A post-Cms~ere~ce
speech by a leading Sud~-rree~e Con~arurist brraad~a~t f'~cim ~airv to
the Suds d,~almm ~it~r thiffi e~reaeely aigni?icarrt question?
roadcas~t Igrter~.e~ with ~'. I~za7l. ~3ira ~lmir, Secretary of the
se Delegation to the Afrco Asian Solidarity Conference -
29 Decea~rber 1g5~
"The AASC is exr ex~enssion of the Baatidung Con#'eretace of
195. . .The present Corrfea?ence represexit~s a bigger force as
it representes the people. . .The Corrtereuce is of greater
it~portance to -the African countries whose. case has mot beers
coidered ors an interrrationaa. level. 3'here are ~evera3. Africian
nations atrugglirrg for indepeuc~ence, the peoples of the Cameroons,
Tanga.ka, ?lgarrda, and. others . .The leaders of the peoples
repreeeri#?ed ~'teac reachirsg au und~eratandi~g can evert pressure
upon their gogrerrerrts so as tca present a united, gout im the
'~Traited Nations thus f or~i.ug ara isat~raational bloc Which ,~-y save
tli~ world ir~r the daxrgermm of sear .
stion? `?Whast is the role ~ be played im the Conference
by .the Su tae delegatioffi?"
Ammer? "The Sudatr by its a~rn geographical. and pralitical.
po~sitiorr~corastitutes a bride between the I~'iddle East snd. the
Armmb League ors the cane hasnd$ and the heart caf Arica which
is still under -the .yoke of im~aerialis~r, orr the rather. 7~ae
Sud~a shc~u].d be spokes.~rarr of the Ai'rican patio .ch are ta$g3.ng
a bitter struggle nmmt ierialisuao F~;vrthex~nrare~ , it hays its
role which it tmu~t play in the s~,ppcart of` the Arab cause
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and the Arab liberation trends led by Egypt and Syria. The Sudan
as a newly inc3epend,eut and axa uncommitted country is .more
capable of actix~-than some other Arab or African countries Which
have joined certain alliances.-
"The Sudan did not achieve independence until two years ago. . .
However, in spite of the short period availsbleA the Sudan has
merle itt~ortant contacts with the African countries. Thee latest
exa~ple is that of the Camero?ns. The Sudan was able to reach
some liberation. .movements in Ta~ka and Uganda. It also
worlred to facilitate the travel of some of these countries'
delegations to Cairo to attend the present Conference. .'. .
There are several close links between the Sudan's cause and that
of the African countries. Tate Sudan had experience with:.
ir~erialism. 7~e methods used by the imperialists in Tanganyika
or in Uganda are very similar to those used in southern Sudaa
to isolate it, and. to keep it in a primitive state. . .
The Afro Asian countries should take action against this'European
common market ar the alleged free trade area."
Key figures among the Communiffit-influenced African nationaliets~
such as Felix Moumie, are now active in Khex?toum as well, as Cairo.
There is evidence of cooperation between Sudanese Commun~.sts
and Egyptians in attempts to bring people to the Conference
clandestinely from Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, and other central
Afi?ican territories. These factors increase the likelihcxyd that
the Sudan Will. in fact fill the role outlined above. Further,
the ability of the Communist .movement to coordinate Black African
activities of the. international fronts with those of the'Afro-
Asian Solidarity Council is enhanced by the introduction of
Sudanese nationals into leading positions in the executisre bodies
and secretariats of most of the ma,~or international fronds.
Some post-Conference broadcasts from Cairo to Black'AYrica
strongly suggested that the Egyptians at least were sens~.tive to
the po$sibility that their appeal to Black Africa was bung
adversely affected by charges that the Conference Was Co~mutaist-
inspired and dominated. `:IIiey have tried. to refute these 'charges
by pointing out the contradictions between the repressive measures
generally taken by Communist governments and the demands ',for
freedom of speech, assembly,. etc., for which the Conference called
in its resolutions.
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C~~r!~
~. ~~ 4~' T~ (~1E~CE T~ ~ BIAC
It a~as appa~?ent as the C~a~'e~?ence c?h~ex~ed that the ccyazntriee
~~ the So~.et b~c ire eater to exploit it as ~ topic i'or
dcstic pr ~ v~ell as for ~oreig~, a~autptxt. Stiieh dstic
da ei'f vets he, ire the ps,st beep .made in conaiect~.en
with the. activities ~~' the internationa]. C st ~'rontss but with
the possible e~cepfiio~a oi" the nth Wor~.d. Y~ath Festi~l no sir~gl~e
such ewe~at has in p~fi yea~?s recei~d, as extensive seed. enthtasiastic
treatanent by bow, the Sfi ate Chi~sa. ',
~e proc~e~sixag fa~x? Chinese audiences was noteworthy i'or fibs
~o~:1.c~aaing reasons g
a. I~legates upon weir return tca China ia~8'lated the
stafiistics co~acert~ing attenee a Kaao -ass on g ~'ebru~ucy
said. to ~ 1, Soo-.ms~a Peiping rally that 508 delegates
representing ~it'ty Ado Atsian countries here preseat
{acfiual parti~ipati~an was forty three countries ~ .
b. The Coni'ereaace was d~es+~ribe~ te> ohitaese audiences,
~v were a3~eady .lies with fibs 1955 B+e.ung C?uferemcex
ee `~~ co~ati~etiora atad devel?pmenfi og the Bankiau~g Cox~f'ere~ace,~
~u~aityreached.) at a higher level, et ate: ~ having produced
a "~ar~%On programs oi' action." This line was echoed by the
~7apat~ese CP and by Soviet broadcasts' i~t Japanese.
c e fibs res~al~atio~ss of t?ne Cmnt'erence were re~re~effited
as ~':a pa~wrer sugiaort tea the Peace Nleaaifestee of the ~ixtym
four C st and Workers $ Parties a~t lsce~. ~ This
line etas min echoed. by the J'~aaa~se CP amd. reptayed by
I~iscow 3aa d'epaa3ese o
d.. The 'GTnesae .~,ost it3sistemtly reiterated was that the
Co~rf?erence represe~ated `two-thirds o~ the op:Ge oi' the
earth's' ~r~ore thaxe o bi713.ora, 60~ xail5.i.on people"; the
slogat2 "The Wind. Blares ~~ the East was hexed in press
ate. rad~.o treatments. This thesiffi fide ~BSS~ a3.so propagated.
e. Tea heig~'iten the irgpressioa~ ~f the strength and:
determi~aafiiorz o~ tkse Black .A~S?ican participants, the Chinese
elso published a broadc~t dramatic but false stories
concerni~ag delegates tra~llit~g Cs,.Ero on foot f~^
Black erica.
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f~ China also placed considerable emphasis upon evidence
of her close rapprochemer#~ with Egypt. New China Egypt
and Egypt-China Friendship Societies launched simultaneously
is both countries is January 1958, were lied with the
Conference in propaganda output.
In general, the primary Chinese emphasis was d3.rectsd st
demonstrating, even through direct falsii'ication, the strength
and vitality of the Afro-Asian response to the Solidarity Conference.
Even Free World commentaries Which, while generally unfavorable
to the Conference, stated that the event had to be taken
seriously were quoted extensively to Bloc audiences to prove
this thesis. The Chinese also were .?ore ready to acknowledge the
re].r!tionship of the Conference to the future of Communist parties
throughout Africa and Asia, and less interested in highlighting
the Moslem--Arab role in the Conference.
Treatment for Soviet Audiences
h?oscota's treatment of the Cot~'erence differed in emphasis
from that of the Chinese. Although it too emphasized the weight
and size of the forces allegedly representedp and predicted that
"the weapon of solidarity will be used even. .more frequently in the
struggle of the peoples of Asia and Africa" tLeontyev, Soviet
Home Service' 2 February 195$~~ it emphasized even more the
following themes
a. The peoples of Afro-Asia have becc convinced
that the USSR is the true friend, mighty ally.
b. The West was stunned, conf used, and alarmed by
the Conference..
c. The "slandering" by the West of the Conference
as Communist-inspired and dominated has failed to impress
the Ado Asian countries.
d. I~ew plots and countermeasures are being drumt~ed
up to counter the effects of the Conference.
e. The "colonialist~a"~' attempts to prevent ci~elegates
from at~ndi.ng .the Conference failed.
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The. Soviet domestic treatment placedemphssis t~aonthe value
o~ the Conference ~ an aid to the campaign for peace and in-
coiorated the Comferenc~ in its ever-~;rc?owing list of targ+~ts for
f?utu~e ~`ir~per3~alist pl?tsac~ It ~o shored 'the higher- level of
Sov~,et sensf.tivty ~ the exposure oif the Communist inspiration
and domination ei' the Cox~'erence and its concern over the reactiatas
of .Af'r+~~Asa~n ~oue,,r~~n~me,~t.~ts w~.iicla it so ass~iduous].~ seeks to cultivated
The tJS~ also publici~e~the Coa~eret~ee reso3.utio~s on the rights
of the Palestis~ Arabs and. concem~trated, .moz?e than G'hina .did,
won the ant of Moslem participation i~a the gathering.
One broadcast on the Soviet How Ser~rice, mac' daaring the
period o~ greatest concentration on the Conf'erence9 is of particular
interest In this broadcast the s~eakerq Eugene Gusarov~ placed
his e~tphasis upon a description of the extent to w~4if.ch ?tthe young
African proletariat has entered the path csf the natioxia~. libera-
Lion t~ovemente~' Statistics on the growth of the trade union
~v~:ment in Nigeria, and ~?ench West A.f'rica were presented; Nigeria,
the Cameroongg and Y~,enya were the main territories credited with
significant advan~ces~ sasd desete~.bee~. as the scenes t~f the 'severest
struggles?~ d
't'he broadcast s~x?oz~ly suggests that ' it is to these countries
and, this ~?oleta~?iat that the tTS:~ looks for the organization
and leadership o~ el~feeti~: national libexatic~n.movements in the
area, but7,.,it is.eanoteworthy than therewaas virtu,~.1y no repres~enta-
tion Of this "ts.bi ic$6n pZ?o].etarlat~' at ~Ls~iror
Perhaps the most interesting fact concerning the propaganda
treatment was the ~rtua]~.y complete omigaion, f`roan both the
Soviet and ~hixiese early domr~etic ontput,~ of any extensive des-
cription of the Soviet delega,~te Avzumaniy~tx~'s suggestions to the
Af~?o Asian countries about the organizati~-n of their d~aa~edtic
ec?noml:c pro~awse Poth treat his description of the extent
and.. disinterested nature of Soviet aid,, his description of the
evils attendant upon. acceptance of Westet?n imgialist aid, and
his endorsement of nationalization oi'foreigra enterprise as a source
og capitalo Isis blueprint for e~f?ect?ive ecos~ot~ic development was
f'in.y reg~or^ted at sots length in the So~.et ~ourn~. Cunorary
East in I'~h 2.958,
Another fact worthy of xaote was the extent to which the..
S?~viet outlets ?~;oted, the authoritative voice of the Eg,~ptan, hosts
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on key questions statements and interviews with N}.ia7.id Mulshi-
al-Dingy the leading Egyptian Communist active at the Cor~erezace:
and Qther Egyptians closely associated with him such as the
Foreign Editor of his newspaper9 Al Massa and Yussuf Hilmi of
the Egyptian Peace Partisans. Mukhii-~ n's address on imperial-
ism was reported at length in the Russian language magazine,
Contemporary East, in March 195$.
The USSR also insured the widest distribution possi'~le of the
resolutions adopted at the Con~P'erence by issuing a speci~7. supple-
.meat containing all the resolutions as an enclosure to issue No. 3
X16 January 1958) of its publication New_ T~ s.
Polish output concerning the gathering was limited''but it
did contribute two special gotes:
a. It acknowledged the existence of "differences
separating Afro-Asian countries," and "serious obstacles
to the convening of a second official Conference of 'the
eountrie8 of Ai'ro Asia."
b. It characterized the resolutions as "conder~pation
of the opportunism of some Afro Asian countries which show
a lack of consistency in their statements in the in~erzis-
tiona]. area." ',
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