COURSE REPORT - MIDCAREER COURSE NO. 46, 23 MARCH - 25 APRIL 1975

Document Type: 
Collection: 
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 
CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5
Release Decision: 
RIPPUB
Original Classification: 
S
Document Page Count: 
56
Document Creation Date: 
November 17, 2016
Document Release Date: 
May 26, 2000
Sequence Number: 
1
Case Number: 
Publication Date: 
May 23, 1975
Content Type: 
MF
File: 
AttachmentSize
PDF icon CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5.pdf2.47 MB
Body: 
Approved For Rele~~ 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A0004Q0060001-5 23 May 1975 MEMORANDUM FOR: Director of Training THROUGH Chief, Intelligence Institute SUBJECT Course Report - Midcareer Course No. 46, 23 March - 25 April 1975 1. :Dike most of its predecessors, Midcareer No. 46 quickly developed the close kinship, candor and active participation that contributed to building a fresh awareness and respect for the responsibilities and activities of all Agency elements, The class con- sensus wars that the program both met its formal stated objectives and provided an invaluable personal experi- ence. The timing of this running was propitious, given the particular issues and concerns raised by the Seymour ~-iexsh articles, the Rockefeller and Congressional investi- gations, the Freedom of Information Act, Philip Agee, Z, 'The class composition reversed the trend towards younger participants. The average age of 39,2 was the highest since Course No. 33 in 1972. This was also an 11 unusually senior grou b rade, with eleven GS-14's p Y g and only 'two GS-12~s. Combined with the degree of insecu- rity about the role and organization of the Agency after the investigations, these factors may have contributed to the sober and intense character of their participation. Occasionally there was a degree of tension, as during the discussion of the Agency's responsibility for employees indicted :for civil or criminal crimes connected with per- formance of their duties. The class was very cooperative and responsive to the chairmen, but to some extent lacked the "free spirits' and sense of humor that have emerged in recent runnings. A roved For Release 2000/06/19~~P80-00536A0004000 0 1-5 1p pp ~ ~~~ E.-_IMPDET CL BY.a,1,Y.Q.S~Q. "a~ ,q Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CNi$0-00536A000#i~060001-5 S'tatista;cs 3, The 3Q students of M~:dGareex Course No, 46 represented all Directorates, Nine were from the Operations Directorate; eight from the Directorate fvr Administration; seven from the Intelligence Direc- torate and six from the Directorate for Science and Technology. The average grade was 13,3, with two GS-12rs, seventeen GS-13's, and eleven GS-14~s. An interesting bit of trivia on "career development" was that seven officers had come into the Agency at the GS-06 level or lower--one GS-14 entering as a GS-Q3. The average age was cited earliex (39.2), with a spread of thirty-three to forty-six. The average Length of service was twelve years, and ranged from four to twenty-four years. N~aj or Changes 4, The one major change was the New York field trip--a first on all counts, as we went by bus to New York City for briefings by CALTEX Petroleum Company, the EBI Field Office and the Chase Manhattan Bank. The trip will be discussed later in this report. A second significant addition was a presentation by Hank Knoche on the Rockefeller Commission's focus and functioning, and its working relationships with the Agency. Mr. Knoche came on short notice following the cancellation of Mr. Duckett's presentation on Agency management. 5. The initial formal segment of the program-- the Obstacles exercise--provided for lively exchange and the surfacing of a wide range of concerns about the Agency in general and professional career develop- ment. Th.e interest generated is best reflected in the evaluation comments that (1) more time should have been devoted to these discussions, and (2) a return to the issues at the end of the program via small group discussions would have been profitable. The exercise generated. many of the questions that made for active formal anal informal discussion periods throughout the five weeka . Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 tae i Approved For Rele~~ 2000/06/19F';~~1~4?2P80-00536A000~0060001-5 k e.s~ 4 6. ~~Ir. J31ake, the opening speakex at ~, gave conside~alble attention to his personal views on the Future direction of the Agency after offering a brief overview of his Directorate. Tlie DDA had appeared before the Rockefeller Commission earlier in the day and volun'Ceered his impressions of the Commtteers concerns and attitude. 7. 'f he remainder of Phase T went according to schedule, with a few speaker substitutions. The class w'as somewJiat frustrated by its inability to learn more about the Neither they nor the chairmen knew of the DCTts personal injunction against discussing this activity. Both the DDT and 't=he DDO received high marks for their candor, and the chairmen agreed they had never heard the DDO as open and responsive. We do need to coordinate the NPTC and SAS presentations, as there is considerable repetition of narrative and viewgraphs. Both elements serve impor- tant functions, and we would not suggest the answer be to eliminate one or the other. A pleasant surprise was the fine presentation and discussion session provided by OMS, usually one of the less stimulating segments of the program. 8. Tn Phase TT, presentation was excellent in tracing the evolution of the Intelligence Community as an entity. Unfortunately he arrived late and there was no time for uestions. Filling in for George Cap?ver, followed with a low-keyed profile of the functioning of an NIO. The highlights of Phase ]fT were General Samuel Wilson on the IC Staff, Colonel C]Linton Granger on the National Security Council, and Commander Lionel Olmer on PFIAB. Colonel Granger had just returned from a fact-finding mission to Vietnam with the Elrmy Chief-of-Staff, General Weyand, and painted a picture that prepared us for the collapse even as the Administration was appealing for more military funds. Cdr. 01mer had recently accompanied PFIAB member Leo Cherne on a trip studying economic intelligence efforts abroad, acid drew upon this to provide insights into the functions and workings of the Board. Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 ~~~ Approved For Release 2000/06/19"ACA'-P80-00536A000~0060001-5 9. A,t tb,e a o$ite end of tb.e evaluata:on s-beet 25X1A wex e #rom NSA and 25X1A from DxA, the former a creature of his slatdes and the lattex of his viewgraphs. Neither was particularly effective in open discussion followin their canned (or ''projected"?) briefings, was criticized 25X1A by some for offering a narrow view of INR. He did focus on the operations of his office (Latin America), but we would contend that his more s'warking level" view did provide useful insights. Indeed, one caution with which we do approach evaluations is to appreciate that when one gets the latter view, the complaint is often that the speaker was not from a sufficiently high level-- but when one gets the senior manager, the complaint is that he cannot deal with the substantive facets, This problem is in part resolved in the Agency presentations through the mix of formal presentations by senior officers and IP's by class members. No such compatible arrangement has been devised for s'out-of-Agency" offerings. 10. The New York field trip received mixed reactions. The Chase Manhattan briefings and luncheon in the bank's executive dining room were an unqualified success. Most of the officers who briefed us attended the luncheon, sitting around so that each class member was in easy con- versational reach of a Chase official. The CALTEX and FBI briefings were less well received. The criticism of CALTEX stemmed in large measure from the last-minute change of venue. The hotel accommodations were poorly arranged for effective presentations and discussion, although the senior CALTEX officers did encourage open exchange and emphasized that they wished to focus on our concerns rather than their own. The President's candor was exemplified by his response as to why we were not meeting on CALTEX premises. The-FBI briefing was given by the special agent in charge of espionage (or what we would call "counter-intelligences'). The session was devoted to questions and answers after some brief intro- ductory remarks on the office's missions. The briefing lasted as long as there were questions (over an hour), and was followed by a tour of the facilities. Consider- able class criticism focused on the tour, an unexciting exercise as there were no sophisticated displays and the records operations was unbelievably archaic! There were rows upon rows of safes, little evidence of auto- Approved For Release 2000/06/19 ~ 80-00536A000400060001-5 ~~~`? Approved For Release 2000/06/19: ~1A~R~3,~$0-00536A000~pp060001-5 mation, and no indication that-.any areas were denied to us?, We did not anticipate that the-tour would reveal such a primitive (by our own standards) operation --particularly in the largest FBT field office (_1000 agents). We would suggest the tour be eliminated- in the future. We found this an extremely informative trip, and would recommend a repeat in the future. The 11. Phase ITT on "World Affairs" went smoothly, with just one cancellation-- on "Energy: Challenge of the 70's." We could not find an adequate substitute, as our "backstops" in the "energy business" had all taken off for Paris for an international con- ference included!). We used the time for a class member to show a film on lasers and discuss same, as his individual presentation had aroused great interest in the potential applications of this new technology. Outstanding marks were given to ant Secretary of Defense Robert Murra The one new addition was 25X1A and formerly with the Unite Nata.ons. e actua y offered three lectures in one--the role and significance of the United Nations today (his formal topic), the per- formance of the People's Republic of China in the U.N. during it.s first year of membership, and reflections on Henry Kissinger based on twenty-five years of contact (they were doctoral candidates together at Harvard in the early? 1950's and have maintained their friendship). Criticism was levied at the Assistant 25X1A NT0 for Strategic Programs, or too many viewgraphs and too much detail in discussing the US-Soviet Strategic Ealance, and at Dr. R. T. Ravenholt for concentrating mare on hiis own bureaucratic problems at ATD and dis- cussing technology for curbing the population explosion without devoting sufficient attention to the dimensions of the world's population growth problems. 12. General Wilson and John McMahon attended the class reception in the Executive Dining Room during the final week. (A11 DDs or their deputies had been invited). The affair was relaxed, with the only criticism it wasn't Approved For Release 2000/06/19 ? ~80-00536A000400060001-5 ~ ~~ Approved For Rele~,e 2000/06/19 ? ~~ily.~rt~?Y~~ ? 80-00536A0004p0060001-5 L: - EJ~~ ? long enou~ghR The course ended on a ha.gh note with an hour wzth the DCZ, about forty minutes o~ whzch was dedicated to questions and answers, problems 13. The only problem was the field trip, with the details spelled out above. 14. The second problem--better described as a disappointment--was the cancellation of Mr. Duckett~s presentation. He was the only deputy director the class did. not hear, and this marked the third con- secutive cancellation of his presentation to a Midcareer course. Summary of Class Reaction 15. Every class members overall evaluation was favorable. Each singled out the importance of extended contacts with their eers from other offices and. 25X1A directorates. The ~ period was a particularly welcome one, away from home and office, Several suggested we lengthen the time for individual presentations, as these frequently gave better insights into a component's operation than the formal briefing on that office. 16. On a scale of 1 to 7, Phase T was evaluated as 5,4, phase IT as 4.5 and the last phase at 5. The lower rating for Phase TI reflects the exasperation with the DTA and NSA presentations, and to a lesser degree with those of TNR and the FBT. Approved For Release 2000/06/1 ~ ~ ~, P80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A00040@060001-5 NiIDCAREER CCIURSE OPENING DAY 17 March 1975 Raom 916 Chamber of Commerce Building PHASE I THE AGENCY 23 March - $ April 1975 Headquarters Area INTELLIGENCE INSTITUTE OFFICE OF TRAINING Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T S-E-C-R-E-:T Approved For Rele~e 2000f06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536AOO~d0060001-5 MIDCAREER COURSE N0. 46 CHAIRMAN: Room 921, Cham er of Commerce Extension 2063 TRAINING ASSISTANT: Rvom 921, Cham er of~Commerce Extension 2063 Room 921, Chambex of~Comm~rce Extension. .2,0.63 Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-F-f:-R-F-T S-E-'C-R-U-~' ~ ... Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A00040006~3'b1-5 MIDCAREER GOURSE The Midcareer Course was started in 1963 to ~x`ova,de an opportunity for promising, middle-level. officers i:a broaden their professional horizons. The Course has become well-known throughout the Agency as an important aspect of career development as well as a forum for the exchange of views between senior mangers from many com- ponents of CIA and course participants. COURSE OBJECTIVES ~didcareer Course, members are. expected too: 1. Gain a broad understanding, of the Aygency as a whole, the directorates and components other than their own, and .af~ issues of current concern. to Agency manag`e~ner~t 2. Increase their knowledge of the other elements of the Intelligence Community and the policy making process. 3. Obtain insight into national and inter- national developments of significance that bear on the U.S. foreign intelligence effort. PHASES The Midcareer Course is divided into three phases which in succession emphasize each of the three objectives. You should, however, keep in mind that the range of subject matter covered in each of the phases contributes to the attainment of all three objectives. Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T ' Approved For Rele~e 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536AOOO~f30060001-5 MONDAY,~`24 March 1975 25X1A 0800-0830 Welcome and 25X1A e~curity ~3rie in please convene in Classroom 11) PHASE I--THE AGENCY The Course opens with an examination of the organization, mission, role, and functions of the Central Intelligence Agency. Most of you have spent your careers in one DirectoratE~, some in one Office or division, and even a few in one branch, therefore, our objective in this Phase is tc~ open up the Agency to your critical, inspection,. to broaden your perspectives on the operations of other offices anti Directorates, and to offer you new insights into how your job relates to the larger picture of the inteZZigenc;e process. 0845-0900 Course Administration Block i--Mutual Perceptions: The Agency and Us In the first Block of this Phase you will consider how you, as Midearearists, see yourselves as employees and haw you view the A;7encry. You will have an opportunity to discuss mutual problems and to suggest solutions. The role of the Directorate of Administration taiZZ be discussed, as will legal and media relationships. Finally, those officers primarily concerned with personnel and security matters will discuss their perceptions of the problems of people in the Agency. 0910-1200 Team Exercise: Midcareerist Obstacles This team exercise is designed to bring our collective thoughts, as a class, to bear on problems that we have individually perceived at one time or another. We want to identify and clarify obstacles that intrude upon individual career development or on the reaZi~ation of Agency missions. We will then seek to formulate or suggest ways of overcoming them. The exercise should surface anal bring into focus shared individual concerns and concerns about the. Agency that we may explore through- out the entire five seeks. Lunch Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-P-E-T Approved For Release 26 0 06/1: ~A~DPBD-00536'A0004000~1-5 MONDAY, 24 March 197' 1300-1500 Team Reports 1900-2100 An Evening with the D~pU~t Director ~or~ ' m nistrat ~b~= 25X1A Jahp F._ Blake The DDA will speak briefly on-the current status of his Z~irectorate, bringing you up to date on recent changes and giving yotc Otis ,views an the outlook for .future activities. He zuouZd then Zike'to`discuss those questions and problems which are of particular"interest and .c?ncern to you. Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T S-E-C-R-E-T Approved For Rele~.e 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000#~i0060001-5 TUESIIAY, 25 March 1975 0800-0930 Readin Class Intelligence 'Institute,,Office of Training, Study Guide:. The Or anization of CIA, January 1975, p. an c art. EGRET. "CIA and the Congress," udies in Intelligence, Vol 18 No. ~, simmer 1974. 5~c.x~T No Foreign Dissem Rep. Lucien Nedzi, "Oversight or Overlook: Congress-and the 'U5 Intelligence Agencies," pp 15-20, Studies in Intelligence, Vol 18 No. 2, ECRET No Foreign Dissem Director of Central Intelligence, Statement to the Presidential ;~~ Commission on CIA Activities within the United States, 13 January 1975. Statement by W. E. Co'iby, D,CI, Eefore Defense Subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, February 20, 1975.- Statement by W. E. Colby, DCI, .Befo;.re Government Infoxmation and Individual Rights Subcommittee of the E~ouse Government Operations Committee,, l~ia~rch 5 , 197 5 .. 0945-1045 The A enc 's Relations George L. Car wi-''t1~ ongress ~ legislative ounsel The Agenc~~ occupies an unusual, if not unique, position in the endemic contest between the Executive and Legislative branches of Government. Our speaker will review Congressional relations? describing the rrrechanisms responsible'-for over- sight, anti rvi;ZZ share his impressions of the .attitudes in Congress toward the Agene~ in this time ?f change. Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C?R-:L-T ~. S-E-C-R-E-T ~ Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A00040006vov1-5 1100-1200 CLA in Court -. s. Deputy (~~,::~:.. t Cquns~l One of the major problems. ~onfx~ontzng 'the Ag~eriey todag is the requirement to, maintain the~~ecurity.vf~Agen~y operatzvna in a free societ~-=uihich often means defense against chaZZenges in court. A representative of the G~nerat?~ounseZ uri,ZZ hzgh- Zzght the ~hanging.Zegat eZ,imate that aff~cta the .Agency's operations and security... , Lunch' 1300-1400 The___~~A~~~~~~e~~n~~~c 's Relations ~n us M. Th~termer wit~~ ~ress - . ~~ ssastant to tTie .l~ireetor The probtem of the Agency's image as ref.Zeeted in the press is of concern. Dur speaker tvitl discuss the various aspects of the problem and ho~v the Agency deals,w.th it. .~~ 1415-1515.: Film: To Be Announced. ,_ ~ ~D~nner ....R Bvening Session Redwood G.eor e. L. Car ngus uermer Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 5-E-C-R-E-T 5-E-'C-R-E-T Approved For Rele~re 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536AOOO~b060001-5 WEDNESDAY, 26 March 1975 0830-0930 Reading: ,- - .: . _ , ;Class CIA, ~E~m~toyee Bulletin No. 397, "New Approa-cries to sonnel.Management," 1 April 1974,. ADA4INIST'RATIVE - :,INTERNAL. USE -ONLY Office: of Personnel (a briefing...pre- pared far Harold Brownmang DDM~;S), ?'Annual Personnel. F1an,9? ADMINISTRATIVE. INTERNAL USE ONLY-., " ----------------- --, Annual Personnel Plan: Comment Sheet, .DMINIST TIVE - U E. - --------------------, Annual Personnel Plan, FYI 74~75~ . (TabL~e o ontents only.; t e actua orms are available for e~camination), ADMINISTRATIVE -.INTERNAL. USE ONLY --- -, Personnel Dev~elo~.- - merit -Pro ram--FY 197S,~1~M~~STRA~` VI E - S --,--, Personnel Deve~lo?.- ment Pro ram Re ort Formatr s--section I,: N RA V - A E , L~ ----- -. -.------- -, PAP .Charts and forms--Executive-level Aevel.opment, and two Samplemodels for Developmental 'Profiles; available. for examination, ADMINISTRATIVE - INTERNAL USE-ONLY Central Intelligen:ce::Agency, Affirmative Action Plan for Equal Employment Opportunity, Calendar Year 1.975,;UNC~.ASSIFIED Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-.C-R-E-T . _ S-E-C-R~E-T .~, Approved For Release 2$00/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 WEDNESDAY, 26 March 1975 0945-1045 Secux_i__t~ i~n the Agency-Toa~ay Charles ~~ ~' _~~an irecta~ ..., ~ , .:~:~~.;."ty the Office of Seeuri:ty sahaz~ged urith g~cardng Agency secr~~`s against a variety of threats and aceident$: ?'he.foreign inteZtigenee threat is still present, using ever more sophis- ticated methods and equipment;"but in addition, security- reZated problems of safeguarding information and instatlatz:ons, both in the U. S. and abroad,. have become more numerous and complex. Mr ICa~te..wiZZ :describe the erivirorrment ,within rahteh the Office of Secuirity works and raha~~._Zts major current alJt2vZtti68 are. 1100-1200 ~ The Freedom of. Infarr~ation .. 25X1A Act an is ~~ripact.; or>>: ssistant to DDA f~r.Coordination Our speaker ruiZl duttina briefty the provisions of the 1986 Freedom of Information Act and the effects, of its;imptementation on government departmer{,ts ~szd agenci?es~ 1~~cutivg Drder ~1.t652 ~riZZ be discussed and the Agency's procedures and.., experieru~e deaZzng urith declassification `requests :,rill be detailed. The 1994 amendments to the Freedom of Information Aet iaiZZ be outlined and emphasis uriZt be placed on,the %mpact of. the-amendments on GIA. e Agency and ee,E++.e~~ l~`-.' Fr~~ ne Th _ _ ~t s-fie-~ o-pie ~'~'~'~`~ . ~"~ ~. r e c t o.r o ,~,`ann e 1 ~. ~~~~~ . Our speaker uriZZ describ6 and clarify the underlying philosophy of the new personnel management tools--ArtnuaZ Personnel Plan (APP) and Persori~eZ Dev~Zopment Program;(PDP1--that came from the Personnel Approgchea Study ,Group IPASG).: He evi~Z. also describe other ma~te~e of personnel znanc~gement in rahieh the Office of Personnel` has u key ro.te,~. as r~eZZ as t~tose for, uih~zeh OP has a monitoring and guidance function. :1415-1515 Equai' Em~loym~nt: + "- . opportunity; i~, the - - , Director o qua A enc ~ Employment Opportunity Programs The DCI is firmly ecmmitted to achieve squat employment opportunity for atZ CIA employees. uriZZ describe the mature of tare problem and the actions to be taken to attempt to solve it. Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-]~~-T S-E-C-R-$-T Approved For Relea~a2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A0004~060001-5 WEDNESDAY, 26 March 1975` 25X1?A -1525-1615 Film:, To Be Announced 25X1A . 1900-2100 Evening Session - - Charles W.'Kane Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T S-E-C-R-E-T Approved For Release 00/06/'f9 ,;CIA~RDP80-00536A0004~g001-5 ,... THURSbAY, ~`.7_l~arch 19T5 ~ ~''' ~' 0800.0830 Readin I:ey Intelligence uestions for 'i smear ~~'f~ D C 17 53?- 7 4 , _? Aug 4. S RET Director of Central Intelligence, Pers ect~ves for Intelli_~~nce, July 1974, 13p. SECRE'~ No Foreign Dissem glass Dte~tor of:,G~ntral I~tellgence~ 0845-0945 Individual Presentations Block II--Collection and Processing Intelligence coZZection rests at the base of the intelligence process where the most money and manpower is expended. We begin with the area of human coZZection for which the Agency has a unique responsibility. We will then Zook at technical coZZection systems of today and those we can expect tomorrow and retate the impact of these on us aZZ as inteZZigence officers. We will see how hwnan and teehnicat intelligence interrxct and complement each other. 1000-1130 The Peoples Republic a~Fiina ssistant . eputy Chief, East Asia Division for China Operations Our speaker will describe the coZZection activities against the Peoples Republic of China. Ae wilt cover the status of China as an intelligence target, analyse the impact of more recent international events on coZZection activities--the border etashes with the USSR-and the former President's visit to the mainland--and indicate the ZeveZ of the DDO coZZection effort against the PRC. The Soviet Union as an gerational arget_ -- Soviet/ East European Division Despite the recent trends toward more cordzat relations between the USSR and the US, the Soviet Union remains one of the two "hard targeta'~ for the Operations Di.rsetorate. Our speaker this a to,,~o ZZ serzbe ap roaches~~to the target and the difficulties Apprd'~.drt'~~~~a~~y~~0~~? t~-LlOS~6~~~~6?1-5 S-E-C-R-E-T S-E-C-R-E=T ~? ` Approved For Releas~2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A00040~60001-5 THURSDAY, 27 `March- 197: 25X1A 1415-1515. -Meld Station Activ~.ti~' e - 2J a ~. East ' l~yis i.~n. Hour a typical field station is organized to accomplish its objectives, how it receives and acts on new re~~a~~,rements for both(' and hom it interc^_~~ts with Headquarters are -some of the c/uestions u~hieh uriZZ be coni sidered hy'the speaker. Fle will also describe the relation- ships between CIA and other-overseas agencies particuZarty the State Department, inhere there is'some overtop of reporting responsibilities. Dinner 1900-2100 Evening Session - Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S.-E-C-R-E-T 25X1A Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 Next 1 Page(s) In Document Exempt Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E=T .~ Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RD'P8b-Ob536A00b4001001-5 MONDAY,~31 March 1975 "Science, Technolo:~.~ . and Change: Implications for the CentAaa Intelligence Agency." January 1972. SECRET Planning Study for Research a.~:~.F~:~eveiopment, Some Likel Ke Intellig~:r~~:e._~ _.~.dons for tie ~9~ 4~ s , DP 1, 1 June 19 I ~+ . S~~CR~'fi to Foreign Dissem Background Use Only A Stud of Climatoio ical Research as it Pertains to ntelli ence Problems, RD 2, u~t 19 4. ON DENT AL C A NTERNA:L USE ONLY 0845-4945 Individual Presentations X000-1130 The Office of ems- merit and 'D~p. ~.rector~r End ee"~r~"~'-` Deveiopmei~t aind Engineering The principal exotic systems now in use will be described ao laymen can understand what they do, how they do it, what the product is and how it is used. We will also hear of the technical achievements that Zie dust ahead and for which we should be getting read now before they overwhelm us. Lunch 1230-1330 FLINT Activities '~4? erector o T What is FLINT? A conducted tour around the world of US FLINT facilities, including those of our close allies, will be an important part of this presentation. Speaiat progrerms and future capabilities will be covered, as weZ2 as how actual operations are carried out. 1345-1500 The Office of Research and Development p~,~. zrector o Research and Development This is the office that takes a "far.-out?1 Zoak at science and technology to see what it can do for us to keep ahead of the lead time problem. This small group pushes "the state of the art?' of US science to the outer limits fvr the nation's benefit. We will hear exarnpZes of w/act's already been done and what's on Apprgbjs~l ~pa~a3&~0/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 25X1A Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T ,err Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 Block III--Intelligence Production. The final step in the intettigenee proeese is the production. of fini:alied~inteZligera~e. During this ,BZaak we consider four types of.finshed inteZZ.igenee--economic,"~po~itical, scientific and military. '. 0800-0900 Reading (continued) Class 0900-0930 Individual Presentation 0945-1045 The Office of Political 25X1A esearc ~'eputy erector ` of Political Research This Office was created primarily to conduct paZitieaZ and inter- disciplinary research in depth, rather t?~um current intelligence. The Deputy Director of OPR will discrusa the rationale behind its formation, its current status and activities, and what he believes the future hotds in store. 1100-1200 The A enc 's Role in 25X1A urrent me igence ]5eputy ~'irector o ` ~ Current Intelligence One of the major missions of the Agency is to .provide rapid world-zride intelligence reporting and analysis for the highest policy-making levels, including the President. The Deputy Director of Caczment InteZtigenee will relate how his Office meets this current reporting function and describe the problems, both substantive and organizational, which OCI faces in satisfying this requirement. 1300-1400 A A1ew E~~__m~~hasis on conomic~eseaxcTi 25X1A Ifeputy erector o Economic: Research The deteriorating position of the US in the world economy is a problem which has had a particular impact upon the operations of the Office of Economic Research. Our guest Witt describe hour the policy makers' interests in economic inteZZigence have shifted and how OER has met the new and increasing demands for finished economic inteZligenee. Hs wilt discuss the organizationat changes OER has made, as well as the changes in its requirements for intelligence coZZection. Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S- s-C-R-E-T S-E-C-R-E-T Approved For Releasa~000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000401~60001-5 25X1A TUESDAY,:_1 April 1975,-:_ 1415+-15110 InformaY Session. Dinner 1.940-21.80 An Evening with the Edward W. Proctor e ut llirector or . nte~ igence ' The DDI utiZl share his perspective on the is8ues and problems which currf;ntZy confront-his Directorate. In this broad overview, he will cover the changes .and innovation~~zahicli have already beE,n made in the organization of the Directorate and in its intelligence product, as well as additional alterations which may yet be undertaken. He also wants to have an informal exchange of views on the relationship of the intelligence producers to both the intelligence collector-and the consumer of finished inteZ- Zigenee Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 Approved For Release 00/06/13 ~IA~R~P~O-D0536A000400~001-5 h'EDNESDAY, .2~ A ril -197.5 25X1A .0$30.-0930 Indvidua~l~ P`xes.entati'o~'s r j -~F 0945-1045 Tl~e?a enc 's Res onsibi.l,it ..' 25X1A In trategic esear~c' sting irec ox of Strategic Research The speaker taiZZ discuss OSR's rote in the production of military inteZlzgerrae, differentiating its efforts in this fietd from that of other Agency and non-Agency components. ;. He uziZZ trace the history of military inteZtigence rvork.in the-Agen~iy and mitt describe current- research prorz~ves ;and pralaZems. Xe r~rZ't also discuss probtems and issues Fier?cor~froizts ag ari office manager.? 1100=1200 The Office of Weapon_s~` Ernest J.' ~_e1~.mor' ~ntel~igence '. _irect.ar o - capons The Office:of?Weapo~$ IMteZ~Zzgence is an important producer of`' S. finished iri~eZ~igenGa' for .the DDS&T. `Mr.. Z.eZZmer zrizz discuss tlae .wads ~in r~hich "OWI uses rara`-data from tetemetry, imagery, radar tracking and othar i~rtformation~to build a coherent picture of, the capa~iZities aric~.~~performanee aharacteristies of a stz~xtegic weapons system.- Examples wilt be given of actual cases. 1300-1400 The Production of Kar1H. Weber; cienti is Intelli once Director o~~ Scientific Intelligence The focus of this presentation will be upon the function of the Office of Scientific InteZZigence as a producer of finished inteZZigence reports. The Director of Scientific InteZZigence will discuss the functional and geographic areas of eoneer-x to this Office, the relationships with other producing components in CIA and in the InteZZigenee Community, current priorities, and the types of finished inteZZigence produced by its various components. 1415-1515 The National Photo~aphic John '~'. H'?oks' nter rotation enter Director, atonal rena A~ ~` Photographic Interpretation Center Atthough NPIC is predominantly a proaesser, it is closely involved with research and development personnel, eoZtectors, and producers. It provides a rnasa of critical information for use in the finished intelligence report and in the decision mocking process. The Director of NPIC will discuss his support to the Intelligence Community. Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T " Approved For Release.~2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A00040~0001-5 I~EDNESDAYr 2: A ri,Z 1975 25X1A 25X1A 1900-2100 Evening Session - rnPst ~ e Imes ar ~H . ~~ ~ ~ ~r~ o~~n ~'~~, ~ Hlc s: Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C.-R-E-T S:-E :C-R=,~-T Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-R~P80-00536A0004000~60001-5 THURSDAY, 3 A xih 1975 25X1A `Brock ~V--Support to the Intelligence Process Intel"Zgertee collection, processing and production require a variety of support mechanisms. Z?uri.ng the next two days you uriZZ hear about some of these activities and visit one of our major support facilities. 0800-0930 Individual Presentations 0945-1045 Lo iis~ti~c~al Support of Michael J. Malanick envy Acti iv ties erector a ogistics rogist~~ yeas changed eta emphasis greatly since the winding dorm of activity in Southeast Asia a7id the present disinclination of the Administration to engage in any more large scale paramilitary ventures. These changes in emphasis and their effects will be described for us as they have become part of the "new Zook" in the Zdgisticss field. 1100-1200. The Role of Com uters Harz E. Fitzwater in ~~u -ort o~ Agency ir~ctor o aint~ ~.ctivitles Computer Support The computer is here to stay in the Agency--as an information processor, as an analytical tool, and as an aid to managers and management. Mr. F~tswater'wiZZ acquaint you with current and pro~eeted uses of computer`?systems in the Agency and des- cribe the role and responsibilities of his office. He will also describe some existing programs and how OJCS can be heZpfut to you as a potential user of computers. 1300-1415 Developments in Agent ommunicat one ~ rector o Communications Communications are a vital Zink in aZZ activities of the Agency, both at Headquarters and ouerseas. Our speaker rriZZ describe the various forms of communications handled by his office, the types of equipment employed, and the outlook for the future in terms of advancing technology. Following presentation 25X1A there will be a demonstration of equipment used in covert operations. Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T S-E-C.,~.-E-T Approved For Releas~000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A00040~60001-5 25X~'IURSDAY 3 A rl 19.7,5. , 1430-1500 Covert Communications c{uiPment Demonstration Dinner 25X1A 1900-2100 Evening~Session - - I~~~,a~l ~'., A!Ialana.ck ~.rrv it swat ~r . Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T S-E-C-R-B-T Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400001-5 FRIDAY, 4 A ri1 1975' 0800-OJ30 Individual Presentations :, 0945-104 5 Financial Operations Thomas B. Yale in'-`tTie A~~ Director of Finance FinanezaZ operations within the?Agenc~~ar~~eomp~Zex and require careful control. Like many' other offices in the Ageru~y, our, speaker's of fiee has had to reorganize itself to do more with Zess. He,wiZZ.deseribe his office's objectives and diseus~_r~ui simplifying d~ st~eamZinirig techniques and .the increasing, use of computers to`pexform routine tasks. 1100-1215 ~~The A enc 's Medical 25X1A ervices_ ~~r! o~*S In an organization such as ours the physical and mental health of` its emptoyees is of paramount importance. The speaker and panel members will describe how the Agency's Office of Medical Services provides u~orZd--side support to its human resources. Then will Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T Approved For Releas~?E000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A0004~160001-5 MONDAY', 7 A ri1 .1975 {Local Fiel~+d~rip ~an a-a~'fc quarters) ...r 0800 Car pools depart for` 25X1A _ 0900-1200 Technical Service in David S. $'randwein upport o Operations Director o Technical Service The Office of Techniea2 Service primarily provides technical support to operations of the DDO. Yau wi.ZZ have an overview of these{aC'tivities and then tour OTS faCZZitieS to learn of the kinds of equipment and support u~hieh the Office can sup~Zy. Briefings and Tour of Laboratory 1215 Car pools depart for Headquarters Lunch 1400-1515 The Deputy Director's .y~lliam E.` Nelson View o the Operations Isirectorate oom~,~) Mr. NeZsa-uiiZZ present an overview of his Directorate and his thoughts on. the,. future of its operational responsibilities. Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536p000400060001-5 Approved For Release.20:00/06/19` CIA~RDP8U-Oa536A000400060001-5 TUESDAY $ A ri1 197"5 ~ ' ra"n~C am. er o Commerce Bui"lding) 0815. ~ Taus' leaves fram Chamber of Co~iunerce Building for : ~~ ~ , . Meet at rear-; - a am er o Commerce Building. 0900.-1130.: Thee Imagery Analysis Geor,~e ~~?' .t~llen Service.. Director, ,Imagery -- Analysis Service The Director ruiZZ discuss the role of SAS in: support of intelligence production and operatiorra..companents' of CIA focusing particular attention upon the support provided to on going disarmament talks--SALT and MBFF~. Yau rviZZ then have an opportunity to visit indi~iduott,companents and talk informally with the PI anaZ~sta. " teria 25X1A Caf~ ; Lunch - 1230 Bus to Chamber o.f Commerce Building 1315-1415 Phase I Evaluations and.. Course Administration ~ieadquarters`" Auditorium 1500-1700 "Government and the Press" Geor a E". steed ormer ress Secretary to President Lyndon B. Johnson (Class members milt have the opportunity to hear the seventh presentation in the Agency's Guest Speaker Progrcvn for 19?4/75.) Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T S-E-C-R-E-T Approved For Releas~?~b00/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000406~60001-5 MIDCAREER COURSE NO. 46 THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY ~ -- prl 1 5 Chamber of Cor.~me~ce Building PHASE III WORLD AFFAIRS (14~~~r~T~975) Chamber of Commerce Building Iieadc{uarters Area and Field Trap INTELLIGENCE INSTITUTE OFFICE OF TRAINING Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A00~~(~006~~'1-5 OI3030 S-E-C-R-E-T S-E-C-R-E-T Approved For Releasr~1000/06/19: CIA-RDP80=00536A00040~60001-5 WEDNESDAY,.9 Aril-1975- (Roo+m x`33- ~-~ea o'.ers and Room 916, Ch~reiber of Commerce Bi~iililing) ~~HASE II--THE-INTELLIGENCE COI~IUNITY Now .that yo:ti have an appreciation. for the issues-and problems which face CIA today and an acnderstanding of the organization of the Agency, we turn to the Intelligence Community. ,Speakers representing most of the other members of the.Community will provide us wit12 insights into the problems thsy face in their own agencies-and with respect. to each other. 0915-1045 The Intelligence James .?. Hitchcock ommunity Consultant to ~NR, department of State We begin Phase II on the Community with an overview of its composition. Our speaker, a farmer Agency official with wide experience, will dis- cuss floe components of tl2e Comrrrunit?~, how they interact, and how they obtain their resources in an era of ever constricting allocations. so~~ec ~~+/e.t+s: ~ajibence ~~rs The National Intelligence Officer system /has been introduced to provide tlae Director with a small group of officers drazm from the Intelligence Community responsible for specific subjects or areas. Our speaker wiZZ discuss the origins of this coraeept, how it is evoZving,.and w~acxt Zies ahead. 0 icers "~~~~, ~, for Natio ~nte~. i~ence-' ~~.r~ou~-~ ~,~ ~~p -...,....~o ~ieI II00-1200 The Natio.Yal (Return to Room 916, Chamber of Commerce Building) 1330-1430 Tlae United States Bruce A. Lowe nt~e l~igence Board E:cecuti:ve Secretary, USIB Our speaker dais afternoon will discuss the role of the United States Intelligence Board and z.t$ support to the DCI in pro- ducing national intelligence required for the formulation of national security policy. He will give examples of how USIB coordinates-some of the major intelligence taslts and highlight changes in the role of the Board since Mr. Colby has been DCI. Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T S-E-C-R-E,T. ~ Approved For Release-2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-O'0536A000400D60001-5 WEDNESDAY,. 9 April 19;75 (Room 7'~ , :-Keadq,uar~e s and Room 915,.. Ch~~ther ,off, C.om~nerc,~: Bui,ldiri~) 1445-2600 Thd Presiden~~G:'~s For~~.g~ Cdr. Lionel H. Olmer ntellz~ence A vzso~ S~reczal Assistant Bow- to the Executive Secretary, P.FiA~'~: Tizie &~ard, composed of outstanding private:cztiaens,`meets periodi?cal Zt/ in Washington and. eccr~ied out independent .studies , of US fcr~zgn inteZZigenee activities on behalf of the Pre,Bident. Our speaker wiZZ discuss the present membership of t:he Pcard, the kinds of activities it Zooks into,:a~~d hots the President . uses the Board. :The speaker uri ZZ give us his . viez~s as ; to U~hat the futura-:,may hq.Zd for this advisory orgarciaation~: Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T ,.S-E-C-R-E-T Approved For Releas1~~CIlj1~~P801(~05~3~~,Q~0040b~i4S0001-5 (Room 91G, ari er o Commerce wilding) ~~ 0830-0930 Tnd.ividual Presentaticins 0945-1045 The National Security: Gp1.'Clinton Granger Council Un er the ~?N.a o 1 Security or A minr.stration Council Staff- The 1U0'C mechanism evarks differentZ~ under every President. Cher spetcker wiZ.Z discuss how the current system works and how it is evolvin_x irr the -new Administration. Our speaker u~iZZ enumerate the White house priorities for the irr~nediate future-and for the longer mange: 1100-x:200 The :Bureau of G. Harvey Summ,r, Int.e igenee ]~~zrector, ice. and Research of Research-and Analysis for . African and American Republics,,INR The Departrrrent of State is first in the US Government. with inter-. national concerns. Although small in size, INR has a strong voice in the Community. Our speaker wiZZ.eZaborate on the role of INR, with particular attention to relations with the Agency at Name and abroad. 1300-1~~30' The National . ecu~rity agency Assistant to ttie Dean. of the Cryptolog~c P~Ianagement Faculty, National Cryptologic School The National Secur2ty Agency is the `principal US"organization in the SICLNT ,field.. The speaker wil'l' discuss NSA operations, partieuZarZ,r~ the effect of advancing technology en thF:i.r activities. Fie will also describe areas of mutual concern and e:.cpectations for the future. 1445-1615 The Defense. 25X1A nt? exigence .' ss~:st~nt epu~Gy . A enc Director fox Programmed Operations, DIA How well is our r>riZitary,counterpart doing n,cogrdinatin~ DOD intelligence ficnct~:ons? Are ,,the. areas of overlap ,undesirable duplication or desirable redz4radancy? ,What changes are being made? What does the future. hold for DIA in its relations to CIA and the other members of the' Comrmtinity? These are some ,d~' the questions to which-our speaker.wiZZ addre~a laimseZf. ; Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 . ;~~ ,~~: . S-E-.C-R-E-T S-E-C,-R-E-T ... ` Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80=00536A000400060001-5 FRII-A~,. _11..April 1~:7.~5 ~ .. , (Room 9i6~, C ism er of Commerce Buildings ' ~~900-1015 Cammunit --..~ ., , Tre~surY's Role in tn~ nI telli~ence... David N. I,aux atonal Security Affairs, ,'Treasury Advisor, Office of Na.t'ional ~eGUrity The Depcxrtment of the Treasury joined the United States ItzteZligenee board dust over two years ago because of the unique contribution intelligence can.. make to intermcrtional economic affairs. Our 'speaker zviZZ discuss Treasury's role and the kinds of i~cfo~ration tine InteZZigence Commirnity can provide for the:suecesafuZ conduct of US international economic policy. He wiZZ.'~rrrz~ide insights into what are considered the critical factors for the US in the world economic .~itua ~;~won. . 1030-'1200 The Intell.i ence , Lt. Gen. Sa~1ue1 V, . Communit ~- , . sori ~ ~:' y- ~ Deputy ~to the DCI for the Intelligence Comr..unity .. The President in November of 1971 directed additzonrxZ leadership and resource overview responsibility to the Director of Centra"L Intel- ligence as they relate to the InteZZigence Commz~nity. The DCI has. taken a range of notions to respond and`has.~.his Intelligence Conmz~nity sta f f to help him. We wi LZ hear o f the :approaches.,. being taken, the aceompZi~hments ae~ieved to date, and a picture of ZikeZy future issues. Ltineh 25X1A 1330-1500 The FBI and _ ante _1i ence. Chief, Counter- intellgence Branch, Intelligence Division, FBI As Agency employees, we have several questions concArning the~FBI and ircteZ2~gence: ,Where and how does ore draw the' dine between foreign and .dome8tic intelligence? What 'ttre' the ~ec~s o f contact betzJeen ?the Bureau .and the Agency? Haw are reZdtiorca between us now, arid,.does 'it Zook for the future? How does'-the Director of the ~'B1 view Diis Community responsibilities? TDur speaker zrriZZ _ .?.r /irre ___~ Z7DT/ Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T S-E-C-R-E-T Approved For Releasef000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400i~0001-5 FRIDAY,, llrApri 19.75 (2toom 916, ~.ham? ~r o~ ~omm~r.ce Building) 1510-1600 The A,enc 's 1 ewest T ~~ Tank Director, Centex .for the Study of Intelligence The apeaTte:r uriZZ diseuss the Agency's serious commitment to support the deveCoPment of an.inteZZgenee Ziterature based on the pro- position that inteZZigenee as theory, process, prod~a:~:t c~nd pro- fession me:hits rigorous study.. Approved For Release 2000/06/19 :CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T, ~- S-E=C-~-E~~'' ~~: r Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 RgONDAY 1~4~ __.AP .r~~..-,.7~9~~5 (Roorrt 916;: ~Tlam~~'r' ~~o~nerce Bui~clri~) f)830-0900 ~ Individual Presentatio~?~~., _.,: - 0900-.0945- Phase II Evaluations F:~SE III--WORLD AFFAIRS . The i~atermational environment within uihie3t the Agency Qperates has undergone some-importcxnt changes in recent years. National sectcrity as a national objective has required some redefinition,; whereas the Soviet threat remains paramount, new powers and threats are emerging. T~ationaZ welfare in a world of scarce resources and keen economic competition is demcrrtding its share of attention among US international objectives. It is the purpose of Phase III to bring you up to date on both the continuing and new national concerns as affected by world developments, arad to suggest the imp;xct of such developments upon the work of the Agency. 1000-1200 U.S. Farei~n Fol.icy Ja::~~s W. Spain ~~__..~_..~ ~ .? lii ~ lomat-in- ~n Pers~aec~~~e residence, Florida State University U. S. foreign policy has as basic objectives creating a better world order an.r? protecting American national interests. Translating these into practice result in conflicting demands upon the policymaker. P1r. Spain will consider these in reviewing the recent history and current directions of U. S. foreign poZiey, and the significance of prospective trends in foreign policy for inteZZigenee. 1500 Research in Pal Gus W. Weiss 1330- m ~ S. Coti?~ernmen.t die U senior to . ~'~` - ~- i_iemb er , C ounc i 1 on International Economy Policy Keeping abreast of current research and its possible implications ~is a major concern of the government. Our speaker will describe the nature of poZiey research, the use of outside experts, analytic methods employed aful major problem areas as seen from the top ZeveZs~~ of government. A ease study, ?'Computer Exports to the Soviet Union, will be used to illustrate the subject. Approved For Release 2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A000400060001-5 S-E-C-R-E-T Approved For Releaser2000/06/19: CIA-RDP80-00536A0004U1l~0001-5 TUESDAY 15 A ril 1975 (Room 916, ~' an, er o: Commerce Building) 0530-0900 Individual Presentation 0900-1030 The Multinational orpoxation Lawrence Krause enzor a ow,'- The Brookings Institution One of the mayor factors on the tinterraationaZ ec?nomtic scene today is the muZtinattionaZ carporattion. Our speaker, a student of the devE:Zopment of these organi2attians, will describe them and discuss their effect on international trade, balance of payments and US foreign policy interests. 1045-1215 _~"-_-~,.. -~~'^7-1?,*'~? ieS A. West 25X1A Ass 'ate Assistant _ _-_ ~tL~ ,~ 4~.F.s~aTr~~ ~ ~?# -Q, Admini ator for Importin ations, ~~~,,~ Federal En y Cct. ct oa Administrate ~~~t ~~~~ ~~ As the most technically ac?vaneed ration, the U5 consumes the most energy. WEa nov must co;npete in a vorZd-wtide market where the number of competitors is graving while ready supplies are decreasing. This presentation will focus on the impact of dwindling energy supplies on the traditional patterns of international poZtittics, regional groupings