SECRET SOCIETIES

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Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 
CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0
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RIPPUB
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C
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10
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December 22, 2016
Document Release Date: 
June 29, 2011
Sequence Number: 
172
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Publication Date: 
July 16, 1948
Content Type: 
REPORT
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 I C SIFfCATION 0014FITk1'NTIAL CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 'NI OR N &ORT COUNTRY China SUBJECT Secret Societies PLACE ACQUIRED China DATE 1CAMATION 1926, 1941 penis 0[ MIA. 0ZPIOWOl1o9 e? 11111 PUS II lw9NI111. 000? 99[9, 0*B S1 1f.09stow" DCoofi4;o P wW Of III; OOl0 PAP K oT111110 or US AIC;IPIPO AU$c1. T0(09OK00KOP COOTMPO INOg0ATN10 A/1/C7100 Tot OAPIOOAL WWI 0f 1111 011100 STAYS ?111110 110 "WIIIIO of API 101100109 ACI to P. 0. 1.. 1? 000 fL 01 A000At0. ITS 100100199100 09 K0t OIvrnAno0 DATE DISTR. 16 Jv.1y X948. NO. OF PAGES' 10 NO. OF ENCLS. (LISTED BELOW) SUPPLEMENT TO REPORT NO. THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION FOR THE RESEARCH USE OF TRAINED INTELLIGENCE ANALYSTS SOURCE Chinese Communiat document, A General Surve of the KO-l-.o-hui and the eh?i , Northwest Research. ocie y, Japanese ocumenT, Astor h+Secret Societies, South Manchuria Railway, 1926 tapprrentiy a translation of a new-language document of the eiuie title by Hira.yama Rataehi, Commercial Press of Sher!ghai, 1912, re,`inted 1935) (Translation specifically requested.,) `/PSoept vhere otherwise indicated, the accourte of the history and former organization and terminology are translated from A General. Surve of till So-iao-hui and the Ch-pen Details of modern organisation and terminology are rom History of Chinese Secret oldest a n d m o a t widespread o f secret societies in China. (In the with it ia also called the Kung-men-hui or Sung-pang,,) It had its origin sometime be tveen 1662 and 1796, although according to tradition it was during the de clire of the Ming Dynasty (prior to 1644) VEIL Ku T'iing-tin and others organ-. A. :early -le.-..?urs and Aoti51'oias The history and organization of the Ko-lao-hui show that it was princi- pally composed of bankrupt farmers, poor, people, manual laborers, vaesbonde, and the proletariat, its leaders vere made up of the learned elements and the landholding class opposed to the Manchus.. Its birth and history during the 200 and more years of the Manchu reign are closely associated with move- ments against the Manchus. When the Manchus came into power, they began to practice all forms of barbarous racial oppression and cruel fleecing, !zed the society. CONFIDENTIAL STAT' Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 CONE 4 Increasing themise a thereby arousing the anger hofftheepeopleoof alllclasses mwhoaohe:?i sheds and humanitarian ideals. Following the decline of the Ming Dynasty, opposition to tie Manchu reign began when Chong Ch?eng-kung, Sun goo-yang and othere aesembled in a small Section of southeast China to activate militarized resiet,,nce, This military opposition met complete defeat between the years 1662-1723. When they could-no longer rely on military might, these forces pursued their plans in regions where intense feeling against the Manchus existed among, the lower classes, Therefore, Stu Toing-lin, Huang Teung_,, and others travelled far and wide, bent on spreading propaganda and inatitating secret activities. Temples, monasteries, and nunneries became their organs, With their activities thus masked in Buddhism, they collected follovers and develop,:' power, (Disciples assembled at Shao-lin Monastery in Ronan Prov- lies to conduct activities against the Manchus, Ku Ting-lin m?-le three visits to this monastery). Another instrument used to further their purpose was the colonization of barren lands', yu Toing-lin, under this pretext, went to the Hu-lu.yu monster, in the northwestern part of Shansi. Followers congregated here to plan and oonduet mere activities. Tradition credits the number of fol- lowers as amounting to more than 100,000 in about 140 yearo up 1,o the period of the P'mperor Chin-ch'ing (1796-1821), 161ien the Manchu court Became aware of this, it set fire to the Stu-lu-yu monastery, Only a little over ten per- eons escaped. This small band sought refuge In Hingsia, A meeting place was established in the mountains. It is said to have been. located on the present site of the northwestern meeting place,. Another means used to foster their activities was to avail themselves of irrigation Improvements. Ku T'Ing..lin effectively put ,Into operation irrigation scheme, at Hu-too-ho In northweetern'Shensi where it is believed the Ma.Val-ehan lodge is now located. Rere he gathered his followers, Military arts were practiced to increase their strength. Wang Stung-shan lodged In Wu-kung-ehan, a part of T?ai-hang-shhan, Nhere he lrac"iced, boxing and fencing. The followers here numbered more than a thousand,, Banks were established for a dual purpose, to raise capital and funds and to serve as an organ for their activities, Po Ch'Ing-ohu, with more than 400,000 taels received from the very wealthy, set up banks in Shanxi, Ronan, and Anhuel. From the efforts of such individuals who, in their attempts to defy the Manchus, went into agricultural areas to carry on concealed activities, there emerged numerous types of secret societies opposed to the government. Among these was the No-lao-hui. Besides opposition to the Manchu administration, class economy was another basis for the creation of the ito-lao-hui, The greatest portion of the society was composed of bankrupt farmers, poor people, manual laborers loafers, and the proletariat In'general. The attitude of these glasses ofI people toward the prevailing situation and the demands of their livelihood could not help but foreshadow the eventual existence of the 90-lea-hut. This Society bad chivalrous ideals. It advocated a redistribution of wealth to aid the needy. To promote these ideas the society as "Attack Wealth, Help the Poor," "Support and Rescue atp Mgple heoDlntreeC Wealss slogans "Don't Dam Good Citizens," "Fxpel the Oppressive and Weal nd Unprincipled CONFIDENTIAL Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 STAT Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 l 1E In 1891, there occurred the "Mason (:ace." Mason was a foreign customs agent whom a member of the No-1an,-hui, Li fang had commissioned to Darcr s During the Tung-ohih era (18621875), the T'at-p'ing Rebellion was defeated. Li Rung-rhang'a brother returned to the ctpitnl fraan Kwangtung with a hundred merchandise-laden voseole., Selling down the Hsiang River (in Henan), he was interrupted by meuubere of the Sa-lao-hui who plundered 80 of the v.asels. Lhe following section is from A History of Chinese Secret Societies, 8 o . 7 uring the Tao-kuang era (1821_1 51) it took part in the Bvelchow Uprising of 1827, the SzechwanUprising of 1835, the T'ai-ping (Taiping) Rebellion of 1850-1864, and othera. mente such as the Chin-oh'uan Rebellion of 1778 and the Mohammedan Rebel- lion f 1 84 D Were the two primary characteristics of the Ko-lao-hui. Historically, the Kb-lao-hui is the beet known of all theta. ae??e+ a taro areas led into the revolutionary movement of the proletariat, However, on the basis of this condition of their livelihood, they were comparatively easy to win over to the secret activities of the opposition." These then never maintain clearly defined alma along distinct class lines. Also, it was often used by those in control for their activities as a reactionary group opposed to revolution. This phenomenon has been expressed by a Communist spokesman as follows: "The loafers and propertyless class, one of the lowest and most extremely negative in be old society were in c r y e in the hands of the -propertied classes and their agents, the society could weave auc as A Hack Health, Help the or," "Support and Rescue the Distressed," and "Mutual Aid" had some significance in`increasing the be7e- fita of the bankrupt and unemployed. They also played an important role in the ability of the So-lao-hui t- lead the masses into joining forces vlth it and to develop and preserve it until the present. However, since the higher leadership of the Ho-law-hui was fre u ntl farmers, manual lat'orers and the -dv .uw_ S1 h poor to overcme oppression and fleecing,`: .a o 30,000 tad _s worth of munitions. When the Ch'ing court heard of this, it arc,strd Was= euc T4 A r f? t -egg. or man trn impriaonicnt, baron was'deported to his native 4ountry. Li committed auiolde in jail. 'i'nie affair attracted ?n 169`., four ambers of the $o-lao-hui were O&EO1lt At --ma. imperial troops were sent to recover them, but they had already scattered in all directions. uAprieonea to await queSticning. About a thousand members of the $o-lao-h;:i stormed the ja:1, rescued thr two men. and fled into the ?i ly....P u..-+o_. B. Activities during the Revolutionary Period, 1899-1927 , was called the Bus-het ng-hui. Funds were accumulated to purchnsa military e ea h r. ie was the beginning of the No-law-hui'. alliance with other revolutionary groups of the recent era. In 1904, Me Pu-i, ch_ef of $n-lao-hui, with Huang Being and others planned an alliance of the San-ho-hui, Ch'ing-pang Pal-peng etc wnion arrived at Hongkong to discuss the organization of the Being-ban_hui vitb leaders of the Being-chung-hui and the San-ho-hui. Sun Tat-sen was chosen as th l d T CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 1 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 :_ . a ter e p Af orlainal objective of overthrowing the Manchu givernment no longer existed. But the political oppression and economic hardships of the masses who made up the majority of the Ko-lao-hui continued. In many regions, the Eo-Lso- for mercenary put see by the militarists, the tyran- d lar sl d recent revolutionary party members, its ideology gradually underwent an evolution, and at the time of the revolution of 1911, the l+o-lac-hui every-! where actively participated in the struggle to overthrow the Manchus, cs ltebmont of the revolution of 1911, the Kc-lao-hui's th After the fn-lao-hui began to collaborate with Sun Chung--ban and other troops were,rainforctd a.id -):,paged in more than 20 battles, tha peace wa achieved.&of excerpt from A Iliatory of Chinese Secret Societiee~] g 8 conformity with the will of Heaven to punish offener-, u insults suffered by our ancestors," etc. They were challenged br imperial troops, but there vero many among the latter who were sympathetic toward the rebels. Consequently, they fired into the air or discarded their rifles and fled. It tae not eaay to restore peace. It was only after the imperial weapons for an uprising, Shortly thereafter, Lu Ya-fa otarted an uprising in Kwangci. Liuchou was attacked and 5,000 weapons were seizes:, Is and Me entered into a secret alliance. Me assembled 36 principal chiefs and 72 assistant chiefs at Liu-yang in August. They sere assigned to lead troops in five different directions - north, south, east, west, and central. Their plane for a simultaneous uprising on 10 October leaked out. Me was captured and beheaded outside the west gate of Liu-yang. Ins troops In Kwangei were also defeated, In 1906, the miners of Ping-hetang in Kiangel want on a nnrike As most of these miners were members of Ko-lao-hul, the leaders formerly under Me took advantage of the situation to stir things up. From Ping-heiang, they led successft' attacks on Li-ling and Liu-yang in Hunan and advanced against Cb`ang-sha. Their proclamation read: "It is proper that we act in the th eve On e o Suiyuan, Ningela, one Tsingnal Lnere ea.o- .+. -- activities. C. Activi':les Aueing the Sino-Japanese Xcr Period. -,-1945 vest there were none without an element of ao-iao-nui meWurrn. +uoi- -"? also many Ko-loo-hui msmbemo in the numeroue local armies. The No-lac-hni in the northwest remains a hidden latent force in society. In ban-eu, for example. it to said that the No-lao-hui there had more than six lodges and ~.-- ~---~.-_, 4U--A T. Rh-a1 _ y was use g ha nical gentry, and man mad with ambition. Among the militarists in the north,, titre were not a few who utilised the No-lao-hui as leaders of local bandits, thus raising their statue is society. Hence, since 1912, c.ith the milita - Mete using the society and the increasing numbers of insolvent farmers and unemployed, the Ko-lao-hut experienced great anti-ltyinevery province of eheit+at+ em nE tilu reaetioaary element activities in the war of resistance. Secondly, also had plans to advance go-lao-hui activities. Their primary aim was to carry out the special activity of "Guarding against Coomuniam" and "Turning back Communism." Becaune all those resisting the Japanese cannot remain indifferent to the problem, they should follow closely ttis Kr.-lao-hut's positive participation in the war of resistance activities. In order to do this, it is first of all necessary to have a clear apprehension of what the attention. First of all, the Japanese invaders and Chinese traitors were h i to use the Ko-o-hui as a means of destroying China's CONFIDENTIAL Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 1 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 0 II. ORGANIZATION OF THE SC-LAO-HUI (ONFJ Title Chief (Chen,-ling-9:'ou), also called Chairmen t'ou), also called Vice-Chairmen Reglutrar (Meng-chench Eighth Chief (Heiang- cbnng), Marshal Second Chief (Too-yang), or Scholar of the Fast Pavilion, or Assistant Minister (Teo-helang) nng), Sun, or Hein Third Chief (P'oi-t' or Scholar of the west Pavilion, or Assistant Minister (Yu-hoiang) CONFIDENTIAL Lion, certification, and registration of members and of the society's statistics Attends to all matters pertaining to incense worship Assists the Eighth Chief; an adjutant Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 The Ko-lao.hui, being a product of feudalistic society, patterned its organisation after the feudal clan system, It Is divided, therefore, accord- ing to a complex system of ranks and p tides. The two basic divisions are the "pet" and the "pu." he Eo-lac-l .u/ is divided Into ten pet, each having meeting-pleoes (yang) of its own. The officers of each of these ten psi are divided into sixteen grades, pu,.the "upper eight pu," also called "inner eight t'ang," and "lower eight pu," also called "outer eight t'ang'" The upper eight pu have higher rank and authority than the lower eight pu. Each pet and each pm is represented by a code word. The various pet and pu rank, with respect to seniority and honor, in the order of their respective code words. Poliowtng are the psi divisions with code word, and name of the t'ang' Htaaber Code Word an of T?. Alternate Hume 1 Wei Hei-pei tang Hsi-hao (Western lodge) 2 Te P'ing-p'ei tang Tung-hao, or Te-tau haD t? 4 hih assn hi tang Helen Wu-fu-yang 6 Sung Liu-vei-t'azrg 7 Tat (Nall -tau-t 10mg 3 I (Yoh) Pa-i-yang 9 Chih Chiu-ohlh-t'ang 10 Mel shah-mei-yang Pollowing are the numbers, code vords,.titles, and functions STAT Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 I CONFIDENTIAL 6 Li Fourth Chief (Li-tang) Bandies funds, finances, rations, and or Comptroller military supplies 7 F'un Seventh Chief (Chi- Presides over and inspects the internal tang) or l'rreeutive administration of the various lodges 8 Tut Fifth Chief (using-t'aag) Investigates and Judges insubordinate or Proctor members. Rxecutes regulations Following are number, code word, title and functions of the lover eight pu or outer eight tang. 1 Heiao Confidant (Rein-i-ta- As is greatest in authority in the lower yeh), or Hein-fu eight grades (pu); and is an officer having great power and influence in the So-lao-hui. Receives orders from the officers of the upper eight grades. Supervises the execution of these orders by the various lodges (wharves). When differences over orders occur, he has the right to discuss them with his superiors. Re any solicit new members; and has general authority to promote, transfer, and expel members, 2 Ti Second Chief (Lao-erh) He impersonates the God 3f War, a func- tion which no one also dares to u- surp. At times of members' secret ceremonies, a virtuous and respected member is temporarily chosen to offer the incense. Chung Third Steward (loo-can) of which there are three: 1. Red Cape Steward Yanages the internal affairs of military (P'ei-hung-tang uutpots, including rations, finances, Chia) etc. 2. Flower-Decked C;.ioflacto -.Slciu1 inquirisc into ques- zteward (Ch's- tions relating to rations, finances, PLUG-tend chic) and Internal a?Ya'~ e.. 3. F rees Steward Be is the highest in rank of the three (Hwang-hou-tang- stewards. Re may substitute fsr the Chia) Confident. He may also intependently organise new lodges (ban, and t'ang), this is called "doing the work of his elder brothers," Rein Fifth Chief (Imo-vu) of which there are five- 1. Apprentice Banner Since this officer is just learning )tanager (Rai-ch'i the duties of a manager or other kusn-ehih) officer, he carries no responsibilities. 2. Blue Banner Man- Assists the Red Banner Officer in leading ager (inn-oh'i mounted troops. Looks after men en- keen-ahib), also gaged in mall matters of official called "Consul" buninees. (ling-ehih). 3. Black Banner Man- Bandies disciplinary matters; assists ager (Rai-oh'i- the Red Banner Officer -In reception kuen-shah) of visiting members, CONFIDENTIAL STAT Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 r CONFIDENTIAL. 4, Red Banner Man- ager ( -ch`i- kuan-ehih 5. True Seal Manag- er (Ch -yin- kuan-ehih also called "True Seal Red Banner Big Manager" (Cheng- yin-hung-ch?i-ta- Sixth Chief (Iao-liu), with the additional designation of "Pu- kuan-ehih) or "Gen- aral Manager" (teung li) ChIlh Leads the mounted troops; and attends to the reception of visiting brotha's0 He may sometimes be promoted to the title "Manager of the Five Poisons" (Wu-tu-kuan-ehih). Ee attends to penalties and punishments, and is the most powerful of the five mar.- agora. These fifth-grade chiefs are also called the "Red Banner Big Superintendents" (Hung-chi-ta-to-tuf, or the "Rod Banner Officers" (Hung- chi-kuan). They have great influence and authority in the No-lao-huio They oversee thirty-six.worebipful elder brothers on the upper level, and seventy-two worshipful younger brothers on the lower level? There is a saying, "If there are any ques- tions about internal affairs ask the stewards (tang-ohia), and if about external affairs ask the nan- agors (kuen-shah)." ?or ordinary sessions, the managers lay aside Their ---A garments and ohango .ng oew members, settling disputes, c,xamining merits, Issuing commands, one of tie at:..usrde (Wu-yeh-tang phial m.!rt Dee present, For formal Assists the fourth grade managers in managing affairs. In peace time, designation "Henn- one in which one frequently loses shun iguardian of one's life. For In reason it is the lodge) not hole for a long period, Nov Ninth Chief (lao-chin). with the additional desigmation of "Chiang k?oif (river mouth) Yao-man" (one Hhole). Alternate names for this grade are "Shih- p?ai" (Ten Ranks), made at ceremonial meetings. Also assigned the responsibility of Shah-ko" (Ten Broth- ers), "Ta-i-ko" (Big Nu*ber one Brother), "Reiao-lao-yao" ;Lit- tle Beginner), "'Its. loo-yap" (Great Be- ginner) - 7 - CCINFIDP1 ]AL CONFIDENTIAL STAT Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 T! I CONFIDENTIAL There are no Fourth Chiefs (Lao-eau) :ir Seventh Chiefs (Tao-ch'i) in the lover eight pu. According to tradition, at one time in the past occu- pante of these positions surrendered to the Manchus. Hence the titles have been considered in disgrace, and none are willing to assume them. Bo-lao-hui members call themselves a "gang of rowdies" There are three kinds, the "pure, or clean rowdies" (thing-ehul kuang-kun), also sometimes referred to as "worthy rowdies" (chia-chih kuang-kun), Of these and their doings there are records in the history of the So-lao-hui; Then there is the second kind called "dirty or vile rowdies," the disorderly element am- posed of thieves and bandits. The third kind are the "ch(an-pan kuang-kun," or "ohu"an-ts~ai-t'ung..:zu" which alternate names denote those who have bought their way into the society, These members are scorned by the worthy members and of their doings no Ro-lao-hui records are kept. The foregoing explanations indicate the complexity of the internal distinctions of type, function, rank, and authority within the Ko-lac-hui organization, The positions of Chief (Chang-lung-t'ou) and Assistant Chief (Fu-lung- Von) are held by men selected from among the upper eight pu on acoornt of their virtues and abilities. Officers of lower pu are promoted from time to time according to their rank and abilities. the rank or Confidant, one ltisprese Steward (Rvang-hou-tang-chia), one or two other Stewards, two to four Red Banner Managers, three to four other Managers, and two or more from among the Guardians (Fualu) o authority of the lodge. In every area, the go-lao-hui has offices for the transaction of business, vhith are the lodges (sban-t'anC). There axe also communioation liaison etatioco; known as "kun-k?ou," According to regulations, a minor business office (hsiao-ma-t'cu) Is established every 30 It, an intermediate bueinoes office (chung-ma-t'ou) every 70 11, and a major business office (te-a-t'ou) every 100 It. In oath prov"nce there is a general management office (tsung-ma-t'ou). The internal composition and functions of those offices are as follows- 1. General management office (shan-yang) is composed of members of evcry degree of the upper end lower eight pu.. It is t4e.central Minor business a;. 'Ices, also called forwarding offices (.t'ung-ahih- za-t'ou), are enntoeed ,vf one Red Banner Manager, one or two Blue Banner Managers, tyro or more Apprentice Banner Managers or assistant Guardians (Fu-liu),'In addition, there are from three to five ordinary members who act as messengers, 1, The Civil and Military !iovernment (Chu"n-aheng-eheng) a. Office of Civil Affairs (Shu-mi-fu) (1) Supreme Leader (Ta-chih-hui) (2) First Assistant Leader (Teo-chih-hui) (3) Second Assistant Leader (Yu-ahih?hui) _g COAFIDEWIIAL In charge of obtaining provisions and purchasing arms and ammunition- CONFIDENTIAL STAT Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 1. b. Office of Military Affairs,(Tu-to-fu) (1) Central Army Military Government (Chung-chu"n-tu-to-fu) (2) Front Army Military Government (Chien-chnn-tu-to-fu) (3) Rear Army Military Government (Rou-ohiw-tu-to-fu) (4) Left Army Military Government (Teo-ohdn-tu-to-fu) (5) Right Army Military Government (Yu.chun-tu-to-fu) diction. A military governor must consult with and obtain the approval of the Office of Civil Affairs before he can raise an army, otherwise, the Office of Civil Affairs will not support or extend any aid to the military Chief Inspector (Chung-he+na-ch'a-ehih) Assistant Inspector Old Terminology New Terminology CONFIDENTIAL Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/0/6/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0 ?- 1 (OWF As a general rule, officials of the Office of Civil Affairs may be appointed to such positions as Control Commissioner, Military Commissioner, inspector, etc., of the Office of Military Affairs. Officials of the Office of Military Affairs may also be appointed to such positions in the Office of Civil Affairs as Chief or Assistant Chief of the Liaison Section (Lien-to-pu), Chief or Assistant Chief of the Investigation Section (T'an-ohen-pu), Trans- portation Commissioner (Chian-t'ung-szu-ta-shih), Assistant Transportation Commissioner, Communioatione Commissioner (Pao-hsin-shih-ta-ahih), and Assistant Communications Commissioner. Ill. KNOWN LODCPS OF THE g0-LAO-HOI In the 18 provinces c'f China, there exist several hundred mountain lodges. Recently, since mcmbere of the revolutionary party joined their ranks, it was planned to put all these separate lodges under central control. rip to now, however, although their organization is the same, all these lodges have remained under local control. below are same,os' the known lodges, with the names of their chiefs as of 1926.. Looation Name of Lodge Hen Chin-lung Shan Eansu Ha-haing Shan Hunan T'ai-hua Shar, Sbanbaikuan Pan-hum Shan Hunan Chin-hua Shan Rural Ch'u-chin Shan Hunan Chin-fang Shan Human T' ien-t'ai Shan 3ansu Hei-liang Shan Szechwan 0-mei Shan Hvangtung T'isn-pao Shan Klanged lTung-liang Shan Chsang Chung- Shan Chekiang Fei-hu Shan Chekiang Wan-yun Shan Name of Chief Yang Bung-chun same Helao Sung-Shan same Liu Ch-unn-fu Chen Yao Hu Tao-oh'en Hu Yun NO Huai-tin Yen Ting-ohang Haiao Ch'ao-ahu Li Yun-lung Ho Yu-hung Liu Chia-fu Wang Chin-pao STAT i Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200172-0