THEORY OF RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION ON NUCLEAR AND NON-NUCLEAR COMPONENTS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A013200250001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 15, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 12, 1961
• Content Type: REPORT

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This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United-States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws,. Title
... 18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the.transmissiorr or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person, is prohibited by law.-
S-E-C-E-E-T-
COUNTRY j
SUBJECT Theory of Research, Be"lvpment DATE DISTR.
and Production on Nuclear and
NcarTiclear Cclmponente (orqloLnI, t,aT8 ? 31-) NO PAGES 1
REFERENCES F
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
I19 page report entitled
The Theory of Research Devel irenV and Production of Nuclear and Non-
nuclear Components.
STATE
ARMY
NAVY AIR
IFBI IAEC
INFORMATION R,EPORT
12 Jtme 61
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01 TBB THER7r OF Rte, DNVSLO* T AND PROWGTION OP W MW
AND NW-NXQ.ME 0
As is ]mown, a rather complex bureaucratic system of econouic
and state abtinistration exists in the Soviet Won.
The system is basso an a dictatorship and distrust of higher
personnel lower personnel. Mader such a complex bureaucratic
system it is practically impossible to realise such complicated
problems as nuclear wegpons without organising high-rank, super-
gonrernmrnt committees. The essence of the matter is that the so called
national eccnoq units of the nation, i.e., factories, plants and
institutions, operate an a previously approved plan. Besides this
plan, they have a multiplicity of various non-plan assignments which
are executed in most cases ahead of the planned assignments if they
are of a military nature.
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The development of nuclear and non-nuclear components is a rather
lengthy and complicated procedure in which a large number of scientific
research institutes, ministries and departments must participate.
All these institutions have govsrnasnt approved plan and assign-
seats for their normal production which they m 4t fulfill under any
circumstances. In order to sate various ministries fulfill other
additional assigcrosats, it is necessary to create a new suupergovern-
seat organ, which would have the highest authority, i.e., the assign-
ments of such an organ would be of highest priority and indisputable.
Generally, such organs are called State Committees and are formed for
the execution of the most important state and military problems. Such
a committee is formed under the Council of Ministers. The chairman
of the Committee is selected from among the deputy chairmen of the
Council of Ministers; he will direct the development of a certain
field of industry, for instance, the development of nuclear and non-
nuclear components.
The head of such a committee has authority similar to that of the
chairman of the Council of Ministers in the solution of problems
related to the field of industry under his direction.
Se has several deputies and members of the State Committee.
The deputy chairmen of the State Committee are permanent associates
of the Committee, while not all of the members are permanent associates
of the Oommitte..
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The Committee numbers are selected from song the best known and
qualified experts in the Ministry of Defense, Academy of Selma" USSR,
scientific research institutes, the most important ministries, security
organs (DH) and the Central Committee of the Ooamuaist Party.
This organ, i.e., the numbers of the State Coomittee, does not
direct the work of the Committee; there is a strictly formal link with
the C.C. of the Come nisi Party, the latter being the main controlling
organ of the Party. the majority of these numbers are also members of
the industrial department of the C.C. of the party, where there exists
a department for the development of nuclear and non-nuclear components
which is actually the head of the State Committee.
Among the responsibilities of the numbers of the State Committee
is the examination and ratification of various plans for the develop-
sent of nuclear and non-nuclear components.
Their main responsibility is supervision over the ca^aittee's
work and criticism of unsatisfactory perforaanoe.
The criticism and remarks of the Cnasittee numbers are carefully
exam.ined in the industrial department of the C.C. of the Party. On
the basis of this criticism. the professional eamowdsts in the
industrial department of the C.C. of the Party are able to control the work
of the State Oaaoittee.
Figuratively speaking, the ambers of the State Coemittee may be
called the eyes, ears and brains of the Party.
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The deputy-chief of the State pdsittee plans the work on the basis
of various data received from appropriate orgsnisaticas.
lbr instance, from the General Staff, Aoadsq of Sciences UM,
Gosplan MR, appropriate branches of his t-bamittee and others.
The Ommittes anst :
1) Detezsine military requirements,
2) Select various systems of nuclear and non-nuclear Weapons,
3) determine the volume of Work and priority of scientific
research work of the institutes,
4) select scientific and technical personnel,
determine the extent and order of financing the Work,
6) determine connections and interrelationships With
various ministries,
7) coordinate preparattons and put various sections into
operating condition.
The State Oosmittee for the development of nuclear
and nom -nuclear co.ponents aunt include:
1) A technical administration (or technical eamittee),
2) an independent design bureau (i.e., a design bureau
subordinate to the technical administration of the State
Om mittee),
3) special scientific research institutes on important problems
of the development of nuclear and non-nuclear oo^pooents,
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experimental shops, laboratories, factories and plants,
5) military bases, such as military airfields, artillery
proving grounds, naval bases, etc.
a modal organizational structure
of a State Oiosittee for the develapmant of nuclear and non-nuclear
components can be visualised as follows (see acoampanying ?able No 1).
The State Oosmittee should have a great member of associates.
Their number may exceed that of any of the ministries.
Bxstgple :
The first deputy has under his supervision a technical administra-
tion, design bureau, laboratories and a rri mental shops.
The technical administration should have a huge design staff, not
less than 8 to 10 thousand first class design sogineers to ensure
satisfactory work in a great number of fields of engineering. The
technical department [administration] should also have as many engineers-
technologists. It should have numerous laboratories and experimental
shops with a large staff of scientific workers, engina-rs, technicians,
asSployees and laborers.
$ypothetically it may be assumed that in the technical administra-
tion there should be engaged about $0 to 50 thousand engineers and
technicians and a similar number of essployees and laborers, i.e.,
about 90 to 100 thousand persons.
According to my estimates the State Oomeittee for the development
of nuclear and non-nuclear co.pooeots should have approximately 800
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to 1,200 thousand engineers, technicians, employees and Laborers who
are subordinate directly to the personnel w 41t4stratLou of the State
Ooaraittee.
In addition, a great number of workers from the Army and other
ministries should perform some work for the OIMInittee.
Such a huge staff of workers from numerous branches of sciences
and engineering cannot be housed in Moscow or any other single city.
central organs of administration for the State 50X1-HUM
Committee are housed in MO 0W and the rest in other cities depending
an location and extent of development of corresponding branches of
science and industry in indiidw-l. economic regions.
For example:
The departments engaged in handling electronic and electrical
engineering equipment may be housed only in Moscow or Leningrad, since
all the scientific, technical and manufacturing facilities of these
fields are located in these cities. The the istry departments, such
as those for the develapment of special explosives or fUls, can be
housed only in Moscow, with the testing grounds in the Urals or Siberia.
The scientific work for the development of nuclear co^Ponents Would
be conducted in Moscow, and the testing would be drone in the Urals
or Siberia.
Scientific work for the development of rocket motors would be
conducted in Moscow, and the testing only in the Urals, etc
Moscow may house only the central organs of the administration,
such as:
C'E ( Mi
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1) The entire office of the cbairaas of the Comittee and all
of his deputies,
2) ambers or the ommittes,,
3) the design bureau with only the chief and leading designers
and technologists. (The other auxiliary departments of the
design bureau may be housed in other cities, such as Leningrad,
Novosibirsk.. Sverdlovsk, Celyabinsk, Terevan' and in the
twain-)., Planning ion,ionn of vooperative deliveries and caseunications,
6) administration for sti4pplies,
7) personnel adtniaistratica.
Thus, if we agree that the structure of the State Committee for
the development of nuclear and nos-nclar components looks approximately
as described, then it becomes a very bulky trait and a very expensive
This aeons that under existing conditions in the Soviet Union it
would be impossible to organise several similar comtaittees since,
eccscrically, the country would not be is $ position to support them.
Therefore, the assumption that there exist several similar
camsittees in the USSR is incorrect. We should take into considera-
tion that the said committee is nothing but a state within a state.
It has wide authority over all branches of the ecosomp-, it literally
demoralises some branches of Soviet industry because its assig-'- is
0, f"l '-
0 TIAt
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have priority and in most cases condradict the general plans. The
camaittee takes for its needs the best scientific sad sodinssring-technical
personnel as Well as the best plants, laboratories and scientific
research lastitutss.
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1)
the investigations for the
development and design of nuclear sod non-nuclear oc^yponents (high
explosives, !using sad firing systems) are conducted in a single oamplex,
i.e., are carried out by me State Oommittee which is boned in various
locations in the territory of USSR-
a deputy for scientific and research problems.
This deputy in turn has:
1) several deputies for various fields of science and engineering,
for example:
a) Physical sciences,
b) chemical sciences,
a) radio-electronics,
d) astall~urgy,
e) technology and machine building, etc.
~l!pp FrrF ~Y M /
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2) A scientific council consisting of:
a) The most pramisent Soviet scientists lron all branches
of science and engineering connected with the development of
nuclear components,
b) representatives from the Army..
c) representatives from the Soviet Acadmpr of Sciences and
from leading scientific research institutes,
d) representatives tram the security organs (lam),
e) representatives from the Central Committee of the Communist
Party.
The majority of the members of the Scientific Council are also
members of the committee on nuclear components of the industrial
department of the C.C. of the Communist Party.
Through the medium of these members the C.C. of the Party directs
and controls all of the scientific vorbof the State Committee.
The deputy for scientific and research problems, together with
his staff of scientific vorkars, are eo ged only in scientific research
in the field of nuclear components having practical application, i.e.,
the military. Scientific investigations of a general nature in the
field of nuclear physics are conducted continuously at the Academy of
Sciences UWR and by its various subsidiary scientific research institute
located primarily in 1loscov.. Leningrad and lavasibirsk.)
C0 NP -FIN
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For the solution of scientific problems relating to components
and assemblies, this department should have its own Scientific research
institutes, laboratories, design and technological departments, as
well as manufacturing enterprises and other necessary facilities.
In its practical work, this depar ent cooperates closely with
the technical ad inistretion of the State Ommittee to which is
transferred all of the scientific research data for the development
and design of nuclear components.
this question can be answered in the quickest way as follows:
Research related to the practical (military) application of
nuclear components is carried out by the department of scientific
and research work of the State Oowittee.
Development and design is carried out by the Technical Administra-
tion of the State Oommittee.
b) Research, design and development
are conducted in scientific research institute; laboratories,
enterprises and design bureaus, which are subordinate directly to
the State Oosmittee for the development of nuclear and non-nuclear
components.
These institutions are located in various cities of the Soviet
Union.
Their main centers may be located in the following cities: Moscow,
Leningrad, Iovosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Yerevan and in the Ukraine
(possibly in Ilev).
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research on nom-nuclear components is carried
out also at the scientific research department of the State Oommittee
in the sw manner as it carries out research on nuclear components.
8oveyer, such research may be carried out by other scientists and
possibly at other places. Design and development is carried out
also at the technical administration of the State Oomsittee which
has for this purpose a sufficient weber of design and techno],odical
bureaus which may be located separately Eras the design bureaus fbr
nuclear components but in about the sass cities as the design bureaus
for nuclear components.
e)
research, development and design of non-
nuclear ca^ponsnts is carried out in various places, primarily in the
above-mentioned cities of the iE8R.
g) The design of hardware can be carried out only at the technical
design bureau of the State Coeittee, which is subordinate to the
technical administration. The assvaed location of this bureau has
been. mentioned above.
h) Only the special department headed by one of the deputy-
chair an of the State Committee (deputy ^o k according to the above
diagram) (see Table No 1) may be engaged in the problems of testing
non-nuclear components.
Ot4F 1E L
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This department should have all testiat facilities, including
the artillery proving ranges, airfields, marine bases and other
necessary facilities.
In the ns4ority of eases military personnel are engaged in this
branch as executives. The tests k.L may uodear the Observation and
control of two departments of the state Oomittee, such as the technical
administration and scientific research department.
i) As has been mentioned above, the develoymsnt and &ssign of
nuclear and am-nuclear ea^panents are conducted vm0ar the direction
of the sane organs, but are Located in different places.
These branches are in direct contact with each other, and in case
of necessity will cooperate [are analg~te 7.
J) From the diagram sham (see acoorpanying Table L 1) of the
State Oasmittee administration it is seen that the Cosssittee has a
unified and rather streamlined system of control which permits actual
interrelations and cooperation smogs indivi&nal departments.
The control system of the Comittee resembles a modern crap'
structure with its various armed branebss and mitiple systems of
armaments.
he usual (for the MR) machsniaa of "whip and cookies" is applied
for closer cooperation.
It is difficult for you to understal i4 and it is still more
difficult for as to explain. this msohanisa has
been well tested in the UM, and has produced fair returns for
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2. On the subject of producing prototype weapons, the following
can be said:
Only the technical administration of the State Committee may
produce prototype weapons. After receiving all the exhaustive scientific
and experimental data from the scientific research department of the
Cosmdttee on a certain type of weapon, the technical administration
begins the design.
The central design-techndical bureau, which is subordinate to
the Committee's technical administration, compiles specifications for
prototype equipment, makes calculations and main drawings and works
out the necessary elementary production flow sheet.
After this the prototype, or more precisely speaking, the
specifications for the whole prototype are broken up into its elements.
These separate specifications are transferred to various departments
of the central design bureau, which may be located in different cities
of USSR (as mentioned above).
The design departments, which carry out the design calculations
of individual parts and elements of the prototype, perform detailed
calculations and design of the parts and details of the prototype and
maintain constant contact with the central design bureau located in
Moscow. The common ti.e., not the chiefs) design engineers in most
cases do not have any idea about the construction of the whole proto-
type or even any idea about the element or parts which are being
designed in this department.
i
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Itch common design engineer can know only about the part he is
designing. In an effort to tighten security, the designers in the
same department are isolated from each other.
The central design bureau maintains constant contact and guides
its msrrous design depart ents engaged in the production of parts,
details and elements of the prototype.
tbder the direction of chief designers of the central design bureau.,
the peripheral design departments produce e~eriaental models or
prototypes of individual parts, elements or sub-assemblies.
When all the parts and sub-assemblies of the prototype are aerie
and checked, they are transported to some specified destination as
designated by deputy-chairman So 4 of the State Committee.
has this moment the oontrhl of the prototype is transferred to
deputy So 4.
The checking and testing of the prototype my be carried out
under the observation of the chief designers and technologists of
the central design bureau and the chief scientific associates from the
scientific research department of the Committee
The representatives from the peripheral design departments,
laboratories and scientific research institutes participate in assembly
and testing only in exceptional cases and to a limited degree.
3. The serial production of such prototype weapons in one
particular locality is impossible under existing conditions in the
USSR.
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In the first place the UM does not possess sufficient technical
facilities for their production in one locality, and in the second
place Soviet economic policy has provided and still provides for the
greatest possible decentralisation of the military industry.
At this stage of davelopasnt of nuclear and non-nuclear components
the USSR will not build special plants or special machine equipment.
The existing plants at which the labor force has undergone a
security check (i.e., removal of security risks) and at which regular
production has been discontinued will be used for this type of
production.
Maowing well the status of Soviet industry and its "advanced"
technologic,
such production is carried out now by the .ost
primitive Soviet methods, with the aid of hamer and chisel. As
always, the government is rescussd by the enterprise and natural
I-W
keenness of the Russian worker, who is capable of working under any
adverse conditions and with the most elementary asahanical tools.
a) The hardware for nuclear compoaonts, in my opinion, is produced
partly at conveenticaal plants, i.e., at the plants of non-military
profile, and in part at plants and experimental shops of the State
06 aittee.
The cast parts (i.e., castings) and forgings are manufactured at
the plants of the Ministry for the D A'ense Industry and at civilian
machine building and aetallnrgiaal plants.
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The msahining of particularly complicated parts as well as special
heat treatment my be carried out also at the same plants. The plants
of the Btate Committee are capable of performing mainly the machining
of not very bulky parts, the manufacture of special noantiags, special
attachm~ss-ts, and various small steel, cast Iran and non-ferrous
castings.
The plants which manufacture individual parts of nuclear weapons
never brow Ibat these parts are intended for because all the parts
in such case are not named but are desigssted only by a number.
It is difficult to indicate where the oosponents of nuclear
wegpoos are - -sufaatared, since their production is distributed over
hundreds of Bovist ailitary and non-military enterprises.
It is possible only to establish scisewbst the basis of the degree
of d+arslo,Bmsat of one or another technical industry in various
economic regions of R.
As was said above, for example, electronic equipment may be
memifactwred only in two cities of the BB8P--1116scow and Leningrad,
since these are the maim. technical sad ma ufeaturing centers of radio
electronic equipment in the U$8A.
Ily-A plying such a method it would be possible to determine also
the other production centers. If vie carry out a detailed analysis of
the production w en laltire of principal plants for various branches
of industry, it would be possible to determine the plants engaged in
production of nuclear vesspoosj with a further and most detailed
analysis it would be possible to determine what they actually produce.
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Production of nuclear weapons is carried out under the direct
control and direction of the State Oo^ssittee. By a similar asthod
it is possible to determine the production 1004.5 of purely nuclear
components. il
b) The assembly of nuclear and non-nuclear components asy take
place only at the enterprises of the State Oomaittee and with the
help of laborers, engineers and technicians of the State Committee
under the general control and supervision of representatives fraa
the Oosittee's technical administration.
c) Non-nuclear caeponeats, in my opinion, as well as nuclear
components are under the control of the State On^raittee.
d) don-nuclear components are produced in a
similar manner and through similar channels as the nuclear components.
e) Non-nuclear components may be assembled at enterprises
subordinate to the State Oamaittee.
t) At the enterprises of the State Omoittee.
g) By the State Committee.
a) I Ithe army and the C.C. Of the Oommuaist Party.
c) I Ithe Soviet Acadsq of Sciences does not have
any direct connection with the development of nuclear and non-nuclear
eamponents.
The Soviet Acadespr of Sciences is engaged in the general investiga-
tion of nuclear physics and general theoretical problems of nuclear
physics. However.. the Academy of Sciences may receive individual
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specific problems fraa the State Oamittee; also, individual. scientists
of the Academy of Sciences may be called upon to work directly in the
State Oommittee or for appropriate consultations. The Soviet govern-
sent cannot entrust the Academy of Sciences with work related to the
"practical" application of nuclear components because the Academy
of Sciences is composed of old intelligentsia.
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1~rf~F.11:: i~
limbers of State
(-ittee
. OF 1ISSBTSSS USSR
CbaiiUan of the State
' ~ittee
2-nd 3-d
deputy deputy deputy
Technical Scientific- Factories
Adainistra- research Plants
tion institute
Design Special
Fbureau laboratories
~-Laboratories Lmanufacturing
plants
1xperiasatal
shops
Other
Deputies
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[c -
M-th 5-th
deputy deputy
I
military Planing
proving nistra-
grounds tion
Auxiliary
enterprises
Table 1o 1 50X1-HUM
6-
th
7-t
h
8-
th
deputy
deputy
deputy
Adti
aistra-
Supp
ly
Pe
rsonnel
tion for
Adinistra-
Adsinistra?
Cooperative
tion
tion
deliveries
and Comunic-
ations
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