PHOTO INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 173
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 7, 2010
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: July 18, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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LRRARY OF CONGRESS ? TECHHCA 1~9FO~ti~ATi?~ DIVISION
~.
Photo IgiterpretatIofl
A BIBLIOGRAPHY
Waldron
WASHI NGTON
MARCH 1955
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Library of Congress
Technical Information Division
PHOTO ~gTg{pRFrATION TDCENIQUES
Joseph A. Guy~r and Vincent CWaldron
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Journal title abbreviations
vii
I
Principles and theory of photo interpretation
1
1
General
.
A. B tltograDhie s
13
2..
Photographic characteristics of vegetation
and terrain
1
3
Photographic materials and equipment
24
II
Methods and techniques of pboto interpretation
3~
1.
General
2,
Instruments and aids to photo. .terpretation
41
3.
Keys to the identification and interpretation
4
of objects in photographs
9
III
Applications of photo interpretation in various fields
53
1.
General
53
2.
Ecology
57
67
3.
Geology
79
1+
Geography
.
5
Physiography and geomorphology
84
.
92
6.
Hydrography
7
Soil classification
95
.
8.
Forestry
105
a. Forest surveys
115
Forest inventory
b
123
.
c. Forest management
134
141
9
Engineering
.
10.
Military science
14g
Author index
153
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PREFACE
The bibliography on photo interpretation techniques has been pre-
pared at the request of the Wright Air D velopment Center as a task
under Delivery Order (33-616) 52-20.
Scope
The bibliography, compiled in conjunction with a larger bibli-
ography on vegetation and other land-surface phenomena important to
photo interpretation, consists of annotated references to published
literature on the subject issued during tine approximate perio: e-f
6~5-i95~ M,t.~r1a1 on the theory. principles, methods and techniques
of photo interpretation and the application of the techniques in
various scientific and technological fields, has been included, In-
formation on cameras, lenses, and other photographic equipment has
been excluded, unless the reference had a definite bearing on photo
interpretation.
The bibliography is not as complete as it might have been. For
administrative reasons; it has been necessary to terminate the project
before all possible sources could be searched and annotated. It is
felt, however, that the material compiled to date meets the original
objectives of the task sufficiently to merit publication.
Sources searched
A systematic search was made of the following abstract sources
for pertinent material:
Bibliography of Agriculture
Biological Abstracts
Forestry Abstracts
Searches were also made of selected journals in the fields of photo-
grammetry, geography; forestry, geology, and engineering. Further
material was obtained from the bibliographies listed in Section I-la
of this volume, from literature references appended to various publi-
cations included herein, and from the Official Catalog of the Library
of Congress. For reasons stated above, verification and processing
of pertinent material was confined largely to holdings in the Library
of Congress and the Library of the Department of Agriculture.
Form of Entrl
The normal form of entry for periodical references is author,
title, and journal, giving volume, date, and pagination; for books
and pamphlets the form is author, title, place of publication, pub-
lisher, year, and pagination. The abbreviations for journal titles
are based on those used in the World List of Scientific Periodic .s,
with such modifications as were found to be necessary. A list of the
abbreviations used for words commonly appearing in serial titles
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that journal
foil ows immediate 1;r" after this Preface. The books or
number given at the lower right of the citation i
of Congress, unless otherwise designated by the following code:
DA Department of Agriculture
LP Purdue University
NN New York Public Library
p~;~i(1 New York University
Classification
The bibliography is arranged according to subject
tion which 1 ''Csl " cu to r--- to rerrn~i t. rapid. location o
5 IL-- - or
broad ds of principles, methods, and upecific applications i oa
~
photo interpretation techniques are subdivided further t_
grUi,ipillg or about ~. 4V O ~i references in each section.
major
Each reference has been classified on the oas each of its have
field of interest; cross references at the end material section have
been used to indicate ocher references containing pertinent
to that section. As a further aid to finding material, it is sug-
gested that the table of contents be consulted for related subject
mate~'ial.
Annotations
The annotations are of two types. Full, informatiabbttrraaCts
have been given for those references in foreign languages, or for
material not readily available. Shorter, descriptive anncantlitera-
have been given for references ro readily available
tore. In both cases, emphasis has been on the subject mat raof the
bibliography. In describing photo interpretation techniques
their applications, no attempt has been made to evaluate methods
critically.
Ackro'~1_edgments
The compilers wish to acknowledge the assistance of other members
ticularly Mabel H. EU-e1?,
of the Technical Information Division, pax'
Arnold J. Jacobius, and Arthur G. Renstrom for considerable aid in
the volume
Searching and abstracting, Dor1s C. Yates for preparing
for publication, and the staff of the Publication o Section ,for its
work on the reproduction., ThanxseR~Smith, ~~ R. W. State,
Capt. R. E. Stevenson, Capt. Wallace Lt. R. Smith, and Lt. W. N. Wilson of Wright Air Devvelop nntT.enter
for initiation and guidance of the project, and t r u8
O`Neill for valuable advice on the techniques of photo interpretation
of vegetation.
Washington, D. C.
i4arch 1956
vi
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0
JOTJB AL TIC ABBREVIATIONS
The following is a key to the abl.reviations for words used
in the journal titles cited in this publication.
ac ad.
aeronaut.
agric.
akad.
allgem.
arkt.
arsb.
assoc.
Au stral .
bibliogr.
biol.
biull.
bot.
Brit.
bull.
bur.
Canad.
coll.
cC .
compt. rend.
conf.
congr.
dept.
deutsch.
div.
ecol.
eng.
exper.
academy, academie
aeronautics
agriculture
Qkadem~.4
allgemein..
American
arktichesk..
arsbok
association
Australian
bibliografifa, bibliographic,
bibliografiebesk..
biologichesk..
biulleten
botanichesk.., Botanika
Britain, British
bulletin
bureau
Canadian
college
committee
compte rendu
conference
congress
department
deutsche
division
ecology
engineering
experimental
vii
1
E.
i
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for starch.
franc.
geod.
geofiz.
geogr.
geol.
eonhvs.
gesell.
gic1rol.
glav.
gosud.
gov.
gravimetr.
helv.
holzwirt
indus.
inst.
internat.
ispyt.
issled.
izd.-vo
izvest.
jahrb.
jour.
Kazakhsk.
kartogr.
khoz.
lab.
les.
for starchiv
franraise
geodez. .
geofizichesk..
geographical, geografiia,
geografichesk.., geografisk,
geographic..
geologique, geologic(al),
ge ?13gychc Nk ? .
gco physic s
~eselicchaf -
g rolog1 hesk..
glavn..
gosudarstvenn..
government
gravimetr..
Helvetic..
holzwirtschaft
industriia, thdustri
institut.., institute
international
ispytalel..
issledovanie, issiedovatel'ck..
izdatel'stvo
izvestiia
jahrbuch
journal
Kazakhsk..
kartograf..
khoziaistv..
lab orator iia, laboratory
lesn..
viii
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lesoekspioat.
lesotech.
luftfahrtforsch.
mag
mater.
milit.
nat.
nauch.
obshch.
odt.
olenevod.
photogramm.
poliar.
prir.
proizvod,
promyshl.
proc.
publ.
quart.
re c.
rifer.
rept.
re 8.
rev.
sci.
sect.
ser.
lesoeksploatatsiia
lesotechnichesk..
luftfahrtforschung
magazine
materialy
metailurgical
military
national
nauchno
ob shche sty. .
odtelenie
olenevodstv.,
photogramtric
polfarn..
prirod..
proizvodstyenn..
promysblennost'
proceedings
publication
quarterly
records
referaty
report
research
review, revue
science
section
serifs, series, serie
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I
sko gindus ,
sko dsfor,
Po.
soobshch.
covet
Ste,
tekhno~ ;
tids3 .
tir3..,.,_
topoesj'.
trans,
tsentr,
tuliy,
uprayl.
s~ogindustri ,
s1cogsvardsf..
s':ov2' ?reningen
yoobs orenin$
hchenifa
sovetsk
station
tecologY
+nl."`~~1Checa,
ticzsjQ'i ft
tidssk,ift
topogz.a
transactions
tseltral'n, .
uniyersitY
upraYlenie
vsesoi~.
r
k
x
S
zejtschr
zer~e~l.
Zhur.
?;` soruzn
zeitsc~.ift
hJQeAli. .
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skogindus.
skogsvardsfor.
skovf or.
soobshch.
sovet.
sta.
technol.
+-a-
tidskr.
tidsskr.
topogr.
trans.
tsentr.
Univ.
upravl.
vsesoiuz.
zeitschr.
zemledel.
zhur.
skogindustri
skogsvardsforeningen
skovforening
soobshchenifa
sovetsk..
station
technology
tekhnichesk,., tekhnika
tidslrift
tidss'krift
topograf i . .
transactions
tsentral'n..
university
upravlenie
vse soruzn. .
zeitschrift
zemledeli..
zhurnal
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PHOTO INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES
PRINCIPLES AND THEORY OF PHOTO INTERPRETATION
1. General
AbraL1B, T.
ESSENTIALS OF AERIAL SURVEYING AND PHOTO INTERPRFATION. New
York, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 194+, 289 p.~incl. photos, maps,
diagrs., tables. TA593.A5l~, 1944
The treatise on aerial surveying and photo interpretation
includes: a short exposition of the mathematics involved in
aerial surveying, cartography, orientation, topographic drafting,
aerial photographs, stereo vision, interpretation, ground form
lines, plotting instruments, relief models, restitution and
rectification of aerial photographs, template methods of radial
line control, construction of mosaics, and trimetrogon charting.
A glossary of terms, and a short bibliography are included.
2 Andrews, G. S.
NOTES ON INTERPRETATION OF VERTICAL AIR PHOTOGRAPHS. Forestry
Chronicle, v. 16 (3) 1946: 202-215. DA-99.8 F7623, v. 16
Items discussed in this paper include: (1) The pictorial
elements such as tone, texture, shadows, and outlines which to-
gether build up a comprehensive picture; (2) to influences of
central perspective and scale; (3) outstanding terrain features
which include water, rock outcrops, alpine slides, snow, ice,
and forest types. Relatively detailed notes are given on forest
types, with particular reference to those found in British Co-
l~mnbia. (Forestry Abs~r. in part)
Bagley, J. U.
AEROPHOTOGRAPHY AND AEROSURVEYING. New York, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
1941, 324 p.~incl. photos., diagr., tables.
T 810.B25, 1941
The following subjects are treated in this text on aerial
photography and surveying: cameras and their accessory instru-
n nts, lenses, _filters, and shutters; requirements and prepara-
tion for photographic flights; laboratory equipment and its use;
reading and interpretation of photographs; geometrical charac-
teristics of aerial photographs; principles of photographic
transformations, and transforming printers; principles of stere-
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Photo int.erpretaticn
oscopy and photogrammetry; tilt-detetTth1 tig methods; methods of
obtaining elevations and contours from aerial photographs; plot-
ting methods and instruments; mosaic rapa and aerial phctoSral
ting a
as illustrations; e:etho-5 of horizontal and vertical control by
j ground surreys map p:'njCctiofls, grids, forms, and reproduction;
errors and correction measures, and calibration o cameras.
f. r+.+T . T ~ / t~ ~i l l-. ill e
F Brown, I. W.
MANNA? OF CLASSROOM fl STP;UC'1'l OL' b u4 AERiJL fl O'iO ~ . ~ -
..T BOURSE OF S ~TUDY. Jackson Miss. Miss. State Highway
Sri01;?1 Division 1952, 239 p o~ incl. diagrs.,
Dept., Traffic and Planning ' TA593?gI5, 1852
tah1Pa_
ed for a short introductor y course of
The manual, design
study in aerial photo interpretation stereoscopic ~avrk~is
presented.
5 Colwell, R. N. In Amer . Soc.
FTI(YIoGRAPFIIC I'i ATION FOR CIVIL PUPIPOS .
Photogranms Manual of Photogrammetry, 22d. ed..,dWashington,
D. C,, 1952, p. 535-602, incl. illus., ~,9J~A63, 1952
The value and scope of photographic interpretation are
. briefly outlined. Basic considerations such asdeharacd teri8thotoiC
of photographic images, means of obtaining the
graphic image, viewing of the image, qualifications of a good
photo interpreter, and aids to photo interpretation are reviewed.. Specific applications to geology, forestry, agriculture, engi-?
veering, and geography are discussed.
Colwell R. IL, K. E. Bradshaw, E. T. U. Smith, R. Thoren,and
6
C. A. J. von Drabbe. IC~TFRPRETATION} fi0 THE
REPORT OF COMMISSION VII (PHOTO
. INTERItATIONAL SOCIETY OF PHOTOr.RAM'ETRY? Fhoto~~~.En ables.
V. 18, June 1952: 375-x+5'-> i.-~cl. photos,~593?A2-pi' v. 18
Recent progress in the field of photo inirp etation is
outlireC- with e general survey of photographic reconnaibsance
and photo interpretation equipment, material and techniques.
photographic interpreter are
The desirable characteristics
photo interpretation in natural
given. The world pr gr
resource inventories as well as photo interpretation ~~ ibvmm applied
zed.
earth science and in military inteL.ige
[160 refa.3 .
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Principles and theory
7 rolweli, B. N.
A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOGRAPHIC
INTERPRETATION. Photograarn. Eng., v. 20, June 1954: 433-454,
incl. photos, diagrs., table. TA593?A2P5
Photo interpretation, the act of examining the photographic
images of objects to identify them and deduce their significance
is affected basically by 'actors governing the quality and the
perception of photographic images. The primary factors con-
sidered as governing the quality of photographic images are tone
and color characteristics, image sharpness characteristics, and
stereoscopic parallax characteri+3tics. Conditions affecting
each of these factors are discussed. Factors governing the
perception and interpretation of photo images are the visual
and mental acuity of the photo interpreter, his equipment, and
his technique. Conditions modifying each of these factors are
also discussed. [18 refs.)
8 ? Fersman, A. E., ed.
[n E DATA ON ZHE PHOTO INiTRPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS]
Mater ialy po deshifrirovaniiu aerosnimkov. [Sbornik. Sver-
dlovsk?], Izdatel'stvo Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1942, 95 p., incl. illus.
TA593.F4
The various aspects and uses of photo interpretation include
discussions concerning photo interpretation theory and its
problems (caveman, A. V., 1942), geographical analysis of
deserts (Fedorovich, B. A., 1542) and of marshlands (Galkina,
E. A., 1942) for military operations, as well as the applica-
tion of photo interpretation in the research fields of geology
(Miroshnicheriko, V. P., 12112), hydrology (Predtechenski~, N. P.,
1942), and forestry (Samoilovich, G. G. 1942).
9 Frost, R. E.
DISCUSSION OF PHOTO RECOGNITION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION AND
PHOTO KEYS. Photogramm. Eng., v. 18, June 1952: 502-
TA593.A2P5
A brief review and discussion emphasizes three methods of
photo study: recognition, analysis, and interpretation, each
with different requirements for successful use. A photo inter-
pretation key serves to aid identification of objects and
analysis of patterns; it does not interpret.
3
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P'aoto interpretation
10 Frost, R. E.
m AtRPUOTO-TTrRFRETATION PROGRAM QF RESEARCE ACID INSTRUCTION
AT PURDUE uNIVLRSITY. Photograinm. Eng., v. 18, Sept. 1952:
701-719, incl. photos, maps, diagrs. A 93?A2Pj
rrn,. reme n~ L .. ....r.i.l i a r.~ ;~~ n!n ^1?
1.vv , ti, U1a.r .7~u+. Lia uhf. i ~.. tt;.vv vl way. a++wUt:
prog?atns of research and instruction in the field of airphoto
interpretation at Purdue are briefly reviewed. A bibliography
of 87 titles of papers p:?epared by staff members is included.
11
Frost, . $.
FACTORS Lf?LITIITG TEE USE OF ANAL PEOTOGRAPES FOR ANALYSIS OF
SOIL AND TERRAIN. Photogramtn. Eng., v. 19, June 1953: 11.27-1+36.
TA 93.A2P~
Limit~.tions to successful and reliable evaluation of aerial
photographs for soil and terrain analysis are considered to stem
from the type and coverage of the photography, its scale,
stereo-optics, film-filter combinations, and print type and
quality. human factors, which constitute the most important
limiting element to successful analysis, include stereo-vision
and stuy area, plus the background, training, and experience
of the photo reader. Natural, erivironmrntal limitations,
including anomalies imposed by climate, produce variation in
grey tones, erosional features, and vegetation. Other factors
discussed include methods used, speed, and application of sup-
plementary information. .
The principles of photo interpretation are briefly reviewed.
A knowledge of the photographic processes involved are considered
necessary to the photo interpreter to permit detailed analysis
of the various factors affecting the photographic image. A knowl-
edge of the physical and other environmental factors are also
required as aids to interpretation. It is concluded that the
preparation of general keys for the photo interpretation of
ground objects is usei.ess, due primarily to individual differ-
ences of vision, iination, and interpretative technique.
14
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12 Gaveman, A. Y.
[ON r ~EORY r ' AERIAL PEOTO flM t E 'ION] K voprosy o
teorii deshifrirovanifa aerofotosnimkov. Izvest. Gosud. C-eogr.
Obslch., v. 71 (3) , 1939: 1+28-1.38, incl. tables.
G23.R6
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ill
PrincipleB and theory
13 [Gaveman A. V.] Havemann, A. V?, and V. A. Faas.
ON THE DEVELOPh NT OF ? l STUDY O "T tOi 1WSCAPE $lish
text] Conpt. rend. Acad. Sci. URSS, n.s., v. 26 (1+), 191+0: l+09-
1+12. ~O.A52
A brief ll.7~:iJ di$cu~~aCf o the ix inciples involved in the study
i'.r.. ,...
of landscapes from the air, and of the principles of aerial
photo interpretation is presented.
14 Caveman, A. V. piT OF AERIAL PHOTO-
( SO2 ORETICAL PROBLEMS ItT
GRAPHS] Nekotorye voprosy teorii deshifrirovaniia aeros.imkov.
In 1aterialy po deshifrirovaniiu aerosnimkov. Ed. by A
Fersman. [Sbornik. Sverklovsk2 ],lzdatel'st o ad. auk SSSR,
191}2, p . 6-16, incl . illus . , table s . 593
A review is Wade of some theoretical problenis of photo
interpretation to deterrsine their inportancE in terms of prac-
tical interpretation and possible future trends in the solution
of these problems. The basic objectives of the photo interpre-
tation theory are: (1) an establishment of a set of rules based
on geometric, photographic, geophysic and other factors affecting
t~.,, ~ ray,e on the photograph; ? (2) an establishment of a relation-
ship between obJectives and their images on photographs and their
actual natural characteristics; setting up of keys; and an
establishment of a conon terminologyr.
15 Gave, A. V.
[AERIAL I':I:HODS, TIR SCOPE, At1D FUTURE PROSPECTS OF D::ELOP-
1: T] Aero%etody, ikh soderzhanie i perspektivy razvitiia.
[English su=:ry). Izvest. Akad. Nauk SSSR., Ser. Gtogr.
Geofiz., o. 1+, 191+3: 183-194, incl. i11us., tables. A6262.A6246
Aerial photographs reproduce an image of the shape, bright-
ness,and the structure of the earth's surface. The photo
interpretation has as its ob,jectiw ~Qnsn~rno~eset of relation-
ships these features and is aided by a
ships existing between the features of the earth and their
representation on an aerial photograph. Tables showing types
of vegetation and relief forms recognizable in 1:25,000 scale
photos are included.
16 Hagen, T.
[ CIE N?TI:'IC AERIAL PHOTO flflRPPLATIOT ] Wi s se nschaftl I he
Lu?tbild-interpretation. Geogr. Rely., v. 5 (14W), 1950: 209-276,
incl. photos, maps, diagrs., tables. G1.G328
5
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Photo interpretation
The historical background, the objectives, and the tech-
niques of photo interpretation are described. Applications of
photo interpretation, in particular the study of geology,
topography, vegetation, as weil as land utilization and manage;
meat, are surveyed. The work is illustrated with a series of 19
photographs, reproduced as anaglyphs, of New Guinea, South
Africa, the Swiss plateau, and the Jura Mountains.
17 Hart, C. A.
II;TEtPRETAT1ON OF AIR Pf&I'OGu AFHS: MOSAICS MiD PHOTOGRAPEIiC MAPS:
SCOPE Ai-D COST OF A7R SURVEYS. In his Air Photography Applied
to Surveying. London, Long'mens, Green and Co., 1940, p. 24-42,
incl. illus., tables, diagr. TA593.H3
The identification of detail from air photographs and the
interpretation of information is discussed. The comparative
value of oblique and vertical photographs in aerial surveying
is reviewed. The use of various types of filters and fil.ui and
their respective merits are discussed.
18 Hart, C. A.
SCIE;;TJ FIC a RETATION OF AIR PHOTOGI'cAPHS AND SIR ECONC~IIC
APPLICATIOI:S. in his Air Photography Applied to Surveying.
London, Longnans Green and Co., 1940, p. incl. illus.,
maps. TA593 ?H3
The application of air photography to ecological surveys,
soil studies, agriculture, and geology is reviewed. Tree growth.
and variation are the most easily recognized features on an air
photograph. A definite correlation of the types of tree with
the noisture-content of the soil and the rock conditions is
established. Some practical surveys conducted in South Africa,
Canada, and the U. S. are described.
19 Heavey, W. F.
MA) A W ATRIAL PHOTO READING SD~iFLIF3 D. Harrisburg, Military
Service Publishing Co., 1943, 111 p., incl. photo, maps, diagrs.
UG470.H4
The manual gives a brief discussion of location and coordi-
nates, distance and time, direction and azimuth, orientation,
elevation and relief, map reading in the field, and reading of
aerial photographs.
20 Roffman, P. R.
g RPPETATION OF RADAR SCOPE PHOTOGRAPHS. Photogramm. Eng.,
v. 20, June 1954: 406-411, incl. photo, diagr.
TA593?A2P~
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Ii
Principles and theory
Elementary phases of radar photo interpretation, such as
classifying the general types of images and then determining as
fax as possible the factors which are responsible for the ap-
pearance of the image, are briefly outlined..
21 Eotine, M. Constable and Co. Ltd.
S TG FROM AT PEOTO(APIIS. London, ,
4 2..O ? flu..., , tables= plates.
i.yT~l, ~ p ~ .~e~. .~.j.., ia ~~,r . ~ __ r X593 .H6
the general Ey..u......-~ chnrA~teviBtic8 of
Description z .,VClA of the -----
s ~ 1
aerial photography together with some of its economic uses.
Simple stereoscopes and the principles of stereoscopic examina-
tion are explained Other sub,ects covered include plane per-
spective, calibration of surveying cameras, the theory and
practice of photo mapping, mosaics, the Fourcade stereogoni-
ome er, and stereoscopic plotting apparatus.
22 Istomin, G. A.
[ELFff T6 Or THE ALiIAL PEOTOGRAPEJC THEORYY]]Elemmenty teorii
ae'rofotografii. [ldoskva] Izd.1/VIA Prof
skogo, 191+9, 116 p.~incl. map, diagrs., tables.
TR81o.i68
A discussion of aerial photographic theory includes a con-
sideration of the illumination and the spectrophotometrie
characteristics of the landscape. The atmosphere and. atmos-
pheric optics are also treated, and a biblioffraphy of 21+
references included.
23 Katz, A. K.
COT RTUI'IONS TO TEE THEORY LND PANICS Or PHOTO-flTERPRET
TION FROM VERTICAL AND OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPHS. Photograwm. Eng.,
v. 16, June 1950: 339-386, incl. illus., diagr.
TA593,A2P5
A study of the theory and techniques of aerial photo inter-
pretation includes the following topics: photo interpretation,
intelligence and information; a program for improving photo
interpretation; theory and systems for measurements and compu-
tations in vertical and oblique photographs; with conclusions
and comment.
24 Konshin, M. D.
[AXIAL PUOTOTOPOGRAPHY] Aerofototopografiia. Moskva, Geo-
dezizdat, 1952, 360 p . , incl. photos, diagrs., tables, + diagr.
TA593 ?K6
7
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Photo interpretation
The ranual discusses photographic principles, aerial sir
veying operations, the basic Alemer.ts of an aerial hotor~raph,
compilation of the contour sections of a rap, tokoraphic photo
interpretation in regard to theory, indicator features and pro-
cedure, topographic and geodetic ful.ctions in a contour-
combining aerial survey, as well as various other aspects of
photogrametry and a brief review of the development of aerial
photo topographic processes in the USSR. (16 refs]
LO k. A. K., and W. J. Tellingtop,, try t Inc _
? ia1ITARY i1APS Al D AIR PHOTOGRIWlL . New York, Mz `,
191414, 256 p., inci. photos, maps, diagrs., tables.
GA151.L6
The use and interpretation of raps and air photographs are
discussed. Fart VI of the study dealing with aerial photography
surveys the foli.cwing subjects; black and white, colored., and
infrared photographs; identifying specific objects froi aerial
hs . surroundings, shade, shadows, shape, size, scale,,
pr--= o+o ap'
3r'
pin points; vie~rinr photographs stereoscopically; r.l ge and
stream lines; obliqu~ air photographs; deception; and lines of
sight.
26 Lischer, if. ?
[p;AP'D G lei TEE USE OF AERIAL PHOTO AFU~] Kartieren nach Luf't-
bildern. Berlin E. S. Mittler and Sohn, 1937, 97 p . , incl.
photcs, maps, diagrs., tables, 9 plates. TA793?L78
The lianual discusses general concepts of photography and
customary methods employed in photo interpretation. The objec-
tiv- s of interpretation, interpretation of plains and high-
lands, and use of the stereoscope are covered. [16 ref s . ]
27 Macdonald, D. E. arch 1953 : . 102-107,
INTERPRETABILITY. Photogr. Eng . , v . 19, 2arch 9 3
incl. diagrs.
The process of photographic interpretation involving the
identification of objects and the deduction or their signifi-
cance is briefly discussed. [5 refs.]
28 NANUAL OF MAP READING, PH0T0 READING, AND FTf,DSKEHING, 2~dsed.,
London, n:. M. Stationery Office, 1939, 1 p?U 7 ci. d
maps, diagrs.
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d
Principles and theory'
ft . f. The brief intrcduction to photo inte2P
~ aI. features (scads, bridge8,
as follows: identification agricultural al culturpatterns), vegetation (tropi
` urban areas, a~' arctic and alpine)
canalS, ?
al, desert, terranean, temperate,
cal, onion processes, and identification of
inc1. photos.
' L rPtation is divided
Th hoto in~.~rPre~"
e manual includes a treatment ?pho o~~FhY~ use of the
ter ewhichoscopedi, s the vas he vario isteps prs el of iminarY to interpretation,
ved
, ,. a :.-r .. .
ster _
airs u:~e va? iO43 cto of volt
data required yor orient~t-U~nles of the appe
in photo interpretation. ~ iuen.
graphic features on aerial photos are g.
(DIAL PHOTO r US FOR USE ui ~~ ~Tnrnt~'k~II~1G,
O, F. J.
29 PttjA SYLLAB3 AT UTdIVERSITY
AG T
rSAI~G~E ~T WAR ~~dITdG COURSE S.l OFFICE OF )I}UCATION IN
SCI~ZCE, ~ ~ AUSPICES OF ~F' TEgNOLOGY . Chicago,
OF ~CAGO UNDO,
COOP~,ATI01~ SMITH II,LT110S X178 P ? ~1 incl. tables, ~agrs.
Ill.; Univ. Chica~3o, l9 ~, TA593.C5
- 5
s a course offered at the ~iversit; of
The manual comprise hoto~'aphs. X55
is o in methods of map Pin B from aerial p
Ch a3
rf,fs.
In Amer. Soc. Photogr. I~anu.al of photo-
30 Putnam, ~ V. C.
~~oN. e 332-353
pgoTO?II~`~' -" ~?
grtrv. New York, Plt,insn -ablishins Co.; ~ 5' P?
TA593.A63
terrain features, er
shoreline features. _ London, H? M.
AIR Core No. 2 1935 tanes, plates.
31 gEpO OF eY ice 936, 183 p., incl. diagr's., 3
Stta ationery o ~ 9
ode of activities, conducted ~'errch and. ar
A report is le
varie native research' the r tCb a dos a
period, to secure colpe ash anu Its survey tion o
vvelty of ofcivil l aind military uses. A short descrip
pho-
y of q~- o
~e s, of uses and chax'acteristics of taherpi
resent
c
rvey
tle ~o phases of
a-ny, is is coupled with a statemecin
sutography, y
status, possibilities, and limitations example s of tirork dale
the cartogn Hinterland, ~,~.iland,
air surveY~ photogi wPhY and
are outlined for areas inE'thiopian boundaY'Y, Africa, Australia
Trans-Jordan, the Ariglo
India, Brazil, and Iraq.
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Photo interPretattor.
T
S. ICs"ably ?
L.
OBS
BL
~
9~B5
' , ~
htley
Q
~
ITROpU~. 32 Scaz, :^ TION PEO1O _0 . ~
~r2 u
PI?ntos'8 ? ag ? , v ? 2O, Jae , ~-754 k the cur -
e shorts the e r
roblems of militarY p'rot0 inter ,..
The P undertaken to remedY its Y
hot,o interpreter' s
rent research being
e scus r establishes the p
ar dised. 'This paper
econnaissance field and cutli~ilization~
ti ~p~P in the photo r ~.r htraining, u
:ons uy~ -
r---
q~ieoU te , dance i
equi e
;r ents and the method or aids hick may ~Provc
~uigment requ.y- -n ' stract)
his pcrformance . (Authors'
ACTOR) Issledovanie razlichaemosti.
onov Y. V.
rr~ 33 ~. ~.,'. DISCERNIBILITY F d Aer o s emki i Kr' o~
35
(Sivyz ~' -Issled. Tslst.
( ? ?' tables.
i s Z~entr. ~O-57, incl. Photo,
QB2T .ri6~+
IYiosa), Na. 2 200,, 1 1937
itude of the
*-minatiof of the rragn
,7 ~ ScP~ent,
~~e study covers the Bete- lLL .
j s nibility factor, the ele ntus affect ,omits ?i s
tracts produced by f- i elds at trio cueen
ility, study of the relationship ,
dtract ~
e.rim?ntal -
is
' sce cerr~ent End the coefticientdisCe n~~t tness of of objective
chares in the
dl
fors~ing contrasts, ches in
~as,~ements of discernibilities of
angular angular diameter, an
natural- contrasts.
In his
L PHOTOGP1 S3 Chtenie aerof0to5nimko9'
S
She's' D. V.
,
MiRI
pDflTG em1a OF a [Ifoskva), Voenizdat 2~0
T ''0 . S
Voennaia top?~' hetos, naps, diagz's? LG~+( 5
p, ~ 56-17~, incl. P nnoto~rap'~=ic
scussion covers the elementsori0 Sialc h otand
steps Le cdie tion of scale the v and the
surveying, determina ~ reta,tion and mappl-ng, 4f
tae se ho ~o interp hotogr'aPhs az?e included; 5
Te ae
hotoaphic mosaic. ri rial plocation. (~anslstion RT-1~2)
Photo
are identif ied as to
~n~S . Neer ~o~?It, Apvleton-
n~1 TAR APPLIC1ul:,.._ s.~
STilith, Ii. T. U.
~'
ARTAL ~artvv!R e~uR .3'~
~wyur ~utury Co., Inc. 1 [19+3), 372 P?, incl. PliotOS.593.553
tables. hs,
ual covers chsz'anteristics of aerial pr hofotogra1aPof
Tae of such pho tiog, aPhY~ 5 interPre_ totion,
stea o apruc and topo~raPh==
photeo in cteis stu~,y
rpretaticn, ge
ttz
lv
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Principles and theory
planimetric napping from vertical and oblique photos, photo
mosaics, contour maps from aerial photos, geologic and physio-
graph.ic interpretation, as well as use of aerial photos in
economic geology, engineering, and other fields, including
military applications. A glossary of photogrammetrie terms,
aerial photos for teaching purposes, and suggested laboratory
exercises are appended.
36
Spurr, S. H.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS IN FORESTRY. New York. Ronald Press
19;$, LitO p., incl. 111us., tables, graphs.
SD551.S7
- r .
Basic information is provided on taking and processing
aerial photographs, as well as on aerial surveying, photo inter-
pretation, and the application of aerial photography to forestry.
The treatment of photo interpretation takes into consideration
the basic elements of vertical and oblique aerial photography,
pictorial qualities of photographic images, shape and dimension,
tone, texture, shadow pattern, object identifications resolution
in detail. and limitations of photo interpretation in forestry.
Site classifications, identification of tree species, measure-
ment of tree heights, crown density, and stand density are
discussed.
37 Talley, B. B., and P. H. Robbins.
IIZTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. in their Photographic Stir -
tieying. New York, Pitman Publishing Co.,., 19Tg, p. 52-63, incl.
illus. TA593.T32
The interpretation of aerial photographs is aided by the
identification of the following factors: shape, shadows, tone,
texture, seasonal effects, and the elevation of photos. The
identification of a known shape or object from the air is rela-
tively easy. An observation of a shadow often permits positive
identification of objects which may have the same photograph
tone as an adjacent detail or object. Studies of black and
white prints of topography show that 'Truth of the detail results
from gradations in the gray tones of the print; the gray color
indicates the amount of light reflected from the photographed
object. The texture of the object determines the angles at
which the light will be reflected. Surrrmer pictures show a dis-
tinct contrast between deciduous woodland growth and other adja-
cent areas. Winter pictures show much of the ground detail in
the wooded areas since the deciduous form will appear as a
skeleton through which can be seen the ground detail.
See also items 368, 490, 492, 493, 499, 502.
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la. Bibliographies
38 Buttrick, J.
THE USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS 1N FOREST SURVEYS, a selected bibli-
ography for restricted distribution. June 1, 1944, rev. Oct.
1, 1944. Philadelphia, Allegheny Forest Exper. Sta., U. S.
Dept. 1gric., Forest Service, 1944, 5 p. 25853?S891J57
A list is presented of approximately 200 selected refer-
ences (1887-1944) on the use of aerial photographs in forest
surveys, forest type C:1 aJJlilVUtivu,v tl:v4.G+
ber volume, land classification, etc.
n9 +_Irn +ira +1m..
39 Cobb, G. C.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE INTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND
RECEIN BIILIOGRAFHIES ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND RELATED SUBJECTS
Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., v. 54, Aug. 1943: 1195-1210.
QE1.G2
A selected list of references is presented on the interpre-
tation of aerial photogr~.phs and a list of bibliographies. The
subject index includes a rough classification of eleven general
groups.
40 Garrard, C. W.
AN Aiv!~OTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS TO
FORESTRY. Bull. New York State Coll. Forestry (Syracuse), No.
26, 1951, 81 p. DA-99.9N486B
Approximately 300 English titles of aerial photographic
studies applied to forestry, published since 1916, are listed.
The following periodicals were searched: Forestry Abstracts,
Forestry Chronicle, Journal of Forestry, Photograrnetric Engi-
neerin?, Timberman, and West Coast _Lu ber an. The manorial is
arranged under the following headings: aerial photography,
mensuration, survey, interpretation, equipment and techniques,
films and filters, fire protection, recreation, wildlife manage-
ment, range survey, and flood control. .
41 Gaveman, A. V.
[AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY] Aerofotos"emka. Izvest. Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Ser. Geogr. Geofiz., v. 8 (1), 1944: 57-60?
AS262.A6246
A bibliography of 130 items on the application of aerial
photographic surveys to the study of natural resources is pre-
sented. Sixty-four titles are in Russian, and 66 titles in
English, French, Gerr,an, and Dutch.
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Bibliographiea
.2
?i
2 Haquinius' E., and E. A. Shuster, Jr?31CTS Washingt,
D. -IBLI~ OF Geol. PHOTOSurv.t,PPTG 1929, MiD 8. AP?LLID 25853.589
D C., U. S. A list o . of ati roximatelY 1200 foreign and domestic selected
to 1929
:~ the period of 1776
references are presented, covering hotography as
and including literature on the ~eSd of ~ied a1,] subjects.
applied to j,ap-~, ~
43 Hughes, K. W.
ACCEPTED BY COLLEGES AND L~^~VTRSITIES .IN THE
FORESTRY ~iESES ,,,,_, n~~ Oregon State Coll. Bibliogr. ~ ,
UNIr'ETT STATE--, lyw y7i" Oregon . DA-O.90'3
No. 3, 1953, loo P=
Q bibliography of 2638 forestry theses is presented.
hotography.
Thirty-seven theses relate to aerial p.
1;4 [MONOGRAPHS OF THE FAST ALL-UNION COhFFIiiCE ON AERIAL SURVEY]
Materialy. Vsesoiuznoe soveshchanie posled.e0t? 1st.Geol. 1.
Leningrad, 1929? Trudy Gosud. Nauch. ls 26p?, incl. illus.,
Kartogr. Glavn. Geod. Uprav., v. 1, 1929, TA593?V8
diagrs,, tables.
The papers delivered dLrin the All-Union Conference on
g include:
Aerial ~rvey held in Leningrad on June 14-16, 1929
ives of the First Conference on Aerial Surveey, F. Notion
Kr ot
Krasovski3; On the problem of the Aerial Survey .
MorOZOV th the Five-Yea' Plan for Industrializstitanow .Near Per
wi
On the Objectives of the Conference, L.pI.aphical Works, D. S.
spectives of the Development of Work by the Milit~Y
Yg
T
Er OI opogr; hitA istratiofo'A. I. Artanov; On the Aerial Photo-
opa~apc dmin r a hic School, A. A. Martiagin;
graphic Work o~ the ~ltwark Topographic
Ukra1fli Air Lines, D. P.
On the Aerial purveying
F,aain On the Scientific Research in the Field of Aeria S'r-
?
,
veying by the Russian Volunteer Air Fleet by ietyLeningrad Divi-the VeselovsOn the Aerial Survey' a Work On the Works Conducted
sion for Communal Fanning, A. P. Sokolov, A. S. Chebotarev; Aerological
by the Moscok? Cadastral InstitUte,
P. A. I~.olchanov, Atmospheric
Conditions of an Aerial Survey, ~ .
Optic S and Aerial Surveyin Froblems, N. N. Kalitin; Recent
g Its Develop~ent~
Aerial Camera and Research Work Connected
V. B. Shavrov;
G. N. Vandel' ; Airplane for Aerial Importance to Aerial
Quantitative Photegr'aphic Method and Its Imp
Photography, K. V. ChiblSOV; Scientific Research lem v
Aerial Surveying in Reference to Geodetic Preparation.
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Photo interpretatiion
jc and Research Problems in Aerial S1u`veyinh in
Bre~vo; Scientif _ Scientific and Re seer
Reference to Topography, 0
. G. Dits; Problems in AerieL Surveying ~n Reference to Ground nor $, D. P.
Ru J-n; Sc1elitific and Research problemss rY onnectionvoseh' he A. E. 6ki
Application of Aerial planning} o_Using Aerial Survey, A. P.
Methods of Municipal a hic Lenses
Sokolov; On the Possible USSR ProductiCn~bin a?Aer ~ial SurVeY,
Work, ~ rinrnV#kil~ .. _, a.,..
~~
for Geodetic A. I.
N. M. Aleksopol'skit; Electrical Adapter for Optical ..uy~.u'o
of the Converter, S. 0? Maksimovich; On the Aerial Surveys Con
;
ducted by the Chief Geodetic Committee, B. K. CheF.ahkee Lo lnwesobyt
sriangu1ation Using Aerial Survey,
Point (Nadir) hev;
~ e Aerial Survey,
Optical Intensification of CtfortDS entific and Research
G. A. Tikhov; A Five-Year Plan ~,An
tidies in the Field of USSR Aerial Survey, N. A. Ryn
S on as a Base for Scientific Studies in
Aerial 1'hotograph~c Poly A. Rynin; Studies of Phota-
the Field of Aerial Surve~~ntNal?. Laboratory oY the Len~rad
graphic Paper in the E'pe . On the Aligne-
Statp Photographic School; S? 0?~~ it Against the Camera
went (Compensation) of Firm by Pr d Stereo-
Plates A. A. Mel'nikov; Data for the Conduct of Piae 1515
P. P. Khandozhao. A bibl_ogz' P Y of
scopic Aerial Survey, P re Aced by N. A. RYA is
titles dealing with aerial surve,in P- p
appended.
45 Robertson, W M FOREST LITERA', 1917-19+6.
SELECTED BIPLIOC~AP~ OF CANADA
Misc. Silvicultural Rea. Note, Doninion Forest x,9,16 M Canal.
(Ottawa), No. 6, 199, 332 P?
+,~ The
An extensive bibliography on forestry ism presented.
sub-
bibliogr'aphy, which contains 371I4 reverences retries perti-
jct w-itu author and subject index, includes 91
nent to aerial survey methods.
14.6 S ON FOREST SURVEYS WIT AERIAL P :OTOS.R REVISED
19449. i [Por
rvr viand, Ore. ] Pacific Northwest 1 9~2 ?~~
~ B
9 y
A~RCt
M
fir, Sta., 199, 1'p?
The bibliography consists of 53 selected lglish'language
ublished during the per- 1925 to 198. Eleven
ref eren..e s p hotogr'ammetrY3 42 cover the
publications relate to general p';
hs. [53 refs.]
gr p
basic forestry applications of aerial photaa
14?
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Bibliographie s
a 76, 92, 95, 96, 101, 112,
Sew so ite-m 166, 1, 178-181, 10' 196, 22X 26200' , 29 20k, 207, 209, 218, 230, 231,
31, 161+
131,
239248 219, 260, 262, 264, 265, 28, 269, 273, 288, 298, 299,
' 3c~, 310, 314, 318, 320, 323, 326-328, 330, 333, 334 336
3o7, , -
337, 378, 389, 14o6, 1111+ 1+23' 425, 431, 1452, 1471, 14714, o14, 507.
Photographic characteristjcs of vegetation and terrain
47 Anuchin, N. P.
[ v pfETATION AND GROUND EVALUATION OF FORESTS
taROM M siiaIAL
less
PKT0 Lesnoe deshifrirovanie i nazeiml -
s a rcGR~~ y~ami. In his Tesnaia taksatsiia, Moskva, Gosles
s a
bumizdat, 1952, p. 1467 9, mc1, table s; plate.
61)551.A49
The author presents a list of criteria for is nt~8'on
on aerial photographs of inhabited areas, pasture roads irriga-
tion improved and unimproved roads, fore st ,
ditches, water bodies, sand bars, rocks, ountaeas, 'd-n&-
fail cut-OVer forest areas, burned-Out and. deciduous
falls, coniferous stands (spruce, fir and pine),
stands (aspen and birch).
48 Bartholom~us, G. ,?~ r er Form der
(SQ~ Gr~L~i GULTI~r,H~ ~~APE,~1~5~_Unterricht,
deutschen Kulturlandscha.ft. Zeit G1.E73
v. 2 (3), 1950: 143-144; 4 plates.
Eight aerial photographs showing features of various types
settlements are
ehtunafl ach picture is included.
of cultivated lands, forest aal.asis of
presented. An explanatory Y
49 Bonch-Bruevich, M. D.
[ ON OF AERIAL PHUTOGRAPfl OF A Fvt fi1 shifrirovanie
A r. 1939 38-1+7,
aerofotosnimkov lesa. Les. Khoz. (Moskva), pSD1 .1935
incl. illus~
Aerial photographs of forest vegetation are characterized
n on the forest
by distinctive textures and secro~rn density. Deciduous
species, their height, and their
forests usually appear lighter than coniferous forests, espe
ci?n-Y den mat-finish, high-quality printing paper
conical
Spruce forests are characterized by varied height, long
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Photo interpretation
crowns, and very dark intra-crown spaces. Pine forests are
characterized by a uniform crown surface, oval-shaped crowns,
and the absence of well defined differences between individual
crowns and intra-crown spaces.
Cans, Norman.
HOW TO READ AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS FOR CENSUS WORK. U. S. Bur.
Census, Washington, D. C.,, U. S. Gov. Printing Office, 1947,
44 p., incl. photos, maps. TA793.u6
An introduction to the subject of aerial photography is
followed by aenerq.1 tins on aerial photo r. ead ng And a discus-
sion of line features, dwellings, road patterns, and other
spcciai features discernible on aerial photographs. Forty-
eight aerial photographs and 2 maps are included in the text.
51 fiallert, B.
[ON THE CONS WCTION OF PHOTOGR ETRIC MAPS] Uber die Herstel-
lung photograrinietrischer Plane. [German text] [Stockholm,
Esselte aktiebolag, 1944], 118 p.~incl. photos, map, diagrs.,
tables; 5 plates. TA593?H25'
The treatise, dealing with double-point interpolation in
space through the use of stereoscopes and with experimental
photogrammetric work, is illustrated with 7 aerial photographs
of the Swedish countryside. Three aerial photographs in the
form of anaglyphs are appended.
52 Koeppel, R. .
[PALESTINE: THE LANDSCAPE T1 MAPS AND PHOTOGRAPHS] Palestina;
die Landschaft in Karten and Bildern. Tubingen, J. C. B. Mohr,
1930, 174 p., incl. photos, maps, diagrs. GB309.P2K6
The geological structure, morphology, landscape, climatic
conditions, and vegetation of Palestine are portrayed in 195
maps and photographs, a majority of which are aerial photographs.
53 Krinov, E. L.
[SPECTRAL RKFLECTIVITIES OF NATURAL FORMATIONS] Spektral ' naia
otrazhatel'naia sposobnost' prirodnykh obrazovanir. Moskva-
Leningrad, Akad. Nauk SSSR Lab, aerometodov, 1947, 271 ph incl.
photos, diagrs., tables. !Nat. Res. Council, Canad. Tech. Trans-
lation, TT-439, 1953, 268 P?] @C9u?K7
The method employed in determining the visible and near
infrared reflectance of natural formations is described. The
basic principles of photographic spectrophotonetry as used in
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Photographic characteristics
the field, the materials and equipment used, as well as the se-
lection and preparation of observational Material, are outlined
and described. The general characteristics of the landscape
under study are discussed; data on the reflectivity of wooded
areas, grasslands, fields, exposed soils, water, roads, and
various types of structures are presented. The relationship
between the spectral reflectivity Qf natural formations and
their orientation aid configuration is reviewed, [45 refs.)
54 Lindquist, B.
(THE ECOLOGY OF THE SCANDINAVIAN BEECH WOODS) Than skandinariska
bokskogens biologi. Stockholm, Centraltryckeriet, 1931, 532 p.,
incl. photos, maps, tables, map. SD397.Bl.LS
The study is based on a series of aerial reconnaissance
flights carried out over Southern Sweden during the period 1927-
1930. Weekly flights were undertaken during spring when the
beech is distinguishable from other forest trees by its charac-
teristic light-green foliage. Results show that during this
period it was possible to differentiate all of the principal
forest trees in southern Sweden. A 1:500,000-scale map showing
the distrlbutien of the southern Swedish beech forests is
appended.
5; Losee, S. T. B.
PHOTOGRAPHIC TONE IN FOREST INT~PRETATION . Photograuma . Eng . ,
v. 17, Dec. 1951: 785-799, incl. illus., tables.
TA593?A2P5
The importance of photographic tone to the interpreter of
forested areas is emphasized. Analysis of the tone of photo-
graphic images, as well as the factors controlling the amount
and quality of light reflected from tree crowns, are discussea
and evaluated. [8 refs.)
% [AERIAL PEOTOGRAPH READER] Luftbild-Lesebuch. Luftbild u. Luft-
messung, no. 13, 1937: 5-60, chiefly photos.
TA593.A2L8
A series of aerial photographs, analyzed in great detail,
illustrate general types of topography (beaches, lakes, streams,
forests, cultivated areas, wines), and outstanding cultural
features (roads, railroads, dwellings, etc.).
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Photo interpretation
57
[TOPOGRAPHIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHYLuftbild-Topographie. Luftbild u.
Luftbild-meuSUang, no. 1~, 1936: 2-60, chiefly photos.
A wide variety of aerial photographs is presented and
analyzed for outstanding topographic features. The effect on
photography of such factors as shadow, seasonal phenomena, as
well as of - landscape relief, i.s in&icatcd..
,..,._ ..,o., V
1?!?~++& .-J) , , _ . ;Try v11n+PP
AIR PHOTOS AID FOREST MAt1AGEMENT. Conserva~1DA-2~76r; v. 1
(90), Nov.-Dec. 1952: 1i+-15, mncl. photo. 79
The identification of Minnesota tree types on aerial photo-
graphs is briefly discussed.
59 l4oessner, K. E.
PHQTO CLASSIFICATION OF i^OREST SITES. Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters,
191+9: 2T9-292, incl. photos, map, diagrs. DA 99.9Sa13
Topographic features and soil patterns are used as a basis
for the classification of forest sites. Aerial photographs of 15
counties in Western Kentucky were used for the interpretation
study. Since species identification is difficult and subject to
change, and site classification is relatively easy and. more stable,
the latter is recommended in making aerial surveys regions. [1 ref.]
60 Pleshkova, T. T.
[ALBEDO OF GROUND FORMATIONS] A1'bedo zemnykh obrazovanii.
Priroda (Leningrad), v. 37 (10), 198: incl. photos,
diagra?, tables. Q PB
Radiation asuremcnts were made with a calibrated albe-
dometer and the reflectance of various exposed surfaces was
determined. The reflection from snow cover varied from 15 per
cent for discolored and melting snow toed 94. pfor erscent cfor dry and
freshly fallen snow. The values obtain
from 31 to 36 per cent depending upon its transparency. The
reflection from grassy fields varied from 10 to 32 per cent.
Smaller values were obtained for grain fields. The reflectance
of soil was found to be about 8 per crrewet ducedethez-mod
re
35 per cent for yellow sand. Sol. moisture
flectance considerably. Radiation measurements of the water
surface showed reflectance values of about 8 per cent. The
reflection of cloud formations varied from 51 to 76 per cent
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Photographic characteristics
depending on the wave lengths and the position of the sun. The
average reflection of the human skin was 35 per cent. [12 refs.]
(From SIPRE Abstracts)
61 Rief, A.
[ AERIAL PHOTOGRAFEY IN THE SERVICE OF FOREST NANAGF~ NT (APPRAISAL)]
Das Luftbld 1.i!i Diena? der Forsteir1chtuig (TaiCatien). Luft-
w vv itii 1 Vll V 1{j
bald u. Luftbild-messung, no. 10, 1936: 3-7, tncl. photos.
TA593.A2L8
The differentiation of spruce, beech, and oak stands on
aerial photographs of mixed forests is exemplified on four
aerial photographs taken in the forest district of Bettbrunn
in 1935. The original scale was 1:7500; after correction of
distortion the scale was 1:5000.
62 Ryker, H. C.
AERIAL PEO`IOGRApuy. ME 0D OF DET UfIun G TIMBER SPEC TES.
Timberman (Portland, Ore.), v. 31+ (5), Mar. 1933: 11-17, incl.
photos, diegrs. HD9750.1T$5
The results of a study conducted in California in 1931 and
1932 are presented. Equipment and photographic techniques are
briefly described. An Eastman panchromatic film employed in
combination with a green filter admitting only light rays of
wave lengths from 1p6O to 620 millimtcrons to reach the emulsion
gave best results. The physical characteristics and photographic
appearance of four species of the tested area (sugar pine,
western yellov in, Douglas fir, and incense cedar) are des-
cribed and compared. The significance of color or shading of
the crown image and of the shape of the crown for identifica-
tion purposes .is pointed out.
63 Sager, R. C.
1NDF( TO AERIAL AID GROUND PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF GEO-
LOGICAL Ai, D 'I'OPOGRAPwc F EAT, Tl OUGHOUT THE WORLD . Photo-
gramm. Eag., v. 19, June 1953: >}72-1}73. TA593.A215
Information on the contents and availability of the above
index is provided.
64 Samoilovich, G. G.
[AN ATrF PT To rpPRE'p RELIEF' FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS] Opyt
De sh ifr irovan I I a re1'efa po aerosnimkam. Geogr. obshch. SSSR.~
. Invest. (Moscov-Leningrad), v. 67 (2), 1935: 241-251 incl. illus.
G23.R6
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Photo interpretation
An aerial photographic survey of an area in the vicinity of
Stalinsk is described. The photomapped area extends from 52?31'
to 53?!+5' N. Lat., and f''om 87? to 89? E. Long. The aerial photo-
graphs were of a scale of 1:15,000 and had a 60-70Y overlap.
Stereoscopic studies of the aerial photos showed distinct dif-
ferences in the shade and tone between coniferous stands and
groves consisting of birch and alder. Aerial photographc of the
mountainous landscape, individual ridges, and alluvial deposits
are reprotlced _
65 Sanoilovich, G? (
i THE LSE OF AVIATION IPi m STUDY OF SEASO;dAL CkAlGES/. IN NATURE ]
j'rimeleuie t~ viii LSii W.iEi i uch uiiia ~i ludiehe k 1a 1cni
. prirodv. Izvest. Geogr. obshch. SS R. (Moscow-Leningrad), v. 69
r:D , ?z ? ^'~ ''''~ incl 11.11119. G23.Rb
Observations of the vegetational cover were conducted during
spring, summer, and fall aerial flights to determine to what
extent individual species could be recognized. April studies
t:?om altitudes of 300 to 500 m. permitt.ed an easy recognition of
blooming maple trees, elm trees, larch, and mature pine stands.
Oak and linden, although still void of leaves, were recognized
by the shape and the structure of their crowns. Aerial photo-
graphs of a 1:8400 scale taken during the spring using a yellow
filter offered ouch detail and satisfactory contrasts between
various species.
66
Seely, H. E.
SOME DEv OPA r rS IN THE USE OF AIR PHOIOGRAPHS FOR FOREST Srm-
VEl'S. Photogramm. Eng., v. 13, Sept. 19i.7: 443- 52.
TA593.A2P5
Attempts to differentiate species in air photographs were
less successful than to estimate timber voluxt ; it w8s often
necessary to depend of ground identification. $ardwoods can
usually be distinguished from softwoods, with some exceptions,
in midsu mer photographs. The desired distinctions may be
obtained by a process of elimination, in cases where very few
species are present; by the aid of site classification from air
photographs; by knowledge of the forest associations and suc-
cessions; by shape and texture of crowns; by tone of foliage,
particularly in the autumn; and by phonological changes. The
variation in glossiness of foliage in broad-leaved species spay
provide a valuable means of differentiation in color photography.
Infra-red photographs clearly distinguish softwoods and hard-
woods in midsummer. Panchromatic photographs provide very
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Photographic characteristics
distinctive spring and autumn tones. Variations-.in crown
texture in individual species complicate the use of infra-red
for softwood identification. Experiments indicated that par-
ti.culcrly distinct tones can be obtained using a minus-blue
filter with infra-red film.
67 Sisam, J. W. B.
THE USE OF AERIAL SURVEY IN FORESTRY MTD AGRICULTURE. Oxford,
Imperial Forestry Bureau, 1947, 59 p., 67 aerial photos.
TR81o.5s
The recognition of broad vegetation types on aerial photo-
graphs is based on (1) variations in tone and texture of the
photograph with respect to the vegetation itself and to related
soil and topographic conditions, (2) characteristic spacing and
patterns of associations or individual tree crowns, and (3) posi-
tion with respect to features in the landscape and to other
vegetation. The amount of detail depends on the scale and
quality of photographs, &harpness of boundary and height varia-
tion between sub-types, phenoicgical and Breather conditions at
the time the photographs are taken, topographic conditions, and
the extent to which photographs were correlated with ground
conditions. The necessity to define, within limits, the photo-
graphic appearance of each species and combination of species,
and to assemble this inform.-ation into a key is emphasized.
Experiments using panchromatic film and a green filter resulted
in photographs showing (1) boundaries of areas predominantly
pine as opposed to those predominantly fir, (2) identification
of species of each individual mature tree, and (3) location of
trees whose foliage was affected by insects. Experiments using
various types of film anti various filters show that the best
combination of photographic materials for forestry is the infra-
red film with a light-colored filter, probably a minus blue or
slightly darker. Scales of 1:9600 or smaller are necessary for
an identification of individual trees; scales of 1:18,000 are
sufficient for delineating types predominantly of one species.
(96 refs.]
68 Sulakvelidze, G. K.
[SOiE RADIATION PROPERTIES OF DRY SNOW] Nekotorye radiat s ionnye
svoistva sukhogo snega. Soobshch. Akad. Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR
(Tiflis), v. 12, 1951: 467-473, Incl. diagrs., tables.
DLC Slavic
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Photo interpretation
The radiation properties of snow were studied at elevations
of 2000-5600 m. from 1946-1950. The reflectance of snow varied
from 49-97% and depended on Crater content and purity. The
albedo of pure, dry snow was 90-97% and decreased to about 75%
when slightly wet. The albedo of damp, contaminated snow was
49%. Radiation transmission in snow was studied to depths of -
95 cm. About 35.2% of solar radiation penetrated to a depth of
5 em., 4.82% to 15 cm., and 1.76* to 50-90 cm. Wave lengths of
6500-6600 A were completely absorbed within the upper 5.7 cm.
of snow. Formulas are suggested for calculating albedoo and
11lu atIO.~i . .t V {? n'r depths_ [3 refs. 1 (StPd+W
11 ~,yyylithl(,1.V 1 V L1 - Vri. i V risu M./ vu nc v - -
Abstracts)
69 ? Sztits, L.
[ATI AERIAL PHOTOGR4PH1 A legi fenykep. [Hungarian text)
Budapest, N. Kir. Allami Terkepeszet, 1931, 51 p., incl. photos,
diagrs. TA593.39
Twenty-seven aerial photographs of Hungarian cities,
villages, and countryside are included.
70 Tikhov; G. A.
[ SPECTRAL A:TLYSIS AND Fr UORESCE:TCE OF T E GRE PARTS E ov~WERS OF
PL.AIdTS] Spektral'nyi anal iz i fluoresfsentsifa zeleni i Csvet
rasteniL Priroda (Leningrad), v. 38 (6), 199: 3-71 incl.
illus. diagrs. Q4.r8
Spectral studies of various plants show that Peonia inter-
media and and Geranium grandiflorum exhibit maximum brilliancy
the infrared ba d. Viola altaica reaches its maximum brilliancy
at a wave length of 914 mu; similar brilliancy was observed at
wave lengths above 750 mu for Cortusa altaica.
71 THE USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND MOSAICS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE
TO FLOOD CONTROL SURVEYS. In Proceedings of Seminar on Aerial
Photography in Flood Control Surveys, December 6-8, 1939?
Washington, D. C., U. S. Dept. Agric., Flood Control Advisory
Comm. [1939], Appendix A, 19 p. DA-1.915F2P914
The preparation, interpretation, and use of aerial photo-
graphs for flood control surveys are discussed. Common varia-
tions recognizable in the following types of forested lands are
described: well stocked lands, understocked stands, closely
cut-over and burned areas, and forest plantations. Classes of.
open land distinguished include: cultivated fields in river and.
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Photographic characteristics
stream valley areas, or on gently rolling to moderately steep
slopes; lands idle for several years; pasture lands; miscel-
laneous lauds including cities, towns, highways, railroad
right-of -ways, river channels, and mine pits.
72 Wieslander, A. E., and R. C. Wilson.
CIASSIFIING FORESTS AND 0 VEGLTATION FROM AIR PHOTOGRAPHS.
Photogramm. Eng., v. 8, July-& pt. 1942: 203-215, incl. illus.,
diagrs. Also in Amer. Soc. Photogramn. Manual of Photogram-
metry. New York, Pitman Publishing Co., p. 716-727.
T_
Extensive studies of photographic characteristics of the
vegetation permitted a basic classification of elements and
features using contrasts as a i e ns of identification. Trees,
both timber and cordwood, down to minimtna sizes usually appear
more irregular in pattern and darker in tone than other vegeta-
tion. The pattern and tore to timber-tree canopy are more
regular and often darker than in eordwood stands. The individua]
tree crowns are longer and more pointed or tapering, as revealed
by shadows. Stereoscopic images of individual croizna are more
nearly circular and narrower than iraes of cordwood trees of
comparable heights. The pattern and tone of hardwood canopy
are usually irregular, tree crowns blending together so that
individ,a crowns are indistinguishable in dense stands. In-
dividual croirns in open stands are usually broader and have a
more irregular spread than timber trees of comparable heights,
and the crowns are definitely more rounded or flat on top.
Non-timber conifers such as Digger pine, pinon in, and juniper
are sometimes difficult to distinguish fron timber conifers.
Shrubs form patterns varying in regularity, with various tones
of gray, depending largely on species composition. The stereo-
scopic height of shrubs is negligible.
See also items 2, 22, 28, 37, 84, 109: 112, 181, 186, 192, 203,
2^11 219, 216, 258, 266, 273, 277, 280, 287, 289, 296,301,
311, 315, 327, 338, 31+3, 349, 362, 379,, k26, 1+30, 432,
1164, 1+81, 485, li86, 490, 165, 275.
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3. Photographic materials and equipnt
73
Aquino, R. R.
GLASSY PHOTOCRJtPHS VERSUS POSITIVE T?M?SPARFI!TCIES FOR TREE HEIGHT
MEASUR:21E ITS. Filipino Forester, v. 5, 1953: 20-33, incl.
table s. DA-99.8F1+7
Tree height measurements, made from glossy aerial photographs
and from positive transparencies of 500 sample trees, are sta-
tistically analyzed. The positive transparencies provi& i cya-
s stently i etter rpezslts than the Mossy photographs. [8 ref s.1
71+ Aschenbrenner, C. M.
P1 OBLE IS IN GEITfl G INFOF NATION INTO AND OUT OF AIR PHOTOGRAPHS.
Photogramm. Eng., v. 20, June 1954: 398-401, incl. photos., diagrs.
TA593 ?A2P5
Information is considered to be stored in aerial photographs
essentially in the form of a non-random distribution of "density
specks". A laboratory model is described which simulates this
phenornenon, arid is used to study the limits of photographic in-
formation potential. A difference between the limitation imposed
by emulsion grain and that imposed by lens performance is demon-
strated. The seemingly random distribution of density specks is
found valuable, in photogran2etry, for the definition of a sur-
face through the use of a stereoscope which permits retrieval of
otherwise invisible Information stored in a photograph.
(Author's Abstract in part)
75 Ask, R. F.. .
FITS OF FHOT(A2~IC OPTICS. In Amer. Soc. Photogramm.
Aianual of Photogramn2try, 2d ed., Washington, D. C., 1952,
p. 535.602, incl. illus., tables, diagra.
TA593.A63
The study of optical equint employed in photogramaetry
covers lenses in general, lenses for photogrammetry, errors
caused by glass plates, simple optical systems, comrpensation of
lens distortion, color filters, prisms, and mirrors.
76 Backstrdm, H., and E. Welander.
(A PRF1D4fl1ARY iNV TIGATION OF ?U? POSSIBILITIES OF DISTIN-
GUISHING DIFFERENT ' E SPECIES ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS) Ili pre-
liminar undersokning rorande moJligheterna att skilja olika
tradslag pa flygoiider. Svenska Skogsvardsfor. Tidskr., v. 46
(3) 191+8: 180-200. DA-99.8Sk5
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Materials and equipii nt
The reflecting capacity of leaves, from 19 different tree
species, in light of wavelengths between 4000 and 1000 A, was
studied at the Inst. of Photography of the Swedish College of
Technology with the aid of a Beckman spectrophotometer. Diffuse
reflection curves for the various species show a strong reaem-
bince in their general trend, having a by peak in the visible
spectrum in the green. The spectral range important to infrared
photography appee.:s +,.o be 7500-&5OO A. From. a consideration of
1: _ --., t: in re At1 on to photographic contrast (density of
G l~u~,tiv.+
~11
negative) it is concluded that hardwood and conifers will be
readily distinguishable in infrared aerial photographs; contrast
between Norway spruce and Scotch pine will be close to the limit
of distinguishability. Satisfactory contrast could be obtained
bet en species showing little contrast in infrared, e.g.
spruce and pine, oak and beech, in green light (panchrouatlc fi]m
and green filter) in spite of the low reflection capacity in this
range. The practical difficulty is that use of the filter would
de~iand great sensitivity of the film, and it is probably impos-
sible at present to achieve the necessary canbination of filter
de;asity and film sensitivity. Very valuable work could be done
with aerial photographs if it were possible to have regions
photo raphed in both the green and the infrared ranges. [18
refs.] (Forestry Abstr . in part)
77
Bertele, L.
FE NEW m1S OF HICK OPTICAL PERFOFMfCE FOR AERIAL PEOTOGRAM-
IL11RY. Photograr tria, v. 1, No. 2, 19)+9: 52-53.
TA593.A2PJ48
Detailed description is given of anew lens, the Aviotar,
with a 1:4.2 aperture and a 60? ai~~ilar field, designed for
photograntinetric use to provide complete freedom from distortion.
The lens, of complete asymmetric construction, is composed of
9 elements cemented together in 4 sections which are separated
by air spaces. The correction of image errors permits use of
the lens for color photography.
78 Clark, W.
YEOTOC:RAPHY BY INFRARED; ITS PRINCIPLES AHD APPLICATIOIS. New
York, John Wiley, 1939, 597 p . , incl. diagrs., tables; plates
(photographs) m75g.C55
Infrared aerial photography is briefly discussed (p. 257-
262) and forest- and geological aerial survey techniques are
described..
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Photo interpretation
79 Deeg, J` J. PhotogY'a~-.
AERIAL CAMERAS AND ACCESSORIES. In Amer. Soc.
ammetrY2d ed., Washington, D. C., ,
Manual of Photogr 1~~
, _ ~~~- TA~93,Ab3
p. 69-1~7, incl. illus., tobiS, dic1 s.
The re quirements for aerial cameras,? their design and cons-
s
structinn are described, , and general principle d heir of opesome
tion are outlined. A deuailed,descrrptiondit reof heir accessories,
military and nonmilitary aCll cc. r9
including specifications for the T-11 camera.
$0 Erlnolaev, M. M.
oN TAE FATORS P"FFECTING LONG-RANGE VISIT iITY IN T EARCTIC 11.
Ob usloviiakh vidimosti na dalekoe rasstoianie v Ar
Arkt. Mauch.-Issled. Inst. (Leningrad) s No. 7, 1931 123-126,
00 .1A2
mci. diagr., tables.
were carried ouat the Polar Geo
i
ons
Visibility observat
physical Station on the Lyakhov Islands (73?11'
1Lt.3014' E. Long.). Mount Ulakhan Suriuk-Tas, abouec 00 in. high
and 97 in-1? away from the observation point was sel to
determine the visibility. The observations lasted ~16 . moss..4
during which period the mountain was seen
eS O~d not coincide in
best visibilities at long and short raugwas obtained during
time. Optimum visibility at long rang
months of July and Auust, while minimum visibility was noted
during May. The distribution of visibility mays according to
i,y `~
months is tabulated.
81 Fagerholm, E. MAPPING] glgbildens
[THE APPLICATION OF ~ AERIAL PHOTOGRAP TO
H i8y_il
anvsandning for kartframstdllning. Ymer, v. 63, l93 :
GNl .
incl. photo e, diagrs.
. . ca~;ristics The of aerial photographs are discussed, and
a comparison is made between oblique and. vertical photogrePhsld
l,~,p_~"ng techniques and eq~i~itzerland, are discussed. A
of
and of the Zeiss companies
brief historical survey of the development ofa hot photographs for
introduces the study. The importance of P
the work of r the Swcd ? ati U~~~--encral Staff LithograPhic Inst. in its
Into a hs
rapping of Sweden is noted. Eight representative p g P
and illustrations of the equiprLent nentione: are included.
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L!I
Materials and equipment
82 Grans, G.
[STCmIES OF THE STAB]ZITY OF PANCHROMATIC AEROFILMS] Ucter-
suchungen der Haltbarkeit von panchromatischen Fliegerfilmen.
Jahrb. Deutsch. Luftfahrtforsch., sect. 3, 1910: 49-58, incl.
photo, diagrs., tables. TL503.J15
The stability of the following commercial films exposed
over a prolonged period to temperatures of 5n 35 and 20?C
was tested: Agfa-Aeropan "Normal",
and relative humidity of 150
Agfa-Aeropan "H'dhere Enpfindlichkeit", Zeiss-Ikon serial film,
Perutz-Pervo a t~eriai iil.u, and. Kodak panatomic film. Results
of these tests are tabulated and plotted graphically..
83 Gramms, G.
[CONPARATIVE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPBS IN VISIBLE AND INFRAR
RANGE OF A SINGLE rlriULSION j Vergleiheich abfleineraemnniim
sichtbaren and infraroten Spektralbe
Emulsion. Jahrb. Deutsch. Luftfahrtfor sch., sect. 3, 1942:
57-61, incl. photos, diagrs., tables. TL503?J1
Phototechnical properties of the Infrapan emulsion, which
combines infrared-sensitive and panchromatic materials in a
single emulsion, are briefly reviewed. Tests of this emulsion
for its applicability in aerial photography are described. Six
photographs taken with Aeropan B, Infrarot 850, Infrapan II,
and Infrapan III are compared for contrast.
84. Jensen, H. A., and R. N. Colwell.
PANCHRO ATIC VERSUS INFRARED ANUS-BLUE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR
FOFESTRY PURPOSES IN CALIFORNIA. Photogramm. Eg., v. 15, June
191+9: 201-223, incl. illus., tables, diagrs.
TA593.A2P5
A review of systematic tests regarding the relative merits
of various film-filter combinations for fore strya pufunction rposes soovs
that the chlorophyll content of foliage is more the age and vigor of a tree than of its species. Experiments
have shown that the best distinction of tree species is obtained
using Eastman Supersensitive Panchromatic rum in combination
with a green filter which transmits only light with awave lengths
of 460 to 620 mu. Other studies indicate
rwith a.minus-blue filter is superiorrboth
fferenncaroongtic
with minus-blue and to color photography o
forest tree species by tonal contrast, eater dnf tr,~einfrared
photographic tone between speciesare gr
range than in the visible part of the spectrum. Tests conducted
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Photo interpretation
o determine applicability of these findings to local growth
ditions showed panchromatic minus-blue photographY to yield
more con information than the panchromatic green. Optimum
~,, hv. Instru-
were obtained using infrared minu-blue photop_ap
iuentation and Lethodology employed iii California tests are
described.
USE of LIAR-6 LENS IN A CONTOUR-COS ' AERLsL oSURVEY) f
~~
prjmenenie ob"ektiva LIAR-6 pri konturno-kombinirovann
aeros"emke. Moscow, Izdanie Joenno-inzhenern?abAkad. 1 eni
?i 8 P , , incl. illus ,, t , gr
v. V. _ k.,~~y-sheva, 1938, 9 TR81o x8
diagrs.
A description is given of the LIAR-6 lens whhiich has an
the
aberration of 2 n.' astigmatism of 2 n~a., image of 1.5 :!ntn., distortion of r c,3~- , . and. a resolution of
66 lines per 1 mm. in the center and 10 to haleness erc1 ?
along the edges. The lens is considered to eater than
application for photograumfletric use on scales gr
1:5(} 000.
86 Mason, UOTSPO PT IId WIOE-ANGLE PgOTOC~HS. Photogralmn. Eng., v. 19,
~ HO
Sept. 1953: 619-625, incl. photos, diagrS. TA593.A21
. " "no-ShadOll arse", Or
The phenomenon known as "h0~paeri a~. photographs contra-
"hazy spot" in wide-angle vert
?utes grsetay to increased P1aPP~ costs end lower map accuracy.
~ halation rear
The spot is caused by absence of hhado ~ xstahno b~Y the exposure
the prolongation of a line frern t
station. Its major effect is the destructwedeo nephimagge
dedetail over a considerable~ portion of
orenarrow"angle photo-
. It is not a serious p_obl
aPhs in the temperate zones. me most practicalon th heof
o
overcoming the hotspot is to a oo1dven time may be accurately
hotspot on the phut-0graph at Y 8i
edicted and flights ma.y be planned tc avoid it. [2 refs.1
Pr
(Author's Abstract)
87 Miller, V. C. SON SLOPE DISTORTION
SOME FACTORS CAUSING VIIRTICAL EXAGGEHA Sept . 1953
ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. Photograunn. Eng., v . l9 19, , Set.
592-607, incl. diagrs. - . ,
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Materials and equipment
The study discusses the quaiitative aspects of photographic
variables such as focal length, camera height, air asseo,arelief,
tilt, and optical imperfections which may contribute
vertical exaggeration. [2 refs.)
88 Nagel, M.
[ STUDIES OF rlj15 B:,, :,oG~,~,,,TT~IV ?T C SMALL rrn r S ON AERIAL PHOTO-
GRAPHS) Untersuchurgen fiber die Erkennbarkeit kleiner Detail in
Luftbiidaufnau en. Jahrb. Deutsch. Luftfrtf0r5., sect. h ~
19+0: 59-60.
The report summarizes results of investigations vhich
the relationshiP between the picture quality of photographs
taken at various focal lengths, the photographic material, and
film-development methods were studied..
89 .Rozhdestvin, N. P.
Voenizdat, 19+7,
AERIAT PIIOTOGRAPHY1 Aerofotografila. Moskva,
tables, k plates.
[ s, di s,, ?
~'
331 P?, incl. pho+ cos, p TR81O.R67
The manual on aerial photographY presents a consideration
of the fwndamentals of sensitometrY, light filters and film for
aerial photographY, expo3ure and its determination for such
Photo aphy, developer=nt of the film, the positive process in
~'
aerial photography, reproduction of photographic data, the photo-
graphic laboratory of the Aerial Photographic Service, profeserial
data obtained in aerial reconnaissance, an a discUSSiOn
color photography.'
90 Schmieschek, U. RAYS FaOTOGRAPHYJ Die Anwendung
[THE APPLICATION OF II''RAR~ rhie. Jahrb. ]~~atsch. I,uft-
infra_oter Strahlen in der thotograincl. photos, diagrs.
fahrtforsch., sec. 3, 1937 93-98, TL503?J15
A description is given of development of a photographic
emulsion technique; of infrared-sensitive emulsions~anesfilters
employed in infrared photography; photography in darkness;
of
principal fields of infYar'hotogrrphhaze , pe mist, and smoke
various light wavelengths through hoto hic
so well as penetrability ohrinfr~artif~ia~l.h and natural haze;
equipment; photof3~'aphing through
and distant photography using super-sensitive, infrared--
Eleven aerial photographs taken using
sensitive emulsions.
various films and filter combinations are included.
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photo interpretation
91
Schmie schek, U. OF TEE VARIABLE SUITABILITY OF OFH-
[SYS7~+`.ATIC I'i~v~STIGATIGI~S O~ EMULSIONS FOR
CHROMATIC, p? cBBOMATIC, AID TFRAR t~sche UntEMULSIONS F
TE USE IN AERIAL PEOTOQ~11 Sys r Anchro
orthochromatische_, pa-
Uber die tiuiterschiedliche Ei~ung
~; nd~ i c ner F_ta+i ish Columbia
The study found no practical differencein the accuracy -of
urvey
topographic ground survey and the double_projection
method-. Comparative results are shown on maps, profiles, and
in a table. [6 refs.]
286 Knechtel, M. M.
Geol . Soc . Amer.,
PIMPLED pLA]2 S OF EASTERN oKr AHO4A. B B.
v. 63, 1952: 689-700, incl. photos, agrs
Aerial photo 'aPhs are presented which illustrate soil
mounds, as well os the fissui patterns found both in playas
and in tundra and considered. to be genetically similar in part.
287 Kornrumpf, M?
[AERIAL PIIOTOGRAPKY AND LAP~DSCAPE KTLORA sON ] Luf tbild und
Raumforschung. Luftbild u. Luftbildmessungg, no , 1937? ]i-13'
incl. photos. 593
The relation between landscape photographs and geological
structures is illustrated by a number of aerial and ground
photographs taken in various parts of Germany.
288 Kreutzinger, J.
[TOPOGRAPHY/ Topografia. Warszawa, Ministerst~ro Spray Wo~sko-
bl latea maps.
es
t
, p ,
o
wych, 1928, 339 p?, incl. d.iagrs.,
UG TO . K7~
The manual, used as a textbook by the students of the
Polish War College, presents basic data on on,
topography, photogr~try, cartography, the military importance of terrain. Twenty-one aerial photo-
graphs are appended. [33 refs.]
289 Locket', B.
T:E BJtTAZION OF ORDNANCE SURVEY MAPS AND GEC(tATICAL
PICTURES. London, Georg Philip, 1937, 31 p., incl. photos,
maps; maps. NNC-Geology D5268 .L79
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In physiography
The interpretation of ground photographs is exemplified
on a group of pictures taken on the British Isles. Methods of
etermining the topograp. hy, and identifying vegetation features
d
and man-made objects are shown. The main types of landscape
found in Great Britain and analyzed in the study are chalk
downland, limestone upland, as well as clay vales and plains.
290 LOf str~u-, .?vaksrtoitus
(MAPPING WITH AIR-PHOTOGRAPHS IN r u~~y m) Tlmakt~
Suomessa. English sum mary) Terra (Helsingfors), v. j8 (3).
[
19+6: 86-118, incl. photos, diagrs., tables.
The development of aerial photographic mapping in Finland
methods and techniques,
is reviewed. Present aerial mapping
'which are making use of photography on a scale of 1:20,000 end
includes surveying to fix points and contour lines, are
discussed. [12 refs.]
291 Lyman, C. K.
FORESTERS AS TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPERS IN THE REDWOODS. Jour.
Forestry, v. 1+3, Apr. l9!+5: 265-268. SD1.663
The mapping of the coastal area of northern California,
e. ,
performed by the U. S. Forest Service for the War Dfo
is described.
292 OUTSTANDING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS IN NORTH AMERICA. Amer. Geol.
Inst., Rept. No. 5, 87 p., May 1551.
SIPRE files, 5-1688
The index of aerial photographs contains examples illus-
trative of various geomorphic and structural subjects. Ln-
with
cluded are permafrost features, features associated
methods
glaciation and solifluction. Types o ph g ph,
of procurement and a bibliography of literature on aerial
photography are discussed.
IU. P.
293 Parmuzin,
[AN :xpERIMENTrAL APPLICATION OF AEROPHOTOGRAPHIC ?4M OOERIA] ~
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF TEE TAIGA BELT IN
CENTRAL skikh issledo-
ge giche
prineneniia aerofotometodov pri fo
van1 kh taezhnor polosy Srednei Sibiri. Voprosy Geogr?
(Moskva), v. 21, 1950: 107-120; plates. 023?V6
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Photo interpretation
hotog. aphY applied to geomorpho-
bcperimellts with aerial p '" ~ shoal that optimum
logical studies of Central Siberian taig- rpCat opt : pre-
using the fallowing p
results were obtained by
nary photo interpretation and aerial es sa og ey points the area
- di
studied, and supplementary ground &tt ,,nretation and air survey.
carnot be readily defined from te- j
De ho -
tailed methods for each o! the above phases of aagnomo~ th
--~,
logical study are outlined. Eleven aerial pho,ogr p
obligati and vei' +.1~-u- ~i?1,r ? .rP arpendcd to the study.
294 Prouty, W. F. Soc. Amer., v. 63,
THEIR ORIGIN . B i . Ge01 .
CAROLINA GAYS A
~ maps, diagz?s., tables.
1453: 1b7-224, Lncy. photos, Q-.G2
a hs were used to map the distributinebays
ong Ph the e AF lain area and to make
l A tlantic coastal p s.
the farms and patterns of individual occurrencc
analysis of rurr ,~lementea by magnetometer studies,
Photo interpretation was Jimentation.
field observations, and expP
295 Rengarten, P. A.
c k1MAL PIIOTOGRAFRIC MATERL(L IN GEOMORPUOL olSTJDIFS
DE OF HICAL COIv~ITIO S) Isp
`_SICAL AND GEOGRAP
VARIOUS Pff e
UNDER E
rofotas"emki dlia geomorfologicheskikh issledoyani
materialov ae st.
kh flziko-ge0gr?afi.cheskikh usloviiakh. +ve tables.
V razlichny inves
~..
Vsesoiuz. Geogr. 4bshch., V. 71 (6), 1939: 37_896, G23.R6
The method of , anplication of aerial photographic survey
fry location var in geomorphological studies is ronse~ent on theYlayout, size,
to location and depends to a la- ge geologic composi-
c0nfiguration, internal structure, and the g pactors are
tion of the objective on the grouyd. The latter t yrns of -
5?rface character-
repre stinted on an aerial' photo
Ex in teample s of utilization of aerial
istics and tone variations. lairs and
hotographY in the study of plains, disscted p s
P
mountains of the USSR are presented. .
296 SadOk, V.
S? Liptovsky Svaty Mikulas, Slovto1-r Publish rs
OUR
Ltd., 1950, 120 p., incl. photos. c1135 ?C9
sins of Czechoslovakia are depicted in the groznd
The mount of the areas covered by p
photographs ? A brief s~`tTeY resentation.
graphs serves to introduce the pictorial p
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i
In physiography
297 Smith, H. T. U. Eng.,
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS n GEOMORPHIC STUDIES. hotogramm .
~ anr~ .i. .
V. 8 Apr.June 19i-2: 129-i5, ~ ill?s , , graph, map. A.1ao-
, -r ~. :New _.,_ Ynrk,
in Amer . Soc . photogranm . Manual of Pho tog'~~?rY, :N
+... i_v P1: U Rh in? Co . 19+5 , P ? 728-748 . TA593 .A2P5
?
y
The present status of aerial photog'aPh 'ad ^artographY
is outithed, the pertinent literature reviewed, and terse is
aerial photographs iii the interpretative study of 1a involve-fO
discussed. The interpretataoe ?reaief~and cultural features,
the identification of drathg ,
7d A recogiition of the sirmificance of these features in -
geomorphic history
terms of nterpretation area basically similar to those for topo- prthci
pie s of ite maps. r~. The existing ~~~ ArPnce $ are primarily caused
g
graphic L are more qualitative regardin
by the fact that photographs L? ?,a titativel in terms of
the d,etaii, but are less accord The adequacy ofyaerial photo-
for geomorphic interpretation depends
~horizQphs onta as l a and direct vertical basis scale .
the or type s of ter oraPha to be studied, the scale of
the investigation, the importance of accurate vertical control,
on t
the nature and scope of the study, the extent of previous field
of
studies on the same problem, and on the reliability
criteria for the given problem.
298 Smith, H. T. U. and
PEOT4 IP~PREE]:ATION OF RAIN. In Comm . un GeophYs .
-- C SELECTED
Geogr., Red. and Development Poard, Washington, D. . ,
PR~TION. Apr. 1953,
PAPERS ON FHOTC:B.LOGY Ads ? PHOTO Re t. Tno. GG 209/1 ; Unclasaif ied}
p? 7-53, incl? photos, nap (P (TID-L4751
AD 81956
s viewed-
The general rationale of photo interPretatiofne terrain
by a geomorphologist is discussed. An example o
presented.
Atudy based largely on photo interpretation isrp went as a
potentialities and limitations ,of pdexedin o maps and 18
means of studying terrain are c,)nsi [16 refs./
aerial photographs are included in the study.
299 Tator, B. A. g REGIONS . Photogramn.
D
er,gATldAGE ANOMALIES IN CO ~~17~ i~nc1. photos, map.
g, v. 20, June 191,+. TA593 ?A2P5
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Photo interpretation
A report is presented of studies conducted to refine photo a tool interpretation technigpes for ascal data in the coastal
tion of geomorphological and geoloS
plains region. [10 refs./
See also items 2~4, 163, 222, 225, 231, 235, 262, 308-310, 321.
Hydrography
300 Birdseye, C.
FLOOD NEASJB 4ENTS BY AERIAL P1i0TOaRAPhL. Cana d. Surveyor,
v. 6 (1), July 1937: 10-11. TA5O1.C3
A method of determining the flood discharge velocity by means of aerial photographs is briefly described.
301 Budel, J.
mTrTATION] Das
I A.ERIAL PEOToc APB n~ ICE i ESEARCH AND ICE n vES Zeitschr.
Luftbild im Dienste der Eisforschung und EiserkundUUflg5, plates
Gesell. Erdkunde (Berlin), v. 1943 (7-10),G13
pAerial observation and Photography facilitate the investi-
gation and cartographical recording of ice formation, distribu-
tion, and classification in Arctic and Antarctic seas, aerial
including changes in ice floes. The photography in hydrography are pointed out. Photographs of
different types of ice as seen from the air are included.
[160 refs.]
302 TE Dl '~ t*an~t AL''ATlIL vAmmOr_RepuS OF TqT'. RFATT'~ SURFACE
~ERMiA1~IOi PROM AERL' s H... ..-
VELOCITIES OF WATER. Canad. Surveyor, v. 5 (11), Jan. 1937: 22?
TA501.C3
A stereoscopic study method for determining stream
A vertical photograph in a
velocities is briefly described.
direction opposite to the floe of the stream died ascale satis-
approXimstely 500 ft. to the inch is recomme
factory.
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In hydrography
303 Galkina, E. A., S. S. Gilev, N. P. Golovin, and K. E. Ivanov.
[APPLICATION OF AERIAL SURVEY DATA TO HYDROc APHICAL STUDIES
OF SWAMPS] Primenenie materialov aeros"emki dlia gidrografi-
cheskogo 1zuchenil uolot. Ak d. Nauk SSSR, Oat. Biol. Nauk.,
Refer. Nauch.-Issled, rabot [for 1945], 1947, p. 13.
9E3O1 .A357
The report presents & brief review of aerial photo-surveying
of swamp areas conducted in the northwestern USSR, outlines the
basis for interpretation of aerial photographs, and discusses
the basic features of the hydrographical network of the investi-
gated regions.
3011. Gams, 11.
[AERIAL Piioioar& y m m STUDY OF LAKES AND MARSHES] Das
Luftbild in der Seen- and Moorforschung. Zeitschr. Gesell.
Erdkunde (Berlin), v. 1943 (7-10), 19k3: 3+5-351.
G13.c5
The appliceticn of aerial photography to studies of lakes
and swamps is briefly discussed and the advances in this field
made since the end of World War I are pointed out. The use oP
color and infrared photography for the identification of bog
types and certain plant species is also mentioned. [32 refa. ]
305 Gaveman, A. V.
[APPLICATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPiiC SURVEY TO HU$OGRAPKIC WORK
ni TIIE SOVIET ARCTIC] Prim nenie aerofotos"enki dl{a gidro-
graficheskikh rabot v Save tskot Arktlke. [English swumary]
Izvest. Akad. Nauk SSSR, ser. Geogr. Geofiz., v. k (1') 1940:
133-152, incl. maps, tables. AS262.A6216
Results of the investigation, carried out by the Aero-
Survey Commission of the State Geographic Society, are summa-
rized. Methods employed in the aerial photographic survey of
the mouth of Olenek River are described. Three different maps
of the same area were plotted using either aerial photography
alone, aerial photography covpled with ground survey, or.ground.
survey only. Lest results were obtained using the combined
aerial and ground survey method.'
306
photos, maps, diagrs., tables. G593 .K3
Karelin, D. B.
[ICE RECONNAISSANCE FROM ~ AIR] Ledovaia aviatsionnaia raz
. vedka. Moskva-Leningrad, Glavsevmorput', 1916. 152 p., incl.
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 Photo interpretation
308
307 Melton, F. A.
AN F~FIRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FLOOD-PLAIN STREAMS. Geogr. Rev.
(New York), v. 26, Oct. 1936: 593-609, incl. photos, diagrs.
G1.G35
Eleven aerial photographs of meandering flood-plain streams
are presented.
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A brief history of ice reconnaissance end equipment used is
presented. Ice reconnaissance from the air was carried out to
determine ice conditions. Various factors affecting the ice,
the actual organization of flights, methods of reconnaissance,
and geo~Traphical and seasonal ice conditions are discussed in
detail. Visual observation was considered unreliable and the
use of photography is recommended. (SIPRE Abstr.)
The paper reports the development of techniques for com-
piling drainage maps of fine detail from aerial photographs of
the several counties in Indiana.
309 Parvis, M.
DRAl3A E PAS k SIGNIFICANCE LEI AL~PROTO ID ~ICATION OF SOILS
AND RiIDRC KS. ~'P.hetogrP. Eng., v. 1., ' 6, J.. _ 1950. 387-409,
incl. illus., maps. TA593.A2'5
The analyses of drainage patterns for their use in the
identification of regional soils ana bedrocks by means of air-
photos is reported. The relative ease dth which stream sys-
tems can be observed on aerial photographs facilitates the
r'cognition of drainage patterns. It has been accepted that
certain basic drainage patterns such as the dentritic, trellis,
radical, parallel, annular, and rectangular are asso^.iated with
specific land surface materials. Airphoto interpretation re-
vealed several modifications of the basic drainage patterns
such as reticuiar, phantom, and lacunate. Drainage patterns
traced from representative airphotos of various physiographic
regions throughout the U.S. are presented as illustrations of
patterns which develop in the soils and bedrocks typical of
the regions. Drainage patterns in regions where the rocks are
bare or are covered only with shallow soils are decidedly dif-
ferent from those in regions of deep glacial drift. Drainage
Parvis, M.
DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGF MAPS FROM AERLAL PBOTOGRAPBS. Proc.
Nat Res. Council, sigh. a y Res. Board, v. 26, 1946 151-163,
incl. photos, diagrs., table. TE1.N 5
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patterns develop differently in horizontal rocks than in tilted
rocks. A conclusion is made that surface drainage i]tternsbed-
be relied upon in the airphoto identification
rocks on a regional basis.
310 Parvis, M.
DRAINAGE PATTERN SIGNIFICANCE IN kIRPHOTO SIGNIFICANCE OF SOIL
~ ~r~,~
Mm BEDRCCKS? Bull. NAt._ tses. Cuu;lCli, Ha~g1i..v Re a . Board,
ITo. 28, Nov. 1950: 36-62, incl.. photos, cps, dia 8s.
at.~erns in various physiographic regions in the
rainag P+
B
United States are analyzed. The drainage patterns are classi-
fled according to basic or modified types and are i ou actor
by photographs. Rock structure is sho~rn~ be a ~paiortfa
in the developunt of these types.
identified in aerial photographs can be utilized in the air-
photo identification of soils ? 3- rocks because of area the~cdlits
correlation between the soils and bedrock of
drainage pattern. [26 refs./
311 Predtechenskii, I. P.
TIOi1J rtdrologi-
[A SPECIAL PURPOSE HYDROT LOGICAL '
cheskoe deshj-frirovania `lii + shifrirovaniiuth t sele aerosni~ . nkov. In Ed.. ~~?
by
Nauk S5SR. F~a,~`,,erialy po de
A. E. Fersman. [Sbo'nik. Sverdlovsk2J, Iydatel'stvo Aka3. Nauk
TA593.F4
5S~, 1912 , p , 50-71, incl . i11us .
thode employed in photo interpretation of streams, rivers,
lakes, sea shorelines, river outlets, ,~ and. other reviewed nand Ten aerial
resulting from the presence of
photographs are included in the text, and a disiusionf is
variou hydrographic features recognized on photos
pre sented.
See also items 10, 71, 160, 189. 2472, 495.
7, Soil classification
In hydrograPhy
312 Baldxin, M. Photogramm.
THE USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS IN SOIL MAPPING593?5
Eng., v. 13 (i+), Dec. 1947: 532-536?
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I
Photo interpretation
A rev, hotographic soil surveying since World
~,, ~w of aerial p ocesses and tech-
War I, and a summary of presently employed processes
niques are presen adi.on~is indicated. hip (2 refs. between the terrain
features and vege
313 Belcher, D. J.
U WAR-TIC SOILS r'1G?RT~G, Roads USE OF AERIAL PROTO(~A.P~
And Streets, v. 85, July 1912: 35-7: incl. illus.
T 1.R7
Aerial photographs are used by soil engineers to d teh ne
and the physical features cnd ton. hySoilsedeveloped,undPr
soil conditions by interpretation.
sjmilar conditions are considered to have similacehar c air photo-
istic appearances and engineering properties.
aphs are used to illustrate this method of soil idwntificat on.
314 Belcher, D. J. emrrj~
RTf T /\T.7 ~-,Tr_ f''RAC1?-,I~ y,,u BY
T~ DL~~'~tl~Ob ...,,,L'`IlvG SOIL -- 122 p
jLafayette, inQ.I 1943
USE OF AERIAL pBOTOGRAPHS.
fables. Thesis -- Purdue Univ.
plates, maps, incl. photos, LP no. 1033
itions
Pedology is used in a soil survey to map soil cond
sneering purp"^?"""' The use of aerial photographs
for eng by the
engineer to anticipate soil conditions, and to locate sand an c.
gravel deposits is described. (129 refs.
315 Belcher, D. J.
E~GINE`ERflJG APPLICATIONS OF AERIAL RECOT IAISS NCE d us.,
~.c~
Geol. Soc. Amer., v. 57, Aug. 19+6: 72T-733, thcl.
tables; plates.
The application . of photo interpretation to engineering
evidence shows that most
work is br{~efly reviewed. bs Y Assemble
patterns regard-
soils can be distinguish d
less r'pn,T.?GT,~1~ distribution. Photographs illustrate
less of t l,~l. o~~~--r-- +~,t data are presented to hermit
the similarity of patterns,
the evaluation of interpretation.
316 Belcher, D. J. AERIAL rOTOGRAPHS.
DE T,~1ATIOPt OF SOIL CONDITIONS ?? FROM
482-88 ~ incl . illua.
Photografl . Fng., v. 1~+, Dec. l948 TA593?A2P5
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:1
In soil classification
iected to careful analysis produce
Aerial photographs suu,, c ound water condi-
evidence of soil texture, soil ~xJimate depth below the surface,
bons, type of rock and its appro
and the character of the vegetative provide
cover. These data pr iziformation for e: oinePr~'?g use. (1) Soil proper-
the following Atterberg limits and coiupaction requirements
tors, fills; including approxi' bearing capacity or general road reguire-
for ~ rent in soil or rock; - eq'{ P
~,,,menns for excavation arid embw .~ ;i or rock;
remerlts for excavation and emb nn; (4) rotational
?+ r ?
(3) influence of weather on c,,.
problems; (5) a ._ ' of construction
R requirements; (6) sources
~.ra ~~na~?e "
The identification of the land-form isconsidristics.a
mater f the evaluation of engineerin8 cn
prey?qui uisitE o.r the ..
FUUB OF MINERAL PROSPECTING.
317 Belcher, D. d?
ment Board,
TEF.RAItd TNTELLIGECE ANA E
and Geogr?, Res. and Develop
In Co1~. on Geophys?
4iashingt0u, D. C , , sEC11 PAPERS ON PHOTOGEOLOGY AD PH
;
t no GG 209/1
..` ~
453, p. 103-107' (Rep
IN~t'p~TION, Apr. 1, [TID-L475J
Unclassified) AD 81990
Methods and means employed in analysis of aerial photo-
for identification of soil textures and rock types
graphs
are briefly described.
31A Davis, M. ri? INDIANA MORAINE,
ENGIT~~G EVAI'LA'iIO~I OF NOR Ind. J
PATTERNS. [L~ayette,
,m SAND DUNE AIRPHO
LACVS'ixur~, u ~'D DU' s, tables. Thesis --
1949, 91p,, incl. photos, maps, diagr , LP no. 11489
puxdue Uni`r. rais
study of the.compleY soil patterns in the ValaXaiSo
In a ~ tion regarding geology,
(Indiana) Moraine area, informs ground patterns detected on
and drainage r,~as correlated with of the areaSig-
aerial photographs to construct a base map oftos was astab. "
nificance of the patterns seen on the air p
;litate differen-
'1 field studJ', and eemapoofaPorter County,
tiatio cofou~ A drainag
nation of soil tnineering soils map of the moraine area were
Indiana, and an eng
constructed from the assembled data. [65 refs.]
319 Dawson, P. K. 'qN INDIANA SAN?TO
S 109 IJ incl. photos,
AIRPHOTO STUDY AND MAPPING OF SOUTEEAT
SHALE MATERIALS. [Lafayette, Ind.] 19~,
. maps, diagrs,, tables. Thesis -- Purdue Univ.
LP no. 11490
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Photo interpretation
A drainage map of Jackson County, Indiana, was prepared
and areas containing Mississippian sandstone-shale materials
in the state delimited by means of a detailed analysis of
aerial photographs. Minor areas of slightly different materials
within the sandstone-shale regions were likewise located.
Descriptions and illustrations are preented to assist in the
identification of airphoto patterns, composite images formed
fw' rn.,~ +L,n ?C. 1 ? - ,_ n? nr..nn4. ? 1 n...74...+... 7....f < . .n C., i. 4. -. , ,., 4
-- ..--- -.--.. . vllV n iii G:1G.f1w li V.u ? +.: >. w+v. ..., : w1aLC: :. t/'.i J w? 11, b7 :i+
color tone, vegetation, gully shapes and erosion scars, and
man-made features. An engineering soils map of the Missis-
sippian sandstone-shale region in southeastern Indiana on a
county basis was prepared by identification of airphoto pat-
terns. Soil and rock predictions, made from analysis of the
airphoto patterns, were correlated with actual field condi-
tions. The investigation involved a study of airphoto inter-
pretation technique and such background sciences as physiog-
raphy, geomorphology, geology, and pedology.
320 Frost, R. B.
ALRPHOTO PAT_TEk S OF SOUTHERN flDL4NA SOILS. [Lafayette,
Lid.) 19+6, 269 p., irel. photos, maps. Thesis -- Purdue
Univ. LP no. 10716
Soil type identification and mapping from aerial photo-
graphs is accomplished by utilizing principles of the earth
sciences, and an analysis of terrain patterns characteristic
of sells derived from the several types of parent material
found in southern Indiana. Ground views are given to illus-
trate such components of the photographic patterns as land-
form, soil tone, vegetation, drainage pattern, and land
occupancy. Aerial photographs are given to show details of
the various patterns in stereo vision. (20 refs.1
321 Fro st, R. E . , and J. D. Mollard.
1M GLACIAL FEATt~tES IDE?Y BY AIPPHOTOS IN 6011 MAPPING
PROGRAM. Proc. Nat. Res. Council, Highway Res, Board, v. 26,
19+6: 562-576, hid. uvto6,
Regional soil mapping from aerial photographs is dis-
cussed. The common bedrock and glacial patterns are de-
scribed and illustrated. Complex soil patterns and associated
glacial features are also described and illustrated by air
and ground photographs.
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In soil classification
322 Frost, R. E., and K. B. Woods. UNITED STATES [,~S
ALRPHOTO PATER,' S OF SOILS OF THE WESTERN y
APPLICABLE TO AIRPORT E-~GflEERING). Washington, U. S. GOY. printing Office, 19+8, 76 p. 6599 ?U5F7
terns
The report describes the foi llowin airphoto pat
g (te aeolian
North Dakota and Montana,
m:tztlai~ of and.
(l) gi&Ci31 :
~n1,~n~ iia y^ and. a
soils pr imai ~.L,r :. ~ the to , Plateau, (3) sandstone ~ .- (~~ igneeo,.~5
shale materials of Montana and Wyoming; the basalts
from and m. (b) ?fy soils states of in filled the Northwest, in particula c he asap
f the Columbia Plateau; (5) Great Plains tout hewWilla~tte and
o valleys includ-tng
nine gz.o~,d and air
the Great Valley of California. Ninety-
photos are included.
323 Hills G. A. ING SOIL SITES . Forestry
;
TILE USE OF AERIAL PFOTOGR INiAPHY MAPP iuc19 ~agz? s , tables
Chronicle, v. 26 (i), Mar. 1950: 37, ~_99.8F7623
fable .
A ro osed soil site classification scut hotsitable oable isr
use in p the p mapping of soil sites from aerial p gr
resented. Geomorphic features and cover patterns recog-
nizable p in aerial photographs and their use in the interPre-
the photographs are described. The factors aer
t the ac of the
the ial
of the interpretation of soil ; ites
ac
photographs are discussed. [4o refa.J
and K. B. goads ?.
324 Jenkins, D. S., D. J. Belcher, L. E. Gregg,
TR3 TYi ION, AND AIFPfOTO IDEi~IFICATION OFA
THE ORIGIN , DIS
STATES SOILS WITH SPECIAL ~ NCE TO AIRPORT A~ UI Aeronaut.
EIVGIlVEERING. Washing UNITD
ton, U. S. Dept. Com>~ 202 p., incl. photos, diagrs?,
Administration 11946a 2v.; 'V. l~ 5599.)]4.5.
tables; maps; v. 2, 63 P
Methods of studying soil through application of the prin-
uea for
ci les of pedology are combined with aehstec~egtechfoques are
p soils from aerial photogr p
identifying and soil science. The use of aerial
partially based on geology
photo mapping techniques is described.
325 Lowdermilk, W.
SE OF AERIAL MAPPING IN SOIL CONSERVATION. Civil Brig .,.
V. 8 (9), Sept. 1938: 605-607, incl. photos. TAl.C1152
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Photo interpretation
The employment of aerial photographs by the U. S. Soil
Conservation Service in its soil conservation program is
described.. The methods and techniques developed in the
course of mapping approximately 1.O",OOO sz= mi. of land. from
the air are discussed. The improvements in soil mapping
through photo interpretation, since its first use by the
Soil Conservation Service in 19337'are shown.
326 McCullough, C. R.
A OTO IITIRPRETATION OF SOILS AND DRAINAGE OF RU3fl COUNTY,
INDIAtlA. [Lafayette, Ind. 19` ', 65 p., incl. photos, maps;
maps. Thesis -- Purdue Univ. LP-no. 11071
A study vas made of the complex glacial soil patterns in
Rush County, Indiana, which contains a variety of moralnie
patterns and is situated adjacent to the border of the
Wisconsin and Illinoian glaciers. Drainage and engineering
soils maps (1:62,500) of Rush County were prepared through
correlation of data derived from aerial photographs, perti-
nent literate, and field work. The engineering soils map
is considered useful in the regional design of highways to
indicate areas havthb favorable soil characteristics and to
locate construction materials. [29 refs.)
327 McLerran; J. H.
AIRHOTO STUDY AND BOUNDARY DELINEATION OF SOUTHWESTERN
INDIANA SHALE-SANLS'IDNE SOIL MATERIALS. [Lafayette, Ind.
1952, 100 p., incl. photos, maps, diagrs., tables; maps.
Thesis -- Purdue Univ. LB-no. 13110
This portion of Indiana, known locally as the Wabash
Lowland, lies mainly in the Aggraded Valley Section of the
Interior Low P.Lsteau, a maturely dissected area with
alluvial filled valleys. The residual soil mantle, overlying
alternating shales and sandstones or massive sandstone of
Pennsylvanian age, is predominantly silt and is frequently
characterized b?r poor internal drainage. The study was made
through the use of aerial photography combined with field
work which was supplemented and facilitated by use of
available agricultural and geological reports and maps. A
detectable difference was found in the airphoto patterns
produced by aeolian silt overlying shale and sandstone, and
by the residual soils of the shale and sandstone. The shale-
sandstone materials of southwestern Indiana were found to
produce a smooth, rounded landform, and to have ragged, V-
shaped gullies (appearing white on the photos) and dendritic
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In soil classification
drainage with some structure control; strip-mining scars are
apparent. The landforfi and erosion-gully features are the most
signifjeant Pattern elements of shale-sandstone topography.
Soil textures were found nearly consistent over the entirc area
mapped as shale-standstone materials. Hence the same engi-
neering problems, associated with silt soils (pumping, subgrade
failure, erosion, landslide, lack of granular construction
materials) ray be anticipated throughout the area. The text
provides a number of illustrations to aid identification of the
various airphoto patterns produced by the elerrats of landforn,
drainage, erosion, soil tones, and man-made features. Ground
views are also included to sh~ow landi'orm and structural ele-
ments. !daps developed by the study should provide reliable and
useful data for engineering projects within the study area. It
is concluded that use of airphoto interpretation is a valuable
and. economical method of mapping soils for engineering purposes.
For such purposes in such as area photography on a scale larger
than 1/20,000 is considered helpful. A basic knowledge of the
fundamentals c.f physiography, geology, and pedology is con-
sidered essential for the photo interpreter. [14.3 refs.]
328
Miles, R. D.
PROCEURE FOR _M_J(ING PRr'LLiiINARY SOILS AND T AINAGE SURVEYS
FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. [Lafayette, Ind.] 1951, 65 p.3
table, incl. photos, maps, diagrs., tables. Thesis -- Purdue
Univ. LP-no. 12803
Methods and procedures are given for preliminary engi-
neering surveys of soils and drainage, conducted by means of
interpretation of aerial photography (1:20,000) of proposed
highway routes.
329 Moessner, K. E.
PHOTO CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST SOILS. Proc. Soc. Amer.
Foresters, v. 191+9: 27$-291? 51)1.6612
The classification system for soil groups used in this
study was developed originally for civil engineers having only
a general knowledge of soils. An illustration is given of an
;. h_oto analysis chart which illustrates by means of sketches
the landform, d aj ri ?e, erosion, and color characteristics of
major soils groups found in the U.S.A. Forest site variations
are considered as largely caused by basic differences in
topography and soils, and photo interpreters can readily
classify forest areas into sites based on topographic position
and soil groups. Neasurements made in the field showed
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Photo interpretation
ath and quality on sites thus
significant differences in gro cies identificaon is diffi-
claasified from photos. since sge
cult ana subject to change, and site classification managers making re1atiV Y
eas and core stable, the latter is re~cO I to; fore (Forestry
Y aerial surveys in haz'
MONTGOM
330 Mollard, J. D.
~OTO n~PRETATION OF SOILS AND DRAINAGE OF s 1Y
,
mCOUYTY, I:11rDTAl`;A, [L,,.f ayettedue Ind.Univ]., 19+7, 97 pLc.-, no . x. incl photos
077$
aps, maps. Thesis -- Pur
is given of techniquee. and methods used to
A description ~ineeriag soils map of Montgomery
compile a drainage and an ens i drair~.age was found to
Country, Indiana. The method of mapp ng rmit tentative
be s.ifficiently accurate ~d? d~talow coat Several neK air-
th?a flestimates to be n'-a field
photo soil patterns were revealed while~c0re1aaergiai photo
inYestigstic~ns of surface materials vi their characteristic9.
331 Montano, P. A]RPROTO PATTS OF
iTRTE ~nrGru~fRldG SI(~tIFICMiCE OF TUE' Ind.] 19, 160 p., incl.
,, .~.,,. ~,.._
?~ORT'~ INDIANA SOILS. [Lafayette esis -- Purdue Univ.
photos, maps, d-~ ag7's ? , tables. LP-no. 10696
the air photo interpretation of the soilsof -
A tudy of to evaluate the engineering p op
northersn Indiana was made a relative Sue'
porting ties of these values, soil use s in as ?onrelatistruCtion materials, and other The study includes an analysi s of the la airm-s
characteristics. ~~ laciological features as till p s
photo patterns of s mid l~,e ~~.
moraines, outwash pl ing ,
ZNG OF IIr'DIAItiA FROM AIPPgOTOS. Photogra~?
332 Montano, P.
E~1GINEFRING SOILS M.~2, l, incl . photos, maps, ~~'s ?
gig,, v. l8, Sept. 195 71-9-73 TA593?A2P5
is resented concerning the Procedures and tech-
A report i pre
ess made in soil mapping from airiihotos.
niqu,es used, and progr
[7 refs.
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Z ti
3
In soil classification
333 Parvis, 14.
A]RPHOTO INTERPRETAiI0i1 OF SOILS AND DRAINAGE OF ParxF O
INDLnuq lLaf33etT?e, Ind. J 1946 20$ -~ C_ iN'].7,
ma s. Thesis -- ~ P?, incl. photos, maps;
p s. Univ.
LP-no. 10697
report is ;nad~ of the research used. in develo i
piques and methods for ccm P ng tech-
piling a fine-detail drainage map
and a general en
Rinceri,ncJ coil p
mo of Parke C u.,
[20 ref s. j - "r Parke vwi i;J', Indiana.
3311. Pollard, W. S,, Jr.
AIRPHOTO T'REL'ATION OF SOILS AND
IN'DIAYA. [Lafayette Ind, ~~INAGE OF AENRY COUNTY,
~~'S.; maps. Thesis -_ ] 1948, 65 P?, incl. photos, maps,
Purdue Univ. LP-no. 11073
A description is given of procedures followed in the ro-
duction of an engineering soil map and a detailed drainage p
of Henry County, Indiana. Aerial photographs were stud map
stereoscopically to determine drainage features. Sou areas
were differentiated and limited through a study of the soil
patterns resulting from such factors as drainage, landform,
soil tone, vegetation, and land use. Particular attention
was given to discernment of patterns produced by granular
and semi_granulaY. morainic deposits, of engineering value
due to their gravel content. [0 refs,)
335 Rourke, j, D., and M. E. Austin.
THE USE OF AIR-PHOTOS FOR SO]L, CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING IN
~ FIELD. Photog amm. Ebg., vt 17, Dec. 1931; 738- 4
illus., maps. 7 7, incl.
TA593?A2P5
The use cf aerial photos in deters
and in ~jg the soil types
preparation of soil maps, and the use of . single-lens
vertical aerial photos in field mapping are briefly discussed.
336 Stevens, J. C.
AIRPHOTO Il P: ATIOt~ OF ThE u.LINOIAN GLACIAL DRIFT SOILS
IN SOu "LEAS INDIANA. [Lafayette, Ind.
photos, maps, diagrs?, tables; maps. Thesis l-- Pur p'' incl.
due Univ.
LP-no. 11491
A drainage map of Clark County, Indiana, and a soil map
of the Illinoian glacial-drift region of southeastern Indiana
were developed by means of photo interpretation of aerial pho?t
graphs of the area. Soil textures were predicted b
tation of the composite pattern produced on the~aeri 1
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}
i
1
i
I
i
1
s
t
Photo interpretation
1 shape
by land-form, soil color tone, -land use ~ .Y S87
g s
dPnt, vege ta,tion, and various man ma
~d ~,r?a e
refs.]
337 Van Til, C. J. CENTRAL INDIAN
A~PHOTO ~~{,PRETATION MD MAPPING 0~! SOUTH -p ?' incl . photos,
~L fayette, Ind. ] x~,a,.
LIMESTONE SOILS A
l y?. 1
? cps ? - Purdue ~L
tables, Thesis - 358
de of the drainage system and soils ain the
draiflae
A study was ~ d~~g which
south-czntral limestone area of Indiana, soils map
Count Y, I diuna, and an engineering A back
-
ground. :'ion"~ C.,..._~ ~ hct~~r~PhY
w the use of aerial P
were prepared thro eoiogy, puysiogiaphY: dology are
~d } ~owledge of g
the interpretation of airphoto p
considered essential and atterns
to soil color
.
which are edand gra such dient, factors as 1anvegetation,dform, land use, and man-
tone, sully y Y shap shapz
made features. tom- refs.)
the and R. E. Frost.
33& Woods, K. ., ? , . ~ . 'pN B~~N
u JT F FHO''~'b C-~Ap~-, 1N T~ CO f? ~99P', A'R incl.
USE OF AERIAL OST
i neCr, v. 40' Nov. 1949: 9Z-
i
AND SQII,S? 2~i--it. ~~
photos, P.
the relationship bet~en soil
Data of a study covering annd nermafY'oat as
ositiou, Yeb tation, arctic and aub-+tures, oil cate1 by airpho o patterns of materials from -
arctic Y are Presented. Results shOV that aerial photo
arctic regions of ona
sapha can `ae used to identi~M~ oc,st ~, in these acterized gby P yg ated
~ { Note pattern of the
The a~rp h numerous elongated lakes and elong
ande-~lg flat aerial hOtographe of typical permafrost
&rid ridge S. Four ur
areas are included.
339 Yang, S. T.
ApggHOTO NATION OF DRAfIAGE AfDSOILS OF FOtJWFA1Ilhotos, mci. Ind. / i9 7, ! 7 r . ,
~ [Lafayette, imps , ~ Purdue Univ. 12_no? 10782
maps; maps. Thesis -- e and soils of Fount o-
Astudy was 'r'R~ of Stop nterpretation of aerial p
County, Indiana, by man sneering ch~?acteristics
graphs. The drainage system and the eng A d_scription
d in the course of stud.I?
of the soil were mapPe
hOto pattern of each soil type with its
is given of the s observed on the airphoto and in the field.
characteristic E as
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In soil classification
See also items 11, 18, 71, 219, 252, 254, 257, 271, 284, 309, 310,
37`7, 1478.
8. Forestry
3140
Boutin, J.
USE OF AERIAL PHirTOGRAPES ] Notions
[ GEi ERAL IDEAS ON T_
scrimire s sur l' enploi des photographie s ae rienne s. Rev.
Forestiere Fran9., v. 5 (11) , Nov. 1953: 727-734, incl.
diagrs.; plate. DA-99.88329
The use and availability of aerial photographs for
forestry purposes in France and. Its colonies are discussed.
Interpretation techn~.ques are described. A new 1:20,000-scale
aerial map of France is reconmended as an aid in photointerpre-
tation.
341 Burwell, R. W.
THE APPLICATION OF PHOTOGRA2T2iE1Y TO FORESTRY. Photo?ramm.
Eng., v. 8, Jan.-Mar. 1942: 18-21. A593.A2P5
The uses of aerial maps in forest fire prevention, typing
of timber stands, plain ing of roads and trails, and estimating
of ti'nber voles are briefly reviewed.
342 Chabrol, P.
[ SORE USES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPEY IN 1 IE RESTORATION OF OU NOUNTAfl
LAND] Quelques emplois d- la photographie
service de restauration des terrains en montagne. Rev.
Forestiere Franc., v. 5 (I), Nov. 1953: 767-773.
AA-99.88329
The use of aerial photography in reforestation projects
in the Central Pyrenees Mountains is discussed. Aerial pho-
tography was utilized for the study of erosion, glaciers,
snowfall, flood prevention, and for agricultural mapping and
planning.
343
Champion, F. W.
AIR-SURVEY OF FORESTS. Indian Forester, v. 59 (1) , Jan. 1933:
plate s . SD]. .13
12-21; maps
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I
IL
Photo interpretation
of low lying
The results are given of an aerial survey
dh India, carried out in Febr-~'y 1931
' Ltd. P. sCrieS of piiotc~aphs,
alluvial forests in ~ ,
by the iilditul Air Surve'y' Company, d shapes
n '.rhich Indian trees of different sizes, shades, ai
i ~ r~?luder3
are identified, are --
Clason, M.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS TRY otogz'af ier i
PHOTOGRAPHS 11 fT ANERICAN FOPS.-- ) Fly a tay 1953'
'
G,,Indus. v. 7 ~ 5),
fl,Y,Prikansk skogbruk. Norsk Skog
~.."~ #.ables.
152-161, incl. photos, map, ul,-==> TS58OO,N78
A report is given on a tour of the United States ch
in
was made to study the use of aerial photegr'aFhs the Cenforest
rtates
ns by r
. Sta.
research. The use of aerial p;zotogzap P States Exile
fir, Sta. in Coltmbus, Ohio, ~oftstand eights, crown
is described. The determination +~ereoscopic
diameter and density, and stand ;ol~ thfv, s "6h
of the photographs is discussed.
d
t
y
u
s
REPORT of
715 T PEOTOCRA-PUY 1O FORS] ~tY .
[~E APPLICATION OF A}~ y
TSE COs^?ffTT~ Oil FOREST POTO~e EtYK Flomy-mitten figbilden r i skog skogs-
brukets tj lig
' n g
fotograzinGtri. st. Be+ StockhoL de avgiv i togrammetri]~
~?u ( Kommitte fOr skogl DA 325
1951, 1951, 196 p., incl. tables.
concerning the application of aerial
A review is presented and
Canada,
forestry in the U.S., Ge Y,
photography in
Finland, with a survey of current photogr.81LItfletric activity in
ee of success attained in the idetreeication
etrden . e The tion of crown diameter,
of tree species, determ ~
of ~'~a d
o ae
f rial
stem vol? and. cl~ ~a.,.., ctand density, and star limits are
~2 _,?-__-~ ~." VD J U J ll J l~ J l - i - O expending I. use
~o~unocu. pD l ? are expbred.
pi otography Swedish fcrestry
Skogs~i.gar'en,
T NAPS FROM T AIn) Skogska'tor fran luften.
3 ( V. 25 (8), Aug. 199: 156-158, incl. photo, map.
for forestry p~'poses in
The use of aerial photography
Canada, New Ze reviewed. Details
alard and Sweden is briefly
, are discussed.
revealed by the use of a stereoscope
T SERVICE. Photogremm?
31+7 -A , R. D.
TIO11 BY TSE FORES
AERIAL pg~IO-Ilyi'EEtPRETA 117-120. TA593 ?~5
fig . ,v. 19, Merch 1973 . '
-lob
zati+:a.
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in forestry
318
3'Y9
The use of aerial pheth"' ~ and maps and the application
~graP
-l is interpretation to some of the activities of
of pjlu~ograph
the Forest Service arc briefly discussed.
Giersig, W? EST ;,'R'~'E`l~ Ttbilder
OM TgE AUSTRIAN FOF
0T0(~~ FR
tDIAL 1~i Wal.dstandsaufnahme. Internat. holzm
_~g?81In$2
der iSsterreichischen DA
No. 5; Mar. 13, 1927-28, incl. map.
The rue thods and procedures employed in the Austrian !a-
ti Forest Survey are described. Problems edc ?
scuased.
PnRurvey, including weather and terrain, are
r R F(1RFST OFFICERS. Indian Forester
Griffith; A. L.
F0
,., Rr O~.~CE .
~ttiA
V. 72 (5), 19+6: 207-209; Plates. SD1.13
of an s nateU' attempt at air reconnaissance an4
Account
^hoto8aFhy during a fairly extensive te~resented which shy of the mar dese
~`
of Sind is presented. 111ustrations ~P
useful to a forester, that can be obtained from
the detail,
oblique photographY? (Forestry Abstr. in part)
S ON AIIAL RECOp~;AISSANCE FOR FOREST OFFICERS.
Griffith, A. L"'F
FURTER j101
Indian r ore ster, v. 73 (6), 19#7: 237-24; plates.
SD1.13
An aerial Photographic reconnaissance over the Ama Chllas-
Gilgit Catchment area of the L?dueaS1isrbrieflyCdescribed,
ground inspection of the above photographs taken d~'~S the
Notes are given concerning
night.
Y1
351 Guislain, A.
[AERIAL PHOTO AIVD pTION IN TEE SERVICES OF F~
~~
La photographie aerienne et 1`aviation au service des rorestiers. Rev. E='~ Forets, v? 6 (6), June 1938: X8-92
54SD1,R4
] ~ plates, 2 maps.
s made by aerial
The merits and limitations oafsc idered most useful in
photography are discussed ; they re
noun h^us coiimtry. Cooperation between forest and ther
services s concerned with aerial photograPhY is suggeSt and
aviation in insect and fire control are indicated.
the uses of hs and 2 maps are appended. (F ~ ores
Four aerial photograp
Abstr. in part)
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Photo interpretation
352 Hansen, V. H.
[THE APPLICATION OF PHOTOGRAM tE'TRY Tfl FORESTRY) FotogrFJmr trien
i Skovbrugets tjeneste. Dansk Skovfor. Tidsskr., v. 20 (4),
Apr. 1935: 210-228, incl. photos, map. DA-99.8~3
The uses and techniques of aerial photography in forest
i.anagemeu L fti' ui lc i iy i e r je kC i. iiic of e s try uses di scuts beI
include the determination of forested areas, tree counts, tree
heights, crown diameters, canopy height, and of vegetation
profiles. [9 refs.]
353 Howlett, L. E., and P. D. Carman.
PHOTOGRAPHY FOR FORESTRY PURPOSES. Nat. Res. Council Canad.,
Phys. Div. (Ottawa), Mar. 1949, 5 p? (N.R.C. No. 1907)
TR81o.K67
Information considered as being not readily available in
ordinary photographic texts is sturinarized. Data are presented
on resolution, shutters, scale, filters, haze, stray light,
mounting, winter photography, negative processing, and prints.
3514 Johansson, F.
[ m; TECHNIQUE OF AERIAL PHOTOc APHY IN FORESTRY; Fl ygb ildsteknik
i skogsbruket. Skogs~garen, r. 28 (3), 14ar. 1952: 60-62, incl.
photo. DA-99.8Sk55
The formation of a "Committee for Forest Photogramznetry"
supported by the Ind for Forest Research in Sweden is reported.
The Committee is conducting a research program to obtain the
best available photographs for forestry purposes. Resides
instruments and other aids the following research topics are
noted: identification of tree species and tree stands, ground
slope, soil fertility, tree height, tree crcr n diameter, and
stem volume.
355 Kehutanan, P.
(AERIAL PHOTO LNTRPRETATION FOR THE EXPLOITATION OF FORESTS
ON TI ISLANDS OUTSIDE JAVA) Pemakaian potret udara untuk
membuka hutan didaerah Luar Djawa. [English slrTrmary] Rimba
Indonesia, v, 2 (3), Mar. 1953: 87-983 plate.
DA-99.8816
The photo interpretation methods and techniques employed
by the Indonesian Forest Service are described. Scale, identi-
fication of tree species, measurement of crown density, and cor-
relation between crown diameter and the length and diameter of
the trunk are discussed.
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t
in forestry
356
357
In Neud~r
rorstliche PhotO a ?gt2'e. I ? p? 1~1-b
FOREST B.
[FORES PHOTOGRAM~R b S Newnann,
fcrstlich ^~ne
o~ .ehrbuc Pu , ?
h. N= hoto).
r
..~ L-- N~
r SD371.
inc1. pTiotCS, m p: LLiagi s.; j.ate [P
c 1 a
ciples . ,1 ,. discussed: gene~_..~G rv,
The fallowing P ral prin
to iss are Ui 1 l
hoto?"a 1etry, use sof rial photogrP
cal forestry and topo~aphic
of P
p lat ion s i al maps, constfaof s1c?h si1v icu1tural elements Ss imp
ae
eas , ~terhe craven diameteT, c~culation try of
s b
are tree height end i hotogY'
olume, and the use of terrestryal P
v [g refs.l
..?.
~i2a~rents
BASIC FOREST MAP] Die
RATg Lmdkarte .
e steUt FOIE For std
barer, W ? AvootJRACY OF PHOTOG METRIC
[~ hatcrgre'etrisch berg
genauigkeit d>rr P
F7723
Forstarch V. 23 (9-10), Nov. 15, 1952: 195197.
. DA-99 .,
A compative study is P resenshower that seasonably
ar repared from
base maps for forestry cses can be P
Purp area and of
accurate hs. Comp'ativc measurements of terrain: were
trial ph'aprman forest districts with varying
distance in o~n $ ~ study.
used as the basis of the stu
Lee B. C. AgOD FOR FUG TYPE MAPPING ? Jour ?
358
_ , vOC~ June 19+1: 531-533 mci. ~' 663
Fore es stryy, v ? 39
and
Aerial photclassi-
+oaP used as a basis for locay which are
" suppc_emented by field factors affecting the
develCOnd fuel ~y- ps , are na and
acted to dctermiIlc ; u21"tj'~ial.thSsr facdous conditions,
coed s
p went of crown fires, spe. Ste ~tabe.ed
to gain a first"hand e h~ e of of surve the y to countryobtain more pe
taKen to ?xt_nd t1is i
information are noted.
e
sbru'~et ? [Ge
S;R1 Fotoksrtor for soagsb et 193
359 Lindeberg, E.
[PgOTO MAPS FOR FOREog
svardsfbr. Tidskr., v. D36 (1), ' -99 .
summarY~ Svens~ rman
29-52, incl. photos. .
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Photo interpretation
The use of serial photographs for forestry purposes and in
of Sweden are discussed.
the rrc,duction of an ^eC0r2?rnic map
show differences between coniferous ands' a dinwood
photographs
tree stands as well as other details which can be
studyit1g forest re sources .
360 TDfstr~n, K. G.
&s IN FI.I~IvISH FOF,FSTRY
USE OF '(R P;i0T0 C [English sY~
..
proc. World I .. , ~l.., ~i..,t. ~ 199); ~ r 1950?
id forestry Congr., ~d, `nC,...~, . 9 3v 1A
17-152, incl. photos, disgrs., tables.
rial photo graphs for forestry p poses is
The use ,, of a.e
brieflY ,-eviewed. Special methods of horizond ontroa,osc p been
measure ent Practically without use of gr'o have
ce 128 . The main species of trees in Finland, pine,
used sin 9
spruce , and birch, can be distir~uis...... and the ueightB of elY
individual trees can be measured to an c Alsoy of the n app~ber of
1 m. on photographs gof a 1:20,000 scale.
A a in re ed sanple s can be counted, the cry with
9~'
tree
measured, and the crows density of stands~eatima d. withaph8
reasonable accuracy. Voles' estimni F~3;ai~,es p~-
is still in an experimental stage of air
~. z inve stigation to deterffiine the accuracy
Seated from ,~ r.. r ..
estimation are not re garde d. as conclusive.
361 Marcelo, H. B.
5, ~ ~ By, Fore stn ' Leave s, v ?
OTES ON AERIAL
Nl
Sept . 1951 . ~ DA-99 . 532
hotog?aphy in forest inventory
The application of aerial p ineb is discussed. The
end land-use survey in the Philipp
problem of identification of species in a rain forest is
briefly noted.. [3 refs.)
362 Meyer, J. FORESTS OF (P
[ TE FIRST FORESTRY STUDY-FLIGHT OVER THE fiber die Wilder
G,CoF~`~`J~deu,~t ,,i] Der erste forstliche studienflug ~ A . 1 1939
sc~..lands. Forstarch., v. 15 (15-16) u8
J DA_99.8F7723
315-319?
3n,rflight over the forests of Greater eII Yteristic
A st
14.0 ~~ professional foresters isvic~.especies are
features of forest stands and of in
discussed.
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363 Mlguet, J. 4. v AT REUNION]
(APPLICATIOS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAFEY TO FORESTRY
Applications forestieres des photographies aeriennes R la
Reunion. Rev. Forestiere Frans., v. 5 (11), Nov. 1953:
DA-99.88329
764-766; plate.
of Reuiaion Island in 1949 and 1950 is
An aerial survey
described. Tropical forests of Tarnarindu and Acacia were
dictinguished. An aerial photograph considered representative
of a part of the area is inciui d.
36;+ Moe ssner, K. E. PRINCIPAL USES OF AIR PHOTOS BY TE FONT SERVICE 2Py togramm.
V. 16, June 1950: 301-304. 59 .A
Air photographs are used- for the red in photo interpre-
tation substitutes in the field and. office, retry. Black and
often supplemented by stereo-r.-c - ~'
white photographs taken with a vertical camera oonnppa c1 omfattiic
oi]..m are used. in general evaluation. Nodifie
?
is occasionallY use l for t1 r + surveys becauEe ~i its greater
Various wchniques of photo
tone ra ,ge in coniferous stands.
interpretation and. stereo examination that asSiisd. forest fire
prevention and better fire control are discuus The tatse of
o
stereo pat s hermits a compar-son of topography, ve~
soil, site, and- enables the selection and classificatioatof
samples by their photo characteristics. berb~h ae~~lished
of tiirber stands into volume classes
by three simple photo measurements.
365 Olenius, L. lmskuvat
(AERIAL FHOTOGR~S IN THE FORESTRY OF NORTh r Iir
fish summaz'YI N[~tgat,3.lC'1-
Pohjois-Suo n wets.taloudessa. (Eta!3
map, tabl?.
dellinen aikakauslehti, 1951 (l)' 25-26, incl. -99.9F#9
The use of aerial photographs for forestry purposes in
North Finland is reviewed and the possible applications for
vo1ui estimation, for forest inventories, and for forest
adi nistration are discussed.
366
Pikalkin, V. M.
[Th:E USE OF A DIRIGIBLE IN FOREST INDUSTRY] yeheniev. 5,
dirizuablia v les;no~ promysh1ennosti.
Oct.-Dec. 1945: 5-8, incl. illus., tables. SD1.L387
es of use or a dirigible over an airplane for
The advantag
taxonomic work are reviewed.
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Photo interpretation
367 Reid, E. H., and G. D. Pickford.
AN APPRAISAL OF RANGE SURVEY ?? MODS. Jour. Forestry, v. 42,
July 1944; 471-479; il~cl. illus., maps, table.
SD1. 663
Results of 20 separate surveys of a range area in eastern
Oregon, during which the square-foot-dens >ry and recotiuiaiSSanC~
methods were used, are reviewed. Comparisons of dependability
of forage estimates and of relative costs, as well as a dis-
cussion of grid and aerial photograph mapping procedures, are
presented.
368 Rey, P.
[AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND FOREST PROBLEMS] Photographie a&ienne
et probleme s forestiers. Rev. Forestiere Frans., v. 5 (n),
Nov. 1953: 735-7453 plates. DA-99.88329
The organized mapping of vegetation, including photo
interpretation, in France is discussed. The system of photo
interpretation employed is described under the following topics:
principles of eleiicntary identification, elementary identifi-
cation classes, and complex identification. The potentialities
and limitations of forest photo interpretation are stated.
369 Rogers, E. J.
Ar IAL PHOTOGRADKKS IN TIMBER ESTIMATITG. Jour . Fore stry, v. 40,
Nay 1942: 430-432. SD1.S63
A proposal to establish in the United States a central
clearing office for all information pertaining to the use of
aerial photographs in forestry enterprises is discussed.
370 Salverda, Z.
[ EXPLORATION FROM Th AIR . (i iPoRT BASED ON PRACTICAL PIECE
IN NEW GUINEA)] Exploratie van uit de lucht. (Rapport naar
aanleiding van practijkervaringen op Nieuw-Guinea). Tectona
(Bogor), v. 32, 1939: 772-786? DA-99.8B65
A general review of the usefulness and limitations of
aerial reconnaissance and photographic surveys for forestry
purposes in the tropics is presented. Simple reconnaissance,
especially if supplemented by photographs taken with an
ordinary hand camera, can be extremely useful in simplifying
and speeding up the exploration of unknown territory. While
systematic mapping by aerial photography is too costly and
technical a procedure for ordinary purposes, such photography
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In forestry
can be used to advantage if available. Aerial reconnaissance
greatly reduces the amount of work necessary by facilitating,
although not entirely replacing ground surveys. An annotated
series of aerial photographs taken with an ordinary camera is
included. (Forestry Abstr. in part)
371 Seely; H. E.
[SYP~OLS FOR DESCRIPTION OF Q~OWING STOCK ON MAPS OR AIR PHOTOS].
Forestry Chronicle, v. 25 (1), 191+9: 62-65.
DA-99.8F7623
The Committee of Surveys Research of the Canadian Society
of Forest Engineers, has recommended the use of the following
symbols. Type to be represented by the letters H for hardwood,
S for softwood, and M for nixed. f~rabic numerals for height
classes, starting with 1 for 0.5 ft., 2 for 6-15 ft. and. then
by 10-ft. intervals. If 5-ft. classes are required, the use
of subscripts is advocated. Density to be shown by capital
letters, A ^ 6-l5, B - 16-25%, and so on to J = 86-100,; age
classes by ro.n n n T~era1s I = 0-15 yrs., II 16-25 yrs., etc.
For site, symbols as follows: U = ridge top, V * upper slope,
W = lower slope, X - moist flat, Y ^ dry flat, and Z = wet flat.
(Forestry Abstr.)
372 Seely, H. E.
TECHNICAL DEVLOPMENTS II1 AIR SURVEYS AND INTERPRETATION OF
FORESTRY DATA. Brit. Columbia Lumberman, v. 33 (II), Nov.
1949: 59-60, 108-111. HD4764.C+B74
The application of aerial photography to forestry is
discussed. Special forest air photography methods are de-
scribed. The accuracy and cost of air photograph and of ground
estimates of timber quantities are c oared. Special problems
discussed include species identification, site classification,
height in relation to age, composition of the tree stand, de-
fects, and related conditions. [6 refs.]
373 Seely, H. E.
AIR PHOTOGRAPHY AND ITS APPLICATION TO FORS IY. Photogr'i.
Erig., v. 15, Dec. 1949: 5148-5514. TA593.A2P5
The application of aerial photography to forestry is dis-
cussed in relation to types of air photography, mapping methods,
photographic detail, seasonal conditions; &J d photographic opera-
tions. The construction of a base map from the air photographs
is briefly reviewed. Sor.,e aspects of tri-camera use in forest
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Photo interpretation
photography is described. Quantitative estimates of timber
stands together with the qualitative information regarding the
species, site, height in relation to age, compcsition ? the
st.Euad, and defects are discussed.
1
371+ Skappel, V.
(THE USE OF AERIAL MAPPING IN FORESTRY] Luftkartleg}ingen i
skogsbrukets tjeneste. Tld3skr. Skogbruk, v. 5 , Sept.
196: 277-293, incl. photos. DA-99.8T432
The uses and techniques of aerial photography for forestry
purposes in Denmark are briefly reviewed. The use of the
1-r~oscopc it brIngng cut details of special interest to
strC cowy~. .?..+ ... ru
forestry is discussed. These details include identification
of tree species, distribution of species in mixed stands,
determination of tree.heights, and identification of new tree
growth.
375
Spurr, S. H.
DEVELOPS TS IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AS RELAX TO FORESTRY
EDUCATION. Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, v. 191+7: 38-12.
SD1. 612
The position and subject content of aerial photography
in the forestry curriculum is discussed.
376 USES OF ANAL PHOTOGRAPIii1N FOREST PROTECTIOit . ~Jo Jour . Fore stry,
v. 1+9, Sept. 1951: 630-633.
A list of abstracts of papers delivered during the panel
discussion of the American Society of Photogrammetry meeting
hetd in San Francisco on Dec. 5, 1950 includes: Uses of
err Photographs in Control of Forest Diseases, by T. H.
nc.~ ai
Harris; Uses of Aerial Photographs in Control of Forest Fires,
by K. Arnold; Uses of Aerial Photographs in Control of Forest
Insects, by J. F. Wear and J. W. Bongberg.
377
Waldo, C. E.
APrLICATION OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY. Photogranrm. Eng., Y. 16,
June 1950: 327-328. TA553?A2P5
The use of vertical, as well as low and high angle
oblique color photography by the Forest Service for the
location of timber damaged by the tussock moth is evaluated.
Practically every damaged tree could be detected in the
vertical photos; the oblique photos clearly showed the
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13
In forestry
widespread areas affected. A continuation of the experiments
using color photography is recommended.
378 Wan, Ran Lioe, and K. Paijmaxs,
[ T , AEa: LAL PHHcY[oGItAP;iY SECTION OF TSE INDONESSTAN FOREST SER,ZOF]
De afdeling "Luchtfotobewerking" van d,e Dienst van het Boswezen.
[English sununaryj Tectona (Bogor), v. 59 (3), 1949: 237-251.
]1&-99.865
Methods, instruments, personnel trA ni ` for aerial photo
interpretation by the Indonesian Forest Service are described,
One of the principal functions of the Section is the interpre-
tation of photographs of the forests of Borneo. Vertical
photography is used in the operations; oblique photographs
present too many difficulties in mapping and interpretation.
[10 refs.]
379 Welander, E.
[JLE USE OF PuOTOGRA1" EY IN FORESTRY] Fotogr=iiumetriens
anvgndning i skogsbruket. Svenska Skogsvardsfsr. Tidskr.
V. 14.5 (3), 191+7= 155-178, incl. photos. DA-99.8Sk5 '
The methods and. techniques of aerial photography
developed in conjunction with the mapping of Sweden are
reviewed. Photo interpretation and the differentiation of
tree species are discussed. F`ffects of shadow, seasonal
variations, and the photographic scale are analyzed.
See also
323, items 2, 5, 38, 1+0, 43, 1+5, 1+6, 62, 67, 180, 197, 291,
329?
8a . Fore st surveys
380
AERIAL SURVEY. Empire Forestry Rev., v. 28 (3), 191+9: 212-214.
SD1.E573
A progress report on aerial surveys carried out in the
British Inpire is given. The report was issued at a meeting
of the Technical Committee on Aerial Survey of Forests, set
up on the recommendation of the Empire Forestry Conference cf
191+7. (Forestry Abstr. )
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Photo interpretation
381 tAy O~aiAISSPNrF OF COLONT~ FoBESTJ'
~,TION IIdpLGYF~D IN T'n ~ .
Rev. internat. produits coloniaux (Paris), v. 13, 193$
Sp1.F66
224^2L6.
ench Equator- Aerial French re `west connaissance oP~fo~e~tBainp
has proved useful,
w~s~ ..
?, a ah_
especially for prelimincrY su*VeyS. In French Africa, a ?ad + ~!9 ica;
mi.l-nary air e a ~Q~-~~ ~..
where eurveys were carried out by the hour. (Forestry
went the cost was only 250 ft . per fly
Abstr.)
[ G OF FvRE?s J ytf?t"AQPring av sko8.
382 Bakken, A.
~I~1L pgpTp~? ? ~.agr.
ogbrukereIl, v. 26 (3), Feb. 1, 1951? l7r20DA-99. incl. Bsk 4
~
The use of aerial hotoraPhY in a si V Y of forests in
d. i ails in aerial
P
i parish in Norway is describe n+
iar with
f
the lrysi_. o
The use of per s sonuel the anvil
it1iar eta-
photo~apha are discussed.
terrain is recomm?nded for best result
the
tion of photog'aPha.
Bott flbvra
ul y Con& , 3 ,
and 1z. van , d Fore
s
363 Boon , D. A., , IIESIA. Proc. Wore c769
FOREST Stkt,EY ~Il~ I1vD02 1950: 173-175? ~-~ 9 (gelsinki, 1949), '
DiviSsion in the
d by the For. e st 'Ve Y Di survey l2A
The methods employe hotographs and in p
~tergretation of aerial p
maps are described.
~ Sept.
FORES IN CA:~A ? Forestry Chronicle, rvv9. 181 7(3 (31)
384 Craig, S ?T D.
'~tVEYB
1935: 26-32. yei-tical,
Canacii~ use of aerial forest surveys is reviewed? The factors of
and winter pilotograPhY are discussed.
oblique, Ze are &tscusszd in relation to stand
hci,ht and crown si
e stimste s ?
~?~ A. B.
A SHOD OF DETFRMT T ~' FROM ~~' ~~R _
385 ' mi,IPtG FORE` Nov. 19 812-813.
'
. 5'
Jour. Forestry, v ]+3, 51)1.563
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In forest surveys
11
A short-cut method of using aerial Photographs to determine
forest areas is described. The percent of area covered by tree
ci i3 timated by observing the proportion of mechanically-
spaced points which fall within forested areas on aerial 2hotO-
graphs.
386 Fairbairn, W. A. 45:
SOME NOTES ON AERIAL SURVEY. Farm and. Forest, r. ~6 (3), 194-5:
158-1:)9. ? SD1.F
Conditions for aerial photo a hy in West Africa are con-
~~'fpP
sidered to be pcr fcct before and a_ e rains. The periods of
roor vi5ibiiit;~ during the Harmattaf in the forth, and. clouded
r
conditicnc ii the south, should be avoided. Pho ~,tM? P) h
to
tn ~ 8--10 A?
flights should be made in~the early nr~o-n-n (8 based
obtain satisfactory relief. A list of practIcal points
s is presented.
on the experience gained in recent aerial surrey
(Forestry Abstr.)
Mattison and S. Ruii~#sev.
387 Grigor'ev, K?, L. '~, Samolet v lesnom khoziaistve. Les Khoz. i I,eso~ksploat., Apr. 1937: 10-15, incl. tables.
(AL3PLANE IN FOR.STfRY)
SD1.L4
SunTnarY data on the 1931- achievements in photographing
and mapping of forests in the USSR are present of Visu
22.5 over an survey was conducted from hhet~res of selected forest areas
million hectares; 727,0
were photo-nipped, and. 4.14 niUion hectares of river beds
were photographed. Ground survey covered an area of 608,000
hectares.
38
389
H baer N.
AERIAL FFOTOGRAPH AS A FOREST MAP/ Flygbilden som
~, .~iar. 1-15, 1952 70-72, inc.
skogskarta. ?~osen, v. 39 (3), ~_99.SSk51
photos, map.
The use of aerial photo aPhY in forestry is discussed as
~' ed indoors or in
a basis and framework for forest maps prepay
the field, and as a forest map follo-vTing minor revision.
Heske, F.
IDEAS AND PROPOSALS FOR TEE UTILIZATION OF i I PHGE AREAS
AS AN AID TO THE PLANNING AND STUDY OF FOIESTS OVER
danken and Vorschl e zum Efnsatz des Luftbildes alts Hacks.
mittel rorstiic'r~er Grossrau 0r5c and Planung
mf__ 1943: 35137I#
3
Gesell. r3kunde (Berlin), v. l93 (7-10)' 913: plates
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Photo interpretation
The value of aerial photography to forest surveys and
classification is discussed. An aeria1 survey alone is con-
sidered i ns;'ficient to provide adequate information regarding
the ground conditions. The aerial photographic survey, when
supplemented by ground control, aprears to be the Host rapid
and most economic method of stocktaking and evaluation of
forest resources. Five aerial photographs of German forest
areas are included in the text. [65 refs.]
390 Kondrat'ev, A. I.
[JOINT UTILIZATION OF THE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY AND
r-FFTIv:E-EN1F,ERATIVE EVALUATION L JRIhG INVEN'IORLES OF FOREST
RESOURCES I Sovnicstnoe Ispoi' zovanie ae rofotos"emki i ,~
vyborochno-perechislitel'no taksat'sii pri inventarizatsii
le snogo i le sose cbnogo f onda . Lea. Indus., Nov. 1935: ]+0-I.6,
incl. tables. H119765.R88L'+
Experimental studies conducted in the vicinity of
Petrozavodsk showed that an aerial photographic survey, which
used a Zeiss 2 x I4v(C/I camera, was sufficiently adequate to
evaluate the vegetation. The average error, as ascertained by
a subsequent ground survey, was less than 10%.
391 Loomis, R. D.
FOREST STRVE DG AND WORKING PLANS. Forestry Chronicle, v. 25
(3), 1949: 130-135. DA-99.8F7623
The relative roles and integration of photographic and
ground. survey methods in the preparation of working plans are
discussed. (Forestry Abstr. )
392 Losee, S. T. B.
AIR PHOTGGRAPES AND FOREST SI'1 E . I. MAPPING 4JmODS ILLUS-
TRATED ON AN AREA OF THE PETAWAWA FOREST IXPERflE iT STATION.
II4 APPLICATION OF AERIAL S1'E MAPPfIG MODS Td AREAS IN
SATCUEFIAN AND QUEBEC. Forestry Chronicle, v. 18 (2),
1942: 129-1141+, 169-181. DA 99.8623
Aerial photographs can be used to study topography and
vegetation after the topographic and vegetational charac-
teristics noted in aerial photography are correlated with
ground conditions determined by a survey of test sites. This
method which permits classification and mapping of extencive
forest areas by absolute site qualities can also be used in
areas containing agricultural sites. Napping accuracy is
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In forest surveys
dependent on ecological conditions, type of photography, amount
of field work possible, and degree of site classification desired.
The greater the complexity of ecological factors and the higher
the degree of classification, the more detailed must be the field
and photographic information. (Forestry Abstr.)
XOZ Tnene C m p
~,..~..-, :_: Sir. :r.p~
A!.N 5UrxE OF FOR))1~; LAr D. a' .p acaper z g. lraI12SC1., v. 't9 `6),
nay 19!48: 98-100. T81080.P85
The required quality of photography, scale of maps, inter-
pretation of photographs, and subsequent field work employed
in forest surveys are discussed. (Forestry Abstre)
394 Fuson, B., Jr.,and K. B. Wood.
A FORT SURVEY IN GUA E-"' . Pho tog a rnrii. Fag. , v. 18, March
1952: 140-143. TA593Pi2P5
Aerial photographic studies of Guatemala forests are
briefly described.
395 Mottishaw, J. S.
AERIAL FORT SURVEYS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. Washington Univ.
Forest Club Qt;art., v. 15 (3), Spring 191.1-1942: 18-21.
]1k-99.9W275Q
The use of aerial photography by the British Columbia
Fore st Service is discussed. The methods and techniques
employed in the preparation of a forest type map are
described.
396 Paijmans, K.
( INTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPUS IN A VIRGIN FOREST COMPL~C:
MALILI, CII:EBES) Een voorbeeld van interpretatie van lucht-
foto's van oervoud: het ldalili-complex op Celebes. [English
surrimary] Tectona (Bogor), v. 41 (2), Oct. 1951: 111-136, incl.
f
diagr., tables. DA-99.8B6
A comparative study of aerial photographs of 5 sample
virgin forest areas in Borneo is presented. The sample areas
included upland forests of good and of poor quality, a low-
land forest, and a transition area between hills and lowland.
Anthocephal us macrophyllus in the lowlands and Carzpnospenna
in the hills were the only tree species considered to be easily
identifiable. Quality classes were roughly differentiated on
the basis of crown density.
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Photo ?ntArpretation
397 Parsons, H. H.
NAPPTG AD TDEI1 IFY1NG TIMBER STANDS BYAE AL OB ERRVATIO, .
Cansd. L,,nnbez?nan, v. 65 (12), June 15, 19115: r , , c
DA-99 .SC~6
398
399
photos.
The determination of age class of pulpwood stands in
eastern Canada aid species identification are discussed.
Eeight and crown shape are the principa.i jas~. :.. ffer ."
or immature types. Species
tiating mature, second growth,
identification is based mainly upon different intensities or
shadings of foliage, and upon crown shapes.
Sarni ilovich, G. G. C SURVEY II3 TSE FOREST~?Y OF THE KUZtg
~A.ERTAL pHGTOGRAI'~
BASIN COAL DISTRICT) Aerofotos"e" v lesnom oz1ai6tve
Huuua s ala . m Trudy Leeotekh. Akad. (Leningrad), 3, 193
li5
~ ~~d,f ...-
263-300, incl. photos, maps, tables. SD1.L35
An aerial photographic survey was conducted in GornaYa
Shoriya area between 52 ?3O' and 13 ?115 N. -at,ad between
87?OO' and 8900' E. Long., covering an area of 1,212,276
-
87 00
hectares. Results of the sur.'ey show that fir stands pre
L ~a~ or mixed with spruce and-
dominate, either as pure said..
juniper . Pine stands were noted along rocky banks of rivers
and streams. One ground and 12 serial photographs of forest
formations are included..
Semollovich, C=. G. INS OF MIDDLE
[AERIAL l,-TIG!1`PIOi1 OF FORESTS ~~R~~y~ushnoe obsledo-
APiD UPPER ~~~ OF THE TVdIS
vanie lesov basseinov sr-ednikh i nizhnikh pritokov reki
iseia. Izvest. Geogr, obshch. SSSR. (Moscow-Leningrad),
V. T-1 (5), 1939: 730-739? G23.P6
A report is made of flights over the tributariessdoatthe
Yenisei River, conducted at heights of 200-800 m.,
speeds of 120-190 km/hr, to determine the extent of forest
cover as well as the percentage of cover of each species. In the Flogui basin 682, 720 he ctare s were suave re d, of which
73.5 were forests, 26.5* swamps and alluvial deposits. The
spruce forests were ccmPosed of pine (311?9%), ) ' and and mixed fir fore (3(32.8*),
birch (16.1,), junipe
la 55~ rch of ). the I) 1,,348,0 i 5 r Taz basin and the Taz-Elogui watershed
5 10.3) ? In the uppehe ctare s surveyed were forests, ]5/ swamps.
`~} ~
The fcreStS were composed of pine (50.1$), juniper (an1d~.f14~+*),
sin larch spruce and rir (7%), birch (18 .2%) ,
larch h (8.
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In fore st surveys
forests (1.6%). Swamps occupied 6.3% of the 396,003 hectares
surveyed in the lower reaches of the Nizhnaia T->argus'ka,
Nizhnaia Letnaia, and Severnaia Rivers; inundated areas
and forests 89.1+96. These were eomm-sed of 1Ar,ch (292), fir
(19.70, and birch (21.8%). The survey of the Turukhan basin
covered 398,880 hectares, of which swamps and inundated areas
occupied 35.6%, the forests 6J#.1I%. Here the forest composi-
tion was larch (15.8%), spruce and fir (10.2%), birch (36.2%)
and flood lain forests 2 . In the Kureikaa basin 0~+0
hectares were surveyed, of which 53.1% were forests, 33.1%
s1J nps, and 13.8 , inundated areas. The crests rcrc compc2
of larch (36.7%), juniper (21.80, spruce and fir (11.6%),
birch (9.2%), and floodplain forests (20.7%). About 135
million hectares of the iser basin from the mouth of the
Podkamennaia Tun,-uska to the mouth of the Kurefka were sur-
veyed. Forests occupied 80%, swamps about 1$, inundated
areas about 8%. The forest was composed of larch (25%),
juniper (15%), spruce and fir (12%), and birch (1+8%) .
i-00 Seely, H. E.
DIFFERENT SURVEY MEIIODS OF LARGE AREAS: AERIAL FUOTOGRAPHY.
[French suii ary] Proc. World rorebLry Congr., 3d, (Helsinki,
19!i9), v. 1, 1950: 53-60. DA-99.9C76912A
A general discussion of the use of aerial photographs for
forest survey purposes is presented. Forest maps and special
forest photographic mapping methods are described. Sections
are devoted to photographic detail, seasonal conditions, and
the qualitative information which the air photograph shows
in regard to species, site, height in relation to age, com-
position of the stand, and related conditions.
1+0J. Shillinglow, A. W.
THE MILITARY SURVEY OF THE FOREST RESOURCES OF THE COMMON-
EALTH TERRr1'OFt Austral . Timber Jour ., v. 11 (12 ),
196: 613-619 t .SD'r30.A8
An account of the forest survey conducted by the army in
New Guinea is presented. From a study of aerial photographs,
areas are classified into distinct vegetation types and the
boundaries of each type transferred to a 1-in. map. Aerial
photographs were u,wd in tropical areas principally for rapid
elimination of those areas which are unimportant for timber.
(Forestry Abstr. in part)
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Photo interpretation
402 Shul'ts, V. E.
[~2cPERTtTTAL CALCULATION OF FORT RESOURCES USL G A COIiBINA-
TION OF METODS] Opyt ucheta lesnogo Fonda konbinirovannym
metodorn . Les. Indus., July 1937: %2-59, incl. tables.
ED9765.R881ii
Ground taxonomic survey combined with an aerial photographic
survey of the White & a-Rultic Cana' (Belomorsko-Baltiyskiy
Kanal) area of 386,000 hectares shoved: pine forests to occupy
161,500 hectares; spruce, 49,700 hectares; birch, 1300 hectares;
a?ricu1t' a1 arec.,1000 hectares; water bodies 14 600 hectares;
mar she s, i4, 600 he c tare s; and other s, 3300 he ctare a.
4c3 Spurr, S.
AERIAL PEOT4GRA.PHY. Unasylva, v. 2, July-Aug. 19148: 183-1914.,
inc]. photos. SD1.U5
The use of aerial photography in the field of forestry,
particularly in making vegetation and land-use surveys and
forest invertoriec, is described and evaluated. The s1gn1l?i.
canoe of such factors as date or season, tim` of day, focal
length of cai.?ra, file and filter combination used, and
scale are discussed. Vertical photographs of recent date,
taken during the reriod of normal coloration of the foliage
by the rodifled infrared technim , are re commended. A scale
of 1:12,000 and 1:18,000 is judged desirable. Repre senta-
tive area photographs from the E.prvard Forest are included..
404 est-Nielsen, G.
[I PPTG FRO.f 'jj4 :fit] Kort1 egning fra luften. Dansk Skovfor.
ds,~kr ., v. 35 (5), 1 ay 1950: 271-280, incl. photos, tables.
Al ,o in Redeselskabets Tidsskr., v. 71, 1950: 16-23.
DA-99.8i3
Details are given on the photographic survey of 3 Danish
plantation areas with ;,-crying terrain and forest coverage.
Survey accuracy vas found to decrease in accordance with the
ru& dness of the terrain. Three photographs show stands of
Sitka spruce, Austrian fir, Scotch pine, and white pine.
405 Wilson, R. C.
FRELn Ir ARY Ilr STUCTIONS FOR VEGLATION TYPE MhP AND CULTIyATF n
LAirD CLASSIFICATION fI CALIFORNIA FOREST SURVEY. In Proc. of
Se: iinar of Aerial Photography :r. you,. Control Survey, Deer
6-8, 1939. Washington, U. S. Dept. of Agric., Flood Control
Ath sory Comm. [1939], Appendix B (6 p.) DA-1.915F2p91i
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I
I
j
I
_J
In forest surreys
Office and f
field ..
for the P- ocedures Aid
forest ts ed nee , o f tierso el FErt tec~iq, s are
ation of cor.Th instructions eiappli the Calif ter_
scale, The mac t t print eeri , applicable to Lrnia
ty~ rote it1 uc ~lcr? .. ~ PhU okra the inter_
over h on ~ y,
ste rPretA?ion ~ pre :2O,000
e the maP of interrretatio tj0
Proce Prior to the
See from
photo P ; u sue
150. 1
56, 157, 175, 201, 202 71, 72' 96. 122, 12
,329. 7, 14, l~,
L)o, Forest
inventor-y-
406
Clason, ?.f?
~cT0
skc$bPfiS ~1 CAI',ADI,~M FOPS
7 (9)Sept. 1953 2~ish ~v]2Ry~ rlyloto6z'af1 er i
95-301, incl. Phot^yorsk OSindus
vo, Y,
4, ~s?, table,
Th
The aerial 5800.178
measure,nt me Photo { "rFre
to t
,ion
Re d?' and of the ~ r of the Abitibi p~ d field invent?
and
of s over s' Forestry ~S~ uY Sreticu, ~ P.tmen Pap Oozy,
classes types' of d,ensit ' a'~ described, t of Mines and
condi ~,.is discussed, Y classes The identification
tyJns The effe an of tree hei
~~ s~abilitY and cts of fi ~t
duction ..speed qualit
. [17 refs.) "`-1 goes of the Y, 1_3ht
laue
on the u.?ity of the phhoto 'and rePro-
~7 Crom~r, D. A. N, aph are ~~?
'and d?
OF N0R0 D. Aitken.
. 82-87,4ND PINE. Austr ?
al Fo
restr
die re source s ~. T ~-99.8Au7t~ y'
eye hated from air o1 Norfolk Island
e
With v 8,25-x? lePsotoaphs taken at excelsa were
in 9Oo cry. Since the o givi~ aPPrexiWp titude of 0 ft.
n-
?xn-diameter'o>aa, isolated Photo scale of
measureme ratio,, a ,, s
nt of cro . graph >as c "5ttuee were inconstant
m as e+.ed vi t widths and stem ?--~ ~rc':
- -h photo es of ed Resm 8r??und
tern,
~?~ trees, alts
[4 refs,1
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11
11
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-
In forest surveys
steps in the mapp3J of ~r "
See al so items 17, 514, 59, 66, 71, 72, 96, 122, 127, 145,
.mac , -~ 1T5. 201, 202, 329?
1'7V : 1 f?V! -'-dip
ocedures end techniq'1s are presented
Office and f rsonnel participatirl~ in the California
for the guidance ~o ~1d ?- ~ ,,,.b inter-
on to a the e inter-
forest survey. The instructions are applicable
pretation of contact print photoaP
pretation e.erial
scale. The prior to the
p i.. ns t =.,t~ -LLCti0 cover the preparation p
~. ~ rocedures, and the
type interpretation, type interp etatlon p a h
~- c=d types from photogr P "
8b. Forest inventory
t ,~ FOP.ESTRY ] F lyi otograf ier i
4O6 Clason, M.
S f1 CAtIADS [AERIAL P C,yI'0APg , v] Norsk Skagtndus., v.
*~pdisk sk.ogbruk. [English s,cmar,, table.
7 (9), Sept. 1953: 295-301, incl. photos, dia&s5,. l
The aerial photo intei`pretatlon and field tnveCtmpanY,
arid ~An of Mines and
measurement methods of the Abitibi power
Ltd.., and of the Air Survey c ton, Depar"orestry Rr~cb, are dcribed. The identification
Resources, r classes, and of tree height
of cover types, of density quality, light
classes is discussed. The effects of film lane and repro-
? j , ~ stability and speed of the airp , h are shown.
,,ctns, r ity of the photogap
duct_ion ~ch^iqueS on the q~l -
te
j i7 refs. 1
N, and J. D. Aitken.
1}p7 Cramer, D. A ? , " F oI,K ISLAI~ID PINE. Austral. o stry,
AN A zAt, u~EroRY or
AN OF 1r0:~.. DA 99
v. 12 (2), 19: $2-87.
The resources of l,o,folk Island in Arau~~ t dex0f190 per
an e1
~._ p O0 ft.
evaluated from air photographs taken at ~a photo scale of
lens, giving an approxite
with an 8.25-in. n- orn, isolated trees were inc~~nstant
1:13,OOp? Since the ope ~'
in ~ _.?..~? construct ,ed from ground
meascruroxne-diameter ratio, a graph "
t of crOvf idths and stem diameter5?4 refs esu1tS were
g
correlated with photo imaes of knoti+n tees. t
-123-
.
t
t
c
E
}
L
k
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Photo interpretation
b08
Cromer, D. A. N.
AERikL a TION fl~ AUSTF~AI,I~st FORESTRY.
SURVEY A1~D PHOTO Lt, A xd (gelsi.rki,
[ nglish surnnaryj Prot. World Forestry Congr~-99'9C6str
19~9), v. 3, 1950: 1~3-1~6.
~~ficulties of detaiied photo interpretation of the
The ~`j hotspapps a`ilable in Australia
a1:19,0- and 1:3+,0"0-scale p photo interpreter's stereo-
scope for a are discusses. r .? o'; ~~"" in identiiieuvl~- v~
forest is briefly described. Problems Y roblems ~de~taken in Western
e .rid species in s~~. jYforest type- ? _ l T~Jand are
Australia, Tasmania, flew South w~-eS, edathermost difficult
reported. The rain forest s .
in Au tralia. [6 refs. j
vegetative ty2e to interpret
32-
O9 ,, (,'
Dimbleb;~, C. r.,r?ar
AIR FHOT(.xsHAYHS AD rv 1( 11. f 12) , 19+9 : 3
~i~?~ci . Wood. ~ v -~9 ~ w855
33~+, 370-372' DA ?
The articles present dat.a on mapping, mensuration, and
interpretation of forests.
110 Ferguson, J. H. A.
(FOREST SURVEY AERIAL pgOTOGp,AFH,S) Boschinventarisatie en
1K ' ? 37 (5-,
yJune 197 : EnD 133i rY] Tectona (flogor1, v. 37 0
,..~~~vfoto s. [ ~ nc1. table. DA-99 i'
May-+-11~ i+
hotographic interpretation and
The combination of aerial p is discussed. Through
field work for forest invG species to aroses species group and the
photo interpretation, the
ass may be determined, the crown clcc~a~ai-
broad site tree heights and crown d.ianeters
mated, and the
[7 refs.]
VEY BY AIR ... pgOTOGRAPflY Acv PgiiTOGp~Y'
ll A FORESTRY S'JR May 199: 33-37, chiefly photos and maps.
Timber Canad., v? 9 (9)~ SD1.T57
A pictorial account of the steps involved in a typical P conducted by the P~otoa
Company,
gr Phic Survey hoto analysis
Ltd. forest of Canada is presented. A representative p
data table is included.
_ . Fore stry, v ? ~
x+12 Garver, R. D. AERIAL PIiOTO~'ftAPHS fl FORT ~~rgyg . Jour
6D1.3
. l9: 1p1+-1O6.
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In forest inventory
The author discusses the status of current activities and
new developments in the use of aerial photography in forestry.
While aerial photographic methods have produced a great change
in forest inventory techniques, ground surrey meth o3s viii not
be completely eliminated. Ground surveys are expected to serve
as a check and supplement to aerial photo interpretation to
produce complete and accurate forest surveys. Aerial photog-
t . a. _ , ~. Ca1G. 'v ,.., j..ars to be most suitable for
1C~!l11J' (.w v+ ~r.J O... ,.OO appears
this work. While uanchrornatic film is most widely used, other
.by...{ned . ... { . v
types bILl'.h as infrared ~. ~+ cou * th a ^iinus-blue filter a.
considered to have possibilities in forestry.
1+13 Grinnbine, A. A.
AERIAL PHOTO TfCRUISf;G. Southern Lunberman, v. 191}6,
Dec. ly, 1916: 221'-222, incl. rhot.os, maps:
TS8O0.s7
An account of methods and egaiprnt is presented in
general terms, illustrated by 2 sets of stereo pairs. Sketch
cps and classification by forest type, form, size and density
derived from Anal ysai of the photographs are given.
claEsez
14114. Aennibal, L. W.
AERIAL FORT PHOTO B 'tPRETATION fl INDONESIA. Rimba
Indonesia, v. 2 (14), Apr. 1953: 139-163; maps, plate..
DA-99.
Photo interpretation methods employed an inveennt ry of
tropical mixed hardwood stands in Gele.les de scrid
Identification of species in mangrove forests, marshland
forests, and dryland forests is discussed. [16 refs./
415
Heurnwings, W. D.
- USE OF AFMAL PHOTOG APES IN FORESTRY IN T A ''SANIA ? Austral.
Timber Jour., v. 15 (4), 1949: 256-259, 261, 263, 26.
30?
The successful use of aerial photographic methods employed
by the Ta=snian Fore s try Department in sizrveyyina the Ta been fliACf-
forests are described. Identificate~~ rf species
12 ft. was in-
cessful within limits. An average _
curred in measuring tree heights on 1:16,000-scale photographs.
Density clasp: c were determined by tree counts under the -
stereoscope. The methods used in preparing planimetric and
topographic maps from airphotos are 3e scribed.
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Photo interpretation
NOR iH~N KOC~
,
41.6 Hodge, W. C. S'vyEYS 2; ].i117
AIR PHOTO ~gODS FOR TIt?~v . 26 (3) , A~ ? 195
North 6t Sci., D72 ?VS.
MOUNTAS?
incl. table. hotog='aF"Y
l~?tatious si P
The possibilities and of aer..
forest surY work in the Northern Rocky Mountain region
d size
star -
in er ion g~
n r Pre, rtat..Ofe; u : Qfor
Mountain
,ocfo
disc ,Seed. A photo it2
CYQ .. 1J.aJV ~~ b ul VL1r Itv+ -
classes and species vJ'P~
region is presented in a table.
AND AN AF~IAL PN.~~~IC
A ~ROUND~~
417 Busch, B.
A C01TARISON B~ ~, Thesis, i3ew York state Coil.
Foret.TEODstryOF ~'~~ StH?VE`-NJ? Abstract in Jour. Forestry, `~ ? ~
Svra~1se, N? Y. t al.S63
. ,
JulY 97: 91).
1 >} mot s was -
, - -~ E,er ial P'' o3ap com
from vertlc~i of a typical
A timer sur~Y pond timber survey hic and type
pf with conventional h
d j ~0pO -ell thods?
,..opograP ei meanS
SAdp~l arondRCk ter e sti northern hard~OOd were f 5t st A pre ty by f
s
of a mate aerial phet?g`'aphs 31t
map and i.ar maps Were prepared ~ fron Contour-Finder, ana by
radil plot, the Abramy ~co:.LL series of m~'ps the
-reflecting P rojectar. the ...~...,
a hic asurem
r~
vas based on the photogrp ~ h;, to~
timber estir nt~o ~
eri te visible
cr _. ameters of irld~-victual treesvaiiable, k relief
viaihlehic coiK,..s_ ~~re pre ed usin~3 hic ibevolume tables c ?^.d topo~ a e
a tical
:eco~niz
p of
own cent the the eifP.. photo~cLbaPu AsuremenL ~s of ~~ ~-
s,12 ` r-
re
disp ris0so nt were then ~tween the resultS of t I
Compa d
ns crawn ired tires for all se s of the 2
P timber
hoto~aphic
veys~ The Re qu,,. method of aerial pfications to increase the
proved Ys re
feasible.
entirely
accuracY are s,iggested.
v. 7 (g), peril
. Canal. Surveyor,
1+18 ~ e '~T-?W cTmy~ IN LAR~.ADOR TA`'1 ? C3
j A TL- T.
191+2 2_15J incl. photos, map.
n of an serial forest sirminof the
An accost is given
underta~n to dete
1500_sq? ~, area in Ira
volume of available pulp 00d'
S photogra~?
A Y AF,RIAi' ,
1+19 J. G.
Kelley, CO?OIL B incl. illus.
. -Dec. 1937 : 1~-6, TA593.A2P5
v. 3 _126-
4
E
i
t
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In forest inventory
?oipas.. (strip) lines are run p? ral.lel at regular intervals
~,,,
and s&inple plots are taken at specified points along the strip
me
lines. The timber volume and the species presence are asured
accurately in these sample plots and factors such as drainage,
condition of the soil, and presence of fungi and insects are
noted. Frog, a compilation of the sample plots, en accurate
picture of the area may be drawn and future prospects antici-
pated.
420 Kondrat'ev, A. I.
( JO NT USE OF AERIAL PHO TOGRNPHT G AND SELECTIVE COUNT A LIMBER
ESTf,ATTG 2.1ET30D IN MAKIidG IINEN.LORY OF TnE STAND AND ih??E-?
FUFm.s) Sovr!estnoe ispol,zovanie aerofotos"ernki i vyborochno-
peree hislitei'noi taksatsi.i pri inventarizatsii es 6oi~auch.-
lesosechnogo fondov. [English sUuImary] Trudy j , Issled. Inst. Les. Khoz. Narkon-lesa SSSR, v. 1, 1936: 5-49,
K~+
incl. tables. Sul .
The study presents an attempt to combine aerial photo-
graphic surveys with a ground tree count in order to obtain
more accurate estimates of the timber resources.
1x21 Kramer, P. R., and E. E. Sturgeon.
1,nA1~S ,,,.Tfl T T AREA FROM AERIAL PROTO-
r~T h~'HOD Or r~rL~:.ATI1tG FOREST
?
~u apg QDEX SII.r S . Jour . Forestry, V . I+O, Sept . 19+2:
sDl. s63 the
693-696, incl. tables.
A method of transecting is reported. for eindex
extent of various land-use areas from aerial photograph
aced
sheets. Linear measurements are made along uniformly sp
lr_sc,ct l ine~ superimposed on the photographs by use of a
~~ ~ ,.~_ ~
celluloid guide . The be reasurementd are then showed totalled and
the
converted to figures for ground area. Tes
transect method is at least equal to planimetering in accu-
racy and about 3.5 times as rapid.
422
j(rueger, T. ROCKY nTmr
USE OF AERLaL PIJOTOS FOR TIMBER SU TEYa Di T E iOUN illus.
REGION. Jour. Forestry, v. 39, Nov. 1941.922-92,
mci. SD1.S63
The survey method, which incorporates use of aerial pho-
tography, is considered especially adapted regions
pole stands
forcot type' are distinct and where mature timber, p ,
open parks,~etc. can be distinguished on photos by the survey-
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Photo interpretation
crew. The mapper observes type boundaries from vantage points
in the field, checking these by stereoscopic exaiination of
the photos, and draws the type lines on the photos, also
locating all survey corners found in the field.
h?3 Loetsch. F.
-1
( 7H:E USE OF AERIAL PIIOTOG HS AS }{i BASIS O SiiD iii V -
TORIES IN '11HE U.S.A. ) Die Anwendung des Luftbildes als
Grundlage von Vorratsinventuren in den USA. [English surirnary]
Forstarch., v. 24 (1/3), Mar. 15, 1953: 75-85, incl. diagr.
D'A-99.8F7?23
A review is pre sented of he use of aerial photography
in conjunction with mathematical statistical methods in the
field of forest inventory, forest management, and forest aerial
surveys. The stud;; includes a discussion of the statistical
principles involved in saurpling, the classification of forests
according to characteristic features, or indicators appearing
on aerial photos, the technique of photo interpretation, as
well as inventories of timber stock and increments based on
photo interpretation with ground control. A bibliography of
50 items is cluded.
4214. Lowe, L. T. E.
'"ASPECTS OF IPVEiTTORY SURVEYS FROM AERIAL PBDTOGRAPES.
Forestry Chronicle, v. 25 (4), 1949: 250-256?
DA-99 .3Y7623
A method of combining field and photographic data in use
~t Abitibi is described. The basic data for volun estimates
aria: for species and diameter groups is obtained from ground
work. Data from aerial photographs provide type boundaries,
species composition by groups, height of stand, and density
of stocking. (Forestry Abstr.)
425 Noe ssner, K. E.
PHOTO li k RL TION IN FOREST flWEN1ORLES . Photogrmn n . Eng.,
v. 19, Jesse 1953: 496-507, incl. photos, table.
TA593.A2P5
The history of the use of photo interpretation in forest
inventories is briefly reviewed. Interpretation techniques
used in forest inventories such as classification into rela-
tively ho~~geneou$ areas, measurement of these areas, anal
determination of per-acre volume are discussed. Sic aerial
photographs are included in the study. [14 refs.]
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In forest inventory
X26 :E PLACE OF PiR SURVEY ii FORESTRY. Empire Forestry Rev., v. 26 (1), 197: 21+_29; Plates. SD1.E573
The IICe of aerial photography for forestry pu~poses by
The -
Hunt ing Aero surveys, Ltd. is discs se 1 ,.,..,~? The e tlundc Of survey
are described; (i) combination of forest and topogz'aphical ?
~ it ~ e;.cisting maps .rum au rhot'=
survey, (2) stoc..-niapp ~8 ~' u
(3) sketching and stock-mappi.ng by visual reconnaissance without
map s. Color and granulation are discussed as aids in recog-
nition of tree species.
1427 Robinson, J. M.
l I -CAIwRA riB R PEOTOGRAPHY CU'S'S FONT fr'VE! TORY COSiS .
1~ Sept. 191+8: 3~65 , incl. illus.
Jour. Forestry, v. SD1.S63
The econou}r in time and. cos, resulting from the use of
, and the other two tilted,
three eras, one mounted
ds ussedi~ ~ A-dv~ta~s of winter
in aerial ~,irping are oblique photographs, in which the profile outline s of the trees
provides a major aid in the interpretation specie a, are
outlined.
142E Rothery, J. E . Fpm;,;;' I~.APPu~G AND
USE OF Vitt'' AERIAL PEOTO~~tIS 1935 ~ 587'589?
DER ESTIMATING. Jour. Forestry, v. 33 June
~ Se 963
New developments in the use of vertical aeriialbphotoy
graphs in forest mapping end timber estiina in$ are outlined.
1+29
Samoilovich, G. G. FROM AERIAL PSOTO-
[ ON 'IBE DE~MIIyATION OF TE NtL~B r OF TRFIES rosnimkm. Les .
GRAPHS] Ob opredelenii chisla d_r v ev P
Khoz. (Moskva), Mar. 19 0: 27.30, incl. tables.
sDi.L395
A review of tree-count studies on aerial photographs con-
ducted by Krutu ..eh .- (i 925), Weisker (1937), Zieger( y11928)~ , (i924)
,.
Newra~nn (1935), Jacobs (1932), and Hugershoff and
is presented..
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Photo interpretation
1430
Samoilovich, G. G.
[INTERPRETATION OF AE.RI&L PHOTOGRAPHS OF FORESTS] Deshifrirovanie
p0 aerosnimkam lesov. Li Akad. Nauk SSSR. Materialy po
r- ?
deshifrirovaniiu aeros nimov. Ed. by A. E. Fersman. [Sbornik.
Sverdlovsk?], Izdatel's tvo Akad. Plauk SSSR, 191+2: 28-49, incl.
i111is,, tables, diagrs. TA593.F4
Studies revealed that option photo interpretatiofl vas
ci tpine frrn?t_ 1].5.;000 and 1:25,000 aerial photographs. The
height of individual trees and of timber stands was obtained
either by r.6su.+~. ~% of the ~h~do length; by visual estimate
cn ~ the :.--. .-V .
using a stereoscope, or by employing the parallax method.
1~easurements of crown width and length and e stimate s of the
number of trees per emit area are described. The identifica-
tion of conifer and deciduous forests on vertical and oblique
aerial photographs of varying scale is discussed. Certain
characteristic features of each type of the forest vegetation,
as it appears on aerial photographs, are outlined. Methods of
identifying forest fellings, turned out areas and ;rind falls
are presented.
1+31 S . mss, R.
[ THE fl!PORTMiCE OF FROTO r~. u;iI(Y I ; OUR FORES,`1 ECONOMY]
Ilmavalokuwauksen nerkityksestd metsgtaloudessarane. [German
summary] Silva fennica, No. 1+8, 1938: 1-1+5, inci. photos,
diagrs. .SD1.S5
An aeccunt of the development of air survey for forestry
purposes in Finland is presented. Photos on a scale of
1:10,000 were found best suited to sirveys in Southern Finland
and photos on a scale of 1:20,000 in Northern F t nd. Satis-
factory results are reported in the determination of porpor-
tional distribution of tree species, tree count, dcninaat
height, mean height, density, and vo] ~e count. [32 refs.]
1+32 Seely, H. E.
AIR PEOTOGRAPRS AS USED BY THE DO1fi aON FOREST SERVICE. Jour.
Forestry, v. 36, Oct. 1938: 1035-1038. SD1.563
Analyses of the detail available in aerial photography was
extensively applied in mapping and estiniating forests. Vertical
air photographs taken during winter flights provide an accurate
height of the stand when the tree shadows are measured in mixed
stands on level ground. The measurement of the tree's dis-
placement, which often supplants the shadow zzethod in softwood
stands is basically twice as strong as the method of stereoscopic
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In forest inventory
ocedures erloyed in vol~netric estimates, forest
parallax. .ax' i'r lication of the ctoubie - -
inventory requirements, and + ?he aFF
vision projector are disc,~sd.
x+33 Seely, H. E.
SURVEYS Ai y ~`~'~T1 iTION
TE~iYCAL DEvELOP~,~dT Ll AIR p sTY DATA TREFROM? Prot. United Nations Sci. Conf. Con-
lion and Utilization of Resources (Lake Success, 199),
serve DA_279 .gTJn32P
v. 1951: 20-~~.
eview of the use of aerial photography in the investi-
A rf ,.=r,.,. rces is presented. Special forest
gatiou ul ~~=r resources
are described. qualitative
photography and mapping hoto auks, garticuiailY
~cr-,ation derivable his discussed. 6 refs- ~
species identification,
14.311. Skappel, H AS'uRLn?G AND APPRAISING
r PHOTOGRAPHY AS AN AID el middel vea
~~~ afiet og Potorga=etrien som ~ Fe
FOREST] Luftfotogr
sko ~,, ..,.,.. Skog ~~rybrJk~, V v. . L1L (11),
skogtaksssdcn. Ti~s5k..5
g~~ og ~-8
Jan. 1936: , incl. photos.
The value of aerial photcgraphy in relation to forest
..~ rocedes and techniques used are
~ey-s is disc.as..ed. The ortance of t~-rainin8 and exp~?rience
briefly described. The ~ hasized.
in photo jnterpret&tion is emp
1+35 Spurr, S. U. , and C? T. Br T' Jr.
TREE EEIGHT FROM AI-AL PHOTO Jour.
v, +, Oct . 19'6 : 716-721 ? S 1. S63
Fore strY,
-
~ree heights may be iasured on high qamity aerial photo-
graphs by either the shadow or Pte'a11ax method.. The former
metered while the
method is considerere to be be used in a Wider
latter method is more
variety or conditions. The accuracy of tree height meaion
ength film of ei1s
menu on nzr iai phoiogr`aP~ ~~nds upon (1)
sal (1
lens,
used, (2) scale of photography: (3 focal
method of ~as~ement,
()+) tip of day of photograp Y, (5 of the tree being ~as-
ured(6), anskilld of ,8) the ob character server, aof (7) shape o_
the forest being studied. The
f stands
stands
observer o ou? d i able to classify forest 1:16,000
acusetely (into 10-ft, height classes when using ~ght classes when using
acccura
scale photographs, into 5-It? he. i ~
hoto by making use of high-
1;x,000 stale p graphs ~) seed type taken with a lens
photographs of the fi.8d2 in. (Author's Shy)
having a focal leng
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I
Spurr, S. K.
UNITED STA_ 3 PER " :CE IN T R USE OF AIR SURVEYS IN FOREST
IlVVENTORY. Proc. TJnited Nations Sc!. Conf. Conservation and
Utilization of Resources (Lake Success, 1929), v. 5, 1951:
22-27. DA-279.9Un32P
A short stn raary of current U. S. practices in aerial pho-
tography for forestry purposes is presented. Studies and
tests of photo interpretation techniques and deices are
reviewed. The ecological basis of photo interpretation is
discussed. [7 refs.]
Standish, M.
THE USE Or AERL"T PHOTOGRAPHS n FORESTRY. Jour. Forestry,
v. 23, Apr. 1925: 252-257, incl. diagr. 51)1.663
A brief review of the use of aerial photographs with
reference to type and scale of photographs, stereoscopy, and
the influence of seasonal variations is presented. A detailed
discussion of the application of aerial photographs in deter-
mining timber voluzae is included.
238 Tho!i2son, A. P.
T :ffir'ICAL DEVELOPMEINTS IN AIR SURVEY Al D THE INTBIRPRLkTION OF
FORESTRY DATA mEREFROM -- NEW ZEALAND ExPERm CE. New
Zealand Jour. Forestry, v. 6 (1), 1929: 39_1?
DA-99.8C162
The contribution and use of aerial photography in New
Zealand's National Forest Survey are described. The limi-
tations of aerial photographs for making accurate measure-
ments of either total height or cro'Mm diameter are indicated.
The sub-tropical rain forests of New Zealand are so dense
that ground level cannot be seen on the photographs. [5 refs.]
239 Thomson, A. P.
TDCIIZICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN AIR SURVEY AND THE INTERPRETATION OF
FORESTRY DATA ThEREFROM -- NEW ZEALAND EXPERLENCE. Proc.
United Nations Sci. Conn. Conservation of Resources (Lake
Success, 191+9) v. 5, 1951: 27-29. DA-279.9Un32P
An account of the use of aerial photography for forest
survey work in New Zealand is presented. The combination of
an extensive ecological surrey with forest inventory in New
Zealand is discussed. 15 refs.]
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I
I
In fore st inventory
440 Trob;tz, H. K.
USE OF A IAL PHOTOGRAPHS IN T k INV'ENIORY PHASE OF TWT FOREST
1LAN.?0=~ ^iT JOB. Photo~ramm. Eng., v. 16, June 1970: 32i-324.
TA593.A2P5
Studies were conducted to determine the usefulness of a
controlled mosAic in e''aiun.tng +h ?? `
v ll 1 - around
w .~ ~ :~ M...+ r7 lC1i ~v: .7 Shelton. The equipment included a F4ultiscope, sterecompara-
graph, and binocular stereoscopes. The greatest single aid
furnished by aerial photos was their use as a basis for
stratifying forest stands of similar characteristics. Forest
stands were segregated on a basis of age, stocking, tree size,
volume, and species. The stratification permitted a prepara-
t'on of a mAT hcv nQ the location of stands of various charac-
teristics. Factors as crown density, crown color, picture-tone,
crown-size, relative stand-height, and slope and expose were
used to name the individual stands. The accuracy of photo
interpretation was checked wherever possible by known field
classification from old typing surveys. A good correlation
exists et-en aerial uhoto and ground classification methods.
Wiesehuegel, E. G.
RX &,0i v'CAL FORT I ; N , CORY Y " " Jour . Fore stry, v.
Aug. l9-1: 672-676, incl. photo, uiap, table.
39,
SD1.S63
A method is described for use in Areas where planin~tric
maps or aerial mosaics are available, and where a complete
system of secondary roads exists. In the forest inventory of
the Tennessee Valley area described, a standard field crew of
2 men with a car was used in traversing the roads and noting
type boundaries and gross mensurational data in code on plani-
metrie maps of a scale of about 1:24,OOO. One-fifth-acre
plots were established in represcntative stands c.s a check on
estimates and to obtain stand-table, growth, and mortality
data. An average of 31,000 acres was covered per crew day.
0`j_1 studies were made separately by special crews. The
field code used makes possible analysis of field data by
means of 8ollerith punch cards. The cost of this method of
survey compares favorably with that of other methods.
( Fore ofr r ctr s in part )
Wilson, R. W.
CONTROLLED FOREST T V TORY BY AERIAL PBOTOGGRAPHY. Timberrn n
(Portland, Ore.), v. 51 ()4.), Feb. 1950: 42-43, 98, mci. photo,
map, table. Kt975O.1T65
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photo interpretation
in a sl~rveY of au
ah SP
ssed. made by
ful.ness of aerial Pr1st~ p A
usPy
pine Oregon retell aerial
e S from G rp
area Do hs CoUNtY' i
jeCtb0 (Jl i vinat tarp 1`1Ldpd.
the Pro letric base is
Photogrraph6 aphs t to a P
Y ~umm~rxRAP~] Die
st.
$ N OF vT~JE FROM AL
gem. or st
4I.3 Wodera, . ~Vn
de . ~
se neitt l F or
golzr~~ g Hach Luftbi
, 59 (13/llis 15/16)' 19
DA-9953
Jl~wy.t . Zest,
Th history of Austria and Ge~m is
hoto87'aT~e Y
? P &ee stand vnlwne
armed.
the rnethos used
reviewe'~; ~e
aerial puot,o raph` a`
amzn . ~lg ? i v . 19,
E ^ ,~~ , ?~, photogr
i~4 Young, ~ ? J'i cl .~ 1 table .
coin oii1~~6, ~agrs?, TA593.A2P5
arch 1953
The report explore the lim is to the ~terpreta,tion of
s e comb
fib a
different scale to etr~.luate Different filter
the ens t of of
photos o
order
racefir re8
wed ~ -
r
f the s
re
tions we hotos o P
~orma,tion on airP
northeast1
o items 36, 1 +, 157, iO' 44i; )+69?,
et
BC. Forest
~~~ Forest Rec.
Braith tte, J pffO~ FOR ~ _4h ,
445 c~~ 1 i tore (;~elhi), V ? 19 ` ,-99.8I 5
[n.p,1, 6 il
A report on particu > on its nt of aeriel photoaPh~ is
the dew lopes forest map ~~, use and
in ~ > from
pre se mod' The author di scus se s the a nt nethods ,
presented. hotograPhY, of msP~aP
technic used aerial me hods of maPP
in a hs, the P a
grF use antoofck auu s mapF analysis anda{, oblique rial hirining P PhotP?
yertical in
l,antations 'h
?~PPi~ of Mail from photo d sgraph map, he of
+,,ransfer
i3~4
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. In forest management
forest corditicns as she~Tn by the photogra b, a
made for the use of aerial Photography P e st~ons are
Burma. (Forestry ~? forest management
A'vs?r,)
1416 Campbell, R . 1K.
USE OF AFRIAL PEO c y ON LARGE FORT G .
Forestry, v. 48, Dec. 19Sp: 639_8 RSEIP. Jour,
9O? SD1.663
Aerial photograph utilization by the Scotch Lumber Co. in
studying{large forest Properties in a conparsti:rely short time
is descr~bed.
1+x+7 Choate, G. A.
AERIAL PEOTOcmAPHS - AN FIO '~1T TOOL IN rLkNAG:. T PLAN
Jour. Forestry, v. 17, Dec. 1 SURVEYS
~*9: 961-96, incl. diagr.
SD1. s63
The background an 3 .eth;,us of an
developed to met the present and probab e fu uret~y
management re quirements are outlined. orest
148 Clason, H. S.
i
[Am PEo:o(mAPES IISZ OF SK\~ p I FORE flyf or krokikarter i skogbraket Er sh summ-
fiorsk Sbogindus., v, 4 ;. [ ~gli su?mary]
)~ 1950 17-21, incl. photos.
-. ' .N7$
The nethods of a or~~gien fizz using air photo
foreSt~-~ are described. [5 ref8. j BreP in
1a 9 Coleman, C? C.
TTE Ai II PH c 4PHIC MAP - AS AN AID TO TEE LOGGER. T
8andbook, v. , 19~: 75-79, incl. photos. DA 99.76?cggers
76PL12La
Te use of aerial photography in logging operations
qua, Oregon, is described. The use of aerial photo hic
8
maps in the location of main haul E1aP
ing roads o ~.nd in ?he p1annin
of a logging transpor. t systen is discussed. Te a G to
derived from the use of aerial photographs are brIefl B
Ewflarized. y
1}50 Diznbleby, G. W.
AIR Pu"Ioc~hAPE5 AhD FORESY. IDENT7YICATION
COSTS. Wood, v. 15 (1), Jan. 1950: 11-13, tncihotoG Ai~D
photos.
LA-99.82W855
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Photo interpretation
The problems of photo interpretation encounterea ir. the
trcp Ca, rot-forests of the Gold Coast are discussed and
i ~
ilustrated with photographs. Elght-r.-ei t per cent of the
a_. trees 'Tere identified IL a British deciduous forest
in a test involving over 500 trees of more than a dozen species.
[2 refs,]
)+51 Ehrhart, E. 0. ,
m:E USE OF AERIAL PH0T0?APHY IN FOREST AGnN kNT , PennsY1-
vania Dept. Forests Waters Service Letter, v. 10 (3), Apr.-
May 1939 35-39, incl. photo, map. DA-99.9P383
Forest
A survey of timberland owned by the Arrnstrong
Company on the AU cgheii Plateau is described : L1: and
wait evergreens were distinguished, old growth and second
but accurate data on species
in mixed hardwood stands were not obtained.
4.52 Gier ZYD Ski, T.
[TLLE APPLICATION OF PROTOC~~,A14:~, 'jttY fl FOREST W2L>I sn~'ch.
Zastosouanie fo to,r ametrii przy urzadzaniu gospod-arstw
Technicznogospodarcze.
Wyd:wnictw-a Pomocnicze i Inst. gadaxczy
Lash: paristvowyZh. S~arszava, No. 16, 191-8, 50 p.
SD1.F66
The author describes the application of aerial photographs
to forest sn Meying and stock- ?i rig . While gr'ou1 and aerial
surveys should to looked upon as conrplementarY as regards stock-
Wig, the writer rejects Tischendorf's opinion that the
by aerial photog-amm~etry cannot be
volute of stands c s. ~, ~gd refs. Forestry Abstx. )
considered accurate. [50 j
]+53
: a berg, N. sintielning.
[E AIRPLAIIE IN FOREST W AGE ] Flygplan vid skog
Skogen, v. ~4O (6-7), J''e 15, 1953: 76, incl. photos.
DA-99 .B3kl
photographic flights were conducted ataltiittUdEenof 60 50oto
300 in., 'with most flights at 100 m., at speeds
80 m.p.h. Photographs were taken with sever edsand using
g
combinations of filters and films, includin ar
color. Results are ~,rmi rized.
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In forest management
Hallert, B.
[ SOME G~L OBSERVATIONS ON PHOTOGRAM 2TRY Mfl) ITS USE IN
FORESTRY] Nagra allmanna synpunkter pa fotogrammetrien ccb dess
anvr~.ndning thorn skogsbruket. Skogen, v. 36 (22), Nov. 15, 1949:
302-303, incl. photo. DA-99.8Sk51
The uses of aerial photography in forest management in
Sweden are discussed. Recommended techniwes are described.
455 Hudson, D. W.
APPLICATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY TJ LOGGING OPERATIONS.
Forestry Chronicle, v. 20 (3), 194+: 262-269.
DA-99.8F7623
An evaluation is made of aerial photographs, used in con-
nection with a stereoscope, to supply specific information to
tiruet operators, to aid preparation of operating plans, and
to locate motor, portage and hauling roads, timber cuts, dams,
streams and stream improvements. (Forestry Abstr. in part)
46 Hyde, R.
USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS IN FOREST AGENT. Pennsylvania
Forests Waters, v. 2 (5), Sept.-Oct. 1950: 106-107, 118,
incl. photos. DA-99.8P38
The use of aerial photography by the Research Division of
the Pennsylvania By eau of Forestb in conducting forest inven-
tories is discussed. Information considered essential to the
preparation of working plans for the State Forests includes
data on areas, volumes, types, sites, stand conditions, growth,
and reproduction.
457 Losee, S. T. B.
TEE APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOGRAMl!E RY TO FORESTRY IN CANADA.
Photogramm. Eng., v. 18, Sept. 1952: 742-753, incl. photos,
maps. TA593.A2P5
The application of photogrammetry and photographic
interpretation to forestry is discussed concerning such
operations as surveys to determine wood volume, reforesta-
tion surveys, cut-over surveys, ~amflo E1Lrveys, road
location surveys, logging plans, and eater delivery systems.
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4
458 Luzu, G. FOREST MANAGr' r2r'T
[THE UTILIZATION OF A.EE IAL PH TOGRAPAY By flEE
SERVICE; ?itilisation de la ohotographie aerienne par le service
forestier de ~estion. Rcv. Forestiere Franc., 99.5 (11)8R329, Nov.
1953: 755-763?
Aerial photography is used by the Forest Manager nt Service
of Coblenz to provide data concerning general orientation;
description of stands including site, density, and idnttiifi?
ration of individual species; measurement of distances
area coverage; wood mensuration; and up -L'J-dw orkin,g
knowledge of the forests.
)+59 Mattison, L.
[ FLOATII+G OF LTJHB n Air~D 'IIiE ROLE OF AVIATION] Lesosplav 1
aviatsiia. Leg. Indus., July 1937? X5-48, incl. photos,
tables. . 11D9765.R88L4
Advr:.ntagC of using aerial observations and photographic
move
-
survey to discover the most suitable waterways for
the city of
went of limber from the forest to p~nseof ~eplant
discussed. Aerial work in the regiga s Lake,
Pudozh, and the White Sea is briefly described. Three aerial
photos of unidentified rivers and lakes are
460 Moessner, K. E. A~:FR Proc.
TH FORT
E VALUE OF AERIAL PROIOx"KSTO TAE
photo,
Soc. Amer. Foresters, v. 1947, 197: 377-384, SD1.S. p p
tables.
Various aspects of the usefulness of aerial photographs
to the forester are enumerated and. discussed. An annotated
photo map is included. [~+ ref&.
1+61 Moir, S.
AIR SURVEYS IN LOGGING AND FORES73~Y. Loggers h handbook,
1945: 189-199, incl. photos, map. ~99
Three it thods of conducting aerial forest surveys are
described: by sketching, by use of oblique photographs, and
by use of vertical photographs. Other topics &iscusced include
scale of photographs, overlap, stereoscope, ground control,
cation. Repre-
sentative cruising, seasonal factors, and road to
photographs of timber stands and a forest cover end
vc;etation type map are included.
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In forest management
1+62 Spurr, S. if. nm Eng.,
AERIAL PFOTOA EIC TECH1' I QUES Ii FORESTRY . 593 ra8 .
V. i4-, Dec. 19B: 535-537.
The use of photographs in forest mapping, in inventory,
and in other phases of forest management is discussed. Photo
interpretation techniques using panchromatic and infra-red
films are reviewed. The possible use of large-scale con-
tinuous-strip photography and low-altitude oblijues taken
when the deciduous trees are leafless is suggested.
4-63 Stanley, G. W.
USE OF AERIAL PHOTOS ul 1 NAGr~'lt +i PLPJ S ? Jour . Fore stry, v. 1+$,
Sept. 19 O: 1W-2-143 ? SD1. 663
Advantages obtained through the use of photographic data
on loaaing conditions, mill capacities, and present condition
of timberlands for proper forest management and planning are
briefly outlined.
464
Empire Forestry Rev., v. 31 (2), June 1952: 99-1021
SD1.E573
plate.
The practices and procedures of Photographic S,iveys
(Western) Ltd. in British Columbia are outlined. A 12-in.
camera, either a Williamson-Ross Eagle IX or Fairchild, and
the use of a 4 in. tc 1 mi. scale, are recd need fbest
photo interpretItion rco:lts. Stereoscopic forest interpre-
tation photographs are included which show identification o
iLi? defined
i. ,,u
broad and detailed types, as '",' as t lte timber
in ma or valleys and tributaries.
14.65 'fan Asch, u. P. D., and L. C. Wickett.
DISCUSSION ON AERIAL SURVEYING IN ITS RELATION TO FOREST
RECONNAISSANCE. New Zealand Join . Fore stry, v. 1 ( 1938:
141-11+7. DA-99 3)11
An aerial survey of a timber area in National Park con-
ducted by the N. Z. Aerial Mapping, Ltd. is discussed. The
interpretation of aerial photographs for the deerr (aeiond of
quantity and quality of species is described.
nonmillable species were distinguished. It was possible to
identify tree species only occasionally; it was not possible
-139-
Tr orey, L. G.
AERIAL SURVEY IN FOREST NA1dAGE: E T IN E PACIFIC COAST FORF2T
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Phcto Interpretation
The selection
to tell the quality of trees in the bush country. to stereo-
of road routes and mi11 sites was facilitated thrQU&h
scOFic study of the aerial pi otographs.
166 Wilcox, F. R. T.T r,~nrrr,~*onvuc `e~-n a1Fif.RaFT IN WOODS OPERATIOP~S.
Iri.i li~.i5 OF tir.~C~1.HL ru~~.;.:.' `-~- ~ , nz a , l) ~cl, table . Also
Jour. Forestry, v. 36, Oct. 1933: 1O~8-1C,
nCl .
l: l38-14-3 , _
^rn O . . ~
in photograi>aa. Eng ? , v . a , July- Sept . 19 SDl. S63; X593 ? A2P5
i
tables.
The u.,.... __ uses o!' aircraft and aerial photography in Flap iuakthg, timber estimating, -
sorest protection, forest iruvementsmp ,
logging cost estimating, and transportation are briefly dis
cussed. It is considered possible, with the aid of an accurate
p Y/IG of an area to leak, a timber type interirreta-
t?ion s~, from L~~tric ...... p r aerial photographs taken at anseason other than
midsummer.
4-57 Wilcox, F. B. POSSIBiL TIES OF S T_SP ;UnSTRATOSFri,E FHO'I'OGRAPIIY
_ltATI~F A~
s _ _re stry, v. 37,
IN TEE AIS~iIIiSTRATION OF FOB1ST LANDS. Jo_ Fn
June 1939: 11-W incl. i:1us. Also in Photogranm. F.ng?,
6 Oct -De c k 19 40 i%-19 ? ____~ sDl.s63; T A93 A2P
phy
A proposal is made to use high altitude p lack otturabulent
applicable to forest ~~ief~ec*.on~~ altitude photog-
raphy currents has a favorable and. tilting of the
tn:rougu the reduction of . tipping an
aircraft. Tinber typiig can be executed satisfactorily for
p ores provided the photograph .s carried out
~'P ~
inventory
durin3 either spring or fall when contraSting foliage
exist in the forest crown. iffiared phctcga=h; should be
used in mids-1lTr1 r.
X68 Wood, K. B. ? . OF AERIALp~P1NG
PRACTICAL ANAL LOGGING ;GII`~DyG, REVIEW
IN rs Handbook. ' v. 10, 1950: 55-6,
THE LOGGING Itr~USTRY . ]~o@,ge Y DA-99 , 76P112La
incl. photos, map.
The development and use of aerial mapping in the operations
of the Pacific Northwest logging industry is discussed. The
rilent employed by several
r~ppi~ ~tr^d~?~a i n+Jconductingntimber surveys arc described. "
operating c~rr---- - in hic maps for
he accuracy and limitsti~ons of aerial topographic
timber estimating are reviexed.
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In forest managemerit
1469 Wood, K. B. v . 19,
PHOTO It1TE PRETATI0N IN FORESTY. Photo' Eng Eng., V
June 195: 14'r7_'#81.
~_ ~~+ 1 anr~
1 ~i'~~~
tat lv.n . -- tec~'fl1. l,la2s as ap-nl~iea LU
Photo ~-~r a~ _ special 6iiT"+Tey y1~hIPT"F,
easu_rement, ?asurement of timber, and s '
are briefly outlined.
See also itens 58, 61, 97, 105, .118, 168;
9. Engineering
rnsfrost)
(Includes references to pe
?ennir,ghoff, w. S.
USE OF AERIAL PHOTGRA~rS FOk : - ?RAIti PPE iION BASED 0Q
x+87-x+90,
FIELD APPING. Photogr&~? Eng., v. 19, June T119993:~5
incl. photos.
photographs during field studies of
The use of aerial r
permafrost in Alaska is discussed.
x+71 Black, B. F.
pOL!'GOIZAL PATTI'IS JD v ^RO'Jlm COIZDITIOIZS FROM pflOAP.
Photogr811. Eng., v. 18, ;arch 1952: i23-134, mncl. photos.
TA5a3 .'-2P5
The si ifieance of polygonal patterns in the photo inter-
gn
ion of ground conditions is appraised. l 1iO Pap of
recent literature on polygonal soils and 10 aerial p
refs.]
recent [56
of such soi i s are included in the study.
F A CtDCAL ANALYSIS OF AN AE1tI.L PHOTO
1.72 Fedcrovich, B. A.
[THE SI~'ICADCE 0
FOR ~ Z,-~acnenie geograiacheskogo
~,~ITARY np~ATIp~(S IN DE..Il~TS ~ stvii v p ust Yniakh. In ?
analiza aerosnimki dl~a boe~-yl~,h de i
Nauk SSR . i aterjaly po deshifrirovaniiu aerrosnimkOY. Ed . by
. back
A. E. Fersman. lSt;orLik. n*erdlovsxc 1, TA593=F~
SSSR, 1952, p. 72-85, incl. illus., diagr.
The use of aerial photography in deterXni- -' the water
and general iydroiogical conditions, the t0af airast itY,
supply
the forage and fuel conditions, the availability
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Photo interpretation
feasibility of engheering construction, the c od fl ? an
o+,^n to landscape coriigu-E1ti0n,
ce'rer ii al
. r~y~ ~-~~-
L 'esert are discussed. App location of
conditions of the LLGDGS L +-*-~- ,s +i~I'8~ jQT,Y for
i:17,O00-5ca1e aerial photos is consid:rCd a
military purposes.
-
3 Frost, R. E.
DD.IT:' ICATION OF GRANULAR SI'T'S Di A",T.T ~t~ 1E?_. ~unmM,RAFHY.
Proc. Nat. Res. Council, HighwaY Res. Board, v. 25, 1915:
116-129 , incl . photos. TEl.N 5
Techniques used to locate sand and gravel deposits by use
of photographs are briefly discussed.
1711. Frost, R. F., and 0. W. Mintzer. OTO TrFICATION
~?,LL~a CE OF TO?OGRAPHIC . ~Re s OCoun cif , Highway Re s . u-n"d j
OF PtIAr"ROS/T. Bull . N~cl. photos, diagrs?
No. 28?, 19~~//' l(100-121, T'E7 eN2~
The use of aerial photographs to determine the presence
r....A_:'?r
or ab sence of de tr line ntal pe ? most is discussed. Permafrost
and the factors a?'fecting its existence are discussed in rela-
tion to climate and topographic positio. The types of
i
topvgrarptw y discussed include uplands, transition zones and.
-
valley fill, terrace s, and flood plains . The principal cr
teria for the photo interpretation of perifrost are given.
It is concluded that the influence of topographic position is
the most important factor in identif icaiion of permafrost in
subarctic regions. t31 refs.)
1#75 Fulton, W. Canad.
TE USE OF A3 IAL PHOTOGRAP IN GAY SURVEYING. C3
5-veyor, v. $ (1k.), Apr. 194: 13-17. .
The applica~l ~{on of aerial photography a by to highway planning
in northern Ontario is discussed.. High Y location engineers
years
vet their own photos. A study
were trained to in+,,erp
tation and soil cba acteristics indicated that certain types
of soil are peculiar to definite types of vegetation. Poplar
cwth was reported to indicate dry, well-drained soil; Jack
l formn~tion, a. so 11?~' tined;
pine indicates sand and grave
....Ias __
dense growths of small size spruce an,-.~o ond to~--ark tSi?"~l.ly indi-
cate must,eg; large spruce indicate s fair terrain conditions,
and alder and villou may be interpreted as indicating wet
ground.
-114.2
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i-
3
In engineering
476 Hittle, J. E.
APPLICATION OF AERIAL STRIP PHOTOGRAYh'Y OF HIGHWAY AND,
AIRPORT ENGIRINC. Proc. Nat. Res. Council, Highway Res.
Board, v. 26, i96: 226-2~)i el. photos. TE1.N45
The study presents a method of gathering pavement per-
formance data by the use of aerial strip hotoraphy.
1+77 Hittle, J: E.
'~IALS.
AIRFHO'IO ER ?FTATI ON OF ti GIiRIIuG SITES AtTD NA
Photo Eng., v. i, L. l9t,9 . G in-6O~z1 ;nrl ; i1.1
uclin, j u `+ : ~?9
mn~ . A?P5
tables .
photo~'-.auhS iv ccrsiderk to
~.e interpretation of aerial r..
be a progressive translation whose diagnostic feats. es include
L__ z r_if- a : and erosion features,
terrain, position, topogl~~pL~, ~ DD. ,. ~s feature a
color tones, and vegetation-cl~.~ate effect. These
have significance wien considered in terms of land-forms and
pedologic concepts. The relation of soil and rock materials to
lanciforms and peBology peraits the interpretation to be com-
pleted. in te_rns of anticipated engineering problems. A brief
description of the photo interpretation method and technique
is presented, the limits of application are cited, and sor.~
siamificant applications and advantages are discussed.
14.7$ ?killer, S. Tit I;' JERSEY. EtSEY. Photo-
Hm WAY LOCATIONS BY AERIAL FHQ1'4 "~
grarm. Esg., v. 13 (2), June l97: 231-233? mA593 .
A2P5
The use or aerial photographs in highway engineering
operations is bri' fly outli=ed and illustrf.ted with examples
drawn rroi~ varihi gh:.a projects in New Jersey. Aerial
~~ -~-
photo interpretation facilitates the study or a1ratiV
tom'
alignments as weir as the selection of preliminarY
ment of a new route previous to the extensive stiu-veys and
necessary plotting of topography; the study of secondary
stages of design work (need of underpasses, overpasses, etc.);
the at3Aption of Sys to the terrain and scenery (park-
' ys); the preparation of highway maps; and the preparation
of soils data.
479 Pryor, W. T.
AER7AL SURVEYING ON T .ALASKA ZIc2MAY, 19172. Public Roads,
v. 24. Jann?-N'? 191+(: 275-290, incl. illus., tables, maps.
TE23.P86
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Photo interpretation
The location of the Alaska Highway could not be established
by ground survey because of harsh climite, difficult topography,
alnd limited time . Aerial methods of surveyiir eliminated the
difficulties of ground operations and enabled engineers to
exomine unexplored territory quickly. During the fall of 19#1
the Army Air Corps took many serial oblique photographs at an
average elevation of cv,OO - with ca era having a 6-in.
focal length lens; generally the photos ve.re high-ob1ic1ue . The
development of trimetrogen photography make it possible to take
three UhotO aP'fl Ej ;1tane^usly producing a left and _a right
high-oblique with a vertical between them. R II ..J ~ .u:.:
were a,e with vertical photographs taken with a 6-in. lens
camera frc-.ru 10,000 ft. altitude at a scale of about 4. in. per
mile . Slides and drainae char1nels could be seen clearly.
By st2 ecscopic study of aerial photographs it was possible
to m..ake topu~raphic features fit into their proper eleva-
tional position. The stereoscopic studies also served. to
identify sobs and drainage conditions from their relation
~,o ?.egeta.ion aD.d. topography.
,,
480 Raup, H. 2d., and C. S. fl tiny.
FLOiOfr9PR~: ATION OF T< + `~ER-+~ ALONG .L SO.mLE PART OF
AL~\SKA EI~iWAY. BuL1. U. S. Geol. Survey, 963-D, 1950:
95-135, incl. photos, naps, diagrs., tables.
DGS-G611+-290
T,P ec- bted data and methods of geology and botany were
applied to the terrain interpretation in British Columbia
and southeastern Yukon, both representative of the northern
regions. The uses and limitations of tree species and asso-
ciated shrubs as indicators of such or ground characteristics
as soil texture, dra, naQe t pre senc
v4 ri tre ff 1 cti i-lity etc zlescri c1. A key
for the identification of the vegetation seen on aerial photo-
graphs is given. [8 refs.]
14-81 Sager, R. C. ~dD . photo aux.
AERIAL ANALYSIS OF PERt'A EEfl1Y FROZEN (COL. ~
:Eng., v. 17, Sept. 1951: 551-5717 incl. illus., map.
TA593 ?A~.PS
Closely associated geomcrphological, pedological, ecologi-
cal, and cultural factors affecting the interpretability of
permanently frozen ground are briefly reviewed. The polygons
and related terrain features which serve as a valuable aid in
aeriAi photographic interpretation are described and illustrated.
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In engineering
1{.82 Simonson, W.
lt
arCw ROLE OF ~F PHOTOGRAPHY. LiL Civil Eng ? , v. 15 (5), 4ay
JI~J.~ 1wu+~ `~
19: 223-226, incl. photos, maps, tables. TA1.C1+52
Arai xhotoV'apha are shown to be useful and economical
in the surveying for, and design of highhwacombi The advantages
of large-scale aerial photographs used. around surveys are cited. The study includes a table giving
map scales for highway design use, and an analysis of map
~~-Ammetric maps.
scales for aerial iLi vcgar~,,,~.,i ..,, pht'g
--
1}83 ham, P.
I _ PRO3 TED ATLANTIC AIRPORT, LAKE NALM, MAPPED PHOTOGRPM-
?EThIC.uL+~YI P1 ~+nerade At1antflygfd.1tet "Ha asiav" fotogram-
ru~uuvfs 3 ,
metriskt kartlagt. Globen, v. 25 (3), 196: 37ol,m el.
photo, map.
The use of aerial photographs in the planning of the
Swedish international airport at Lake Balim is described.
and
The saving in time and money by t.iS method is stressed, the special problems encountered are discussed.
1431
Witenstein, M. M.T
lv EGD1EER
i
PRL;C fl'L:Es OF APPLICATION CI
oi
l: . 31}9-3~5
J
e 9 311- ,
I
I
r
I
un
l
n?TELIGENCE. Photogramm. Eng., v. 17,
incl. maps.
Reference standards or criteria are cae'tabid?Sntaffor
aspects of engineer intelligence trhic these criteria a
easily on aerial photographs. Rased upon
system of photo study, comparative analysis, is developed.
for highways is
i
3
a
An example of photo interpretation criter
presented.
See also items 169 182, 190, 201+, 237, 313-319, 322, 3214,
32328, 330-33, 336-335?
10. Military science
.? T~ 1;
13 [ AN AERIAL-GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION QF THE BAI ?~r C u'wrnT~ . VoL
TilE F;ASl tN BJ,LKMI P ; NSULA] Luftgeographiache Beschreibung
der gal nlader. 1 Rand: ost?-Balksn. Berlin, [Deutsche Luft-
waffej, 1 v., incl. pnot~s, maps, diagrs., tables.
DR10. G1+3
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R
Photo interpretation
210 ar~otated aerial
The study presents a select~ion~of about maPJ of ?he most
and ground photographs, and approl i..W.:ely 7
,de;} hnrnhRum rea,
to ortant geographic and military features ^ofc1L
r
B?1 garia, anEuropean Tur ~key. sta. are in l tic ct~n-
important landforms, the vegetation cover, the clime
ditions, and the location of airfields.
..._
,.tU'U C&, i~,~ DFSCR.IP` T..ON OF :f'EE BALKAN COUNTRY. VOLUME 2:
'ur Jun ~-. ??~ ??- .?
TEE g.OU '; LALKAid P fl SULA Luf tgeographi scLe Be scnre i nung d- r
paj,anlnder. 2 Band: S`1 -Balkan. Berlin, [Deutsche Luft-
waffeJ, incl. photos, xaaps, diagrs., tables.
DR10. G1+3
The atudy presents a selection of & ont 3s - ti gdthe
serial and ground photographs and about 90 maP P
mozt important geographic and military features ofoA B iaria,
the southern part of Yugoslavia; the ester part
octant imp and. Gieece, Data are also ~cl" ed cn cathe nditions and loca-
l ndf~s, vegetation cover, clipati
tion of airfields.
i.$7 p ~c A ^u AND p.1NAJIrG. London, Air U.NnistrAIR F:C"T1~PR~'~ Or'r,~
~-,..,~~'I'IL,. incl.
Gt. grit.), x. N.. Sta tonery Office, l90, [108 P.1, illus. , maps, tables, plats. ZR$lO.GB
The mEtrua]- discusse s the purpose and value of aerial
a ., ~
photoaphy, general and unit orgniZati.,.., ^ethods of photo-
a hit flying including flying for air' survey Purposes,fo
p training of personnel, and interpr -
the Army and the Nary, a
tion of aerial photographs.
rJ
1488 Garb, ., pad R. R. Arnold. sneer,
FROM ~ ~ ~ N1i.l it . Eng
N* LIPJX USES OF PROTOGA'RY FR0~~
V. 33, Sept. 19+1: 357-362, incl. photos. p85
TAI.
Various aspects of aerial photography, s yuch as mapping
photo-
graphs intelligence, are briefly reviewed. Four aerial p
graphs are included.
19 Coleman; C. G.
?LOYAL Ffi0'n)GRAPHIC INTEftP. RETATIOIG. photog: amm. Eng., v. 18,
TA593?~~
June 192: 1+86- .
end scone of naval photographic interpre-
The atruc tUre ., ...-- --
tation are briefly reviewed.
I
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490 Colwell, R. N.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION OF VEGETATION FOR MILITARY
PURPOSES. Photogramm. Eng., :r. 14, Dec 198: 472-481; incl.
illus. TA593 ?A2P5
The recouni,tinn cf vegetation types o a rial pios Is
based on the interpretation of such characteristics as size,
shape, tone, texture, shadow, and topographic location. All
the characteristics of any given vegetation element are not
of equal value in its photo identification. Confirmatory
characteristics must be used; there are usually 1 or 2 salient
features of greatest diagncstic value in the identification of
any given vegetation element. Aerial photography employing
panchromatic film at scales smaller than 1:10,000 seldom per-
mits adequate identification of individual species of vegeta-
tion. An increase in scale to greater than 1:10;000 permits
the use of a tree's branching characteristics and accentuates
textural differences in foliage. Optimum results were
obtained from black and white photography which accentuates
tonal contrasts between species by capitalizing on differ-
ences in their foliage reflectance spectra.
491 Conklin, G. N.
INTERPRETING THE MILITARY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH FOR TACTICAL USE.
Photcg aiim. Eng., v. 20, June 1954: 5+9-55O.
TA593.AZP5
Although background training in earth sciences and the use
of photographic keys and coe*lplex instruments are of great value
to photointerpreters, these are of secondary importance in
tactical photo interpretation. The military value of the
photo interpreter is based upon his facility to transmit in
the minimum of time the immediately pertinent and required
tactical information derived from a large volui of photo-
graphs. The technique necessary to perform this function is
gained through constant training and practice. [2 refs.]

Metodiki deshifrirovariia aE rofotosni-'?" s bolotnykh massivov
~~ Akad' Nauk SSSR. Odt . Bio1. Nauk,
,, ~, j, ~
nP pri~re le snoi zony SSA..
,+. r >
i
y
?
Mauch.-ISSled, rabot [for 19.-19#, Q.U3, a1. A357
Information from a military man om phoh tt pr~tation
of aerial photographs of marshes is summarized.
1497 Hack, J. T. .m,
PROTO- vTt~ NATION 1 MU,ITAB GFALOGY. Phot gl"A2P Yng?,
V. 11+, Dec. 19 8:i~33-196.
a hs can furnish the following information
Aerial photos p '-
relative to military geology the prese:eP of geological
:
deposits (u r.plte, beach, m^raines, etc.), the topog-
~.co, ?y~.,. and. co~pieteness of drainage, the vegetation
raprj~ ~ the pattern .. ~ An. n , of cultural patterns to
and its patterns, and the Gdu5tix~._t
the terrain. natural and cultivated vege t~~ c _aYsocia-
reflects ground conditions. Certain plants plant _
GLL and delineated on ~ri~sPh~to~a~~rlrj 1.
M
tions, reccgs.?y~+iZC
useful as j i catOrS of drainage con
As e1a iOf5hips between rock for:1at1ons and kinds
rock types n$
of F
of vegetation are reviewed.
14.98 Hunt, C. B.p iication of Geology
1%1LITARY GEOLOGY. ^ In C-eol.Soc.AP[1`P~ York], 1950,
t; ivineering practice, Berkey ~Jo ~. ~~3?s?6
p. 295-327, incl. maps, tableE; maps.
mpc~rj Ques and uses of geology applicable to the solution
. of are consided? }fap interpretation,
nilata -?y proble.~s a.r _
especially and. interpreta-
Q ge oo-- ~ n1 C aLd topographiCmp5 maps, o_ ~
tion of serial photog; arhs are briefly discussed= [1~+ refs.
499 fi ie de r he itmann, A.
pfiaTO ,xaY ] Cur so elemental de
Z .
ELI'yARY COURSE Z AERIAL -
[ ~ronautica Militar,
foto~'affa area. Guatemala, C; po de ~ TRS10.N5
19133, 292 ie; incl. photos, diagrs.
An ele entarY and general treatise on serial photography,
designed primarily for use of the niiitary; is presented.
Aspects or photo interp+e aLi0T are aiscusx
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?. -,
it
Photo interpretation
5uu Niel- rileit11anf, A.
' ~ Manual 7~ilitar de
Y
501
. (AF14Y i4A JAL OF AF(LW PHOTOG
Guatemala, Fuerza Area, 1949, 485 p., incl .
fotogxaf~a a,erea. TR810.N52
photos, diagrs., tables.
r r 5nd processes of aerial photography are dc-
scribed briefly, and its application in map-maxiu ar.d
a m::_._~raphi ~,,,'.nterarQ`.attoII~
rilitary :ntelltgence is outlined.
287-1.
is discussed or. p. 1Qc.:ckenbush, B. S.
Df.E SICNAL ;'E:IocR&PHY. In Amer? Soc. Photogramn.
1:anuai of rhotogra.~uetry. New Yore, Pig p1tshing Co.,
r-; F9n2
i9+, p. )21-326; incl. photos. TJJ?A63
The bgsic principle of vecto aphY, the process{hZ o!
e ~' 1
stereograms, nnu oo.' military applications of vectography are
briefly outlined.
502 Stepanov, N. N.
PRf.Cfl:LES Q erI,AL PFOT. ~.,-z-Er] Ozn ~-o aerofotoe"emki.
( APfiIC Dun.~-
In hi Ilizhen.. fa eodeziia, i'_oskva-Leningrad, Izdat. Na kc-
oza s P~SFSR, Arno 1943~: g 282-308, in cl. photos, diagrs., tables;
;,- Tk545.S65
photo.
g
A discussion is presented cuucQrn ~_.--r the importance of
aerial photographic reconnaissance to TM. .rt1itary operations, the
materials required for such photographic work, general charac-
teristics of the aerial photograph, and aerial surveying
operations and. planning. The survey includes such topics as
general principles of photo interpretation, topographic and
tactical interpretation, per3pective, and other aspects of the
mechanics of interpretation and mission handling. Six aerial
photos are appended.
503 Stroh, R. ll (6) Dec.
FEADDTG AERIAL PHOTOS. Popular photography, v. ,
194.2: 22-23, 200-202, incl. photos. TR1?P8845
The use of w-. - ocriqi PhotortraFb5 in military intelligence *id
-
the work of the photo interpreter are eBcribed.
D C. Dept.
504. TATION OF AIR PEO'I'OS. ? Washington , ,
TACTICAL IIF-of the Array, Tech. 1anua1 No. 34-246, Feb. 9,U19514, 71ied;
plates.
1~0 -
F
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In nilita: Y science
This manual covers the interpretation of maJ or items of
military activity nonri lly encountered by Army photo interpreters
in the field. It consists of 1013 photographs and figures
arranged in a series of photo interpretation keys on specific
subjects. A bibliography of 161 titles is included in the
manual.
O5 Talley, B. B.
MAPPING BY TEE USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPES. Milit. Engineer,
_ v . 27, Sept..-Oct. 1937:: 357.36 , mdl ? photos, diagr.
iAl.rvJ
Various phases of mapping with the aid of aerial photog-
raphy are discussed.
506
507
508
Thomas, H. H.
R :CE: D OPMguTS IN AL PEOTGR n . Nature (London),
v. 156, Oct. 6, 1945: 1O9-4U. Q1.N2
The article presents a general review of the use of
aerial photography for intelligence work during the hear; some
account is given of technical developfts. Various subjects
investigated by aerial photography are irentiored, and. the
interpretation of prints is described. [2 refs.]
Trorey, L. G.
HANDBOOK OF AERIAL MJ PPLNG AND Ce br; age
[fig.] Univ. Press, 1952, 178 p., incl. photos, maps, diagrs.,
tables; plates. TA 593.i?
Tai manual descr 1 aerie l mapping v:chziiqueD found
practical during the World War II. Standard mapping pro-
cedures of the Royal Canadian Engineers are briefly outlined.
[19 refs.]
Truesdell, P. E.
RESEARCH ASPECTS OF MUITARY PEOTO Ii, ^~ATION. In Coma.
on Geophys. and Geogr., Res. and Development Board, Washington,
D. C . , SECT PAPERS ON PHOT~GEOLOGY AJ D P110W ffl 2PRETATION.
Apr, 1953, p. 217-216. (Rept. no. GG 209/1; Unclassified)
AD 81996 [ TID-L7~ ]
The role of the Research and Analysis Division of the
Naval Photographic Interpretation Center in investigating and
developing photo interpretation techniques is briefly discussed..
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Thoth interpretation
509 Whitnore, F. C., Jr.
rrTrl Viii, O ?. M1iITARY PHOTO fl TERFflLeTION. Photog