INFORMATION ON THE SOVIET AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 123
• Document Creation Date: January 4, 2017
• Document Release Date: October 28, 2013
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: June 26, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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UNCLASSIFIED
CLASS IF ICAT ION
AIR INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION REPORT
COUNTRY OR AREA REPORT CONCERNS DATE OF 1NFORMAT ION
USSR
1945 - 1957 .
SUBJECT (Dies-c7r7iTi7;;1.1777;757?iiiiii;;Tili:iiiT-7.4-P;;Tt77iCr?Tili?ei7iFiri )
INFORMATION ON THE SOY= AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM
STAT
SUMMARY ((Jive summary which highlights the salient factors of narrative report. Begin narrative text on AF Form 112a
unless roport can be fully stated on AF Form 112. List inelosurps, including number of copies)
Forwarded herewith is a report entitled: "Information On The SOviet Air
Defense System", which is based on various Soviet periodical and monographic
publications, dating from 1945 - 1957, and Soviet newspapers such as: Krasnaya
Zvezda (Red Star), Sovietskaya Aviyatstya (Soviet Aviation), Pravda (The Truth),
Komsomol'skaya Pravda (Komsomol Truth) and others pUblished in the period from
1954 to 1957.
The report represents an attempt to describe the development, basic principles
of organization and composition of the Soviet air defense system. It also
supplies some information about the methods of combat training and character-
istics of the materiel of the Soviet air defense troops and of local air
defense formations.
DISTRIBUTION BY ORIGINATOR (Except USAF and file. Indicate Dvpi
/0i WM t,mpl , Alf ? J..,1ww4 w
WARNING: This document contains information, affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S.C., Section 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any Manner t
an unauthorised person is prohibited by lair.
AF FORM
15 SEP 54
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1. Fig.
20 Pig.
.Fig. II.
Fig, 5.'
5. Pig*
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6. Fig. 8
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8#0 Fig. 10 -
Fig. 11
9. Fig. 12 .
Fig. 13.
Diego% rtng*tyve dbmervetion of the VNOS Service
Magma or organization of the VNOS Service accOrding to
the principle of Continuous Obeervation
Commandermin-Chief of the Soviet air defense, Marshal
S.S. Birmov with Artillery Marshal N. I). Yakovlov and
leading soldiers of the air defense forces
Radar operator detected the air target
Plotting board at the command poste radio technical unit
Antiaircraft artillery battery
Commander of the firing unit
Antiaircraft artillery battery tires a salvo
Antiaircraft artillery battery in state of alert
Small caliber antiaircraft automatic cannon
Small caliber antiaircraft self-propelled gun
Medium caliber antiaircraft artillery gun
Battery of antiaircraft artillery guns of medium caliber in
firing position
10. Fig. 14 - Antiaircraft artillery platoon of medium caliber in firing
position
U. Fig. 15 - Antiaircraft artillery gun of medium caliber of the
CzechoaIovakian air defenae
12. Fig. 16 Sighting telescope of antiaircraft gun of median caliber
DIU. 17 - Elevation mechanism of antiaircraft gun of medium caliber.
13. Fig. 18 - Undercarriage of antiaircraft artillery gun of medium caliber
Fig. 19 - Spade of antiaircraft artillery gun of medium Caliber
14 Fig. 20 - Special antiaircraft machinegune large caliber, protecting
a tank
Fig. 21 Special antiaircraft machinegun of large caliber protecting
self-propelled artillery gun
15. Fig. 22 . Antiaircraft machinegun of large caliber on special mount
fires at illuminated sleeve target
16. Fig. 23 - Four-barreled antiaircraft maghinegan of small caliber
Fig. 24 - Twin-barreled antiaircraft machinegan of small caliber
17. Fig. 25 - Rifle units sdbnagbinegun used for antiaircraft fire from
special mounts
Fig. 26 40 New type of mount for standard submachinegun for antiaircraft
fire
18. Fig. 27 - Zones of bombing approach around an antiaircraft defense point
Fig, 28 - Various bombing approaches to the target from one direction
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 7.91 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to art
unauthorized parson is prohibited .by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part ,,by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of ".he-.Director of Intelligence, USAF
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I29. Fig. 0 - Naval automatic antiaircraft twin guns being loaded
30. Fig. 47 - Naval antiaircraft artillery battery of the cruiser "Mikhail
Kfttuzov"
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19. Fig. 29 * Antiaircraft artillOry fire direater (
Fig. 30 m General view' at the antialrereft artillery% radar station (SON)
Fig. 31 ?? modron??besmigtss aid its screen
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itirerat artillerybattery
at airvannes
21. Fig, 34 Dilagram of antiaircraft artillery fire control
22. Fig. 35 liagran of Autematia Sighting Device
23. Fig. 36 1/Antiaircraft artillery squad received command action station
244 Fig, 37/0 Seout*gunner at the battery telescopic sight
Fig. 3o War operator watches the impulses on radar screen
Fig. 0 Battery ?amender watches the plotting board operator at work
25. Ilia. 0 The crew of five prepares the gun for fire
26. Fi 40 Soviet Antiaircraft artillery battery on prearranged firing
position on the sea coast
27. Fig. 41 - Soviet naval jet fighters cover a destroyer
28. Fig* 42 0 Naval aviation mechanics watch jet fighters in flight
Fig. 43 - Naval tighter pilots being instructed about technical
Characteristics of destroyer) Which they have to cover
Fig. 44 Additional suspension Axel tank being carried to jet
fighter) before it takes off over high sea
Fig. 43 0 Naval aviation weapon mechanics loading jet fighter airplane
before coMbat flight
31. Fig. 48 . Naval antiaircraft artillery battery or the cruiser Nolotovsk"
fires a salvo
Fig. 49 - BatterOs cd' a0001!antialreraft automatic guns of the
cruise N t4 otineaS to fire
33. rig. 50 - Naval antiaircraft artillery commander of the cruiser N at
Observation post. The craiser's main battery fires salvo
34. Fig. 51 - Naval antiaircraft searchlight in operation (Soviet monitor
on the river Amur)
Fig, 52 Autiaireraft automatic twin*eannon on Soviet monitor on the
river Amur
Fig. 52a- Naval antiaircraft automatic twin-cannon with sighting device
35. Fig. 53 - Sketch of the Soviet concept of an antiaircraft guided rocket
36. 'ig. 54 - Antiaircraft guided missile at the moment of start and in flight
37. fig. 55 . Types of Soviet ground0to-air guided missiles
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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112a KPLACES AF FORM 112-PART II, 1 JUN 48, CLASSIFICATION
1 OCT 52 WHICH MAY BE USED,
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38. Fig, 56 Nev types of Soviet rockets
AGE OF 93 PAGES
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39. 57 Anti ircratt artillery battery radar station in operation
Fig. 58 Radar operator of an antiaircraft artillery udbunit vatches
the radar screen
Fig. 59 ,.. Senior radar operator of an antiaircraft artillery alibunit at
the radar station
40. Fig. 60 . Soviet radar operator (graded specialist first class) vetches
the impulses on the circular radar screen
41. Fig. 6i. Diagram of radar controlled antiaircraft artillery fire
420 Fig. 62 - Radar station and control post of the fighter unit
Fig. 63 - Radar station of the antiaircraft artillery unit
Fig. 64 - Naval radar operator (1st Class) at his post
Fig. 65 - Operators at work at naval radar station
43. Fig, 66 0 Antiaircraft artillery searchlight of Czechoslovakian Army
$.70!orchUpt. **rotor chicks direction of the beam
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45, Fig. 69 - Searchlight-control radar in operation
46. Fig. 70 - General organization of the Soviet air defense
47. Fig. 71 - Map of approximate location of the Soviet air defense forces
48. Fig. 72 - General view of an air field of N fighter regiment
49. Fig. 73 - Mile radar control post at the airfield of fighter aviation
Fig. 74 - Mobile refueling station on the airfield of N-regiment of
fighter aviation
50. Fig. 75 - Diagram of combat organizationd an antiaircraft defense object
51. Fig. 76 0, argaa4444441 chart of the local antiaircraft defense of a
ei
52. Fig. 77 Fighter pliM.study on special acreens the films of camera-
guns, vhich ahoy-the results of their firing
5 ? Fig. 78
Cis$4. nevelev's antiaircraft artillery battery. after.
"air a
54. Fig. 79 - Capt. Shevelev? battery commander at the command post, assisted
by plotting board operator
- Gunner-scout vatches the sky with the battery telescopic sight
- Loader prepares the gun for firing
Fig. 80
Fig. 81
55. Fig. 82
Fig. 83
Fig. 84
56. Fig. 85
Fig. 86
1140,. 87
- The guns of Capt. Shaposhnikov's bet$401
- Capt. Shapoahnikov instructs his
- Battery plotting board operators at vork
rig fl
- The gunner operates the elevation mechanism of a gun
Gun craw commaader instructs the gunners
toader rrerares the round
WARMING: This document contains information affecting the national Mena? of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., ;Sections 793 and 794. Its transmissiri or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorised person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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57. Fig. 88 - Capt. Shaposhnikov's battery personnel and the guns in firing
position
58. lig. 89 - Diagram of zone of interception of intercontinental ballistic
rocket
Fig. 90 - Sketch of intercontinental ballistic rocket launching position
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the 'meaning of the.
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794, its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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INFORMATION ON THE SOVIET AIR
)154"
PAGE OF 93
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SE SYSTEM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
I DEVELOPMENT, FUNCTIONS AND FORCES
1. Definitions and Composition
2. Command and Control:
A. Air Defense Command and. Command Posts
B. Observation, Early Warning and Communication
Service
CO Air Defense Meteorological Service
3. Air Defense Forces and their Tasks
A. Air Defense Fighter Aviation
B. Antiaircraft Artillery and Antiaircraft
, Machineguns
C. Soviet Naval Air Defense Forces
D. Antiaircraft Rocket Weapons and Antiaircraft
Guided Missiles
E. Air Defense Radio-Technical Service
II GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AIR DEFENSE TROOPS
1. Graving Importance of the Air Defense Troops in
Modern Warfare
2. The Morale of the Soviet Air Defense Personnel
3. Characteristics of Air Defense Operations
A. Fighter Aviation
B. Antiaircraft Artillery
4. Specialties of the Soviet Air Defense Personnel
5. Air Defense Command Posts
PAGES
WARNING; This document contains.information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title. 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its.tranernission or the revelation of its contents in bay Manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced lit whole or in part, by other than United States Air FOrCe;
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF'
AFFOOCRTM5 2 112a wREHPigiCEmSAyAF JOuRL112-PART 1!.- 1 JUN 48, CILA.SSIFICATION
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Table ot Contents (Cont.)
III ORGANIZATION or AIR DEFENSE
1. General Principles
2, Territorial Subdivisions
3. Assignment of Air Space Areas
4. Airfields in the Soviet Air Defense Organization
5. Participation of Civil Authorities in the Soviet
Air Defense Organization
6. Organization of the Central Control
7. Organization of the Air Defense Territorial Control
8. Organization of the Air Defense of an Object
IV SOVIET LOCAL AIR DEFENSE
1, Definition and Tasks
2. Personnel and Means of Local Air Defense
3. Early Warning
4. Organization of Central and Territorial Control of
Local Air Defense
5. Local Air Defense of a City or Rayon
6. Local Air Defense of Object of Vital National
Importance
Air Defense of Educational Institutions, Kolkhozes,
Sovkhozes, and Dvelling Houses Self-Defense Groups
The Rules of Behavior of Population According to
Signals of MO
9. Signals of the MO
10. Tasks of DOSAAF and the Union of the Red Cross and
Red. Crescent Association in the Local Air Defense
11. Anti-atomic ProtectiOn (PAZ)
12. The Role of the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Associations in Organization of Medical Service
13. nt1atomic Defense Squads of MO
OF 93 PAGES
,
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meanini of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794 its transmission or ,the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air. Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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Table of Contents (Cont.)
V AIR DEFENSE TRAINING PRO#LEMS AND SCHOOLS
1, Defense Minister about the Study of Modern Air
Defense
2, Air Defense Schools and Training Centers
Maj. Gen. of the Air Force A. I. Pokryshkin about
the Training in Aerial Combat
Antiaircraft Artillery and Antiaircraft Machineguns
Training
5. The Role of All-Army Artillery Competitions in the
Training.ef Antiaircraft Artillery Personnel
6.Examples of Antiaircraft Artillery Combat Training
7. Special Antiaircraft Artillery Training Devices and
Training Aids
8. Training of Antiaircraft Machiaegun Subunits
9. New Mounting Devices for Antiaircraft Machineguas
VI PROBLEMS OF AIR DEFEffSE AGAINST Itemarrmummumasm ROCKETS
AND PROBLEM OF AUTOMATIC FIGHTER INTERCEPTORS
1. Problem of Detection of Flying Intercontinental
Ballistic Rockets (ICBR)
2, Interception and Destruction of Intercontinental
Ballistic Rockets (ICBR)
3. Operation of Interception of Intercontinental
Ballistic Rockets (ICBR)
Problem of ,Anti-leaR Missiles
5. Problem of Automatic Fighter Interceptors
Concluding Remarks
VII LIST OF REFERENCES
'AO*
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WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning' of the
Espionage k,aws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the 'revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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*roil 4 isi3iit tiOviet Wion Go IL Zhukov (1), the Soviet doctrine of air
defense Oroeeeds i'rom the idea teat the ziezt war weed be characterized by the
mass use of air fort*, pilotless aircraft, various guided miasilas and. rocket
weapons, Ciala also by such means of mass extermination as atomic, the
chemical and bacteriological weapons.
PAGES
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As a result of this idea, asserts shal Zkrukov, the Soviet armed forces have
been radically reorganized since WWII, and qualitatively they have made a great
progrens from the WWI/tine level, particularly in the air force striking power
and in air defense.
We learned free the same statement of ftrshal Zhukov that the relative strength
of the Soviet air force and air defense troops within the composition of the
reorganizOd Soviet armed forces, was considerably increased.
Accordinay, the Swint air defense forces were reised to the sane level as the
air forces and obtained special consideration in the whole of Soviet military
oreedzationo In nearly every issue of the Soviet military organ Ted Star
(0monnya Zvezda)0 and in many editorials, special attention was paid to the
development of high morale anel sense of great responsibility among the air
defesse troops.
1 ' ?
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140410001 4
r foce, grim 4a1 of vork was airway done in the Soviet iikdon
on the develOpment of modern air defense oreolization which is now in posses-
sion of "supersonic fighter aviation, antiaircraft guided missiles, and other
meaas of antiaircraft defense." He highly praised the successes of the Soviet
military engineers and scientists who "on the basis of WWII experiences, and
their postwar intensive research, were able to give proper direction for the
strengthening of the defense fortes of the country."
As far as the territorial [or local] air defense is concerned the Soviet
Minister of Defense pointed out that this task was never before as urgent as
it isun r present conditions. He stressed that "the interest of security
4 t.
of the Soviet people requires further efforts for the organization and improve-
1 ments in the local air defense, and proper training of the whole population
within the framework of special civilian organizations."
These statements reflect the importance of air defeese problems ia the soviet
military efforts, and also shed light on the present intensive preparation in
which are involved large masses of the population. The local air defense
organization.mteti , 1 sitvable Sovtet
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As soon as the decisions of the nth Party Congress were made public, the local
party organs organized all over the country special conferences devoted to air
defense problems. In the Moscow Military District for instance, the air defense
conference was held in the presence of the commenting general of the district
[Who presided. at the conference], two marshals of the Soviet Union, the
general deputy chief of the Vain Political Anministration of tbe itraY; and tlie
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United Stato4 within the meaning of the
Espionage 'Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 79.3. end 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by Mw. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF .
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10 93
secretary of the city of Moscow committee of the Communist Party'. (2.)
STAT
As OtresUlt of an these efforts' according to old. of the Soviet air defense
experts, Ingo &Wall (3), "th4 air defense of the USSR disposes besides
the zaost Modern fighter aviation, a, highly effieient flak artillery.and also
antiaircraft rocket veapans." These are the main weapons of the Soviet air
defense system whieh strives by the most modern means to make the 'country
impenetrable to air attack.
On Mareh 16, 1957, the Soviet Defense Minister in his speech at .the All4rmed
Forme Conference of leading soldiers expressed the opinionthat the atomic
weepon (if it All be not prohibited): will inevitably '4ear in the future
war as a, basic weapon of destructive attack. Therefore, the Soviet armed
forces, and partieularly the Soviet air defense should be able to combat
Nuccesefully this weapon, and should know bow to inflict on the,enemy a crush..
Jag blow with atomic arm in response to his attach. atom= will be,
incorporated into the armed forces on.a large scale as a standard weapon. (4)
Since the last reorganization of the Soviet air .defause system, the Coamunist
party propaganda was considerably intensified among the air defense troops,
as it has been shown at the special conference of the Communist party organiz
4: -
ati of the Moskovskiy air defense District (2) and special effort was made
0,0
to select the most politically reliable and most technically' capable element
for the air defense troops.
lbe air defense troops received top priority as far as the selection of the
personnel and training facilities is concerned. They are required to meet all
the requirements of modern warfare including nuclear and thermonuclear weapons
It is said in the Soviet sources that the materiel with which the air defense
force is equipped is the most modern and of the highest efficiency.
However, the sources concerning the last reor zation of the Soviet air
defense system especially' distribu vi
tion of troops, services and special
means are extr;mely poor. %berefore? it should be assumed that the data
gathered, from the available official and monographic publications may not re
fleet the most recent stew of the Soviet air defense organization, especially
in the fields of antiaircraft pilotless means, antiaircraft guided missiles and
rockets, end also electronics.
I.EMM,44014112,1_____r t'S AW FORMS
1. Eg340421E. and C
"COralvt" 4tok the gemewh Viraf 'ex% dAvOIOrmaWit of the air defense is closely
linked with the development of the =bat air force which has ually become
a decisive factor in the actual fi ,ting (5).
? Tee Soviet definition of air defense [EvotivovozduoXelays ?bonne, PV0)? fore-o
'dated by the Istr Soviet Ineyclepedia (7) Us 0.
3 Ur defense Of the troops (Protivrioaduebnaya Oborona Voysk)
Air defense of the country (Protivovozdusheays Obcemna Stew)
Air defense of the troops is bawd as a sireeial fore of ecdbat activiV
disposition orgueized by all *matt= of the &reed forces and by all kinds ot
moo ez?,tri also by the apecta1ized air defense troops j, in order to ft ,agaiturt
ene ambition aud, i?tI?a mime of bis air attack (aircrietoortesiles,
WARNING: This document contains information affectioi the national defense 0/ the United States within the meaning of t'lfi
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794, Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any mariner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director Of Intelligente, USAF '
,.......1....0.,,,,,,,,:ww.? ,...6.00.
"Rif112a REPLACES AF ' 44,... T II. 1 JUN 4, . cLAssiricATioN
I OCT 52 wHIC}I miq ..,..,..
fi'4k
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range rONvet)it and others) and thus defend the troops, (mavallanits) and
impar(;4'.*4 ,bject tri. the tactical and strate4cal zones, as well as in the rear
of the
7he a1e da:ftee of the country is defined at a combined forme combat activity
of the specially deu4ned air defenae troops, services and disposition, in
order to defea,:. the important economical, political and military objects and
centers of the country.
According to the same source [information found in the Soviet Kiiiitary
Books] (8)0 (9), the Sovlot air defense system, after the reorganivation
mentioned by Marshal Zhnkov has included the following main, components:
(a) Air Defense Command and Command Posts OKomandovealye PV0 1. Ibmand-
nyye PunktY)
rvation Lam inc
iieatt rvices
liadio-Detectionj, Early..valwaiong and Com-
Vozdushnogo Nabludeni,ya? Opoveshcheniya
(c) Air Defense Meteorological Service (1eteorologichieskaya Sluzhba
Protivavoadushnoy Obcxrony, MO)
(d) Local Air Defense Organization ( Orgenizetsiya Mestnoy Protivavoz-
duihnay Oborny)
(e) Airaefense Forces and Special Services
4.0.0,?..."--1142'DefeweraNIANLIX21911:
Air Defense Forces and Opcial Services include -
1. Air Defense Fighter Aviation ( Istrebitel naya Aviatsiya NO or IA
-
No)
2. Antiaircraft Artillery and Automatic Weapon ( Zenitnaya ktillerLya,
ZAji Zenitnyye Pulamety? ZP)
Air Defense of the Naval Forces ( Protivovozdusbnaya (Yborona
Voyenno4orskogo Flota)
Antiaircraft Rocket Weapon and Guided Missiles ( Zenitnoye Raketnoye I
Oruzhiye IZenitnyye D!pravlyayetyye Snarysay)
Air Defense Radiom7echnical Troops and Service ( Reilio-Takhnicheskiye
Voyska I Rwlio-Tekhnicheskaya Sluzbha Protivovozdusbnoy (borgy)
Air ttfense Barrage Balloons ( Aerostaty Zagrashdeniya, AZ, PVC)
Antiaircraft Searchli ta and Radio-Searchli.ptos renitnyys
Prozhektory ZPr.? Zenitinnie Radio4r041wiktori
Air Defense Engineering Service for Organization of Antiaircraft
Covers and Iters, and also for: Antiaircret Cocoanut, Camouw
flap P4 Decoy Installations 021114/mmkri SluOa PO 41a.
Meropriyatiy UltrytiyaI evotoraskiroled4lbookirwridi (8) and (00
^.0????
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reprodw:ed in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AF.11:41EHPILeAHCEMSA.11/4FEreor.1.12-.1?ka:
IZTM2 1 2a
VeassererWrilamiormsonassinisioliarompliellimire.
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93
STA1
*ral neve Notts of the Soviet press to the Air Betense
41910#3. units (4oyska svissi)
???itedioiatbsciteical units (radlowtekhoicheskikra cbasti)
" Tednieal and minftenauce units ( komandx talthoicheskogo
Obslutkivadva)
?rampart and svplg service (trons-partussoprodovor
stveomos sluthba)
2.
Ace to tk* sources of information motioned uzttier reference meters (7),
(8) sal 9)0 the cksuseteristics and tasks of the Commend and Control of the
aofittot Air %tem *sten are as follows:
Air Ditditaae COMIld *NOWA Posts mitre the antra of air defuse opera,
etions of the *tole system.
401114.t teebniet1 r)salls of each =sea Post ohodd neAtm mintarrapindsuto
antic eat rapid control argi direction of the air defense operatic**. Aceordinglly
the .system of coma includes?,
40 Central po..4100 of comma
41. Cbservation a$ detection posts
? Early warnials and comunic in )3ettirork
Atr Dense Comet Post which disposes of the aviation and flak artilo.
UT? rams ( aredetva aviatozeultuoy ?barony)zes 'two c4 40,;_pt. posts
of.
lattetWIt to the?: the Central Command Bast of f it ter and flak defense
Teentralirm post Aviaseaitnoy Morally, eAZO and the central command post
of local air defense ( Centrarnnr Post *stow: OborontY) WPM)*
In the tunas defended on4 by mew of Utcal air defense the command post in*
eludes only t4s1240.
With the comma post should be located the cent ii early warning station
(Mantra 'nos etanteiya Omeshcheniya) linked by a Urea line with powerful
teohnteaa means of warning (alexm sirens, idbistles? lit siwoils? radio
warnines$ etc.)
Se central ear.040 vans.
thole ter,
raid slue
sho
station transmits clearly heard (or *isible over. the
14%kamtt, or protected area the sislsi "air
itintoortent tbat the air repiA a3a fid/35QX;
any other signals *deli my be used in Vat
area).
B. Cheer% Ear
Observation, Early Warning Ana catatonic* &twice (Slasliaa Vozdus
Nabludeniya shebenlya ? Snail WOO isozwitilited on the 'Whole territory
of USSR and consists of observation *ad radar detectim posts szkil also of
posts of visual observation of the sky.
rotootivelatt in order
WARNING: This document contain's information effecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the,
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., ,Sections 793 and 794, its transmission or the revelation of its content* in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be /,produced in whole or in part, by other than United State. Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of intelligence, USAF
F FORM 112-PART if, 1 JUN 48, CLASSIPICATION
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I to &mire tims13r date 4. 0 4, 0ot tba aut target and. tzaeltang it ea the vboU of its
couree. As soon as asy Wader is epotbecp tbe 4106 posts flash at warning to
Os defense comma centers of PM.
The observation sad reconnaissance is ?Meted bvP mews of =du stations of
various types end, pttcs1 observation instruments.
The V108 is 0 .0 :Moly on tbe radar observation and detection posta.
The posts a visual observers are covlementary to the r posts ltces and
are fanctixteimg as auxiltatry to the Mar reconnaissance.
As the means of early warning communications serve mainly the radio communio
cations and also the telephone.
Atter the Awning of the ceimpend centiers the antiaircraft ze4ar posts dict
the fighter aviation: against tbe spatted air targets and Stand by duziing the
fi r attack.
Alree4 in some prewar manuals of air defense it was stressed that ths Soviet
air delense *stem requires hi.elly centralized and eilicie,nt air reconnais???
sance Prozdusbnaya razviedkal. The air reconnaiss9ace at ivresent is realized
by the VMS service* (la)
According to this source the V/103 service should secure in peacetime the necesi?
sary data about possible air invasion in order to establish the degree of the
air threat* In isavtime the VMS should establish cm the basis of air meow-
nassance data the most tuveatened directions and conditions of defense of the
most lastiortant objects and areas*
Also?, the 'VMS deed see to it
forces 'behind the frontline are
several times in present Soviet
Alati
eel* fluree t
principles of the V(OS service.
f
4 4 4i
that the possible airborne lauding of enemy
detected in time* The 1/110$ service is mentioned
Xiblications, lart no details on the system of
ilablie,? ' ACP077.10141.
10404 issirOttioaa ot
,v
0..a4
11*
WJ'0 4,
in the itelostres (1) and 2) lreseret basic
According to the most recant information in the Soviet publicat s it is
confinmed that the VITOS service is using on a large scale the most modern
for reconnaissextce sAld tote ;purposes* or
r e
?4, 4
4Pvi 4;$
a ill
viet press eonfirmed the existen
Polar Circle, (151)0
tains
range (3.3.). Also, the
of a Mar technical btation beyond the
C. azalte atipaiWoarkial Se ea
Soviet air defense system inclisies special teoro2ota cal service* Azeording
to Le V. rravehenko, r of the book entitled,: eitateorology for filotariA
(lietctrUna o Meteorologii? Moskva 1955) the Soviet netarorit of meteorologioa and
rollogical stations, eq4pped with the mon modern instruments, is ste
iteresciag (12)*
An of these stations regularly carry out observation of the meteorological
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United' States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to in
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may nor be reproduced in whole or in part, by other then United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USA?
FFOR" 2a REPLACES AF FORM 112-PART R 1 JW4 40
I OCT 52 WHICH MAY BE USED.
V.
,44.0444.0.0.0.4.44
.CL..ASSIFIcATtON
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iilarall00111111111*1110111111101111011114
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OF PAGES
14 93
mealtime of the atmoephere up to 2045 km. Special meteorological service
of the air force supplies all of the necessary meteorological data for any
flying operation,.
3. Ail.: Defena ForTasks%
A. Air Defense Pite Ai4atiofl:
Air Defeese Fighter Aviation (Istrebitelinaya Aviateiya Voysk Protivovozdushnoy
Oborony, in abbr. IA.470) is considered to be one of the most maneuverable
antiaircraft V weapons, 'which secures air supremacy and covers:by day and night,
at various altitudes aad distances, the troops and lima iv:atoll/8 well as
various Objects (13), (14)w
According to previously mentioned Soviet sources, fighter aviation is still the
leading combat force of the Soviet Air Defense, which possesses the qualities
of the most modern weapons ? and in particular great speed [supersonic], climbing owpecity to the highest ceiling and a great fire power (15).
However, quite recently appeared in the Red Star in September 1957, (16)
a voice of critique, which without denying the important role of the fighter
aviation in the air defense system, points out some tendencies of decline of
this weapon for the following reasons: the possibilities of fighter aviation
more and more limited, because the speed and altitude of modern bombers ap-
proaches these of fighters, and also the maneuverability of fighter aviation,
particularly in the stratosphere, is inadequate. The author of this critique,
Guards Col. le Zholuvev? pointed out the necessity to find a solution for an
efficient antiaircraft defense in the field of rocket and guided missiles,
(a) ?...r.2.1.91.--e?Devel?114S?v-ietnek,31.....6.?eFihterAvie?'ti?11"?11"":
....
The IA ENO, being in the beginning a small selected interceptor force (formerly
under command of Lt Gen Vasiliy Stalin, and popularly called since that time
"Golden Fait:miaow gradually increased and organized as a special fighter
command [composed of several fighter corps] within the new command of air
defense of the country. The mission of this new air defense fighter command
can not be established with certainty. Also, the relation of this command to
the high command of the Soviet air force is not known. For instance, on the
occasion of the All-Army conference of outstanding soldiers, the air force
personnel of the air defense was working with the air force representatives.
The photograph of air defense soldiers visiting the Commander-in-Chief of the
air defense, airmen, as well as air force officers are missing (set Fig. 3
Inclosure 3). However, operationally the fighter units assigned to the air
defense force are receiving orders from the Commander-in-Chief of the Air
Defense Feree (UT), (18).
%tare is very little news A.m. 40%
wee &filet press about the activity of the fighter
aviation assigned to the air defense. Even in the Soviet Air Force organ
"Soviet Aviation", which dedicated the whole number (No. 22 of Jan 26, 1958)
to fighter aviation, the antiaircraft defense fighter units were not mentioned
directly.
- (b) cooperation of Fihter Aviation with Antiaircraft i1le
be Soviet antiaircraft fighter aviation operates in close cooperation with
the antiaircraft artillery. This principle is underlined in an official
Soviet source such as "The Large Soviet Encyclopedia", (19) which points out:
"The IA.420V and the antiaircraft artillery operate in very close contact with
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage ',laws,. Title 18, U. S. C., Soctio'ns 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
.L
unauthorized person is 'prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air -Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF'
'wider 211/INIMMINIMMIlemeNIAVSIA
1 OCT 5 2 WHICH
MAY
Y BAFFE ID
FORM. u2-PART II, 1 Jt.114
,-48, CATION
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PAGES
A...L. ? N. -ro 141???.????????? ? *1 I
eailib.other and liiPiet *the ,c01Son 'eseentiea task." An; waggle of ittzatkii of
tbea ,pitriiciOle in practice is itiven by fit,?. t ,atett, '. 11 " 1 " rjtiluatita
21 . ,
1... 4
,
rttlOarl** Gazeta) in ilk a", 1p506. 'i(go) ma 4 ' aie ' ' , wrad a, , 4. scitbes the joint
action of the Soviet 1ighter kiation audMtiaircr&t1? the author
,
present's the consecutive action Of bo '1 '4 in tp4Otograw0s. He startle tuts
article by recalling that ...ttat 'thit.t p$eat. tine, the SOviet air defi606 has
at its disposal, modern sgpersonic fi::44 rs? antiaircraft artillery of Oe
,
ktgbest qualities, antiaircraft rocket weapons and other mans which see
the successful defense of the country." Further, hi asserts that the coibat
coordination of the air defeise co4hine4 units is achieved in ev*iy day joint
combat training of all participating erns.
/be combat training in a given example proceeds as follows:
(a) Ile operators of the radar station from the radio-technical units]
spot the air target (see Fig. 4 Znclosure 4)
(b) lbe data of the air target are transmitted to the command post of
the radid-oteebnical unit (see rig. 5 inclosure 4).shichlit:om#4tasliect
coordinates of the tar t. The comMand post of the radio technical
unit, which operates over a defined area ot Air dense transmits
the result of the cogputation to the following cooperating troops:
-fighter aviation (pond control posts)
*antiaircraft artillery (command posts)
i?other antiaircraft defense weapons (command posts) ,
(c) The fighter interceptors immediately take off on a given signal.
Direction, of flight, altitude, .istance and position of tpo
target are radioed to 1h2 fighters by the ground contro41r.
They are guided until-the target appears on their radar*reen
and then they operate independently of the glottal contro4r,
(d) IA the meantime the antiaircraft artillery batteries
brought into combat realness and wait the c,iontaitaA
melostve 5). As soon as the air target `4ppeexs
of battery fire (moil Nowa batarei)? the battery co
"fire". He sipals this command by means 0**13. f
(see 1PLg. 7, Inclosure 5).
The antiaircraft artillery battery 4res the 14`irst salvo (see Fig. el
Inc:10811re 6). The air tar t which escaped the fighter iterception
,
should have been hit b this fir salvo.
(see Fig. 6,
t,14! zone
r commis
and a: lashii4ht
ik
y
The fi ter aviation and the sentjtalircraft artillery are 4tensively
trained, wthe Soviet Air Defense 4otfr to cooperate under difficult
and complicated meteorological conditions. For inatance,1,4;
il1ustrate4 liewoMei from Ittbr# 1956 (21) published. 'a news repo
about the cot:Mined fig:tier intercertoiss and tutiaircreft artillery
operation in a vointer time on OA terrain covered by heaq snow
Figs 9, Incl. 7).
B. ?Antlair P Axtille and Antiaircraft
(41), tion $A*
ktit
According to the avai3able"00,41xtes the Antiaircraft Artillery( la4Y1
Artilleriya? ZA)Itat,t1,1 rer;ft Nichine guns (Z,Inttinylls :PIXtimalofgr,
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of ths United States within the meaning of the
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unauthorised person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Mr Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of intelligence, USAF
004m-roes
AF Fori."52 112a A AFY BTuR:t g 2 PART II, 1 JUN 48,
11:1)
* (SECURITY INFORMATION when fIlled in)
GPO 033558
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,Li NCLASSIFIED
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!tot
P""
16
OF PAGES
93
the nest important means of air defense*
,.ForfAer a Elovist tiOurce (Great Soviet,Incyclopedia ot 1955) asserts, that
04$1141Pott has as an essentia1. task: "to cover e troops and naval Awaits
iatd to tietiind the *portant points 4 objects in the country and in the,
arm rear (operativnyy tyl) against the enemy air attack and air recon0
saissence by destroying the enemy aircraft, or by forcing tun to giiits up
thiir attack";`), (22),
In another Soviet source we find that: "It is an iniportant task or the anti*
aircraft artillery to break and to disorwtize the anew attacking re:mations
by a coneentrated accurate fire, and thus facilitate the counterattack of ?r
ri, ter aviation" (23)4
41'1 A
According to these sources, the general trend in the development of Soviet
Otiaireraft artillery my be characterUed as follavs:
-? increase of antiaircraft artillery fire pover,
0 increase of the rate of fire by further automatization
of the firing,
??. increase of the accuracy of fire by a greater utilization
of the so0ca1led "SON"("Stantsiya Orudiynoy Navadki 1111.
radar guidance and detection of the air targets), by
automatic fire control (antiaircraft fire director, called
in the Soviet antiaircraft artillery; "PO-Pribor
Upravleniya Artilleryiyskim Zeuitnyu Ognem), and. by
proximity fuzes (radio-vzryvatel ),
0 increase of the range of antiaircraft artillery (uvelichit'
dosmayemost
According to most sources, the Soviet antiaircraft artillery since WWII has
made a very substantial progress in quantity as well as in quality? ?
(b) ral Ita eM Cheracteristicsof Soviet Antiaircraft e ;
The Great Soviet Encycloltedia (20 and. some individual military authors (25)0
(26) claasified the antiaircraft artillery as follows:
la.zia caliber antiaircraft artillery 100 Wm and up
gedium, caliber antiaircraft artillery 70 nim.?100 mita
Zar caliber antiaircraft artillery 20 m m-70 tabu
Me antiaircraft automatic weapons ( in the Soviet terminology) inclu,de the
antiaircraft machine guns of calibers 7.62 - 20 Wm*
According to its mobility, the antiaircraft artillery may In:
m:00,14,4a antiaircraft artillery and
10,,A1A40_,Ez antiaircraft artillery*
The mobile antiaircraft artillery is used matay for the detonse of the troops
and. 0171).gEs in operational zones, or in frontal areas, and also for the defense
of some sectors or points of the frontiers*
The Ltajisliz adittaireratt artillery is used to defend the objects and
portant areas within the territory of the USSR*
WARNING.' This document contains information affecting, the national defense of the United States within the meanin,rof the '
Espionage Laws, Title U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794, its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an.
unauthorized person in prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air F?riOtt
Agencies, ercept by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AF4;4?4?52 1 I 2.a REPLACES AF FORM 112-PART II, 1 JUN 48,
WHICH MAY BE USED. CLASSIFICATION
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IP
(SECURITY liVFORkATIOIV 'when Med in)
,
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PAGES
(e) 24rjegilta o el ilituLttiztoptbal t .telkatiiiehtListra
The antiaircraft artillery assigned to the air defense of the country to under
a unified commend vithin the air defense forces of the country. The largest
units mentioned in the available Soviet sources are the air defense artillery
divisions (soyedinentya zenitnoy artillerii protivovozdus)noy dborony), vhidh
consist of antiaircraft artillery regiments (polki ? ehasti zenittay artilleri0
and,of some unite of antiaircraft machine guns (27), (28).
The antiaircraft artillery regiment consists of several battalions (divisiogy
zenitnoy artillerii). The antiaircraft artillery battalion as a tactical unit
is compoeed of 3 to 4 batteries vhich are the basic firing units*
The antiaircraft artillery battery, depending on the caliber, JO composed of
4 to 12 guns. As an example of small firing units, the Soviet sources mention
platoons eomposed of 2 or more gets. (29)
(d) atRole"..e.e.......2,?Lemm.tWoeteraftAri?emeseeeetaelit
In spite of some critical opinions vhich were recently spreading among the
Soviet air defense experts, that the antiaircraft artillery may be insufficient
a Inst the modern high speed and high altitude attacking aviation, and in
particular, that the antiaircraft artillery ealvo can not guarantee a hit from
the first burst except by accident, it holds still a very important role in
the Soviet air defense :system. (30)
According to Large Soviet Encyclopedia, WWII has proven that a inst a massed
air attack the concentrated fire of massed antiaircraft artillery may be very
successful. (31)
In another Soviet source (32) a historical example was cited that daring VWII;1
of the 7,500 German aircraft destroyed. by the Soviet air defense, 3,500 are
credited to the antiaircraft artillery.
Judging from the number of editorials devoted in the Soviet military prese to
the problems of antiaircraft artillery, it may be assumed that this lemon
still holds a very important role in the Soviet air defense system. Ievezeothe-
less, the voices of critics of antiaircraft artillery still appear in the Soviet
press, and. among them one of the most recent was the criticism expressed by
Hero of the Soviet Wen:, Guards Col L. Zholudev (33) who said: .""The weak
point of antiaircraft artillery is the insufficient range of this weapon in
altitude and also the small efficiency of its fire in eobbat against by flying
tar ts." "Therefore", asserted Guards Col L. Zholadev,[iho is an air forte
office" pilotless means of antiaircraft defense: such as pilotless aircraft
and rockets with various systems of homing, and target tradkingl.devicesehate
40$0144 grpottr4importims. Their basic advantages: high speed of flight,
sufficient radius of Action, and possibility to utilize a great warhead with a
powerful charge. However, all of these air defense ans, as well as the means
of radio-control and radio-detection, are extremely sensitive to radar and
radio interference."
"The conclusion drawn from this is that the factor of surprise in the action of
bombers depends in many respects on the degree of possibility to paralyze the
radar means of the mew air defense."
STAT
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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UNC LAS S IF IED
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The Soviet air defense has at its disposal a large variety of antiaircraft
artillery guns of small, medium and lara calibers. The standard type of
antiaircraft artillery gun is often described in the Soviet sources, for in-
stance, Col V. Chekhovich and Eng. Col S* Temkin pUhlished a detailed
technical description, with the nomenclatures of each, part, of an antiaircraft
artillery gun* They also described the methods of operation of such gun and
its characteristics. (A) Me modern type of Soviet antiaircraft artillery
guns are adapted fors .0eamta automatic control*
(f)LailiaLarcti_cattajaa.a.11eGunsofCalr:
The small oaliber angaircraft automatic cannons which can. be often men in the
Soviet sources is presented in :Age* 10, Incl. 8 (Tarkesianskiy Military
District)* Self-propelaed small caliber antiaircraft artillery gun is present-
in ,Fig. 110 lac'. 8. More modern small caliber antiaircraft artillery
guas (far instandel selfapropelled antiaircraft artillery gun of small caliber,
probably 57 maa with no visible radar installation vas shown at the parade on
Nov 70 1957), appear often in the Soviet sources, but without any technical
description.
The naval antiaircraft automatic cannons of small caliber are presented in
the chapter which describes the naval antiaircraft defense* Eng Col V. Ga
Sadovskiy in his textbook (35) supplied a detailed technical description of
the basic type of automatic cannons, and also describes the basic characteris-
tics of this weapon*
(g) hatkaaattrafAaralitae-a?alsasof d.ium and. axiCalibel..?`:
According to Bag Col Salovskiy, there are in use 76 ma. antiaircraft guns
(Model 1942) and 85 n. ( Models 1939 and later). The antiaircraft gun 85 min.
has a semi-automatic breechblock of mechanical type. Eng Co]. Sadovskiy gives
in his textbook (36) a detailed technical description of this mechanism.
The antiaircraft artillery guns of mediur caliber which are in current use in,
the Soviet air defense are presented in, :Figures 12 through 19, Inclosures
9 through 13 , Some of these guns are used also by the satellite countries'
air defenses (for instance in Czechoslovakia). According to numerous descrip-
tions which appeared in the Soviet publications, the guns of these calibers
are mostly adapted to automatic synchronous control. The antiaircraft artil-
lery guns of larger caliber, from 105 mm. up, were mentioned in the Soviet
sources', however, without technical description or illustrations.
(h).teactai.9...t3..lr?eft Guns:
Eng Dal Sadovskiy points out in his book CW the following characteristics
reaeiaaa of the antiaircraft guns:
1* Great height of trajectory and great range
2. Great initial velocity in order to reduce the time of flight of
projectile
3. Great vertical field of fire (Nage of maximum elevation not less
than 85 degrees, angle of anima elevation 540 degrees)
4, Horizontal field of fire 40 360 degrees
5. Great maxi= rate of fire (for antiaircraft gam of small
caliber fail automatic recharging)
WARNING: This dOcurnent (vntains information affecting the national defense of The United States within the meaning of Me
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unauthorized person is prohibited' by ltew,? It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
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19 93
tr.
6. Automatisation of the si tins 60-rations
7, ed in lAying of the gun Z3T , .(,tion and for
azioutb114 with small effort in operating ot the
handwheels; use of two speeds in *fine operation
(io*called rough laying and fine laying),, adoption
of power eievatioa wads traveriie mechanisms
8. Ozest compactness and accuracy of fire
9. Adaptability of the gua for firing against the tanks
awl other ground targets. Adaptability for
self-defense
10. Reliable functioning of all medlar:de= under any
angle of elevation
U. Base of operation of the mechanisms despite their
neeeseary compIextW
12. Availability of the shield assembly
13. speed in preparing for action
According to the . viet sources (38, 39 and 40) the main tasks of the antiairw
craft machine gun troops are:-
-to destroy the attacking aircraft, the Landing airborne troops and para-
-toP destroy the illuminating airukbombs and other illtmtinating flying devices,
-to haver the enemy air reconnaissance and his aorta spotting operations"
kearding to the numerous descriptions of the Soviet antiaircraft machine guns
there exists the following types of these weapons:.
(a) Special and adapted for antiaircraft fire machine guns of the caliber
7.62 (the same models as standard infantry weapons equipped with special s1. 4-
trig devices and mounts))
()) Antiaircraft machine guas of large caliber (for instance - 20 n.,
Special antiaircraft machine gun),
(c) Light infantry machine guns and sub-maine as on special mounts,
with special siting devices adapted for antiaircraft fire
In the same Soviet sources we find the following firing characteristics of the
antiaircraft machine guns:..0
'STA
-effective range in horizontal firing 3, * m (maximum reap ?et1s type of
firing depends on the type of bullets, ditch may be of Model 1908 or 1930, or
tracer or armor piercing 'bullets; (machine gun Model Goryunov, k, MAT attain
a =bum range in hon i tal firing up to 5,000 m )11
* *
-effective range in flea firing 2,000 m (lawicthium
mage 2
si.cordbat rate of f:iire 3006350 rounds per minute 600 rifm) for a
single maehtne pn) the rate of fire of tau and stattioachne guns mv. aroma
WARNING: This document contains information effecting the national defense of the United States Within the meaning of the
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unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Mt Foice
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
,
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IONOINOMINFINIMINNIMIRMINIMPOWIMPIIMOI
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fho
The various types of Soviet opecial antiatrcraft machine s an ehown in the
tioUreeing: (Pig. 20, aclosure 1) 0 special heavy antiaircraft mediae gun
pee 'sting the teal (Fig. 21) :Enclosure 3.4) " special heavy antiaircraft
soden. protecting the se1f0prope11ed artillery gun. (11414. 220, tuclesurs
3,5) heavy antiaircraft machine gun oft 3Area caliber on a spects1 mount,
'rig 230 Inclosure 16) e fourebarreled small caliber antiaircraft machine gm.
24, Incliosure 16)0. coaxial) ieein, small caliber antialreraft madam gen
with ringetne sight.
The problem of utilization of standard weapons of rifle its against the air
targets is very often discussed in the Soviet military publications. For
instance, in November 1956 in the Pt Vv (Wm*, Se 0
No. 13.0 was paiished an article in did eb a r cerblined the basic
principle -of use of infantry weapons against air tart .ts (airpleuies and heli-
copters and also descending parathuttets). The article illustrated by
sketches and photographs supplied some technical information about the use of
infeettey weapetee in antiaircraft fire. (41)
The teens of mounts used in mtiaircraft fire of standard infantry sub-machine
guns, and also the :fettled of grouping of these weapons in combat are shown in
(ng. 25..26, luclosure 17).
The Soviet entiedircraft machine guns acting to ther with the antiaircraft
artillery, or separately are cable of covering successfully the combat
order of ground troops in battle as well as in their movements. (42)
(j) Technical Possibilit of Antiaircraft Artille in Contat:
LIUJf
Defended objects azd areas adjacent to them apprwrimately 3040 sq n can be-
covered at eombat altitude by an antiaircraft artillery battalion (division]
of 3 batteries, which sbould be able to meet the enemy aircraft in proper tiD30
fres any direetion it y approach. (43)
The distance from the defended point to the exterior limit of the zone of
antiaircraft artillery fire) in case of cooperation with the fii ter aviation,
may be calculated to be approximately 30 to 35 km; in ease of absence of
fleeter aviation *this distance may be calculated to be approximately 12 to 15
? The relation of the limits of the zones of antiaircraft artillery fine
to the atproaching course (to the defended object) of the enemy bomber is
evleined in the diagrams rig. 2748, Inclosure 18).
(k) Zones of Antiaircraft Art Fire Seen b roachin Bomber Pilot
iteeoedine to a recent Soviet source (134), which analyzes the antiaircraft
artillery fire from the point Of view of a bomber pilot approaching the
target on a booting mission the effectiveness of this fire is characterized
by the time during which tie; bomber will remain in the zone of firing. If
the defend e objects on the larger sector of the front are covered equally
by antiaircraft artillery batteries whose firing reitiGtnev are organized ape
roxianately 3 km from the forward edge (for the antiairexart chine guns -
1000 m), then filo bombers approaching the front at medium altitudes will
be =der fire freea $ 40 10 km.
'he bomber anresclaing the target at an eagle of 90 de tie in relation too the
front line will reduce the ttue of its flight under antiaircraft the to the
possible 0 it..
STA1
WARNING: This document cant/dna infortnation affecting the national defense of the United States within the meening of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whOle or in part, by other thon United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the birector of Intelligence, USAF
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AGE 21 OF 93 PAGES
In the operational zone, the antiaircraft artillery is utilized for the defense
of such objects as airfiel s) ports, railway and industrial objects, etc. The
number of antiaircraft firing weapons depealde on the importenee of the object,
its configurationl,dimensions and the possibilities of air attack.
The firing positions of the batteries are or gized around the defended object
at equal intervals. More *portent directions are reinforced by an additional
number of the batteries. Objects of special importance may be covered by the
fire of antiaircraft guided missiles.
The author of the article suggests that the bomber pilots attack an object
which is located in a large area protected by the antiaircraft artillery, only
from one directioa, thus reducing the possibilities of effective fire to the
nuMber of batteries which are located along the axis of flight of the bomber
or formation oftt$0001,0? at a distance equal to the plane zone of fire for a
given altit4400 of flying. The author explains this in a diagram (Fig. 28,
Incl. 18), (44).
(1) Technieal Characteristics:
A Soviet source (45), (116) supply the following additional technical details
concerning the antiaircraft artillery and antiaircraft machine guns:
The antiaircraft artillery gun poseesses a vertical field of fire up to
90 degrees; horizontal field of fire - unlimited; initial velocity - 800-900
misecl and more. The rate of fire for the large and medium caliber 20254.
rounds/mini for the small calibers 180-250 rounds/min. The rate of fire of
the antiaircraft machine gun: Models Degtyarev and Shpagin? caliber 12.7 -
550-600 rounds/min. Model Maxim 31 caliber 7.62 on the quadruple gun mount -
2400 rounds/min.
(1n)1Ln of Fire of Antiaircraft Artiller?ns
The antiaircraft guns of large caliber t 100 m/m and more):
- horizontal ran about 16-18 km (6)
- Altitude range about 9 - 12 km (6)
The antiaircraft guns medium calibers [70-100 mim[3:
- horizontal range about 9 - 14 km (6)
- altitude range about 5 . 8 km (6) (in the source (6b) - the
altitude range of medium caliber antiaircraft artillery is 7-8km)
The antiaircraft guns of snail calibers [ 20-70 mi'm 1:
00 altitude range eZout 1500-2000 km (6) and 3,000 km.
(n) Soviet Antiaircraft Artille and Machine Gun Fire Control S tems:
The Soviet antiaircraft artillery of large and medium caliber (and also some
type of antiaircraft artillery of small caliber) are supplied with the follow-
ing fire control and sighting equipment: (1i6), (47)
a. Combined height and range finder used when visibility is good.
Antiaircraft artillery Director? called in the Soviet artillery
PUAZO Pribor upravleniya Artillerlyskim Zenitnym Ogneen?
see Fig. 29, laclosure 19, (48).
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
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c. Antiairtraft artillery radar station called in the Soviet
artillery: SON Stentsiya Orudiynoy Navod400 see (Fig. 30, 310
Inclosure 19). 48)
The principles of operation of these instruments for cottrolling the anti-
aircraft artillery fire are presented in the (Inclosure 200 Fig. 32 and 33).(48)
In the commentaries of these illustrations the author explains:
Mc radar operators tninterruptedly watch the screens of the electronebeam tubes
At some distance from the defended antiaircraft defense object enemy airplanes
approach. The radar operators spot the image of these airplanes in a form of
small triangles (impulses) (see Fig. 31, Iacl, 20). The coordinates established
by SON are continuously transmitted to PUMA automatically by cable. This
instrument computes and resolves the mathematical problem of the lead and
determines the point of encounter of the artillery shell with the air target
(see Fig. 32, Incl. 20).
Electrically powered, synchronous data transmission mechanirm (elektricheskaya
sinchronnaya peredacha) transmits automatically through the junction hems the
signals to the guns. By these signals the guns are laid in azimuth and in
elevation. The detailed functioning of this mechanism is shown in the diagram,
(Fig. 34) Incl. 21). (49) More detailed description of Soviet methods of
radar control of antiaircraft artillery fire is presented in Chapter "3", Sec-
tion "E" "Antiaircraft RadioeTechnical Service" in this report.
(o)
According to Eng Col Sadovskiy's manual "Fundamentals of Artillery Materiel" (81)
the automatic sighting devices designed for direct pointing are used in the
Soviet antiaircraft artillery of small caliber.
The automatic sighting device determines the position of the aircraft in the air
at the moment of its encounter withtthe projectile (so-ealled point of impact)
and automatically establishes the angles of sighting. For automatic sights
the predicted dead time is equal to the time from the moment of fire to the
moment of encounter of the projectile with the aircraft, (it is assumed that
during this time the aircraft flys with the same speed and in the same direction,
and in obsolete sights it also was assumed that the altitede does not change).
The automatic sighting devices are used without preliminary computation. The
necessary data to ase these sie?ts are: speed of the air target, its course,
angle of diving or pitching, slant range or altitude. All of these elements
are determined on the sight scales. Their magnitude is established by sight
or by means of course calculator, speedometer and range finder.
The principle of the automatic sighting device used in antiaircraft fire is
resented in the diagram (Fig. 50, Iac1.28).
(21nr/ TVITA Sights for Antiaimraft Fire!
11)
According to the above mentioned source (49) and the information supplied by
Eng Col Zaytsev (50) the most simple mechanical sight of this type (largely
used. for antiaircraft machine guns) consists of diopter and coneentric,.
graduated rings, which automatically determine the lead of the air tar 't
for its most characteristic speeds.
The principle of sighting consists in leading the target toward the center of
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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23 93
the graduated concentric rings. The changes of angles of sighting and angles
lof site, according to the changes in distance, are obtained by appropriately
' shifting the graduated rings along the linear rule. (49)
The models of these sighting devices, called also foreshortening sights, are
widely used in the Soviet antiaircraft machine gun units. For instance,
Professor Tsukerman's foreshortenine sighting device, (Model 43) for the
MU machine gun, and the foreshortening sighting device (Nebel 44)0 for the
Goryunov 43 machine gun and also optical types of these sights (called also
collimator sights). (50)
Cr) Exe, les of the Soviet Antiaircraft Artiller MetholuEalat1211:
As an example of the methods of operation of the Soviet antiaircraft artillery
of a larger caliber may serve the following report, published in one of Soviet
military periodicals (51), which describes a combat firing of antiaircraft
artillery battery in the Privoleneklywilitary district. The photographs of
this battery in action are shown in (Pig. 36 through 390 Iaclosure 23 through 25
The battery command post signalled to the firing platoons the appearance of
elemey 'aircraft. The commanders of the gun emus commanded "action station
(icboyu). The gunners rushed to their combat posts. In the meantime the
power cable of the guns was laid down, (see Fig. 36, Incl. 23). The gunner-
scout at the battery command post took his observation post and watched.
the sky. (see Pig. 36, Inc1.24)
At the radar station the antenna began scanning the ater. The radar operator
(with the badge of distinction of "outstanding antiaircraft defense
soldier otlichnik WO), attentively surveyed the radar screen. (sea Fig. 37.
Incl. 29). Swadenly on the screen appeared sharp impulses indicating the
target. The radar operator, (considered as an expert In radioelocatioa) trans-
mitted the target data to the plotting board operator of the battery ,command
post. The plotting board, operator skillfully fixed on the, board'eleteetts,..
received on the target flight. At this time, the sergeenteOpeOpier of the
telephone section worked as a plotting board operator,aceerdi4 to principle
of so-called "interchangeability", some members of the antiaircraft defense
personnel are trained, besides their oenenic functions, .also in other special-
ities].
In the photograph (Fig. 38, Inclosure 24) the plotting board operator is shown
working under the supervision of the battery commander. When the line plot-
ting the "enemy" aircraft course was approaching the zone of battery fire, the
gun commanders received the target data:.azimuthlteeae of site, range.
Automatically the barrels of the s followed the course of the invisible
target. Anmemition bearers swiftly carried the rounds. The gunner operating
#e elevation mechanism laid the ? . All of the guns reported readiness for
fire. Their commanders raised the red flags - signal to fire, (see. Fig. 39,
lacloauxt 25),, Than fol leywea the command The gunner-loader pressed
the trigger bar. "In such a way", said the author .of the report, "the antiaire
craft artillery personnel is trained in acquiring the skill of accur
struggling for each second of time." The firing battery was all04
aircraft artillery of the Privolzhskiy Military District.
STA
Generally, the firing positions of Soviet antiaircraft artillery are organized
without gun emplacements, and with little cover for the crews as it was in the
abeve described coMbat firing. However, some SterLet antiaircraft batteries
in fixed positions have very well elaborated gun emplacements with trenches for
ammunition and shelters for the crew, as can be seen in the (Fig. 56, lacl. 32).
WARNING,. This document contains infoimation affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 end 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any mariner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Inlelligence, USAF
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(52)
C. So et Na..11_:vabiaLugaiabaslem?
According to the "Manual for Navy Seamanship" by R. De Kartaehev? (53) the
Antiaircraft Defense Troops of the Nary (keyska Protivovozdusbnoy Oborany
Flota) are used 84 observation and warning force against the enemy air attack
and for frustrating this attack.
The Soviet Naval Antiaircraft Defense Forces organize the Sky-Watch through a
well developed network of observation posts equipped with sound-locators?
searchlights and other technical means [certainly also with radar stations]
which enable detection of the enemy airplanes. To repulse an attack of these
airplanes is the task of the naval antiaircraft aviation and. antiaircraft artm
Meryl, (53)p. 19.
Besides these weepons the naval antiaircraft dq!n00 bas at its disposal also
various antiaircraft rockets and guided misaile,which are combined with the
conventional naval antiaircraft artillery.**
The naval antiaircraft defense forces are divided between the operational fleet
and coast defense. It is possible that the system of antiaircraft defense in
the coastal zones, being directly under naval authorities, operationally are
transferred to antiaircraft defense command.
*ln the German xxr4 Periodical: "World of Flying" (Flugleat), No. 1, Vol. VI,
Jan 1954, edited in Kan, appeared an article by Volursus (pp 1445), which
supplies the following information on the Soviet naval antiaircraft defense
rocket weapon:e,01tSwedish observations in the Baltic Sea in January 1953 were
confirmed by the representatives of the British Admiralty on June 10, 1953,
that the cruiser "Sverdlov" (whose water displacement is officially given as
12.800 tons, Nat which actually is 15.000 16.000 tons), has but a few con-
ventional antiaircraft defense guns. The most important antiaircraft defense
weapons on this modern warship are antiaircraft defense rocket batteries."
Further, the author of the article asserts that:.. ."the other warships of the
Soviet Navy were also equipped with such antiaircraft defense rocket batteries
as in the case of cruiser "Sverdlov" proved."
The Soviet author Maj V. Kruchinin also mentioned this matter in his
article in Red Star No. 57, 1956, (54) asserting that the naval ships may
carry antiaircraft rocket weapons.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
FFORM
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PAGE 25 OF 93 PAGES
(a) ?21.80etftvettienwee...j
According to the "Manual for Navy Seamanship" by R. B. Kartashev, the Fighter
Aviation of the Navy (Istrebitelsnaya kviatsiya Voyenno Morskogo Plata,
IArVMF) covers the wars4ps? bases and other objeets a inst the attack of the
enemy aviation and secures coMbat operations of Mt naval aviation. (55)*
We also find a general description of the Soviet naval fighter aviation in
the article of Guards Maj B. Shakakov? which appeared in the Illustrated
RegamE (Illustrirovannaya Gazeta) in August 1955. (56)
According to Major Meakikovi the Soviet Naval Fighter Aviation is equipped with
the Soviet-built modern jet -airplanes of the highest spmbi, smut el
capacity and powerful armament. This aviation is capabla
time of the day and under any weather conditions.
High performance data and the most modern instrument equipment enable the
Soviet naval fighter aviation to cover successfu14 the maritime regioes of the
country, formations of naval units and the naval bases against any surprise
attack of the enemy aviation or other "provocation".
The Guards Fighter Regiment of the Naval Aviation had trained many masters of
aerial combat and sniping, who still soundly study the theoretical and
practical problems of aerial combat and modern aviation technique.
In (Fig. 41, lacl. 27) are presented the types of Soviet naval jet-fighter
airplanes flyiag in combat formation. In (Fig. 42, Incl. 2E) are photographed
the Soviet naval sir force technical per's 1 and mechanics watching the
flight of the aircraft, and in the photograph 43) are presented the
Soviet naval fighter pilots being instructed by the Guards Col N. Gurin (ap-
parently naval engineer] about the characteristics of the destroyer which
they have to cover (the model of destroyer is in the photograph). Fig. 44
presents an additional suapension fuel tank being carried to a fighter
airplane before the flight over the high sea, and (Fig. 45 ) shows the
we ns mechanics of the fighter aviation loading the aerial automatic weapon.
(5
*osmavorlkainaresorelloalleamPONI0
*According to the British source of information (RAF Flying Review
November 1957)s 65-70 souadrons of firften previaasly belorIging to the
naval air arm were subordinated to the command of antiaircraft defense
of the country.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner loan
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole Or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Direttor of intelligence, USAF
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26
OF
93
Allosivasimoriermwriare
PAGES
The Naval antiaircWt artillery comprises the coastal antiaircraft artillery
and seaborne attia rcraft artillery and automatic weapons, (57), (0)
According to the same source the seaborne antiaircraft artillery is designed
to combat the enemy air attack against the naval milts at sea. For this pur-
pose, the warships carry, according to their importance various antiaircraft
axttaery and automatic weapons. For instance, the battleship [lineynyy
korabl', or linkor] maybe equilpped with about 150 antiaircraft automatic guas
of calibers ap to 65 mfm [see the type of such guns in Fig. 46, lacl. 29].
The aircraft carrier may be armed for antiaircraft defense with about 100
pieces of antiaircraft defense guns of lesser caliber, (59)
Also, a large number of antiaircraft defense guas of email caliber are placed
on cruisers, monitors, destrOyers and other naval vessels. Examples of the
types of Sovitt antiaircraft naval artillery gam are presented in the follow-
ing illustrations:
In the (Fig. 470 Incl. 30) is presented the naval antiaircraft artillery of
small caliber on the Soviet cruiser: "Mikhail Kutuzov". The photograph was
taken at the moment when the commaader of these guns ordered 'action station".
(60)
ei4aal A) is presented the naval antiaircraft batteries on the cruiser
k" while firing a salvo, OW
C naval 'antiaircraft batteries with automatic guns combixte4 with other types
of naval artillery on the cruiser N. are presented in (Fig. 49, Iacl, 32)0 and
the antiaircraft artillery commander of this cruiser is presented in the
Plotograph in (Pig. 50, Incl. 33), (92)
Also the Soviet river monitors are armed with antiaircraft automatic cannons
Eillenerally on a twinamount] and searchlights tor the night firing. Such
"awns on one of the monitors on the river Amur are presented in (Fig. 51, 52,
Xacl. 34). (63)
/a (Fig. 52a, Incl. 34) is shown the sighting device of these cannons.
De Antiairc Rockets and Guided Missiles:
The antiaircraft rocket weapons end antiaircraft guided missiles are c6mparat-
ively the youngest weapons in the Soviet air defense system. They are treated
separately from the coneentiat 1 antiaircraft artillery (zenitnaya axtilleriya
.
zenitnoye raketnoye oruzbiye i zenitnyye apravlyayeme amaryady).
The first official nein about the incorporation of these weapons into the
Soviet air defense syatem came from Marshal Grigoriy Zhukov? during his speech
at the Uth Party Congress. La the later vears4 several Soviet authors:, and
among them Marshal Bodion Malinovskiy? the Defense Minister, and Marshal
Sergey Biryuzov, Commander-inaChaef of the air defense of the country mentioned
the important role of the rockets and guided missiles in the Soviet air defense
system.
In general, there is no available Soviet pUblication whAth gives a complete
picture of the Soviet antiaircraft rockets and guided missiles. However, some
information published in the German source on the basis of Soviet publications
WARNING: This document contains information affecting th;, nati'onal delenIe, a the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title ifi, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 79. it transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law, It may not be reproduced in whole or in part,?by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission Of the Director of Intelligence), USAF
FORM 1 1 2a REPLACES AF FORM 112 PART II, 1 JUN 484
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93
ST/
("Fiugwele? World of Flying, No. 1, 1954) supplies indirectly the data,
swported by the photographs, witch deserve to be taken into consideration as
a general characteristic of the development of Soviet antiaircraft rocket
weapons.
y,
Some of these rockets appeared also in the Soviet illustrations and were general
ly described by the Soviet authors, however, without revealing whether they are
actually used in the Soviet air defense system.
?According to the above mentioned German source, the early Soviet types of anti-
aircraft rocket weapons were largely based on the German models, however, be-
cause of the very intensive research work in this field, there was created a
large variety of new types of antiaircraft rockets and guided missiles. Since
that time the Soviet press is constantly publishing articles discussing the
problems connected with the use of the antiaircraft rockets and guided missiles.
( a ) Scrilz_UsastiLwA12204:111,1pasi Wes a:
a:
The above German information about the Soviet antiaircraft rockets is confirmed
indirectly by the following Soviet authors:
Eng Maj Val Kruchinin in his article "Antiaircraft Guided Missiles" (64)
published in March 1956 disclosed some Soviet ideas on the matter.
According to Eng Mall Krachinin, the high velocity and ceiling of the modern
combat aircraft make impossible to create a reliable antiaircraft defense,
based only on fighter aviation and antiaircraft artillery. Thus, many countries
attach now much importance to the development of antiaircraft guided missiles.
14mropeed of the antiaircraft rockets", says the author, Nvey be many times
superior to that of sound, and their ceiling may be considerably higher than
the ceiling of the modern bombers or flying airplane-missiles." "They possess
guiding devices which if adequately conceived and were properly functioning,
may secure effective destruction of the target."
According to the author, the probability of hitting for some rockets reaches
65 per cent. "But", says the author, "there is no doubt the antiaircraft
guided missiles can not entirely replace all other means of antiaircraft
defense but must be used conjointly with the antiaircraft artillery, fighter
planess; and radar devices." Farther, the author characterized the antiaircraft
guided missiles in a following way:
Basically, these missiles are distinguished by their range, ceiling weight
and explosive they are carrying. The body of these missiles usually is made of
light alloys in a form of finely sharpened pencil, or that of a thin spindel.
They are provided with wings and empennage and contain a system of guiding
meehealam? and explosive charge with a firiae device. a propelling motor, and
a supply of fuel. The missiles with a rangeaf 30-56 km, as a rule are prope1-
led. by liquid fuel, or solid fuel motors. Th* long maw missiles [100 km and
more] are usua14 propelled by a ramjet motor, which uses relatively less fuel.
The majority of the modern antiaircraft guided missiles are provided with an
auxiliary propelling device, which assists the launching of the missiles.
These propelling device which use solid fuel, accelerate the missile, until it
reaches a speed close to that of sound, and then it Ls discarded in flight.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national de!ense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S, C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner loan
unauthorized person is prohibited by law, It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
PAGE 28 OF
PAGES
93
The most complicated and expensive part of the guided missiles is its guidance
system. "The complex of the mechanism guiding the missile toward the targets"
says the author of the article, "may consist of two or more independent
systems working on different principles and serving different purposes." One
part of this mechanism may serve to conduct the missile toward the tart,
directing it from the ground, while the other part may guide it automaticaliy.
to the target.
The prevailing new systems of directing an antiaircraft missile on the first
leg of its course are those of command guidance system and beam-rider guid-
ance system.
The command guidance system is shown on the left side of the sketch (Fig. 53,
laclosare 35) which accompanied the article of Eng Maj Kruchinin. This system
comprises:
le Separate radar direction finder which tracks the target
20 A separate radar igui4i44 the missile
3. An autoratiP marten: Aid, links both radars and "works out"
the tranking4160teeessary for adjusting the course of the
missile 0
thus making sure that the missile will meet the target. The data combined in
the computer are transmitted to the missile [as steering signals]. A schematic
design of one type of antiaircraft missile launcher is shown in the sketch
under (4).
In the r ri4.t corner of the same sketch (5) an outline of the beam rider
guidance system is presented. The narrow tracking-radar beam [from the ground
station] is surrounded by a cone of a larger beam necessary Initially to
bring the missile into the right direction. The corresponding elquipment in
the body of the missile may consist of four receiving antennas placed at
900 degree angles. As long as the missile follows the axis of the beam, all
four antennas receive identical signals, but in case of deviation the intensity
of the signals received by various antennas viii differ.
Eng Maj Kruchiain asserts that according to the foreign press information,
both above described guidance systems have their defects. First of all, they
limit the range of the missile. Then, their proper functioning may be dis-
turbed by the radio interferences, and their guiding is not precise enough.
Besides that, the command guidance system requires complicated ground instal-
lations.
On the last part of its trajectory an antiaircraft guided missile is directed
by an automatic guiding device of the so-called homing system. The homing
nyetam VAM'1146 nf ctIve mmi.nrvhivm or passive tame. In the active homing
Guidance system all of its parts [i.e. the source which illuminates the target
and the receiver which receives the echoes] are carried within the missile.
The advanta of this system is its greater range and independence of the
ground installation. But on the other head, the active homing guidance
system is heavy and requires consequently a larger and heavier missile.
In the semi-active homing system the receiver in the missile works on radiations
from the tart, which has been illuminated by a source from the ground. In
the passive homing guidance system the receiver in the missile utilizes natural
radiation from the tarp t [electromagnetic, beat or light]. According to the
foreign press says Eng Maj Kruchinin, *best developed now are the homing
system "working on heat (infrared) rays." The range of the passive homing
system is inferior to that of the other two trpess but it is less influenced
by exterior interferences.
WARNING: This document contains information effecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794, It transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of lntelligonce, USAF
sposrostmoismomeopoomomarso
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I OCT 52 WHICH MAY BE USED.
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93
PAGES
Further, the same author points out that a number of countries have developed
antiaircraft guided missiles of various types and already have them in their
armament.il Some of these missiles are designed for the protection of important
administrative aad industrial centers. They are of the guided rocket types
provided with,a liquid fuel jet engine. Their length is about 6,3 m? diameter
043 m, rmago %?,11.0 km, combat ceiling 18023 km, and the wei t of the warhead
(avavaya chest') 140 kg.
Such missiles are lame* with the help of a powerful powder launching device
at an angle of almost 90 degrees. OA the first part of their trajectory
they are directed by the command gu*ance system, and on the last part by a
semimactive homing system.
He also points out that the antiaircraft guided missiles mAy also be used us
armament on the naval ships. One model of such naval missiles has two powder
propelled motors (one basic analOrit for launching purpose). Its length is
about 4.5 tn. diameter 0.3 m. Ite launching motor separates from the main
body of the missile a few secol4ds after the launching. The missile is dir-
ected by the beamwrider system provided by the ship's radar station. Its
coMbat raage is 16018
The same Soviet author asO'irs that there was also developed an antiaircraft
guided missile, which cam(be launched without any auxiliary launching device.
%be missile is equipped ilith only one (basic) motor, working oa nitric acid
( as oxidizer) and kerosene (as fuel), The motor Anctions for 30 seconds
and at the end of this time the missile reaches the velocity of 550 m/Sec.
The
length of this type* missile is 6 m, maximum diameter of the body 0
044 m weight at takeoff - 350 kg. missile is provided with crosslike
triangular wings and 'w* an empennage. The wings can move along the body
of the missile in rOsoc?.e to the shifts of the location of the center of
gravity of the mis ile,during the flight.
Present trends tqperfOct the antiaircraft guided missiles are aiming at:
more precision ia guidOnce system, increase of the rang and ceiling. Besides
that, a more effectiveiwarhedd is also being developed, as well as more
efficient methods in the use of this missile.
*) Eng 14b4 Kruchinin asserts for instance that American antiaircraft guided
missiles battalions consist of four batteries, each battery of four launchers.
All the ground installations of American battalions are movable and can be
transported by airplanes. Around many American cities permanent launching
positions are built, provided with underground munition depots, elevators,
etc,
^ ? __ -__^.-^- .----
-- -.-?-+?---
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the .
EspiOfielgt, Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be rcprocluted in whole or in part, by other than United States Air FOOB
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AF 1 FORTM52112a WHICH MAY BE USED,
REPLACES AF FORM 112-PAR1 H. I JUN.48. CLASSIFICATION
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"111111111111140111.1111
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PAGE OF
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1. - ? F -? ?
The author of the article believes that greater effectiveness in the antis*.
craft guided missile Maybe Obtained by providing the missile with ma atomic
warhead. Re asserts that according to the already pelished date, the anti-
aircraft guided missile with an atomic warhead was tested in the beginning of
the year 1955. This missile with an atomic warhead was supposedly used against
aerial targets flying at the high altitude in order to avoid any damage to
the Objects and ground installations. According to Maj Kruchinin? the sphere
of complete destruction of aerial targets by atomic warhead 141.11 have a radius
of several hundred meters.
Farther the author points out that effective use of antiaircraft guided mis-
siles requires a high degree of coordination in the fuactioning of all the
different parts of the system, and particularly proper functioning of the de-
tecting and tracking elements, furnishing the necessary data and guiding the
interception.
Eng Maj Kruchinin ends his article by citing Marshal Zhukov 's statement at the
nth Party Congress, -Wet the Soviet ttioa possesses now for its air defense,
betsides other weapons, also rockets and guided, missiles, "Mastering the ne*
antiaircraft defense materiel", says the' author, "is the next step in rendeia,
ing the USSR still more secure."
En iueer V. Grenin About Antiaircraft Guided Missiles:
A year later, after the above cited article, another Soviet author, Engineer V.
Grenin published a very similar article in the Soviet Aviation (Sovetskaya
Aviatsiya) (65), in which, however, are presented different data in regarlto
the antiaircraft guided missiles.
Engr V. Grenin, in the beginniag of his article asserts that the present
development and perfection of the ratrategieibonibers and of long-range jet
guided missiles capable of carrying tordc and thermd-nuclear charges consider-
ably increased the importanee and responsibility of the antiaircraft defense
of all vital industrial am4 administrative centers of the country.
In connection with this fact, a great scientific research work and testing
constructional endeavours are going on in the Soviet Union in order to meet
all the requirements of the modern air defense of the country.
Among the means assigned to that task, apart from all-weather fighter-inter-
ceptors, possessing high flying and combat characteristics, are also the aati-
aircraft guided missiles. These peissiles in a series of cases may appear as
a reliable weapon against the enemy guided miesilea.
The antiaircraft guided missiles are not designed primarily to combat only
the enemy bombers and airplane-missiles flying at subsonic speed,; but they
may be also used against air targets of supersonic speed, at various altitudes
as well as for interception of these targets at a long distance from the
defended dbjeeete They. are also at/AM-Med to combat the mew guided missiles.
Farther, Engr V. Grenin characterizes the following problems connected with
the antiaircraft guided missiles:
(a) quidanceteme.
The author asserts that for some type of antiaircraft guided missiles the
probability of hitting is over 65 percent. le effectiveness of antiaircraft
guided missiles depends on the correctly chosen aeroedynamic form, type of
launching mount, size of the warhead, and. in Tarticularvn the reliability and
?
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorised person is prohibited by. law. It may not be reproduced in whole Or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by peratission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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IU OCT 54
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accuracy of the guidance system.
PAGE a. OF 93 PAGES
The author asserts that among the various guidance systems applied to .4e anti-
aircraft guided missiles the most wide-spread are the so-called command
guidance and beam-rider systems. Further, the author gives detailed descriptio
of the guidance system, which in general are similar to those mentioned by the
Soviet author, Eng Maj Kruchinin. (64)
j_dzsti.92.2.E.LnItaa____21...bcraft Guided Flissi s
According to Engr V. Grenin, the antiaircraft guided missiles are designed to
destroy the enemy air targets at altitudes which are unattainable by the
conventional flak artillery or fighter interceptors.
External look of the antiaircraft guided missile reminds one of the guided
rocket with the cross-like triangle shaped wings and steering elements placed
on the front part of the missile.
The starting weight of one of the missiles of this type amounts to 1000 kg,
the length - 111, the maximum velocity about 700 misec, combat ceiling 20-23 km,
slant range 30-40 km.
This type of missile is equipped with a liquid fuel jet motor. The fuel con-
sists of concentrated nitrous acid with some admixture of nitric oxidizing
agents) and also of gasoline, which is used in the turbo-jet engines. To
launch this missile, a powder jet-motor is used, (see Fig. 54 an the right,
in the Iaclosure 36) which detaches itself from the body of the missile after
the supply of its solid fuel is exhausted. The firing of the antiaircraft
guided missiles is effected from special launchers [launching mounts].
The interception of aerial targets at a low altitude presents a series of
difficulties caused primarily by the influence of the various objects in the
environment of the launching site on the guidance system. At the law altitude
appear additional reflected waves, echoed by the local hills, buildings, sea
waves and clouds. All of that forms some background which interferes with, or
strongly hinders the detection of moving aerial targets.
The author of the article believes that the most important problem in developLag antiaircraft guided missiles, designated to combat low flying targets, is
the creation of adequate Ltb .working guidance system.
'For this purpose, (says the author) (ae:cording to the press information),
there are under construction missiled powered by a liquid fuel jet-engine,
with a range up to 80 km. Further, he asserts that the antiaircraft gUided
missiles of long range, as a rule, are powered by the ram-jet engine, which
has comparatively low fuel consumption and can secure a velocity
4 times that of sound, and a combat range of up to 30-35 km. in heig:ht.
Such missiles are equipped with the wings, thus resembling conventional Jet.
aircraft.
From its outward appearance, one of this type of guided missiles (see Fig. 540
incl. 36) on the left, is an all.metal aircraft monoplane with triangle-shaped
wings and with a similar empennage. It is equipped with two rani et engines,
plated on two pylons.
For the acceleration of the missile in flight, an auxiliary liquid fuel jets
engine is plated in the missiles tail part. The length of this type of
missile reaches 11 mo maximum velocity 3200 km/h maid= range y20400 Ia.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the nein:n-441 (Manse of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its 4:oat:Ines in any manner to an
unauthorired person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
akvoimelMWR
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. SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
PAGE
32
The author says, that it seems that the guiding of the missile to the target is
effected by means of a combined guidance system, but at the end part of its
trajectory the missile is directed by the homing guidance system.
(c) AntiairciallIalteaEgalakel.21.2211
Engr V. Grenin believes that the utilization of the antiaircraft rocket weapons
on a large scale should sharply raise the effectiveness of the antiaircraft
defense of the country. There is the reason why greater efforts to perfect
and to raise the efficiency of the antiaircraft guided missiles should be made.
One of the means by which this goal may be achieved is considered to be the
atomic charge in the antiaircraft guided missile's warhead.
The use of the atomic warhead will certainly sharply increase the probability
of hitting the aerial targets, and also the probability of destruction of a
group of aircraft by one missile.
According to the press news (says the author) such warheads with the atomic
chirge for antiaircraft defense purposes are already under development. Con-
cluding this article, Engr V. Greain said that in fulfillment of the Defense
Minister's statement at the Mth Party Congress, much work has been done in the
USSR in the field of air defense organization.
As a result011e Soviet Union antiaircraft defense has now at its disposal not
only a modern fighter aviation and highly efficient flak artillery, but also
antiaircraft rocket weapons.*)
(d) Guided Missiles for Antiaircraft Defenae and Aerial Combat:
In September, 1956 in the P: Herald of the Air Fleet (60, appeared an article
written by the Bachelor of Science, Eng Lt Col V. N. Glukhov, in which be
describes the types of guided missiles used for antiaircraft defense purpose.
*) The growing interest of the Soviet antiaircraft command in the utilization
of rocket weapons and guided missiles for the antiaircraft defense purpose is
also confirmed by a series of articles popularizing these problems in the
1 Soviet military and para-military press. Particularly, descriptions of foreign
I achievements in this field are often given. For instance the P: Military
Science (67), published in December 1956, a significant article by P. Marudin
who supplies quite detailed information about the USA antiaircraft defense
missiles (pp. 14-15). Maj General G. I. Pokrovskiy in his manual on the same
subject (68) also describes the USA antiaircraft defense rockets and guided
missiles (p.p. 51-55).
WARNING: Thia document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its crntents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law, It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AF(F)13CRTM52 112a EHPILCAHC Et:A YA BE
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moyeawasomalfteiliganiftm
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SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
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33
OF
93
According to the author, the antiaircraft guided missiles maybe divided into
two groups:
(a)
Flak guided missiles [surface-to-air guided missiles,
described in Russian as: Zenitnyys upravlyayemyye reaktivnyye
snaryady WES]
(b) Aerial combat guided missiles, designed as a weapon of the
fighter-interceptors [air-to-air guided missiles, des-
cribed in Russian as: upravlyayemyye snaryady vozdushnogo boys.]
The flak jet-powered guided missiles are (says the author), winged, and as a
rule, two-stage rockets. In the first stage the missile is usually launched
by a solid-propellant rocket launching charge. In the second stage the
missile is powered by a liquid fuel jet engine, or ram-jet engine. Such
construction of the motive power secures for the missile the speed necessary
to intercept the aerial target.
Further, the author cites some performance data of these missiles; one of the
models of these missiles has a range of about 32 in (the maximum effective
combat range in altitude - 16 km), maximum velocity of 650 m/see, weight of
1500 kg., length of 15 m* Its launching and basic motors are powered by
solid fuel. After the propellant burns out (in 3 sec.), the starting motor
detaches itself from the missile. During the flight the missile is guided
by the movement of the wings; the tails assembly is immovable and serves only
for the stabilization of the flight. The guidance of the missiles to the
target is effected by means of a radar beam from surface or shipboard radar
station.
The other model of this type of missile is also a two-staged rocket of
10 m overall length. The first stage of this missile is a It in long
starting engine the author calls it also a "booster" - uskoritel' and in
another case "starting engine" startovoy dvigatelq.
The second stage is formed by the missile proper. The diameter of the start-
ing engine is 0.45 in, and of the missile proper - 0.3 m. The weight of the
missile at the start is 1000 kg, 550 kg of which belongs to the starting
engine. The starting engine works on solid fuel; the missile's proper
engine uses liquid fuel, (zhidkostnyy reaktivnyy dvigatel' ZhR10).
The aerodynamic design adopted for this missile is of the "duck" type,
(ixt]ica). The steering assembly is located in the bead part of the missile.
The maximum effective altitude range is 18 km, the maximum slant range is
27 km, the minimum range of combat use is about 6 km, the maximum velocity
is 670 misec. The probability of hitting is 65 percent (without taking into
account the interferences).
The missile is guided to the target by a radar station, and on the final
part of its flight by the homing system located in its head.
The author concluded this part of his article by the statement that the flak
guided missile are designed to hit the aircraft maneuvering at the high
altitude, under conditions in which the fire of the conventional flak artil-
lery is ineffective. The types of the Soviet ground-to-air guided missiles
and new rockets are presented in Fig. 55-56, Inclosures 37, 38. (TO, (r3)
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I OCT 5 MAY
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SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
PAGE 314. OF 93 PAGES
(e) jet- owered Missiles in Aerial Combat
-
The same author,Lt Col Glukhov (69) made the following remarks about the
No
jet -powered missiles in aerial combat:
The increase of altitude and speed of bomber aviation has slibstantially re-
duced the possibility of attack of fighter-interceptors and made the aerial
combat more rapidly moving.
On the other hand, thanks to the considerable gross weight of bomber aircraft,
which enables effective artillery protection against the fighter attack in
the rear hemisphere, the chances of a fighter-interceptor to approach the
bomber sufficiently close are much reduced. Consequently, the fighter-inter-
ceptor is forced to open the fire from great distances, thus reducing the
effectiveness of his attack.
The analysis of the development of fighter aviation has shown that the
effectiveness of its attacks was increased, thanks to better sighting system,
and also, thanks to the increase of the caliber of aerial guns. However, the
increase of the calibers of aerial artillery encounters a substantial dif-
ficulty, because the recoil of more heavy guns affects the aircraft.
Also, fighters equipped only with unguided jet-propelled missiles can not
fully solve the problem of effective combat against an aerial enemy. There-
fore, concludes the author, only guided jet-powered missiles which contain
huge destructive power and great accuracy of hitting, present great pos-
sibility of increasing the effectiveness of fighter attack.
That is the reason why during the last decade so much attention is paid to
this weapon in many countries, says the author.
Particularly intensive effort was made to develop the guided missiles for
aerial combat in connection with the appearance of atom and thermo-nuclear
weapons, when necessity for the destruction of all enemy bomber aircraft head-
ing toward the target arose.
Up to the present time (asserts Eng It ,e01, , a Lgreat number of various
guided missiles for aerial combat was vorkea out 016 vary in weight,
dimensions, aerodynamic features, types of engines, system of guidance,
and in the characteristics of the warhead.
After giving the detailed characteristics of systems of guidance of these
missiles, the author expresses the following opinion about them:
"The guided, jet-powered missiles for aerial combat, which combine high ac-
curacy of fire with the powerful charge of warhead, present very effective
means of combating the aerial enemy. No doubt, they will have a very sub-
stantial influence on the methods of conduct of combat operations."
E. Air Defense Radio-Technical Service:
(a) PS221229tatl
According to Maj Gen N. I. Gapich, the Soviet military radio service was
already playing a very important role before World War II. At that the the
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FORM
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OCT 52 WHICH MAY DE
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radio serviee was iacorporated into the Signal Troops. (7D)
According to *rebel of the Signal Troops I. T. Peresypkia? the Importance of
the radiorteeenical service was immensely increased during and atter World
War II. in his book published, in 1948 (a), Marshal Peresypkin pointed out
that the radio service, thanks to the development of new radio-technical means,
such as oelio-location, received a new, still more important role in the air
navigatieei and antiaircraft defense. In particular, he asserted that radio
location beau., one of the most decisive factors in aerial and naval *rations
and greatly inereased the effectiveness of the antiaircraft fire
ch)
Thus, the Soviet Signal Troops .("joyska Svyazi) have developed new formations
eallee Radio Technical Troops (Radio-Tekhnieheskiye Voyeka), assigned for
coMbat cooperation with all the main arms, and in particular with the antiair-
craft defense troops. The important role of these troops in the antiaircraft
defense was described in general terms in one of the Bed Star editorials in
Jim 1957 (0). petalled description of the activity of the radio technical
troops and principles in the use of radar equipment in antiaircraft defense
apptared in the Soviet publications quite often.
(c) Radar in Antiaircraft Defense Service:
In 1954, Candidate of Technical Science, Docent V. S. Nelepts and Eng G. B.
RyelotserkovakiypUblished their text book: "Fundamentels of Radar" MO, in
which they have described the task of radar stations in antiaircraft defense
in the following way:
..."Baiar helps to detect the aircraft (or warships). A radar station may be
installed on the ground in aircraft or ship. Usually the range of such
station is within 50 to 200 km. At such distances the accuracy of location is
less important, and the slant range determined according to the indicator, is
assumed as horizontal. Some radar stations are equipped with an altitude
indicator."
*1 In his next book, edited in 1955, Marshal Peresypkin analyzed the role
of military radio operator in peace and in wartime. In this book Marshal
Peresypkin emphasized the great importance of mass training of radio and
radar specialists for the defense of the country, notably within the framework
of DOSAAF organizations. (72)
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the acoaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
AAencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AF FART?52 112a
REPLACES AF FORM 112-PART H, 1 JUN 48, CLASSIFICATION
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..
"In order to assure the right approach of the fighter to the enemy airplanes,
the antiaircraft defense utilizes the fighter direction stations. Mese
stations, watching the enemy airplanes, determine the coordinates of the
targets and communicate them to the fighter. When the fighter pilots approach
the air targets, they switch on their short range interception radar stations.
"The radar stations which establish the target actual &eta are utilized also
for direction of the antiaircraft artillery fire. The target actual data
determined by the radar station (antiaircraft artillery director] are trans-
mitted to the computing device which established the ballistic elements for
the antiaircraft fire."
"In ease of necessity to illuminate the enemy airplane by searchlight: usually
to the searchlight is added a radar station, which constantly sights the search
light at the target without light beam. At a determined range, the searchlight
is switched on and the beam illuminates the airplanes after that are switched
on the auxiliary searchlight and the guiding searchlight [again switched off]
may eontinue the target starch."
(d) Descri tion of the Antiaircraft Radiotechnical Means:
The Large Soviet Encyclopedia, Vol 35, published in 1955 describes the utiliz-
ation of radio-location for the air defense purpose in the following way. (75):
"The radio-location stat SI, for detection of air targets may be of
stationary or mobile type with various ranges of operation. The stationary
stations which are utilized in the air defense system, have the range of
action against heavy bombers amounting to 400-450 km and more at the altitude
of the bomber flight of 12 to 15 km. The range of action of the mobile
radio-location station is 200-350 km."
"While detecting the air target at a great distance the radio-location station
does not need precise data about the altitude, but with the approaching air
target, accurate determination of the altitude becomes indispensable, in
order to guide the fighters interception., or to direct the antiaircraft
artillery fire."
For this purpose besides the radio-location station is mounted a station
indicating the altitude of target. This altitude indicating station may have
the same range of action as the main detecting station, or smaller, and at
times it may amount to 120..150 km. Constructionally, both stations may be
combined. Such combined station, if it is serving the fighter aviation, is
called the station of detection and ground control of interception, and if
it is serving the antiaircraft artillery, it is called the air targets
detection station [radar plot] which supplies the data to the antiaircraft
fire control stations. Such station may guide the fighter to the air target
with accuracy up to several km (in daytime). In the night, or in a complex
meteorological condition in daytime, the search of a single aircraft only on
the basis of radar detector data is extremely difficult, and in many cases
impossible,"
"For this reason, modern fighters (fighter-interceptors), designed to act
in complex meteorologieal conditioes at day and night, are equipped with a
special interception and sighting radaro This radar secures for the fighter
an accurate approach to the target and controls the fire at night, and in
the clouds, without visual reference to the target. The fighter-interceptor
after being guided toward the target by the radar ground control, determines
WARNING: This document contains information affectini the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AF
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SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
PAGE 37
OF 93 PAGES
STA1
more precise4 the position of t tar t? independently of the ground station
by means of his own board interception and sighting radar, While approaching
the target, this board radar automatically tracks the target and transmits
the position data to a computing device, which supplies the sighting elements
for an aerial fire.
"In the antiaircraft artillery antiaircraft fire control
i-,31 itsea* spa , ? ;
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"In order to increase the probability of hit, the antiaircraft artillery
projectiles are provided with homing device-fuzes. The same kind of homing
device is utilized also for the antiaircraft guided missiles,"
The La Soviet Ent cl edia (76) presents various types of radar stations
and reproduces their photographs.
The -*Ices of Soviet antiaircraft artillery and fighter aviation radar equip-
ment in the current use and also the photographs of the Soviet radar person-
nel are presented in (Inclosures 39, see Fig. 57, (79)? Fig. 58, (89) and
Fig. 59 (51). Fig. 60, Inclosure 40 shews the most commonly used type of radar
station for detection of air targets. (82)
(e) Fdar for Control ofk....,I,U____sz....aircraft Artaile
More detailed description of the Soviet methods of use of radar for control of
antiaircraft artillery fire was published by Eng Maj Canaidate of the Techni-
cal Sciences, M. Latkhanov. (33). Here are the excerpts .of his article bee
also the Cha re o4t Antiaircraft Artillery and Automatic Fire Control
"The scheme of the gun controlling installation with the power tracking drive
consists of (see diagram, Fig. 61, Inclosure 41) -
CO command control transmitting unit, located at the
command post
(2) electric synchronnus transmission line
(3) measuriag device
directing unit
(5) servomotor
(5) independent power supply unit
SON - Stanteiya7brudiynoyNavoliki - antiaircraft fire control radar.
**)PULTIO Pribor Upravlaniya Artilleriyekim Zenitnym Ogaem - antiaircraft fire
director.
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unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not t...e reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agenciei, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
Iliesimmowamomoursomoira
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PAGES STAT
"The serveemotor is meehanically coupled with the aiming mechanism of a gun.
The measuring device (3) is linked with the command post and the motor
shaft (5). Tae Measming device compares the angle of the tracking drive
transmitter with the position of the axis of the bore, and depending on
the difference between those angles, originates and electric signal which
is transferred to the director [directing unit] where it is amplified. Then,
that signal is supplied to a servomotor. The gun is turned by the motor until
the gm angle and the angle of the sender in the tracking device coincide.
When the gun is turned to the preset angle, the voltage supplied by the
measuring device becomes equal to zero and its action upon the director is
interrupted, and the gun stops."
"Besides this, the antiaircraft fire is controlled by a set of special devices.
As soca as an airplane appears in the zone of fire the gunners determine its
actual coordinates. When the target is directly seen, an optical sight, or
range finders are adopted. At night and in fog the detection of the aircraft
and determination of its coordinates is effected by means of a radar station.
The coMbined use of both systems secures the effective search of the air
target and determination of its coordinate at anytime or .any weather.
$4,..;:=1.L111t1;4144411V,*
,
tAirtrier? Eng Maj Aatkhanov describes the process of antiaircraft fire control
in a following way:
"The target coordinates are automatically transferred from the transmitters of
the radar tracking device along the synchronous data transmistion line to the
central computing device called antiaircraft artillery fire director (FUAZO-
Pribor Upravleniya Artilleriyskim Zenitnym Ognem). The modern PUAZO consists
of assembly of complex electroemechanical and electrical devices, which ac-
cording to received data, determines the coordinates of the point of the
target lead end directs the setting of the guns. MAW solves the problem
of the target encounter point automatically by the electric tracking systems,
without human interference, Gun setting data are sent from MAW continuously
through the synchronous transmission line to the antiaircraft battery located
at some distance from the commadd post The radar station, synchroeirives
electric elements of PUAZO and also servomotors of the gulls are supplied by
a powerful current source." (88)
(g)
Radio technical troops of air defense (ldio-tekhnicheeskiye voyska protivoe
vozdushnoy oborony) and description of their activities appeared in the Soviet
available publications quite often. Also were given several times the
characteristics of the radio and radar personnel and their equipment, [the
radio and radar operators are popularly called in the Soviet sources as
"radiomen"- radisty).
According to these publications[which will be cited later, together with the
example of radio technical units in operation and training], the radio teche
nical troops form the most important components of the VNOS service and radio
meteorological service (Rediometeorologicheskaya slush:W.)0 They appeared alsoas
an organic component of antiaircraft fighter aviation and antiaircraft artil-
lery. (80
However, on the basis of available sources it is difficult to determine the
interdependenee of radio technical troops and signal troops (maks svyali)
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense o*f the United States within the meaning of the
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unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than Uniteci States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF'
AFOCRT'452 2a
REPLACES AF FORM 112-PART II, 1 JUN 48. CLA SSIFICAT ION
WHICH MAY BE USED.
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and the orgaaization of radio technical troops on the level higher than
regiment (radioetekhnicheskaya chests).
The smallest unit of radio technical troops is the crew of a radio or radar
station,. in the available sources, also radio technical company and battalion
appearedenadio technical troops serving the aviation division, or antiaircraft
artillery division are organized as a large radio technical unit [some Soviet
sources mentioned this unit as a regiment], which serves as au administrative
and training base for the radio technical personnel. This was confirmed, for
instance, by the news item which appeared in N: Soviet Aviation (Sovetskeya
Aviatsiya) in December 1956, (85) in connection with the "divisional competite
ions for radio and radio technical personnel, serving in Naaviation division."
According to Marshal Biryuzov, Commanderain-Chief of the Soviet Troops of
Antiaircraft Defense of the Couatry. (84)? the personnel of radar stations
belongs to one of the leading specialities of the antiaircraft defense forces.
Ittgether with the fiahter pilots and antiaircraft artillerymen, radar operators
participate directly in combat against the air enerq? and are responsible for
his destruction. (05)
(h) Lirjaase Ea_ dum.,...Szi_ar rations:
Descriptions of air defense radar operations and characteristics of radar
personnel, called in the Soviet army: "soliiers of the radar stations" (voiny
raschetov radio-lokatsionnykh stantsiy)? or simply "radarists" (lokstorbhchiki)
are quite numerous in tWOOViat press. For instance, in October 1956 ape
peered in N: Bed Stir Vaiiirt00 Zyeada) a report of a military correspondent
from Bakinskiy [Baku) Air Dafenaa District in which he describes the activities
of the soldiers of radiotechnioal subunits, serving various radar posts (vany
radioatekhnicheskikh podrazdeleniy okruga PVC))
Mere is also information about a radar technical station in the Pribaltiyekly
Military District, which obtained good results in tracking the air taru ts in
its zone of observation. (86)
(i) ittA.ar.JELiStitnsServin:
Another description of the operation at the Soviet radar station appeared in
the (Iran Zaezda) in August 1956. (87):
"The radar statin commanded by Sergeaat Kirichek was ready for the antiair-
craft defense exercise. The crew of the station was waiting for the command
to start the search of the target. Soon cane the command. The radar aerial
started to tura. On the indicator screen appeared an impulse, reflecting an
aircraft in the air, Judging from the rapid displacement of the impulse and
its form, the operator concluded that the spotted target was a single, high-
speed airplane, FUrther checking confirmed that it was an "enemy" airplane.
The fighter interceptor took off and the radar operattons attentively tracked
the (maga) airplane." "Suddenly, the iapulse disappeared from the radar
indicator; apparently the 'enemy' used radio interference, which was swiftly
eliminated by the commander of the radar station. Despite this actiondthe
'enemy airplane changed the course aad made a sharp descent) it could not
escape the direct attack of the fighter pilot."
"Thus, the operators of Ser ant Kiricheks radar crew successfully completed
their mission and performed with high combat skill."
.... ......
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unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United Staters Air Force
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The other example of antiaircraft radeF stations in operation on behalf of an
antiaircraft artillery battery s4Pplied the Red Star (KraanNya Zvaaa)
in )14 1955: (88)
...flat the preset time all the guns of the battery were pointed towards the
sky. A monotonous, steady humming of the radar station was beard from the bill.
The antenna of the radar stood out against the bright sky with a shining small
lamp located in the very center of the grid disc. From the command post came
the order for search. At that moment the operator was looking at the orange
screen of the plan position indicator, exactly at the bright radial line on
its surface. By a smooth rotation of the control wheel he sets the scaaning
at the desired sector. It means that the antenna had turned its "eye" toward
that part of the sky from which the target was to appear.
"The operator was attentively observing the Judicator and suddenly noticed a
new, brighter and thinner traverse trace on the screen. He reported: 'Target
detected, azimuth forty seven.'
"The target image approached the prefixed boundary line and the second operator
reported this fact to the operator number one. Two round indicators flicked
before him. A traverse trace was seen on the right half of the indicator
screen. It was the target. At that very time the target image also appeared
on the screen of the precision aiming indicator. Here, the pulses coming
from the space, produced a luminous cloud and developed the target image in
the form of a bubbling drop, moving quickly anticlockwise on the sceeen.
The operator number two, after a quick look at the green light, reported:
'Data Received'.
"The exact position of the target was automatically transmitted to the com-
puting unit every second through the complex system of the station. With
the use of tables, the operators quickly determined the meteorological and
ballistic corrections, and by pushing special knobs, supplied them to the
computor. Wind, weight of the projectile and its trajectory were taken into
account and translated into figures by that ingenious and rapid machine. (38)
(k) PALLENLELLEE
The importance of the radio and radiotechnical
forces was emphasized by instituting the Radio
On this occasion the editorial of the Red Star
particular importance of rediolocation for the
ly for antiaircraft defense. (89)
service in the Soviet armed
Day Celebration, May 7th.
on May 7, 1955 stressed the
military Purpose, and especial-
In the same number of the DI; Red Star (Krasnaya Ivezda) on the occasion of the
Radio Day were reproduced the photographs of the outstanding soldiers of the
radar service (See Fig. 62 through 650 Inclosur 42).
(1) Ast..........liaircEIATERtilatE
Col Aa Borodin in his article published in P: Military Science (Voyennyye
Znanlya) in April 1956, described among other means of antiaircraft defense,
also the antiaircraft searchlights. (91)
Antiaircraft Searchlights (Zenitnyye prozhektory)0 according to Col Borodin,
are designed to illuminate the air target in order to enable the fighter
aviation, antiaircraft artillery and antiaircraft machine guas to find and
WARNING This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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41
to destroy the air target. )
93
PAGES
STAT
According to Col Borodin., the modern searchlight has great candle power
amount up to two billion candles. Its maxiNum range is 40-50 km. The march
lights are used in a group of two or three projectors acting eimultaneously.
The types of searchlights used in the Soviet air defense and also in the
satellite countries are shown in (Fig. 67-69, Inclosures 44.45. (92)
Because the search for enemy airplanes at night with conventional searchlights,
presents considerable difficulty, for usually radar is used with the search-
lights and this coMbination is called in the Soviet army "radio-projector."
(1) AESallikka4M9a.111941":?JE
Lt Col M. Neshcheryakov in the Illustrated Newspaper (Illustrirovannaya Gazeta),
in February 1956, describes the operation of searchlight-control radar in the
following wilar. (93)
"In the distant air approaches to the !defended) object an 'enemy' airplane
flying at a high altitude and with great speed WAS detected. Ji the radar'
searchlight station, A command was received 'illuminate the target'. Com-
maader of the station, Lt Belyeyev swiftly prepared the station and the combat
crew for action. The crew completed all the preparatory work at the station
in the shortest time possible. Sen Operator, Sergeant P. Drozdov quickly
found on the indicator screen of his radar the target and reported -
'target bearing-range 25'. The fighter-inceptor guided to the target, reported
'see the target-attacks.
"The crew of Lt Belayayev's radar-searchlight station received only excellent
and good marks for coMbat and political preparation. All radio operators of
the station are graded specialists.
"Bight now, the radar-searchlight station received a group of new young
soldiers who successfully acquire the complex skill of radio-searchlight's
technique and prepare themselves to become expert-masters in their military
profession."
*) The problem of servicing the fighter aviation in aerial night gunnery by
lighting the targets in the sky was examined by Eng Col S. Sheludchenko
in his article, published in P: Herald of the Air Fleet (Vestaik Vozdushnogo
Flota) in January 1955.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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The photograph accompanying the art c
and its crew in operation (see Fig. 69, Inclosure 45),
The personnel serving in the antiai
units are called generally in the
Their dependence on the radio techni01 k in
goof'
available sources, however, it is logical to assume that they form a part of
these units. Their assignment to the antiaircraft fighter aviation or anti-
aircraft artillery was confirmed on several occasions. However, it is not
certain whether they are attached permanently, or according to the missions.
PAGE
42
OF PAGES
chlight-eontrol radiar
II. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AIR DEFEN0a TROOPS:
Marshal of the Soviet Union, S. S. Biryuzov was called for the first time in
the press "Commander-in-Chief of the troops of air defense of the country"
(Glavnokomanduyushchyy voyskami protivovozdushnoy oborony stray), on the oc-
casion of the All-Army Conference of leading soldiers which took place in
Moscow in March 1957. (95)
At the same time his photograph was published in the N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red
Star), in which he appeared in the company of Marshal of Artillery Yakovlev
(apparently the high commander of the air defense artillery) and leading
soldiers of air defense troops, all of them in artillerymen uniforms, (see
Fig. 3, Inclosure 3).
However, it was known long before this event that the organization of the air
defense of the country was entrusted to Marshal Biryuzov, and that in this
capacity he published in August 1956, an article describing the general
characteristics of the air defense troops. (96)
Here are the most essential points of his article on this subject:..
1. kelapiartzapce of Air Defense Tree) s in Modern
Warfare
Marshal Biryuzov pointed out that after the last war the importance of air
defense troops had increased enormously. He then quoted the statement of the
former Soviet Defense Minister, Marshal of the Soviet Union, G. K. Zhukov,
[at the ath Party Congress], who asserted that the future war, if launched
by the "aggressive imperialistic forces" will be characterized by the mass
utilization of the air force, of various rocket weapons and other means of
mass destruction such as atomic, thermo-nuclear? chemical and other weapons.
Military specialists of the "bourgeois countries" assert that these powerful
means of destruction will be delivered on enemy territory, most probably by
the air force, or various pilotless means.
In the light of this, (saidMarshal Biryuzov) it is clear why "aggressive
circles" of the United States strive to develop in every possible way their
strategic aviation, and enlarge the network of the air bases around the Soviet
Union and countries of the Peoples's Democracies. It is known that there is
a considerable number of these air bases designed mostly for strategic
aviation.
"The Soviet people", continued Marshal Biryuzov, "occupied with peaceful,
constructive work, cannot i ore the serious menace to the Soviet state
represented by this plotting of the enemy of Peace".
_ .
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Mbleehal Itryuziov then asserted that the Communist Poesy and the Soviet
gevernment bad taken all necessary measures to strengthen the defensive weer
Of the country, and in particular, to assure that the air defense will be
organized in accordance with the latest achievements of modern military
technology and science. Thanks to the constant care of the Party and
government tles whole organization and preparednees of the Soviet armed forces
in the period alter the last war were accomplished in conformance with
the most meern combat techniques.
Accordingly, the effectiveness of the air force and. air defense troops vas
considerably increased.
Here again, Marshal Biryuzov quoted a statement of the former Soviet Aefense
Minister, Marshal Zhukov, at the lath Party Congress, who said, ?Asking
into account the reel menace from the air, especially from long-range rockets
and jetepropelled strategic aviation, the great task of organizing the air
defense was already accomplished in the country."
"At present, the antiaircraft defense possesses supersonic modern fighter
aviation, high quality antiaircraft artillery, antiaircraft rocket weapons,
and other means which secure the antiaircraft defense of the country."
2. The Morale of Soviet Air Defense Personnel
According to Marshal Biryuzov, the soldiers and officers of the air defense 0
like all soldiers of the Soviet armed forces, fully realize the great res.
sponsibility which the Soviet nation had entrusted to them in the defense of
the Fatherland, and that they should make a great effort in mastering the
combat technique and weapons, and persistently strive to acquire the skill
to use these weapons most effectively.
It is known, (mid the Marshal) - that the rapid growth of - eed and ceiling
in modern aviation and of its radius of action greatly increased the import-
ance of surprise of an air attack. Jet-propelled bomber aircraft carrying
the atom, or thermomnuclear weapon is able to cover great distances rapidly,
and appearing suddenly in the enemy's deep rear, may strike a powerful blow
against importaat administrative, industrial and military centers. To re-
pulse such an attack, to destroy in time the eneey bombers, or to force them
to give up their mission are the tasks of air defense troops. Thus, it is
clear how important it is that air defense personnel maintain a constant high
coohat readiness. Unfailing vigilance, the ability to rise into air combat
at any ,( nit, and to hit the enemy with a decisive blew are the requirements
which must be met by the air defense personnel.
Despite the difficulties of the task, Marshal Biryuzov assured that the
soldiers of the Soviet antiaircraft defense are always ready to accomplish
it successfully.
3. Characteristics of Air Defense Operations
Asserting anew that the Soviet air defense troops are equipped with first
class modern coMbat means to core with aey combat task regerdless of its
complexity, Marshal Birmov thus described the methods of operation of air
defense:
A. xagyky,a_sylati.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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1 Tbday, this task is accomplished by accurate technical means such as radar,
which detect the air target at a distance of several hundred kilometers,
determine whose airplane it is, and also provide other indispensable data.
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Mart..9?M.ITS .. it is necessary to
detect the approach of the ene*. ane, or 'is pilotless means of attack.
The earlier the warning, the more successfal the prepttration of the combat
mission by the antiaircraft personnel.
Quite recently (recalled Marshal Birmov) the task of the air reconnaissance
(during the "Great Fatherland War") was entrusted to air observation posts of
the VNOS service fair Observation, warning and communication service, sluzhba
vozdushaogo nablyndeniya, opoveshcheniya I svyazi]. At that time, the
detection of enemy aircraft was effected visua14 in Observation sectors
which determine the type of aircraft, their course and approximative altitude.
Experienced observers at that time were able to cope successfully with their
complex task, because the speed and ceiling of their air targets were low
vben compared with modern aircraft. However, their task became very compli-
cated in bad meteorological conditions [solid cloudiness] and at night.
(b) Ground-cont lied terce
Continuing, Marshal Biryuzov described the principles of ground-controlled
interception. According to the radar data, the fighter interceptors of the
air defense take off. The ground control keeps in constant touch with the
fighter pilots and directs them to the target. At this stage of operation,
the fighter pilots rely entirely upon the guidance of the ground-controller.
The ground controller using the radar data controls the situation in the air,
and like an orchestra conductor, guides the fighter pilots intercepting the
air targets.
When the air enemy is near, the fighter pilot does not need the ground control-
ler's prompting because he can "see" the enemy bomber on the screen of his air-
borne radar, and can si .t at it the powerful weapons of his airplane.
But, at that stage the mission is far from completed. Modern bomber aircraft
are in reality flying fortresses. Their most important vital parts are
protected by solid armor. They carry on board powerful cannons, and like
fighter aircraft, radar equipment. TO approach such air enemy unnoticed, and
to shoot it down from short-range is not so simple. Moreover, modern boMbers
are now powered by jet engines, which enable them to fly at great speeds, and
to climb rapidly to high altitudes. To conduct an air combat under such con-
ditions is extremely difficult.
B. Antiaircraft Adlaw
Marshal Biryzov pointed out in his interview that the Soviet antiaircraft
artillery, equipped with first class combat materiel, is a powerful defense
against the enemy air attack.
The modern antiaircraft artillery, equipped with radar antiaircraft fire
control stations (SON)*), is ablp to hit the air target with accurate fire
) SON . Stantsiya Orudiynoy Navodki, Gun-laying Radar Station.
_
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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even under cover of darkness or cloudiness, or at a altitudes. The use
of radar considerably increased the operational capacity of antiaircraft
artillery', and the effectiveness of its fire.
Detection of targets is entrusted to the crews of the so-called plan-position
indicator stations whose main tisk is distant air reconnaissance. For, the
accurate location of the air target and determination of its coordinates,
the antiaircraft artillery has the already mentioned radar antiaircraft fire
control stations (SON), which can determine the air target coordinates with
great precision, although not at very great distances.
(a) lAshiag.then...110Arl
The method of tracking of the air target is described as follows by Marshal'
biryuzov. Using the data of radar detecting stations, the operators of the
radar antiaircraft fire control station WO catch the air target while it
approaches the antiaircraft artillery zone of action and track ifteun;nterris$
edly, transmitting its exact coordinates to the antiaircraft fire 41 "tor
(NIALD). The se data are transmitted automatically. ?UAW is a ce
ecatc4
and "clever n device capable of solving the most difficult mathemit ea
problems, and also of determining points at which the fired projeAiles will
meet the air target. The data computed by the RIAZO are transmitted un-
interruptedly as electrical impulses through a synchronous line to the guns.
(b) Characteristics of Soviet Antiaircraft Guns
Marshal Biryureav praises the Soviet antiaircraft guns - products of the
national artillery industry. Accor e eg to his statement, these guns are
complicated in construction and poss high tactical and technical
characteristics. Thetr most importa qualities are:
1. Accuracy of fire
2. Maximum rate of fire
3. ximum effective range
4. Great initial projectile velocity
5. Great blast power of projectile
"Operating such guns in combat places great responsibility upon the aatiair-
craft artillery men l said Marshal Biryuzov.
Characteristics of Anti ircraft Jrtillcry Specialties
The antiaircraft artilleryman should possess a great deal of knowledge in the
field of theory dealing with the antiaircraft fire and should be an expert
in artillery materiel. But even that is not sufficient.
Tee antiaircraft rtillery personnel must be well prepared for the performance
of their duties, must be in good physical condition, be hardened and POWEis
great endurance. These requirements concern particularly such specialists
among the gun crews as loaders.
Antiaircraft combat is a rapidly moving action. The eeemy bomber may remain
in the zone of antiaircraft battery fire only a few seconds, i.e. that the
antiaircraft personnel would then have very little time to prepare the fire,
to open the fire and to hit the air target. Evidently, under such conditions
the accuracy of the first salvo decides the success. It follows that if the
first salvo is a miss, the enemy pilot seeing the bursting shells around him
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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will hasten to use the antifIak fire nuneuver and will escape the zone of
effective fire.
If the antiaircraft artillery salvo is repeated, it is rarely successful,
because correction introdaced in the firing error may result in the failure
of the combat mission.
Marshal Biryuzov asserted that the problem of a hit 'by the first salvo is of
paramount importance to the antiaircraft artillery personnel. In order to
solve this problem successfully, the antiaircraft artillery personnel should
maintain their combat materiel in an excellent working condition, and should
learn with all thoroughness how to prepare it for firing. Moreover, they
should strive to operate their guns and antiaircraft fire instruments
faultlessly.
L. Slip :1/44L isat.t..! LA- b4n.fge'es ozmg _1
Marshal Biryuzov stated that the Soviet air defense requires a great variety
of military specialists. The leading specialties are: - fighter pilots,
antiaircraft artillerymen and radar personnel. They participate directly in
the destruction of the air enemy. But, of course, they cannot fulfill their
coast mission without the auxiliary service personnel.
Marshal Biryuzov next pointed out the large variety of military specialties
in antiaircraft artillery, which are indispensable for the successful action
of this weapon. First, there are the gunners who execute various functions
In the gun squad, and on whose skill the successful result of firing depends.
In addition to the gunners, and equally responsible for effective firing are
operators of the radar stations and of aetiaircraft fire directors. Everyone
of them .ssures the accuracy of fire and is responsible for the success or
failure of firing.
Similarly important and responsible work is entrusted in the antiaircraft bat-
teries to the. artillery armorers, who take care of the coMbat equipment and
artillery materiel, and to the electricians responsible for the power supply
and to the drivers responsible for the artillery prime movers.
said Marshal Birytezov,"in order to secure the most successful
cooperation and coordination of all these various military specialists of the
antiaircraft defense troops, there are specialists at the antiaircraft defense
command posts on a higher level of command who have a complete picture of the
combat situation,"
5. Air Defense Demand Posts
According to Marshal Biryuzov, the decision of selecting the air target and
proper weapon to attack it, belongs to the commander of air defense. This is
possible only if the commander has accurate data and complete picture of the
general situation of the aerial combat in a large air space.
The air defense commander receives the positions of enemy airplanes and own
fighters from the radar stations, but the data received from plan-position
Indicators are very relative, and not clear enough. Therefore, they are trans-
formed by means of special devices into a more complete picture, in order to
give the commmader a clear picture of the combat situation ?o he can make
proper decisions.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It niey not be laproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of intelligence, USAF
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When the decision is taken the commander's order are transferred to the radio
and telephone operators. They maintain communication with the firing positaon
of the antiaircraft artillery, with fighter aviation in the air, and acting
on behalf of the commander they transmit to them the necessary orders. They
also receive reports from the units and subunits *ordinate to the com-
mander. It is Obvious how very responsible is the role of communication
specialists in air defense. The slightest inaccuracy in their action may en
danger the execution of the commander's entire plan
Mar hal Biryuzov concluded by saying that the whole system of antiaircraft
defense of the country is strong, thanks to well coordinated work and close
cooperation of the troops which form the component parts of this defense.
That is the reason why "the soldier of each military specialty, acting in the
air defense, should realize his high personal responsibility, and should
striving by firm and diligent effort to prepare himself to complete his combat
task, regardless of its complexity." (96)
III. ORGANIZATION OF AIR DEFENSE:
2e' General Principles:
The general pattern of the Soviet present air defense organization was develop-
ed shortly after World War II. The standard air defense organization which
existed during the war was modified and adapted, according to Marshal Sergey
Biryuzov? Commander-in-Chief of the air defense of the country, to the new
exigencies created by the unprecedented development of jet powered aviation,
electronics and rocket weapons.
No comprehensive source of information as to the Soviet present air defense
organization is available. However, according to such sources as the Soviet
textbook for local air defense, manuals for various components of the air
defense system and daily press information, the general framework of the
Soviet present-day air defense organization may be presented in a following
way:
The whole Soviet air defense system comprises three branches:
(a) Air defense of the country with specially allotted troops and means
for the whole territory of the USSR [and some adjacent areas] under
a single Commander-in-Chief (Marshal S. Biryuzov).
(b) Air defense of the armed forces and on the theaters of operation
with special naval antiaircraft defense, under the command of respect
ive commanders of the main arms.
(c) Local air defense under single main administration subordinated to
the Ministry of Interior.
The responsibility for the air defense as a whole and for proper organization
of 11 forces and means assigned to this defense Is entrusted to the Minister
of Defense.
The territorial organization of the Soviet air defense in peacetime is based
on the so-called "threatened zones" (organizatsiya ptotivovozdushnoy oborony
na territorii straAy v ugrozhayemyth polosakh),
_ ......
.....
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person ia prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole Of in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AF FOOCRTM52 2a
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..STAT
The system of air defense of the armed forces ani on theater of operation
is mentioned several times in the Soviet military press which describes the
combat training of antiaircraft defense troops, however, without any sub-
stantial information as to the organization and materiel.
For this reason, this report deals mainly with the air defense of the whole
country, including local air defense. The general idea of the Soviet air
defense system is presented in the organizational chart in (Fig. 70, Incl. 46).
2, Territorial Subdivision
According to the previously mentioned Soviet sources, the Soviet territorial
subdivision of the air defense system comprises:
1. Special air defense districts
2. Air defense on the territory of military districts
3. Areas of specially defended Objects
Subdivision of the territory into zones according to the degree of possibility
of an air attack was mentioned in the Soviet press, however, without a
definition as to the character and extent of the zones. No substantial in-
formation was available as to the so-called "exterior" or "outer" zones (vnes-
hnyaya ugrozhayemaya polosa). The existence of the so-called "interior"
zone, which covers the territory along the frontiers was confirmed in the
Soviet press, particularly in regard to the VNOS service (Observation, early
warning and communication service). For instance, descriptions of the radar
Observation and detection posts beyond the polar circle and along the eastern
and southern frontiers, appeared several times in the Soviet press, periodicals
and even monographic publications.*)
From such fragmentary information a conclusion may be drawn that the so-called
"interior" zone stretches along the whole USSR frontiers, behind the "outer"
zone, and encircles the Soviet territory completely.
The zone of air defense of vital 'centers, or as it is called in the Soviet
terminology "objects", covers the most vulnerable areas of the country with
important political, military and industrial centers. Around the most im-
portant such centers were formed special air defense districts (Okrugi pro-
tivovozdushnoy oborony), provided with adequate air defense troops and services
*) Recently, N: Sovetskiy Flot (Soviet Fleet), No. 33, April 13, 1955
published news report about the radar observation post on the Island
Kheys, Franz Joseph Archipelago (Zitml.ya Frantsa Iosifa).
,1'? .??.??+?- ? .--? 4,--. ? - -4 ?^..? ^?--?^-1-?_-_-? n- -? 1...+?,.
WARNING: This This document contains information affecting the national defense of the Unite% States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by Mw. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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149
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OF93 PAGES
Available sources up to now have .confirmed ,the existence of such districts:
around Moscow OkWansayiktr 1040460District? Nbskovskiy okrug 101/10) and
around Baku (liddimskLy At Dease District, Bakinskiy okrug PV0). The air
defense of vital objects on the territory of military districts, according to
the press information describing the combat training operations of the anti-
aircraft defense units, is the responsibility of district commanders. 1 The
antiaircraft defense forces are scattered all over the country, predominantly
around the important centers (ate the map in Fig. 71, Incl. 47, on 'which are
marked antiaircraft defense units and subunits mentioned on various occasions
in the Soviet publications). (97)
3. Ass1rnent of Air ace Areas
According to a previously mentioned source and articles in the Herald of the
Air Fleet: (98) the air space over Air Defense Districts is divided into
special zones for action by antiaircraft artillery, fighter aviation, and
at highest altitudes, antiaircraft rockets and guided missiles.
The air space reserved for fighter aviation is subdivided according to the
flying capacity of the aircraft and type of its armament. Some Soviet authors
assert that fighter-interceptors equipped with aerial rockets or jet-propelw
led missiles proved to be very effective in combat at high speed and 'highest
altitude.
4. Airfields of the Soviet Air Defense Or anization
a Airfields
On the basis of numerous descriptions of antiaircraft fighter operations,
which appeared in the Soviet press, it is very probable that Soviet Air
Defense Districts have at their disposal a considerable number of small air-
fields, adapted for fighter aviation, particularly around the important
centers and objects of air defense. However, as a rule, in the available
sources the description and photographs of airfields are given without
indication of their location or assignment. They are generally marked "N-air-
field". Their typical general -dew and their controlling installations are
presented on the photograph (Fig. 72, Incl. 48. (99). According to Red Star
(4areh 1957) some of these 1ic1de have the fmost modern technical
airfield installation. (DDID)
However, from photographs of these airfields (see Fig. 73 (iM) and Fig. 74
(102), Inclosure 49) it appears that they have a few conventional airfield
installations and these installations are mostly mobile (for instance mobile
radar control post]. This is justified by the great concern of the Soviet
antiaircraft defense command for decentralization and dispersion, because of
the possibility of atomic bombardment.
tb) Anti-atomic Precautions on Airfields
The problem of an air atomic attack against airfields is often discussed
In the Soviet press. In 1954 there appeared an article of Lt Col A. Gnedin
(103) under the title: 'Radiation Reconnaissance and Warning System in the
Airfield Area" (Radiatsionnaya Razvedka IOpoveahcheniye v Rayone Aerodroma)
in which he describes this problem as follows:
"In present combat conditions, with application of atomig, weapons, it may be
assumed that airfields will be the first Objects of an atomic bombardment
by the enemy, who will seek to demolish them, destroy aircraft on the ground
and exterminate the personnel of the defender. To prevent such a destruction
is the main task of any air force commander.
_
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is Prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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PAGE OF PAGES
50 93
Me success of defense will depend on y ON f protection and for
interception and destruction of enemy aircraft. If the enemy uses atomic
weapons, everything possible must be done to reduce their striking effects to a
minimum. Therefore, air force units and subunits located on the airfield, or
in the area of an atomic explosion, must be ready ahead of time to supply
defensive measures. This may be achieved by a good organization of the anti
atomic defense of the airfield) skillful protection of the personnel and com-
bat eguipment against the effects of the shock wave, heat and lethal radiation."
(103) Another author, Eng Lt Col Pavlov, in his article published in 1957 in
Soviet Aviation (Sovetskaya Aviatsiya) (104)0 suggested that in order to en-
iSITile aviation to operate under atomic warfare conditions) each subunit
(composed at le st of 8 aircraft) should be able to act independently, from the
technical and operational point of view. According to the author, such maximum
dispersion of aviation units will reduce somewhat the danger of atomic air
attack against Soviet airfields.
5. Partici ation of Civil Authorities in the Soviet:
Paa.k.7 1
.
Civil authorities (and also Communist Party Organs) participate in the organiz-
ation of air defense of the country, particularly in the defense against an
air attack on administrative and industrial centers, railway transport) various
communal and municipal structures, institutions and population. Also, civil
authorities y be entrusted with the defense of areas less exposed to air
attacks. In general, the antiaircraft defense entrusted to civil iithorlties
and social organizations is called "Local Air Defense" (Nestnaya Protivovozdush-
nays Oborona, MPV0). Organization of the air defense organized by civil althor-
ities in peacetime as well as in wartime is guided generally and controlled by
military authorities (Ministry of Defense). (105) Participation of Communist
Party organs in the ir defense of the country is more in the nature of a morale
building and propaganda character.
6.&ationo:.sLg.s.L.__Orni:rtra3.Control:
RA11222E21 Defense of
According to the statement made by the Soviet Defense Minister at the Party
Congress (i06), the forces of air defense of the country reeeived a status equal
with that of the army, aviation and navy. Their Commander-in-Chief (Glirvnok-
omanduyushchyy Voyskami Protivo vozdushnoy Oborony Stra4y) is directly respons-
ible to the Defense Minister, who is in charge of the whole air defense system
of the USSR. (107) and (i08) The air defense command, which according to some
Yugoslav source of information (109), was formerly in the hands of the Soviet
air force command (before the reorganization of the air defense forces],*) now
it is independent and includes the branches of: - air defense fighter aviation,
antiaircraft artillery and automatic weapons) antiaircraft rockets (Zenitnoye
Raketnoye Oruzhiye), and antiaircraft guided missiles (Zenitnyye Upravpyayenve
Reaktivnyyt Saaryady. (LURS)
STAT
r the reorganivation the comm 1on name for "Central NL V. Frunze's House of
the Soviet Aviation and Antiaircraft Defense" was still maintained
(Tsentralsnyy Dom Aviatsii i Protivovozdushnoy aboroay - WO imieni
NL V. Frunze. (i18)
WARNING; This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U, S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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PAGE
PAGES
It is also that the signal and radio-technical servicer,' .uhd the various
auxiliary technical services, about which the Corn ander4nC f of the Soviet
Antiaircraft Defense, Marshal Biryuzow spoke in his interview klilt) are also
represented in the high command of the air defense of the country.
The headquarters of the high command of the troops of antiaircraft defense was
called in 1956: "Main Administration of the High Command of Forces of Anti-
aircraft Defense of the Country" (Glavnoye Upravleniye Komanduyushchego
Wwskami Protivovozdushnoy ?barony Strany). (110)
7. ..is..Orizthe. Air Defense Territorial Control:
As mentioned previously, the existence of special air defense districts was
confirmed by the available sources only with regard to Moscow and Baku. The
Moskovskiy Air Defense District (Moskovskiy Okrug PAO was mentioned in the
Soviet sources on various occasions, (2), (111), (112), (113), (150)
The commander of the troops of the Moskovskiy Air Defense District (Komand-
uyushchiy voyskmmi PVO okruga), Col Gen P. F. Batitskiy, was interviewed by
the Red Star (Krasnaya Zvezda) reporter, from which the following character-
istics of the district may be established. (150)
Besides the command of the district, there is also a Military Soviet of the
district (Voyennyy Soviet OkrUga PV0). The functions of this soviet was not
determined. However, the commander of the district in his interview mentioned
that his soviet was participating in the selection of outstanding soldiers
among the air defense troops for the All-Army conference, in organization of
party-political education and in so-called "grading classification for air
defense specialists", Ola this occasion the commander of the district asserted
that among his troops there are many highly qualified, graded specialist in
the air defense).
Among the various military specialists included in the Moskovskiy Air Defense
District, the General mentioned: aviators, antiaircraft artillerymen, radio.
technical troopers, signalmen, aviation technical specialists, aviation
armament technical specialists, aviation oxygen equipment specialists and.
others. Further, the district commander mentioned that on one of the air-
fields of the antiaircraft defense fighter aviation there is a motor-tractor
platoon, which keeps the airfield and all access roads in good working order
and free of snow regardless of weather conditions.
According to Col General Batitskiy, one of the peculiarities of the air
defense troops is the fact that their success in operation depends upon the
irreproachable action of all numerous component teams of the whole air defense
system. Strict execution of the mission by every member of the fighter-air-
plane crew, by every member of the antiaircraft gun crew, or by every operator
of the radar station is a most indispensable condition of their combat effic-
iency. For this reason it is important that not only the leading soldiers
become highly qualified specialists, but all soldiers, sergeants, and officers,
without exception know their specialties perfectly; the Nbskovskiy District
of Air Defense in preparation for combat mission of its personnel is striving
not only for individual perfection, but for high efficiency of all air force
squadrons, artillery batteries and companies.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S, C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
" a
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The Moskovokiy Antiaircraft Defense District has many subunits in which every
soldier may be considered a leading specialist, asserts the Genera/. The
Bakinskiy Air Defense District, (Bakizsaly Okrug Protivovozdushnoy Oborony)
maps described less frequently in the Soviet press. (114), (115), (110
The Commanding General of the Troops of Bakinskiy Air Defense District
(komanduyushchyy Voyskami Bakinskogo Okruga Protivovozdushnoy Oborony)0 Co).
General V. D. Ivanov was not interviewed by the Soviet press (in the available
sources), except for his appeal to military editors and correspondents for
better cooperation in the training of his troops. (117)
Little is known about the composition of forces of the district and activity
of its troops except routine training and parades.
Besides special air defense districts of Moscow and Baku there are some
Indications that special territorial air defense subdivisions were formed in
the areas of Leningrad) Riga, Vladivostok and Magadan on the Okhotskoye Sea].
It is said that in the Leningrad area the air defense is the responsibility
of Admiral Baykov? Commander of the Leningrad Naval Region.*)
8. 0rintzat1onof of an ObAt:
According to the previously mentioned Soviet sources, organization and system
of control of the air defense of an object is established in peacetime. If
the defended object includes civil institutions or civil population, then the
civil head of the local air defense of the object is incorporated into the
military command of the object, and the formations and services of the local
air defense cooperate with the corresponding military organs. The diagram of
a combat organization of air defense of an object is shown in (Fig. 750 1=1.50)
however, this system was developed long before an atomic warfare came into
being, and does not include an anti-atomic service.
*) The French press published in Paris information g thered from the Estonian
and Latvian refugee circles that the whole Baltic shores from the Finland
Gulf to Klaipeda, including the naval base Liepaia (Libava), was organized
as a special air defense area. La particular; a persistent rumor was circul-
ating that the Soviet Air Defense Command of the Baltic area had turned the
Estonian Islands, Hiuumaa ( o) and Swam* (001w1) into a base for launching
antiaircraft rockets and guided missiles. Also, considerable fighter aviation
forces were installed along these shores; the civil population from the islands
under military uthorities was evacuated to the mainland.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting thi3 national defense of the United States within the meaning of this
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its' contents in'any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduce whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
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PAGE 54 OF 93 PAGES
system that the means of warning are correctly distributed, that they assure
good audibility on the whole territory of the inhabited area, that duplicate
yarning signals are provided and that the entire warning system is con-
trolled from a central point.
Air Wei.... Preparation of the Population
The air defense preparation of the civil population on the territory of the
USSR is conducted by the DOSAAF organization* and by organizations of the
Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Associations, (Soyuz Obshchestv Krasnogo
Kresta I Krasnogo Polumesyatsa).
The tasks of this preparation are:
(a) To instruct the population how to behave and how to maintain their
dwelling houses under conditions of atomic attack and also in case
of utilization by the enemy of bacteriological, chemical and other
special weapons.
(b) to train the population in the use of individual and collective means
of protection, in the organization of protection in contaminated
areas (by radioactive elements, 'by war gas and by other lethal means)
in methods of decontamination of the grounds, dwelling houses,
equipment, private property, clothes etc.,
c) to, train the population in removing the effects of an air attack,
In particular to assure: medical help for the victims of attack,
putting out fires, repair of technical breakdowns in communications,
transports and electrical power systems and destruction of unexplode
air projectiles.
The removal of the effects of an air attack is the responsibility of the
organizations and subunits of MM. In an emergency, all ablebodied citizens
may be drafted for this work.
4. Or anization of Central and Territorial Control of Local Air Defense
Local air defense and all preparations for civil air defense are the respon-
sibility of the Ministry of Interior.
Central control is executed. by the "Main Administration of the Local Air
Defense Service of Ministry of Interior" (Glavnoye Upravleniye Sluzhby
Mestnoy Protivovozdushnoy (Yborony Ministerstva Vnutrennikh Del SSSR), in close
cooperation with the military authority, (118).
As a rule, the air defense of the protected points and of special areas of the
country is realized by both active and passive means of defense i.e. by
aviation and flak units, and local organization of air defense; however in
some cases the air defense may be prepared only by local air defense.
The deployment of all air defense means starts with the announcement of
mobilization, or by special order of the military command or by sudden air
attack of the enemy air force.
*DOSAU - All Union Voluntary Association for the Promotion of the Army,
Aviation and Na Vsesoyaznoye Dobravol'noye Obshchestvo Sodeystviya
Aviatsii I Flotu
WARIVINO: This document contains information Affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title N, U. S C., Srctions 793 rind 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in Arty manner to an
;zed person is probibiteoi by law /t :nay not be reproducer/ in whole or in pert, by other than United Stel re8 Air Force
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93 posr;
STAT
Local air defense organizations start their combat activity from the moment
of enemy air attack, directing their efforts to liquidate the consequences
of this attack. Defore the local air defense units 'are able to start their
operations, members of the primary air defense organization from the civil
population, (so-called first echelons), are responsible for the liquidation
of the effects of an air attack. They are acting under control of the
commanders of the local primary formations of air defense.
5, Local Air Defensuiliglaajlman
The local antiaircraft defense of cities or ra ns is carried out by the City
or Rayon Executive Committees of the Soviets Counci317 of Working Population
(Ispolban Sovietov Deputatov Trudyash,chikhsya). The chairmen of these soviets
are heads of the city or rayon local air defense. They are responsible for
organization of the local air defense and protection of the population
against the effects of air attacks and also for proper preparation of the
forces and means of local air defense.
The head of the local air defense of the city or rayon directs the operations
through his working team called: "Headquarters and Services of the Local
Air Defense" (Shtab i Sluzhby Mestnoy Protivovozdushnoy Oboronya 0.
The services of the City Local Air Defense are organized in order to combat
and liquidate the effects of an enemy air attack.
AAA^
411=1-t7 0.4" talc 4u.J.J.ww.14146
(e)
(r)
Anti-fire Service,
Emergency Technical Service,
Medical Service,
Decontamination Services for People, Clothes, Buildings and
Territory,
Protection and Public Order Service,
Early Warning and Communications Service,
(g) Protection Shelters and Covers Service,
(h) Light Discipline Service,
(i) Veterinary Service and others (119).
Emergency rescue squads of the city (rayon) are composed of members of
existi.3g building and construction organization.
A diagram of a city local antiaircraft defense organization is shown in the
Fig. 76, Incl. 51, (119).
6. Local Air Defense of Ob ects of Vital NationalIgazam
Local air defense of objects of national importance is realized in order to:
- prepare these cbjects to function under conditions created by an air
attack,
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionatio Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person ;s prohibited by law It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies. except by permission of the Director of Intel1igent:0D, USAF
6,c FNikl
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...
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- protect the personnel of these objects,
- reduce material damages,
- liquidate the effects of an air attack.
The responsibility for the defense of objects such as industrial centers,
railway junetions, stations, sea and river ports, power plants, communication
centers and other, remains with the chiefs local antiaircraft organizations,
The most important objects are classified as "objects of special category".
The head of the local antiaircraft defense of the object directs the protec-
tive operations through his headquarters and the specialized services of the
local antiaircraft defense of the object. He also uses for this purpose the
technical, industrial and administrative personnel of the defended object.
The specialized services of the local air defense of the object, their
character and. tasks are the same as those of the spec iallized. services of the
city or rayon. They are headed by the chiefs of the corresponding departments
or subdivisions of the object. For example, chief engineer, chief mechanic,
chief doctor, supervisor of the general protection etc.
All the chiefs of the local air defense services are saborOinated to the head
of the local air defense of the objects, who directs them personaliy or thro
his headquarters.
The removal of the effect of air raids is the task of special party teams,
detachments and. other units recruited from the members of the various services
of MPV0. For example, medical teams are formed from medical service bodies;
larger units include several medical groups and teams.
The removal of air attack effects from small objects is performed by units
composed of members of various services. The WM units are composed of
personnel (men and. women) of the defended objects, (119).
7. Air Defense of Educational Institutions Kolkhozes Sovkhozes dDUi
The chiefs, directors and commandants of institutions such as educational
centers, kolkhozes, sovkhozes, motor tractor stations and other, are respon-
sible for the local air defense of these objects.
In peacetime, their responsibility in this field is limited to the preparation
and training of local air defense personnel for their objects, to the acqgisi-
tion of indispensable means and equipment and organization of preventive
measures against effects of an air attack. Small institutions, schools, and
duelling houses have primary party teams, so-called "groups of self.
defense". These groups are subordinated to the head of the local antiaircraft
defense of the object and operate according to his instructions.
The self-denfense groups supervise the execution of all preventive and fire.
fighting me ures of their objects and participate in the organization and
preparation of protective shelters aud covers and also assure their mainten
and proper use.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espiona4ge Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorired person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies. except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
FORM
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
UNCLASSIFIED
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(SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in)
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93
In dwellings and institutions assigned to tilem) the selfdefense group
supervises, in wartime) blackout and light ciontrol regulations and see to it
that orders and instructions of the executive committees of the city (or
. rayon) are carried out properly.
Upon the sounding of the air alarm signal the personnel of the selfdense group
must timely warn the tenants of dwellings of educational institutions, or
collective farms about the air attack and should assure them the proper cover
and refuge in pre-arrenged shelters. Selfdefense groups act immediately in
areas hit or contaminated by air attack assuring premedical help to the victi
and protecting the property of the state, community and of private persons.
They participate in rescue work and cooperate with specialized units of 1070.
Selfdenfense groups are recruited from the inhabitants of dwellits quarters,
employees of the institutions and students. Citizens of both sexes EIS 16 and
up may be enrolled.
A selfdefense group includes:
- the head of the group,
- assistant of the head for political matters)
- manager of supplies, and equipment)
? cloief of communications,
- 6 party teams: public order and observation, fire prevention, decontam-
ination, emergency-rescue, medical and protective shelters and covers.
On farms with live-stock a veterinary team may also be formed. Earch team of
the selfdefense group consists of 5-8 members and 2 alternates.
Training and preparation of selfdefense personnel is assured by the local
committees of DOSAAF. The preparation of particular teams may be delegated
to the specialized services of MPV0) and the preparation of medical teams to
the Union of Associations of the Red Cross and Red Crescent; in educational
institutions the leaders and members of selfdefense groups are trained by the
managing personnel of these institutions.
8. 19_AL.13A.tt_o_f_viorofPo i
-rulationsAecordiNtsof'MPV0
Upon declaration of a "State of Emergency'' (Ugrozhayemoye Polozheniye) the
system of lueal air defense of the inhabited areas and objects is placed in
combat readiness.
A "State of Emergency" means that the territory on which it Was declared is in
the zone of a possible enemy air attack) ghreatened Zone7. The "State of
Emergency" maybe introduced by order of the head of MO of a Republic (or of
Oblast', Region grae, or City).
In case of a declaration of an "Emergency State", the competence and responsi-
bility of the administration and guiding personnel of educational institutions)
other institutions of a general character and dwelling quarters are decided
locally in accordance with the resolutions of Executive Committees of the
Soviets ffounci47 of Deputies of Working People of the given areas. The same
WARNING.- This document contains information affecting the national daftnikr, of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. its transmission or the revelation of it contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, excepi by pPrwission of the Director of Intelligence. USAF
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SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
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58 93
executive committees decide the order in which the protective shelters and
covers should be pat into combat readiness and also direct the behavior of the
population, in accordance with the MPTO signals.
As soon as the order of a "State of Emergency' is brought to. the knowledge of
the population in the given area, members of the MPV0 units are called for
instructions; subunits are formed and an adequate number of MO posts are
fixed in the area., (anti-fire post, public order, observation). A 24 hour
tour of duty of responsible personnel is established in various institutions
and dwelling quarters.
Protective shelters and refuges occupied for other purposes are cleared by
orders of the executive committees and put into combat readiness; simultaee-
ously covers of the simplest type (slit trench, dugout) are built.
Individual antichemical protection means and fire fighting equipment are put
Into fell reeeieeee nee special preventive anti-fire measures are taken*
In order to reduce the number of possible fires resulting from an air attack,
the inhabitants are ordered to clear their premises from rubbish (particularly
of inflammable character) ana also not to leave the heating devices, burning
appliances, and electrical installations without supervision.
All the vork required by the blackout regulations in industrial, administra-
tive and dwelling quarters and in transport carriers should be completed
before dark. All adults should be alert and cooperate with the security and
public order services, in order to discover an render harmless hostile
element which may become active after the "State of Emergencym is declared.
All radio receivers should be permanently switched on, because after a
declaration of a "State of Emergency" is made, all MPV0 signals, orders and
instructions are transmitted by radio.
The citizens should acquire out of their own funds the antigas equipment (gas
masks and antigas capes). They should also keep their food supplies in
special protective containers and water in closed receptacles, (119), (120).
9. Leptis of the MP70! (120), (121)
(a) Air Alar
Upon approach of an enemy plane the population of the area is warned by the
signal: "Air Alarm" (Vozdushnaya Trevoga), which at the same time serves as
a warning against an atomic attack.
The signal "Air Alarm" is transmitted through a radio net-work in these words:
"Citizens! The Air Alarm is Declared" (Grazhdane! Ob'yavlyayetsya
VozduShnaya Trevoga). This warning is accompanied by sirens and whistles of
plants, factories, locomotives, ships, etc. during 2-3 minutes.
On this signal, members of selfdefense groups head for asserbly points and the
working people are directed by their superiors to protective shelters and
covers. The MO posts are reinforced and, if the air alarm is given during
the night, the blackout regulations are checked. The personnel of the MO
units assembles in its alarm places and acts according to the orders of the
MO heads.
...._____
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C. Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
offtPWOOMOMOWIMMO
AF (1OCRTM52 1 1 2a
REPLACES Al FORM II?-PART II, I JIM 48,
WHICH MAY BE LISE0.
CLASSIFICATION
UNCLASSIFIED
(SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in)
GPO 933656
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Cop Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-A
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
'74e0
;LAM' La
50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
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ct-AssiricpeTioN (SECURITY INFORMATION when tilled in)
SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
PAGE 59 OF 93 PAGES
After :the "Air Alaxe signal) fires in stoves of dwelling houses and other
buildings should be extinguished, other heating appliances and burners
awitched off, and the gas supply cut off.
People on streets and roads are directed towards shelters and covers, and, if
they are not available in the vicinity or are overcrowded) to places where the
contours of the terrain or ditches offer some cover.
After an "Air Alarm signal the people in houses or other buildings?c before
making for shelters, should complete their fire prevention precautions) close
the 'windows and draw the blinds. The indispensable food and water supply
should be taken to shelters or covers. The city transport will be stopped at
once and the passengers will be directed to the nearest shelters.
(b) Atomic r11) -
During the "Air Alarm" the enemy may use the atomic weapons. If an atom bomb
explodes, citizens in shelters and covers (except persons in special anti-
chemical shelters) should put on their gas masks and protective capes. The
people on the streets and roads should take any nearest cover, such as ditches
ravines, trenches) under stone bridges, in tunnels, or any other natural
covers in the terrain. There should. be no running. If there is no cover,
people in the open should lie down prone) with legs directed toward the
explosion, covered by a protective cape) and should remain motionless for
15-20 seconds.. It is important in such a case to act rapidly, ra ere lite y)
without panic and strictly according to the ENO instructions issued before-
hand.
(c) Chemical Attack (lal
In case of contamination of the territory with radioactive elements, or other
chemical or bacteriological substances, the headquarters of the MP70 will give
the signal: "Chemical Attack". This alarm may concern only a part of the
area or the territory of the entire city. In this case the signal transmitted
through a radio net-work will be "Citizens! Chemical Attack". It will be
repeated by sound signals (striking of a suspended rail, gongs or other loud
sounding metal objects). A local chemical alarm will be signalled by
frequently repeated sound signals. If the signal is given by radio (in case
of an atomic explosion or bacteriological attack)) the character of contamina-
tion and the limits of contaminated areas also may be indicated.
Upon hearing the signal "Chemical Attack" all persons who are not in the
special antichemical protective shelters must put on their own individual
protective means.
(d) 221.2.22f..216121_11E1
As soon as the danger of an air attack is past, the MO headquarters trans-
mits through the radio network the signal "All Clear", or "Citizens! The
Danger of Air Attack is past. All Clear." After an atomic air attack, the
signal "All Clear" is transmitted only the area of attack, but not on
the territory on which the atomic explosion occurred. In that case, all
persons may leave the shelters and covers only by orders of the operating
personnel of the MPV0, strictly Observing the regulations of behavior in the
contaminated area.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the Meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title Is, U. S, C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF'
110.10.31/111011?1111111?10,01.010011111010~
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REPLACES AF FORM 111 PART 11, 1 JUN 48,
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CLASSIFICATION
AS S IF IED
STAT
1
(SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in)
GPO 9 33656
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
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11110111~41011.1?401101*110?ANIMMIIMMIMOMMOSOOMMOIMM,
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All able-bodied citizens must participate in emergency rescue work, according
to orders and instructions issued by the headquarters of the local air
defense.
10. General Tasks of DOSAAF and Union of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
MIK
AssoCiiii= 1:3717176-aritri"Vrense
The All-Union Voluntary Society for the Promotion of the kw, Aviation and
Nary (Vsesoymnoye Dobrovol'noye Obshchestvo Sodeystviya Armii? Aviatsii
Flotu SSSR, DOSAAF, SSSR) has been given an important task in the field of
defense of the country. This society together with Red Cross and Red
Crescent Associations (Soyuz Obshchestir Kresta I Krasnogo
Polumesyataa, SOKK I KP) prepare and train the command personnel and the
population, in local air defense.
In particular, DOSAAF? the Red Cross and Red. Crescent Associations are active
In the training of self-defense groups, in supplying programs and terdrira
aids and other means to the local air defense organizations. DOSAAF and the
associated organizations prepare and publish books, educational posters,
educational films, etc., which instruct the population how to protect itself
during an air attack and in particular against atomic and bacteriological
weapons.
Special attention is paid to the preparation of the whole population against
ect of a c war aree.
sselk
tasks
Litti4 (12I)
'
The DOSAAF and its associated organizations form among the working population
so-called PAZ Circles (Kruzbki Protivoatomnoy Z,ashchity). Each "Krushok
PAZ" comprises 20-25 members, Training is conducted 1-2 times per week. Each
class lasts 2 hours.
Training and school hours are decided by committees of the primary DOSAAF
organizations in coordination with administrations of institutions, enterprise
plants, educational centers, sovhozes, kolkhozes and dwelling quarters
managements.
The training is conducted in the "Kruzhki PAZ" by voluntary instructors of
PAZ ana the medical personnel assigned by the primary DOSAAF organizations and
Red Cross and Red Crescent Associations, which also supply the necessary means
of education and training aids (in, cooparaticx with the management of institu-
tions concerned and other social organizations). The basic training aid for
the study of PAZ problems is the book-let entitled: "Instructions for the
Po ? lation in Atomic Defense" (Pamyatka Naseleniyu pa Zashchite at Atonmogo
Oruzhiya
C.
The PAZ instructors and medical personnel carry out their work in preparing
the population in antiatomic defense as a social duty 5robably withou, special
salaries and beyond their regular duties, what is called in Russian: "vesti
rabotu v obshchestvennom poryadke" i.e. to do the work as a social obligatioq
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the Meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthori2ed person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
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CLASSIFICATION
(SECURITY INFORMATION when tilled In)
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The population is trained and instructed in anti-atomic defense (PAZ) accord-
ing to the program called "Program of Training the Population in Anti-atomic
Defense in Circles of Primary Organizations of DOSAAF" (Programa Zanyatiy s
Vaseleniyem po Protivoatomnoy Zashchite v Kruzhkakh Pervichnykh Organizatsiy
MOW) This program includes the following subjects:
iAtt the atomic 'weapon,.
,illitm4y of vi an collective means of ti- atomic defense. 1
study of first aid methods to victims of an atomic attack,
- study of the rules of behavior of the population according to the
NPVO signals.
In the final stage of the,training the PAL instructor (or leader of the PAZ
circle) calls a conference of committees of DOSAAF primary organizations and
of Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Associations. During the final stage
of training the trainees are given an examination of the subjects comprised
in the program and of their skill in using the anti-atomic defensive means.
The results of training and the marks received by the trainees are registered
in a formal document. These results are noted also in the membership cards
of the DOSAAF organization. The record of completed anti-atomic training
states the date of training and its character. Citizens who are not members
of DOSAAF organizations are issued certificates of completion of anti-atomic
training. Persons who complete the training with unsatisfactory results are
obliged to repeat the course.
Statistics of citizens who completed anti-atomic training are kept in the
records of primary organizations of DOSAAF and in regional committees of
DOSAAF. The anti-atomic defense training in DOSAAF circles is combined with
propaganda among the working population for joining the organization.
(b) PAZ Instructi (1191_m_
The basic role in the anti-atomic preparation of the population belongs to
volunteer PAZ instructors. For this reason the DOSAAF committees select the
candidates for PA?, instructor posts with special care.
Volunteer PAZ instructors (leaders of PAZ circles) are selected by the city or
rayon DOSAAF committees from among the most active DOSAAF members, from among
instructors of Air and Antichemical Defense (Protivovozdushnaya i Pro-
tivokhimicheskaya Dborone PVKh0), engineers, technicians, chemists, teachers,
medical personnel, reserve officers, and retired officers.
The instructors are trained in DOSAAF Air Defense Schools and also at courses
organised by the city (or rayon) committees of DOSAAF or by the conmittees of
large primary organizations of DOSAAF.
The training is conducted according to the program: "Prevaration of
Volunteer Instructors of DOSAAF for Anti-atonic Defense" (Podgotovka Obsh-
chestvennykh Instructorov DOSAAF po Protivoatomnoy Zashchite (PAZ)). Citizens
who complete this training and successfully pass an examination, receive a
certificate and by the decision of the city (rayon) committee of also
the title of "Volunteer DOSAAF Instructor for Anti-atomic Defense" (Obsh-
chestvennyy Instruktor DOSAAF po Protivoatonnoy Zashchite).
Instructors who complete
are given the highest ail
Obshahestva Znak: 'La
the training of more than 250 trainees in PAZ circles
aras a medal "For Active Wore (Vyss.haya_Nagrad,a
WARNING; This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 79$ and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
UNCLASSIFIED
CLASSIFICATION
111111631111MIIIPM11111.10?11111?011001.11
(SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in)
SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
"' 62
OF
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STAT
PAZ instructors are supervised and assisted, by the city (rayon) committees of
DOSAAF, which organize the methodical instructive training and seminars. In
order to increase the skill and knowledge of PAZ instructors DOSAAF
committees invite members of the All-Union Society for the Promotion of
Political and General Sciences to organize lectures and scientific reports on
atomic weapons andszt1.-.o.tomic defense, for PAZ instructors.
12. The Role of the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Associations in
.92.14 .:..the Medical Service )0-)1
(a) Medical Service Formations
The Republican, Regional, Oblast' and. City Committees of the Union of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Associations, work in close cooperation with DOSAAF
committees and the Ministry of Public Health and organize and train units for
the Medical Service of local air defense organizations. These units are:
- personnel of medical posts,
medical squads,
- rescue and casualty sorting parties,
- rescue and medical transport detachments.
The Medical Post is formed from especially trained personnel, entitled to
75
wear a badge "GSO" robably: "Ready for Medical Defensdl- Gotov k
Sanitarnoy Oborone . The medical post comprises: 4 persons and medical
equipment (first aid. bag, medical chest, stretcher and gas masks). Medical
posts are created in welling quarters, schools, educational institutions,
various enterprises, kolkhozes and sovkhozes.
The tasks of medical posts are:
- first aid to victims 5f an air attaclq,
? transportion of victims from the area affected by an air attack,
- medical and anti-epidemic arrangements in shelters and places where
people gather.
(b) AILTEIHIEELUET111.21.22
Medical squads are organized in enterprises, institutions, educational
institutions, kolkeozes and sovkho'ees, from among the most active members of
the Red Cross and Red Crescent Associations, who had medical training accord-
ing to a special program.
A medical squad 5r detachmenI7 comprises usually five teams with the follow-
ing medical equipment: first aid bag for squad commanders, first aid kit for
members of the squad, one stretcher for each team, gas masks and protective
overalls for all squad members. They administer first ail in areas of air
attacks, organize the transportation of victims to places of safety,and guide
the work of stretcher bearer teams.
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WARNING.- This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794, Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by mew. Jr may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
FORM o,,5? 112a RE
WHICH MAY Bt. Lr'i11).
M. ACE(. Al FORM II?. PAM IL 1 JUN 48,
Cis
1 ION
(SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in)
GPO 933656
Declassified, in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
UNCLASSIFIED
CLA.0.03IFICATION (SECIiITY INFORMATION when tilled in)
WWWWWW01.0100411.0?01 wiftwalommoramommiramemloommumelimmOWNISIONimmift
SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
mu 63 OF 93 PAGES
Medical squads included in Medical First Aid Detachments (Otryad Pervoy
Meditsinskoy Pomoshchi QPM) curry out their work according to the instruc-
tions of the commander of the detachment and assist the medical personnel of
the detachment.
Medical squads may be used also to combat the threat of an epidemic. They
are then called Medical Anti-Epidemdc Squads (Sanitarno-w4ivoepidemicheakiye
druzhiny).
(c) Search and quI221110.12E21122
A First Aid Medical Detachment comprises also a Search and Segreiation Group
(Poiskovo-sortirovachnaya Gruppa, PSG) composed of specially trained nurses.
This group comprises: chief of the group, (medical practitioner) and
11 nurses. Each nurse is equipped with a first aid kit, individual antimgas
package, protective cloth, flashlight and water container. The task of the
group is to give first premedical help to victims of an air attack in the
area of destruction and ruins. In this task the group cooperates with the
technical-rescue subunits and directs the work of medical posts and squads,
and, in particular, organizes the first segregation of victims and arranges
for their transportation.
The Detachments of Search and Victim Removal (Otryady rozyska and vynosa
postradavshikh, ORVP) work under the guidance of the Search and Segregation
Group. After completion of their work in destruction areas, the nurses of
the Search and Segregation Groups may be engaged to work with the stationary
medical units of the Medical Service of Local Antiaircraft Defense.
(d) Detachments of Search and Victim Removal
ORVP
Members of the OVRP are formed by order of the directors of the given
educational institutions and trained according to the special programs. Each
ORVP comprises 5 squads, a total of 125 members. In case of air attack the
ORVP is directed to the destruction areas to search for victims, Idiom they
carry out after the necessary pre-medical first aid is given.
Training aids and necessary equipment are allotted to the OVRP according to
the tables of equipment allowances for a given educational institution, (119).
(e) Circles of voluiLELLILeyiLLE Medical Defense"
In addition to the formations of the Local Air Defense mentioned abovel
organizations of the Red Cross and Red Crescent conduct the training of
medical sections of Selfdefense Groups and also organize a mass training of
the population in the circles of volunteers called "Ready for Medical Defense"
(Gotov k Sanitarnoy Oborone, GS()) and "Be Ready for Medical Defense" (Bud'
Gotov k Sanitarnoy Oborone, BGS0), which are probably special formations for
young volunteers
STAT
The training of all the above mentioned mass formatio of Local Air Defense,
conducted by DOSAAF and the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Associations,
reinforces the local air defense of the USSR (119).
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Eapionade Laws, Title 18, U. S. C. Secrioro 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
A c FORM
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4.00101010.11.0.MMNIONVIIMINNOIWNONIMPON.M....111111MIN
SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
PAGE 64 OF 93 PAGES
13. Antiatomic Dee/y.21E1y. garnilLi
In the daily Soviet Patriot (June 1956) appeared an article signed by a
certain O. Taranenko, concerning the decontamination of installations after
an atomic blast.
According to the article, special groups of Local Air Defense squads (komandy),
provided with dosimetrical equipment are selected to inspect the damage area,
to determine the degree of contamination of different regions, and to mark
the region boundaries.
After determining the extent of radioactive contamination) they proceed to
decontaminate the area and to weaRen the effects of radioactive substances
used by the enemy.
MU,
IL=
author of the article suggested the following safety norms in contaminated
areas:
(a) the ground is considered "contaminated", if the degree of gamma
radiation exceeds 0.1 Roentgen per hour,
(b) the ground is considered "highly contaminated", if the gamma radia-
tion exceeds 5 Roentgens per hour,
(c) the ground is considered "dangerously contaminated" if the gamma
radiation exceeds 100 Roentgens per hour.
As to the safety precautions for the MVO antiatomic personnel, a dosage of
50 Roentgens in a single exposure is considered safe. If exposures are
repeated, the safety norms (per exposure) are reduced to 10 Roentgens) but the
total dosage should not exceed 100 Roentgens a year. In continuous and
systematic exposure, the safety norm for antiatomic personnel is reduced to
0.1 Roentgen per hour.
The article also discussed the problem of decontamination of dwelling quarters
L;simoroaches to the house;;, houses, and household furniture7.
....., ..._ ... . _ .... , . , _... _____ ... .. . ....
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C,, Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law, it may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by- other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence. USAF
ther,VV,,..110sM/0.1.10.1414 141.,'.7.4144..11). W.W.I'S Imleauwwww.ormumemtemargamardwewooduasmprauxopsom. nWoaewanewmsmVgtwommWtPatsnrNWaiWM...WM...O.M.E.O...INPIM..01iV;W'NMOos?oenpwpsmjmpmmnmj
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IONIONONNO.1106.14011?01.11.10110001104000.1
'SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
PAGE OF PAGES
65 93
V. AIR DEFENSE TRAINING PROMOS AND SCHOOLS
1. Defense Minister about the Wepons
On Nov. 27, 1957, N: Pravda reported a speech ot Soviet Defense Minister,
Marshal R. Malinovskiy, delivered at the Kremlin to Military Academy graduates,
on the subject of improving the study of new weapons and in particular of
modern air defense weapons in military academies.
Marshal Malinovskiy pointed out that Soviet officers had not fully mastered all
the problems concerning the use of the latest weapons and most modern military
equipment?
The defense minister stressed that further great efforts were required to solve
the problem of efficient air defense weapons and in particular of anti-missile
weapons*
Soviet officers (continued the minister) in addition to their study of new
weapons, have been trained in modern methods of anti atomic defense, as well as
in anti-gas and anti-chemical defense.
The minister mentioned in his speech that there is a shortage of laboratory and
training equipment in Soviet military schools, but he denied that the Soviet
armed forces technical)y were insufficiently prepared. On the contrary, he
said, "our forces are equipped with all the most modern weapons, including
nuclear and thermoenuclear and missiles weapons".
Among the listeners of Marshal Malinavskiy's speech were generals and high
ranking officers who had completed the courses for high command officers at
the Lenin Higher Military Academy and the Frunze General Staff Academy. He
mentioned that 70 percent of graduates were participants of World War III and
among them 59 hold the title of "Hero of the Soviet Union".
Apparently these courses, organized on the highest level, were designated to
further modernization of the Soviet armed forces with particular stress on the
air defense latest weapons, (125).
2. Air Defense Schec2,122EilLainE..1ELLIEE
Information concerning Soviet air defense schools and training centers is
comparatively scarce. The promotion of air defense force to the equal status
with main arms caused considerable increase in the alr defense schools and
training centers.
Some information in the Soviet sources indicate that the training of air
defense ECO-s was organized in special training battalions.
Education of air defense officers follows the general pattern of Soviet
military education for officers which includes:
(a) Scientific research aad special training centers (Nsuchno-issledovatel'-
nyve I spetsializiruyashehyye uehrezhdeniya)
(b) Institutions of higher military education, which are also called
"military acalmetme (Vysshiye-voyenno-uchebnyye zavedeniya I akademi
4140"..61.111,11.111.01011114810111101/1001100001101.1101111111111WAINMPI
*) It is said that Dzerzhinskiy Artillery Academy in Moscow had developed a
special training center for high ranking antiaircraft defense officers.
? ...... .
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws. Title l8, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
Ponogneo?Mnieleoftlumso. formmeviamaineximMolarawleaveMMAIRON1opo0Orowssw!wares.11.Nlex.....arnavanwveAmsmvrKtoass or.seretmapar wortirar.,...... tnrennm.
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111.110P
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PAGE 66 OF
93
(c) Military schools of secondary education or so-called "officers
schools" (srediye voyenno-uchebnyye zavedeniya)?
(d) Special correspondenee courses of higher miliipary educational
establishments (Z8ochnyve vysshiye voyenno-ucliebnyye zavedeniya),
WO.
0
PAGES
It is probable that Soviet special air defense schools (cist on all the above
inentioned levels of the Soviet military educational vat* although most of
'the air defense schools mentioned in available sources are on the level of
secondary military educational institutions. Special air defense schools for
tiviation personnel were tot found in available sources.
One of the first air defense schools mentioned n the Soviet sources was the
Sevastopol Antiaircraft Artillery School, (127) Then, in 1946 in the
V: Kcsasomorskaya Prilvdal appeared the annaundement of the Commander of air
defense of the country about the opening of registration of candidates for
the following military schools:
1. ,,School of Instrumental Reconnaissance (Uchilishche instrumentalinoy
razvedki), in the city of Pushkin (Leningradskaya
2. Antiaircraft Artillery Schools, Order of Fatherland War in the city of
Gor'kly (Goekovskoye Ordena Otechestvennoy Voymy uchilishdhe
zenitnoy artillerii)?
3. The Sevastopol' Antiaircraft Artillery School Order of the Red Banner
In the city of Zhitomir
Usoif the condittons of training in these schools were specified:
Duration of courses in these schools 3 years,
Educational requirements - 10 grades of high school,
Age of candidates 18 - 24, (11O).
In 1954, the Red Star published a news item about the Antiaircraft Artillery
School Order of the Red Star in the city of Tomsk (Tomskoye Ordena Krasnoy
Zvezdy zenitno-axtillerlyskoye uchilishche) in the SibirskiyAMilitary
District (128).
More recently, on March 23,1955, N: Pravda (The Truth) supplied the informs.-
tiol about the Govorov L.A.Artillery-Radiotechnical Academy in the city of
Kharkov (Khar'kovskayaArtilleriyskayaRadiotechnicheskayaAkademiyaSovetskoy
Armii L41 Gevorova)? (129). On October 5, 1955, the N: Red Star
(Krasnaya No. 2uent10 aft Art4lery
School (ajskye
On May 30 1957, the N: Red Star (Krasnaya Zveda), No. 126, reported the
existence of the lieningiirTigiircraft Technical Artillery School (Lenin-
gmdskoye Zenitno-Artillerlyskoye Tekhnicheskoye Udhilishdhe) and on June 200
1957, NC. 1440 the same newspaper published a news report about Chkalovsk?
G.K. Ordzhonikidze Antiaircraft Artillery School (Chkalovskoye imeni
G.K. Ordzhonikidze Zenitno-ArtilleriTskoye Uthlishche) in717Ahnoura1lskiy
(South Ural) Military District, (147). This news report described night
combat firing of one railing battery formed among the students of the school
under the command of aj. Posyagin.
On November. 151 1957, in N: Red Star,(Krasnaya Zvedz)1 No. 2691 appeared a ney
report about the Odessa.\Antiaircraft Artillery School (Odesskoye ZenitnorA
riyskoye Uthilishdhe) In the 04esakirMiliWy District. While describing the
training in the school, the news report mentioned the following training per-
smell: Lt. COO.Gavrytilfav) instructor of tactics Lt. Col. Sbumilov,
WAR/YANG: This document contains information affectini the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Esnionno Laws, Title !8, U. S. C., Socrior i 793 end 794. Its trAnamission or the 4evelation of its contents in any manner to an
un10h or e:,(1 pet:?J0 IS prohibited by II w It rYlIy not be trpeockwed in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
.???I,, ).(,r1 /!iti r , F
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CLASSIFICAT)ON (SEC(JRITY INFORMATION when tilled in)
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SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
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PAGE
67
OF
93
senior instructor of communication service and communication materiel,
Lt. Col. Baldykin, senior instructor of military topogr4hy.
The training and study of the air defense problems on the highest level is
Neured by special courses at the Lenin Higher Military Academy and at the
Frunze General Staff Academy, as it Ins mentioned in N: Pravda on Nov. 270
1957, (25).
3. NAjo Gen. of the Air Force A.I. Pokryshkin about the Training in
Aerial Combat
PAGES
A three-time Hero of the Soviet Union, Guards Maj. General of the Air Forte,
A.I. Pokryshkin, published in the Herald. of the Mr Fleet (130) an article in
e ettiFFeeteriti thecodirtiposai i es o ter aviation as follows:
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of the tighter in fire power and the feet that his aircraft
a itualer target area give him a better chance in an aerial combat
with an enemy bomber.
The arAament of a modern fighter aircraft is characterized by great fire power,
hitting capacity and accuracy of sighting mechanism. At present, fi4 ter
aircraft are armed mostly with artillery weapons. However, the development of
aviation requires even greater use of aerial rocket weapons and also guided and
boming-guided rockets. Adoption of homing-guided rockets will not only increas
the firing powerAoftithelfighter airplane, but will also enable the fighter
pilot to hit hostile supersonic airplanes and pilotless means of attack, inter-
cepted on their approaching courses. General Pokryshkin believes that in the
future the interception of enemy air targets on their approaching courses will
play a still more important role in aerial combats.
Further, neral Pokryshkin pointed out that in the combat training of fighter
aviation personnel the study of enemy air tactics,famillarity with the enemy
aviation materiel and also with the combat-technical characteristics of the
enemy aircraft plays a wry important role. At the same time, fis ter pilots
should constantly try to improve their awn air tactics aud methods of inter-
ception. The tactical ratio of forces in aerial combat has substantial in-
fluencedon the result of the operation. Numerical superiority of force creates
favorable conditions for the destruction of an enemy formation in a short perio
of time. Depending on the character of the enemy formation, the superior
fighter forces may be introduced into combat simultaneously or from various
assault positions. Also the numerical superiority may be obtained by attacking
only one part of the enemy formation by a concentrated large fighter forte.
However, said Pokryshkin, it would be an error to consider only numerical
superiority as a decisive factor of success and to forget the correlation in
fire power between the enemy and the attacking ter force* He ends his
Imaggations_ly
WARNING: Thi, document ronteins information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionede Laws; Title 18, U. S. C.. Section, 793 ,Ind 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in who!ei or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
Ar (7);../'",, 112a
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PAGE 68
0F93
1 PAGES
saying that the necessary coast readiness of the Soviet Fleeter Force Veldt
defends the air frontier of the USSII, &Vends on hi moral and combat pane
ties and political preparation of the Soviet fi, ter aviation personne1(110)?
In Order to increase the skill in aerial tiring of the Soviet fighters, the
training unite are equipped wth the most modern training aids. The fighter
e '43:4404 in aerial mapping on the ground and in the air. Each
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4. Antiaircraft Artillery and Antiaircraft Machinegun Training
An editorial of the led Star, published in January 1955, pointed out the
following principlerfarig training of antiaircraft artillery personnel,
(131):
" /n the system of antiaircraft defense of the arme4 tireee a eeal
the countm the antiaircraft artillery plays 0, **et4reettant *gel
The experience of World War X/ unquestionably Meted tte- eitormOne
potentialities of this weapon. Soviet antiaircraft artillery togeter
? with ft. ter aviation provi4ed a reliable umbrella for Soviet ground
and sea fornations it all operations of the Soviet armed forces, anti
worded off mass raids of enemy aircraft on Soviet seaports, lines of
communication, large cities and industrial centers.
"The further development of aviation technique presents even more
pressing detAnds on the combat skill of antiaircraft artillery units
and subunits and on the combat morale of the personnel. High speed
and hi ceilings, as well as a considerable increase of the range of
operations of modern aircraft, all this could not but affect the
qualitative changes of the antiaircraft artillery and me.chineguns or
combat preparedness of the antiaircraft 8e,,,,t4mlery personnel*
741
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frt ?i k F i 1, li 1
ritt . 11 t, t * $ 1 , overimettis rup.Ied
i
with first class mechanical equipment produced by Soviet industry,
equipment that meets all the demands imposed by present day air come
bet. It is our duty, says the editorial, to take care that the
personnel ?f our antiaircraft artillery further improve their skill i
handling 'weapons and technical equipment and achieve precision, good
teamwork and perfection ineqperations.0 conducted under most complex
conditions.
'thanks to persistent training antiaircraft artillerymen achieved, an
improvement in their combat preparedness last year. In All-Army Fire
and Tactics competitions several antiaircraft artillery batteries of
the Army and Navy won challenge prizes and certificates.
"Continuing the exercises in winter time, commanders of antiaircraft
artillery units and subunits instruct and train their subordinates in
new developments of military science and technique. Performing these
important task the commanders should pay a particular ? attention to
the further development of vigilance and constant combat preparedness
of their subordinates.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States Within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws; Title IL U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. /is transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person ia prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AF FOOCITM52 1 I 2a
REP1?ACE3 AF FORM 112-PART 11, 1 JUN 48, CLASSIFIC.ATION
WHICH MAY BE USED,
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fag
GE 69 OF 93 PAGES
"Vigilance is the most important combat, quality o Soviet soldiers. TO
be vigilant means to be ready at the first signal to open fire, to put
in action all the complicated technical devices, including radar stations
which enable observers to determine air target location at the longest
possible range. Vigilance of an antiaircraft artilleryman is supposed to
include his personal responsibility for the performance of his duty in
'Operating the guns and instruments and also for his hi?* discipline, good
teamwork, and strict compliance with the provisions of antiaircraft
artillery service regulations.
..."The crews of radar stations are particularly responsible for the
improvement of combat preparedness of antiaircraft artillery units and
subunits. The dependable functioning of modern radar equipment and its
successful use, depend upon their skill and training. It is well known,
that even a brief interruption of its functions may leadlto the loss of
the target end this means that the whole subunit will be put in the most
difficult situation. Therefore, it is important to improVe constantly
the technical knowledge of the personnel, to instruct members of the crew
how to locate precisely at element's notice the target's position,, how
to tune and regulate the radar installation and to operate them under
heavy radar interferences.
'While training their subordinates the commanders have to keep in mind.
that the caMbat training of antiaircraft artillerymen should always be
carried out in conditions closely resembling actual combat without
excuses or simplifications.
...The personnel are conditioned to fight a strong) technically well
armed enemy, possessing modern aircraft.
"...Unfortunately some inadmissible practices areetolarettO in the
combat training of antiaircraft artillery personnel; for instance
artillerymen know in advance where the target will come from at the
next exercise". Such a practice has nothing in common with actual
combat conditions,
..."The requirements in training of the troops in what is indispensable
for real war, especially emphasize the pressing necessity of improving
the combat qualifications of antiaircraft gunners. Performing their
duty at the guns and at antiaircraft fire directors, they must realize
and feel the tenseness of modern actual combat and its complexity.
..."There are also some other deficiencies in the training methods of
antiaircraft gunners. Thus, SOMB commanders do not pay due attention
to the fortifications of gun emplacements. This is very detrimental
for the combat training of the personnel. It is well known that the
combat activity of antiaircraft gunners is subject to enemy air attack.
Therefore, it is selfeunderstood that the fortification of the fire
positions has an enormous importance.
..."It le elvays necessary to instruct and train antiaircraft gunners
in the construction of fortifled gyp emplacements.
Also a proper - ,mization of daily training in the supply of material
is very import t ror e ()moth teamwork in subunits. Further,
the commanders automatization in artillerymen action.
They should d$ c a to the main task: to locate the target
__ _eta bo_tivx,1_w_it _ Loi.. h_direct_tok_it ap_w_ars and shoot it down.
WARNING: This document contains information .affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of tha
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U, S. C., Sections 793 a6d 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any mariner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced insvhole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director' of Intelligence, USAF
tE FORM REPLACES AF FORM 112-PART 1 JUN 48, CLASSIF !CM ION
kv oci 52 1 1 2a WHICH MAY BE USED,
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..."Another important factor in cadbat training is the necessity to
improve artillery marksmanship of the officers. They must know
perfectly the artillery weapons, their potentialities and proper use
against maneuvering enemy aircraft;
..."Antiaircraft artillery plays an important role in modern war. But
to play such a role its personnel must strive for a steadfast improvement
in knawles:a. and skill, and use their initiative in the combat against
a strong and technically well equipped air enemy, (131).
5. The Role of All-Army Artillery Competitions in Training of Antiaircraft
Artillery Personnel
In December 1956 there appeared in the geld Star and article of Artillery
Lt. General N. K. Vasilikov, demanding ififiTigher achievements in the combat
preparedness of the Soviet antiaircraft artillery, (132).
The author ,assert that in view of constant and rapid perfection of the aerial
attack the role and the task of air defense troops have become still more
Important, particularly in the last few years. The actual combat requires
of the 4ak personnel the ability to repulse an attack of supersonic aircraft,
flying at various altitudes, from the highest to the lamest.
Combat/against such aerial targets, Vasilikov writes, presents great
Peculiar feature of this combat is the extremely limited time during which the
aeriil target finds itself in the zone of fire. In many cases the flak
personnel will have only a few seconds for firing against aerial targets.
Nevethelessi? they should hit the target or at least force the enemy to
abandon thel,ataaa '
The: author points out that In atomic warfare even a single enemy aircraft,
earrying nuclear bomb, may cause irreparable damages if the air defense is
?Unable to Stop it.
'
Inviewof this oasi1414
impror their co4bat,
to det,prmane its pn
conduOt the; fire at
technique qrt
44.
personnel should constantly strive to
be able to detect the target in time,
Its coordinates,(koordinaty)? and to
fully utilizing the entire combat
Until quite r?, there existed a widespread opinion among flak artillery
oTcers that a salvo scoring a hit on the first burst is rather a matter of
accident. Some officers even tried to prove theoretically that it is
impossibleito score a hit by the first computed salvo. Practical firing also
seemed to confirm that opinion, because bits, particularly by the first salvo,
were very rare in the past. Suffice it to say that even batteries selected
f r pre,ous firing records with very small exceptions, seldam hit the target
by the ifirOt burst.
In the year 1955 intensive efforts were devoted to perfecting the training
methods and; to raising the firing skill of the flak artillery personnel.
The efforts of officers to understand better and to utilize more fully the
combat technical equipment of their batteries was not without results.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or irt part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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93 PAGES
The All-Arm Ina Artillery Competitions in the fonowing year 1956 proved
that the skill of the flak artillery personnel wts considerahly improved.
The results obtained at the contests were excellent. For instance, one
battery in our, out of five firing salvos, obtained the mean point of bursts
in the circle 0002 of lateral and vertical dispersion and plus-minus 20 m
in range.
Also very high results during these competitions were demonstrated, by other
batteries. When two batteries fired three Salvos, eadh of them scored a hit,
but only one of them scored a hit with the first salvo.
These results convinced even the greatest sceptics who asserted that a salvo
which scores a hit is just a lucky accident.
The experience of outstanding flak artillery specialists proves tbat the
effectiveness of Soviet Flak Artillery can be considerably improved by
perfecting the training methods of flak artillery personnel and the combat
technique.
The flak artillery commanders of all grades should at the present time
concentrate their attention on obtaining better results in these tasks (132),
concluded Gen. Vasilikov.
In Nomber 1957, Marshal of Artillery V. I. Kazakov) Hero of the Soviet
Union) on the occasion of the Soviet Artillery Day Novo 17 ) published an
article in which he stated:
"...In the regiments and divisions of Soviet Artillery, there are quite
a few antiaircraft artillery commanders who achieved great successes in
the training of their subunits.
"This was proven by the results obtained at the recently completed
district artillery competitions in firing and tactical operations. In
these competitions) batteries of antiaircraft artillery of air defense
of the troops (Batarei voyskovoy zenitnoy artillerii) had shown increased
combat skill) high team-work and good special and technical preparedness.
"...An equally high degree of combat skill was shown by the artillery
personnel of the troops of air defense of the country. Possessing
excellent combat technique, they skillfully fired against air targets.
For instance, in recent competitions the antiaircraft artillery battery
under the command of Officer P. Tyapichkin achieved 4 hits out of five
salvos. That is an execellent result$1 (133).
6. Examples of Antiaircraft Artillery Combat Training (134)
The antiaircraft artillery battery of Capt. F. Shevelev received the signal
of an air alarm (trevog$4. After a few seconds the electric generators were
switched on. The screens of the radar station were illuminated and the
gunners rushed to their battle positions (see Fig. 78, Incl. 53).
At the battery command post, Capt. Shevelev supervised the preparation of the
fire. Data on the air situation were supplied to him by the plotter,
Sergeant V. Khludeyev, and members of his squad (see Fig. 79 Incl. 54). The
radar operators "caught" the target on the radar screen at maximum range. The
gunner scout'watched the sky carefully (see Fig. 80, Incl. 54). Finally the
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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uneuthorited person is prohibited by law. It may nod be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
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72 93
barrel began to no The loader skillfully prepared the gun or fire
see Pig. 81, Incl. 54). At the very moment when the "enemy" aircraft
entered the zone of effective battery fire, the signal "fire" wes sourided*
The loader pressed the trigger handle. After the first well synchronize
battery salvo, followed the second and the third. The battery did not miss
a single "enemy" aircraft. The higher commander commended the battery
personnel for execellent firing.
PAGES
Another example of antiaircraft artillery battery combat training is supplied.
by Capt. Shaposhnikov, conseander of the antiaircraft artillery battery which
won the first pleae and the challenge prize at the Artillery Firing Conpeti-
tions of the District (135),
Capt. Shaposhnikav asserted that the high achievement of the battery is a
result of persistent and stretuoue efforts of the whole personnel of the
battery. At every combat training exercise, the instructing personnel tried
to approach the actual combat conditions as closely as possible. The gunners
made especial efforts to master the guns and inctraments perfectly (see
Fig. 82, through 87, Incl. 55-56). The gunner-scouts and radar operator
secured a high accuracy of fire and received specially high commeedation from
the battery commander.
Capt. Shaposhnikov asserted that the high achievements in battery combat
training and in perfect maintenance of the materiel should be credited in
the first place to his gam commanders, majority of whom are members of the
Komsomol organization*
The total strength of the gun squads assembled in the firing position is
shown in Fig. 88, Incl. 57, together with the guns in combat readiness.
7. Special Antiaircraft Artillery Training Device and. Training Aids
The problem of training antiaircraft artillery personnel in firing at high
speed air targets without aircraft appeared seeeral times in the available
Soviet saurces. In March 1957, in the Bed Star, appeared a news item (1 )
from which we learn that when the former Defense Minister inspected Soviet
occupation troops it East Germany (Gruppa Sovetskikh Voysk v Germanii), a
special device was ahovn in the camp of air defense units, designed to train
antiaircraft artillery Runners in firing against high speed air targets,
without an airplane.
This device, already adopted for training in Capt. Sergeyev's antiaircraft
battery was constructed by a group of Innovators and rationalizers, under
the direction of Capt. Sazonov. This device, original in its construction,
facilitates antiaircraft artillery training without actual targets in the air
Marshal Zhukov was informed that some valuable training aids built by
Innovators and ratioualizers of the occupation forces in Gee eent,,
to Prikarpataiy, Odesskiy and other military districts for ito
TWIrmargIail plotting board device, useful to antiaircraft defense units,
was pUblishied in the Military Herald, in June 1957 . (137).
. . _
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its trenstnission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized pers3n is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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8. Training of Antiaireraft Machine gun Subunits
Co).. S. Chubarov published in October 1954 in P: "Military Herald" Iloyennyy
Vestnik, (138) the following remarks on the antiaircraft machinegan training:
Col. Chubarov recalled that during WW 11 Soviet antiaircraft machinegun units
destroyed 2,296 enemy aircraft, or more than 10 per centct all enemy air-
craft destroyed by ground troops of the Soviet antiaircraft defense.
According to Col. Chubarov? the antiaircraft machinegun subunits together
with antiaircraft artillery are capable of covering successfully the combat
order of troops in battle, The main task of the machinegun subunits is:
(a) to destroy the attacking airplanes, airborne troops and illuminating
bombs,
(a) to frustrate air reconnaissance and aerial spotting operations.
Modern high speed airplanes are c' able of attacking ground targets unex-
pectedly in a very short period of time. Therefore, the antiaircraft
machinegun subunits must be trained in opening the fire against attacking
airplanes as rapidly as possible. The machinegun squads also must be trained
to know perfectly the antiaircraft maahinegun materiel and to be able to
use it effectively against air and ground targets.
The effectiveness of the antiaircraft machinegun fire depends on the accurate
executifan of the assigned task by all members of the machinegun squad.
Therefore the commander of antiaircraft machinegun subunit must select
members of machinegun squads carefully and train them in the technique of
operating antiaircraft machineguns.
Each member of the squad must be well trained not only in the correct
execution of the assigned operation, but also in coordinated teamwork. For
example, the training of a machinegunner in firing an airplane, by the use
of aceompanying fire includes:
(a) adjustment of the seat,
(h) proper setting of the sighting device,
(c) knowledge of the sighting mechanism,
(d) comparison of the collimator's reticle with the mobile
and stationary dummy airplane at various course angles,
(e) accurate execution of all firing commands.
The instructor starts the training with a correct adjustment of the seat in
qPralertpl assure the best observation of aerial targets at arty angular height
444 *04:proceeds to show how to operate the pointing mechanism. For this
Oppose' #_aw airplanes are used, plated 20-50 in before firing position at
various angles of approach (under various foreshortenings). In the beginning
of training it is expedient to use the dummy airplanes moving with the speed
of 0.5 m/sec and gradually to increase this speed up to 4 misec.
. _
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws. Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It rinly not he reproduced in whole or in parr, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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In this period of training the instructor watches that the gunner can:
(a) point the antiaircraft machinegun at the indicated target correct*,
(b) coincide the collimator's reticle with the target uninterruptedly and
(c) press the trigger mechanism accurately.
The gunner operating the sighting mechanism must gain the necessary
experience in determining airplane speed, flight course and range.
During tactical training exercises the antiaircraft machinegun squads are
trained in combined operations as a battery. They include organization and
change of firing positions and firing against aerial and ground targets.
Chubarov then points out that the tactical training of antiaircraft machinegun
subunits must be organized on the field with trenches and marked sectors of
antipersonnel and antitank obstAiliPA (1:58).
9. New Mounting Devices for Antiaircraft Machineguns
Writing in the Soviet monthly "Military Herald" Voyennyy Vestnik
(August 195Y), Lt. Col. N. Antonov proposed the following mounting device for
twin-barreled antiaircraft machineguns already sed in his military district
during firing exercises from standard twin-barreled heavy antiaircraft
machineguns (Zenitno-Pulemetnaya Ustanavka, Wu), utilizing the 7.62 mm
ammunition.
Antonov invented a special mount which is fastened above the standard twin
barreled heavy machinegun. In this installation two infantry sub-machineguns
(RPD) are fixed for firing 7.62 mm ammunition, but a standard antiaircraft
machines/11 sighting device, trigger and pointing mechanisms have to be used
with them. Thus modified, the standard antiaircraft machinegun mount makes it
possible to train in antiaircraft fire not only on the special antiaircraft
firing ground but also on the rifle range with a firing range of up to 800 m,
It may be also utilized for tactical training for firing blank cartridges.
The modified installation does not prevent the use of standard antiaircraft
mounts for combat firing., LAntonovls article is illustrated by diagrams and
sketches of the proposed devicej?*(139).
* The theoretical rules for firing from Soviet standard antiaircraft
machinegun mounts are presented in detail by Lt. Col. Kozlov in the
P: Military Herald, No. 7, lily 19570 pp. 59.68, (140).
WARNING: This document contains information effecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794, its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Ait Force
Agenciee, except by permission of the Director of intelligence, USAF
rwarrowirsounarargrower
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AY10400011111111101001011100161M0110611
AGE 75
VL my,' 4h4, OF AIR DEFENSE AGAINST INTERCONTINOTAL
BALLISTIC ROCKETS AND or AUT le MUTER INTERCEPTORS
Articles discussing prObless of intercontinental ballistic rockets appeared
in several Soviet publications since 1956. Major General of Eng.seTechnical
Service G. I. Pokrovskiy (Dr. of Technical Science and Professor in his
booklet entitled:ngicilnAce and Technics in Modern Wars" pointed out that
intercontinental ballistic miii1575;14-ent a great possibility for a sudden
attack because of their enormous destructive power and also because it would
be difficult to discover their launchUg sites) dispersed in a strongly
fortified and cmmouflaged terrain. These launching sites) said Pokrovskiy
may be secretly prepared in peace time and used with complete surprise for
the enemy,
However, in his description of intercontinental and long range ballistic and
guided missiles General Pokrovskiy failed to discuss the problem of defense
against such =capons.
This problem vas treated later (in qtril 1957j in the Soviet Aviation press,
from a scientific point of view) by Eng. Major V. Kriksunov) cLU).
The concepts presented by the author may be described as follows:
1. Problem of Detection of Intercontinental Ballistic Rockets 15R)
Intercontinental Ballistic Rocket will fly at an altitudes tens times that
of the maximum ceiling of modern bombers or guided pilotless aircrafts*.
The velocity of intercontinental ballistic rockets will approach 6-7 sec.**
Thus, the difficulty of the problems of detection, interception and destruc-
tion of this weapon are readily apparent.
It is known that the existing radar stations can detect the flying targets
at a distance of 500 km. The trajectory of flight of the air target may be
determined in a few seconds with the aid of electronic computing machines)
which calculate on the basis Of the coordinates of the target) established
by the radiolocator [radar].
The radar stations make possible constant tracking of the rocket's position
on its trajectory and thus predict the area on which the rocket will fall.
General Pokrovskiy in his already mentioned pamphlet asserts that in
principle the accuracy of ICBR in hitting the target may be substantially
hi tr than that of artillery fire) and, at any rate) its lateral deviation
will be considerably smaller than that of artillery fire.
According to G neral Pokrovskiy this altitude, i.e. the height attained by
XC at top of itsclimb, amounts approximately to one fourth part of the
distance of ftring, (143).
larlSr;iirEm velocity of a multistage ICER, according to General Pokrovskiy
may be 8-11 km/sec (iA).
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States w4thin the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by. law, it may not he reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
Al
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If an ICOR carrying nuclear or thermoenuclear charge is fired for a distance
of several thousand km, it may be aesumed, said General Pokr? :kly, that
dispersion of points of hits will not exceed the limits of the hitting zone,
as it scaetimes happen in artillery fire or aviation bombardment. Wore,
by using the rockets for long distances a successful firing may be achieved
(at least in principle) also by a single shot. Each rocket may be launehed
from a separate launcher (puskovaya ploshchadka), which may be constructed
quickly in a hiding place, difficult to detect, (at least more difficult to
detect than an airfield on enemy territory). That is the reason why any
preventive action against the launching of man will be very difficult.
Because of the high speed and high altitude of flight, the detection of
ICOR also will be extremely difficult. Alven if the enemy succeds in detect..
ing by radar means an ICBR in flight, be will only have several tens of
seconds for sounding an alarm and alerting the people before the burst
occurs, i.e. too late.
Thus, says Pokrovskiy, long distance rockets assure practically a surprise
bit of dis*--t targets on enemy territory. Particularly FVPMAVA May he a
mass rockets attack, directed against an aggressor. The launching sites of
these rockets may be prepared secretly in peacetime without the possibility
(for an aggressor) of detecting and destroying them. All of this proves
that long distance rockets are the most modern means of combat, which
substantially increase the importance of surprise in modern war (145).
Detection of intercontinental ballistic rockets and determination of their
coordinates may be considerably simplified and the range of detection
increased, because the heat developed by friction on the wurface of the
rocket in the atmosphere causes dissociation of gases in the air. The
ionized particles of the gases form a cover around the flying rocket which
reflects better the radar impulses. But, of course, this will occur only
on that part of trajectory which is in the atmosphere, with sufficient air
strata to form such a cover, i.e. at an altitude considerably lower than the
maximum height of the intercontiaental ballistic rocket flight (142).
2. Interce tion and, Destructio? of Intercontinental Ballsitic Rockets MBR)
STAT
',A1)
The radius of the defense hemisphere, at the boundary line of which the
ICBR should be destroyed, is obtained as a sum of the effective radius of
action of the ant:L.4CM missile's warhead charge, plus the distance of safety
to the defended object. According to foreign press estimates (says
Eng. Maj. V. Kriksunov)? such a radius should amOient to no less than (30 km.
From the moment of detection of the ICBR to the moment it reaches a point
on the perimeter 813 len from the defended object (target of ICBR) elapsed
time is only 70430 seconds. During that time the defenee should determine
the trajectory of the ICBR and the coordinates of the point of its encounter
with the anti?ICBR missile. Also, during that time the command "fire"
should be transmitted to the anti-ICBR battery.
In order to intercept the ICBR at the boundary line of the zone of
destruction, it is necessary to open fire ainst it while it is 270 km
from the fended object. Thus, for the whole operation of interception
rajectory and point of encounter, transmitting the eommamd and
fire) about 25..30 seconds will remains
WARNING: This ,,locutnent contains information affecting the national def Anse of 0.0. cs?s---?"",the rnmaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of ita contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
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STAT
However (sao Krikeunae)0 interception witan this short period is quite
possible, taking into consideration all modern technical means of inter'
ception (automatization of the operation and electronic cmiputing devices).
Nevertheless for a more reliable Interception it would be more expedient to
possess a radar detecting station able to detect an ICBR at a distance of
1300M1600 1w. In that case, the zone of interception vill be extended up to
800 km (see the diagram, Fig. 890 Incl. 58), and consequently the time for
solving the problem of interception will be also increased (l11e2).
3.fJ raoz of terceion of Intercontinental Ballistic Rockets
ICBR
In the same article Dag. Maj. Krikeunov states that detection, identification,
interception and destruction of the flying ICBR may proceed as follows:
'het 15 minutes earlier, eomewhere 8000 km away ae intercontinental ballistic
rocket was launched, starting, for instance, from an underground launcher
(see sketch, Fig. 90, Incl. 58),
The IBR starts vertically, then the longitudinal axis of the rocket body
turas 43 degrees toward the horizon. After the starting flight at a velocity
corresponding to the firing range, the second stage rocket motor is switched
off, Now, the ICBR follows its trajectory to the highest points at an ale
titude of 1270 _km. From this highest point of its elliptic trajectory the
ICBR begins to fall to the earth. A fey minutes later it crosses tbe
boundary of the anti-ICBR radar detection zone, at a distance of some 500 kin
from the defended object.
From that moment on, the radar station of the air defense begins to track
the ICBR flight. It w matter of several second to compute the
approximate trajectory of the ICBR. The system of distant radar detection
transmits two groups of data: (a) to the launching position of the anti..
ICBR missiles battery, (b) to the launching positions of its own ICBRs0
already in combat readiness to attack ICBR bases on enemy territory.
The electronic computing device supplies the corrections to the calculated
ICBR trajectory and the coordinates of the point of encounter. All these
data are uninterruptedly transmitted to the anti-ICBR missiles battery,
already in combat rediness and waiting for the signal *fire".
At a proper velment, the electronic computing device transmits the signal from
the central post of fire control to the antieICBR missiles battery. Of
course, the author adds, the above description of a hypothetical interception
operation reflects only the basic principles of a future system of ICBR
interception.
Further, he points out that according to the press informations it is
considered possible that if the detection range of the radar station is
1600 km, the accuracy in determining the distance to the flying ICBR
(margin of error) will not exceed one per cent of the radar range i.e. 16 km.
It follows that if the initial data are inaccurate the coordinates of ene
counter point computed by electronic device, will be also inaccurate.
Connected with this fact is the problem what means should be used to blow
up the ICBR (141)0
............._ ...,.._.. ._ . ._.. . _ _ ..... .... ._
__.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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Lunauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intell4ence, USAF
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PAGES
kilsunow does not provide much technical informift140
author cited an opinion which su este that to
atfottivemsalof antimICBE missiles, their warhead should be
With a mall etsm charge, corresponding in power to 20 kilotons of
This atom charge may affect the maaR by a ohm*" wave, light and nuclear
radiation.
However, in order to obtain an effective shock wave, it is necessary that
the encounter point of MBE and antimiteR missile be determined with an
accuracy an? less than 300 in. It is also necessary to take into considera-
tion the fact that if the encounter point is determined at a great altitude,
where the air density is rarefied, the effect of the shock wave will be con-
siderably Oeduced. Thus in determining the encounter point at high altitude
the accuracy should be still greater.
DI order that the antimICBR missile may carry a warhead with a charge of
considerable weight and with the necessary speedo it is indispensable that
its awn weight and initial thrust approach the starting weight and thrust
of the ICBRG
Theoretical calculations of possible variants of the anti-ICBR three-stage
missile show that in order to carry the weight of the thrid stage of 450 kg
during 30 seconds of active flight, the initial weight of this missile
should be 45.4 tons, and its thrust 140,000 kg.
As to the simpler means of interception of ICBRI same military specialists
beliteve that a considerable increase of the accuracy of the anti-rockets
missiles is necessary. This may be Obtained in two ways:
(a) by interception of ICBR at distances closer to the ta
object)
(b) by installation of a special radar homing system in the anti -rocket
missile.
ease
Some experts sume that the intensive thermal radiation of mcma in flight
may be utilized for the homing system of an anti-roBTI inissil, In that case
the antimICAR missile's homing system will contain elements sensitive to
thermal radiation, which will direct it to the ICBR.
Further, Maj. Kriksunow pointed out that while tha development of an ICBR
with a powerful warhead is believed to be of great importance, many foreign
military specialists? however, do not consider this rocket -? an "absolute
weapon", because the creation of a strong defense system is, from a techni-
cal point of view) fully feasible*
The problem of intercontinental ballistic rockets and the creation of an
efficient defense system against them, is viday dictrused in the Soviet
press after the successful launching of the , , $teUites,
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794, Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any mannet,ortoacne
Lunauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by oths: than United States Air v
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
-......sminourosi.orminsurarnetw.rffistalanoireataaffIfinaniseseporamMoratMendkreanw....?.
AF FORM 52112a
REPLACES Ar FORM 11?--PART H, 1 JUN 48,
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In particular, in N: Soviet Aviation several articles appeared dedicated
to the problems of efficiency of the rocket weapons. In one of the articles
of same interest are the remarks of three Soviet rocket experts: Nhj. Gen.
of Eng. Tech. Service, V. Pugachov, Prof. and Dr. of Technical Sciences,
Engr. Lt. Col. V. Glukhov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, &gr. Lt. Col.
V. Nlariaov? Candidate of Technical Sciences, published in Soviet Aviation,
No. 2710 Nev. 17, 1957.
The authors state that foreign rocket specialists believe that it is possible
to deliver to any point on the globe a load of 1.5-2 tons by nean0 of a
rocket which launched into the orbit the Soviet artificial satellite
"Sputnik" II. Thus, (said the authors) the action of modern guided missiles
with rocket propulsion has no distance limits on the surface of the earth
and that is the greatest advantage of rocket weapons in relation to other
types of weapon.
The other advantage, according to the authors, is that the accuracy of
rocket weapon is increasing It is believed (said the authors) that creation
of the system guiding the rockets during the flight, in principle, solves
the problem of accurate hitting. Some types of existing antiaircraft jet
guided missiles are designed to achieve a direct hit. The guiding system,
of intercontinental ballistic rocket, according to published data, secures
accuracy of hitting with admissible error which does not exceed two thou*
sandths of the firing distance, i.e. that if such distance is 10,000 km,
the error in hitting will not surpass 20 km [according to Gen. Pokrovskiy
the magnitude of this error may be considerably smallerj. The authors
aong4der that even with such error of hitting the rocket which carry nuclear
.0erai040014eWchirge can effectively destroy the ground target on a
cOn5i4erably large area.
Further, the authors assert that at present the strategic bomber aviation,
despite its long range of action, great destructive power of its nuclear
and thermoenuclear bodbs and accuracy of hitting, can not be considered as
a unique effective weapon, because modern bombers flying at an altitude of
20 km are vlunerable to antiaircraft defense fire, and because the strategic,
aircraft raid can be detected well in advance before it reaches the taiwtothue
the whole antiaircraft defense eystem of the attacked area can b put into
combat readiness.
The cosmic altitudes at which the ballistic rocket flies on tbe major part
of its trajectory, and also the tremendous speed with whichothe rocket
approaches its ground target, eliminate the possibility of the effective
defense of the object of attack,
Practically, assert the authors, in contradiction to the previously cited
Soviet rocket expert, Eng. Naj. V. Kriksunov, long distance rockets are not
=able to the air defense means.
Summing up, the authors consider the jet guided missiles, which combine so
many important combat qualities, to be an extremely effective modern weapon.
According to the authors, these qualities are:
- great range of action,
- great accuracy in hitting,
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contenta in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by liw, It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AF 112a
WOMIWIMMENOVIS0040000111.10010.1.0**WIIMM01001.101.10
REPLACE S AF FORM 112 .-PART It,I JUN 48,
WHICH MAY BE USED,
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SUPPLEMENT TO AF FORM 112
PAGE 80 OF 93 PAGES
e tremendous destructive effect,
se invulnerability to the action of air defense.
Some of the types of the Soviet latest rocket weapons are shown in the
Teel. 38, Fig. 56, (INT).
5, Problem of tomatic FihAter Interce tors
The problem of tratomatit fighter interceptors was discussed in the Soviet
press several times. Theoretically, automatic fighter interception is con-
sidered by some Soviet authors as one of the basic methods of air defense
in the next few years, Bewever, no information is available about the
practical adoption of this principle.
On this subject there has appeared in the Red ptar in August 1957 a
significant article of Eng. Col. Ke Malyutin? who, quoting some foreign sources
plesented the following remarks, (M):
W Automatic fighter airplanes may fly under conditions unattainable
for conventional airplanes as to the maximum of "Ge force.
(b) Consequently, the automatic fighter airplane may be launched from a
launching installation without a starting run and airfields.
(e) The process of transmitting control signals and their execution by
the automatic fighter interceptor is instantaneous.
(d) The autni.tic fighter interceptor may attain a speed of 2,000 to
3,000 km/h and an altitude of 18,000 to 20,000 km .
(e) The system of guidance of the automatic fighter interceptor under
conditions of aerial combat should be double, i.e. the aircraft
should be guided by radar from the ground and also by a homing
system located on board. In both cases, however, a special
installation should eliminate the possibility of radioeinterfereaces
by the enemy.
(f) nesieae the radar homing system on board the aircraft, there may be
developed a system of thermicifinfraered homing, which reacts to a
temperature of 50 to 70 degrees [0j above the temperature of the
surrounding area, at a distance of ,5 km e In some cases a thermic
homing system is more reliable than radavi system, however) it may
be hindered by fog or cloudiness.
(g) The automatic fighter interceptor may be armed with guided missiles
launched automatically according to radar ground control signals or
by a homing system on board the automatic aircraft.
(h) Operation of the pilotless fighter interceptor may be executed in
the following stages: 1. launching the interceptor and guiding it
into the area of air target by radio and radar directing station,
2. independent flight of interceptor guided by a homing device on
1emet1 3. search of the target, atta ck (firing) and return to the
accompliebed by homing system, and 4. landing Approach,
'era landing controlled by the radar ground station.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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The author believes that the creation Of a reliably functioning automatic
fighter interceptor is a complex task, and, according to the foreign press,
no such aircraft exists in a production stage (here the set or describes the
testing of a model of the automatic fighter interceptor in 'mce).
However, concludes the author, it is nece
that with the aid of the present scientific
planes may be created in any technically we
seary to take into consideration
achievements such automatic air
-
11 advanced country (11.8).
COMUDING REMARKS
According to the statements expressed on several oecasions by the former
Defense Minister, Marshal Ge Zhukov, and the present Defense Minister Marsha1
Re Malinovskiy? and also in the light of opinions published by such Soviet
authors as: Marshal V. Sokolovskiy, Marshal P. Roteistrov, General
P. Kurochkin? General Baykov, General Shatilov and General Professor
Pokrovakiy, the Soviet Union is prepared to fight the most modern ear *which
has required revision of the whole military setup. This also vitally concerns
the air defense system which has been radically modernized and already
possesses highly developed branches of nuclear and thermo-nuclear defense,
and also anti-chemical and antiebacteriological defense.
The same Soviet authors state that tremendous preparati
civil defense, thus making the whole nation ready to res
air invasion, until, as the authors said: "our awn force
decisive blow to the enemy vital centers".
ons have been made in
ist successfully any
s deliver a crashing-
In order to forestall the possibility of air aggression, th
defense system has developed a very extensive radar observat
network in close cooperation with the countries of the soca
bloc".
e Soviet air
mvai Aa+AseviAnn
4A0LA c444%.1.
"ed "democratic
The total strength of the forces engaged at present in the Sovi
dystem is unknown (according to same Western estimates it might
over 200,000 men, about 1,209p0 guns and missile launchers and 1,
Soviet fighter airplanes).
et air defense
amount to
500 latest
The Soviet air defense spreads a network of bases throughout the c
but their exact location is not known. The Soviet source which supp
information about the air defense activity, as a rule, mentions the
airfields with the conventional mark "N". Some of the air defense b
located in the "forbidden zones". The news reports do not contain any
dications as to their military ditricts, but only general descriptions,
instance: "radar-technical subunit somewhere beyond the polar circle"
(gdeeto v Zepolyexii). With ,the exception Of the Baku and Moscow air de
district ea4 some air defense training centers, the exact location of air
defense commands and units is not known.
ountry,
lies
base's and
es are
ine
for
fense
However, on the basis of various news reports and press information on the
routine training, parades, apart achievements, etc., it V= j?cossi
establish that the air defense units and services are
areas of all military districts and are close to the iftson
administrative and economic centeee.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794, Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air k'orce
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AFFOOCRT?52 I I 2a
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They are narked on the epe4ded to this report map, which is a photostatic
copy of the Soviet pub4Ohed in P: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta
(Illustrirovannva'esseta) Feb. 19560 showing the vital economic areas
according to the Party directive for the new Five Years Plan: (see Fig. 71,
Inclg 47).
?
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law, It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
arismitItIsaiMagemslailf
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They are marked on the appended to this report map, which is a photostatic
copy of the Soviet ImAp :p0Xished in P; Illustrirovannaya Gazeta
(11.1.ustrirovannaya Gatirtia) in Feb. 1956, showinz the vital economic areas
according to the Party directive for the new Five /ears Plan, (see Fig. 71
/ncl. 47)?
WARNING. This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794, Its transmission or the revelation Of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agenciel, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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VII. LIST OF REFERENCES
(1) Zhukov G.1L, Marshal of the Soviet Union: speech at the Uth
Communist 'Party Congress.
N: Pravda) No. 51, Feb. 20, 1956, p.
(2) News report: Party Conference in the Moskovskiy Air Defense District
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No, 29, Feb. 4, 1956) p. 3.
(3) Grenin V., Engr.; article: Antiaircraft Guided Missiles,
N: Sovetskaya Aviatsiya (Soviet Aviation), No. 550 March 6, 1957, p.
(4) Zhukov G.K,) Marshal of the Soviet Union: speech at the All-Army
conference of the leading soldiers.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star)) No. 671 March 200 1957) p. 1 -
(5) Editorial: Party Political Education in the Air Defense Troops.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 118, May 23, 1956, p. 2.
(6) LiChak L. Col.; article: On the Proving Ground.
N: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No. 14, July 1957
(7) Bolishaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia) Vol. 35,
Second Edition, Moskva 1955, pp. 122-124.
(8) Chuvakov N. L, text book: Posobiye dla Doprizyvnika (Manual for the
Potential Draftee, Moskva 1955, pp. 60-61.
(9) Kustov A., Maj. Gen., text book: Osnovy Voyennogo Dela (Fundamentals
of Military Science), Moskva 1955, pp. 45-47 and 278.
(10) Moskalev V. fl, Sinitsin V.P. and others; text book: Uchebnoye Posobiye
pc, Mestnoy Protivovozdusnnoy Oborone, MO, (Manual for Local Air
Defense), Moskva, 1956, p. 18.
(11) New report: Correspondence from the Bakinskiy Air Defense District
about the activity of the Distant Radar Post.
N:'Arasnaya Zvezda (Red Star)) No. 248, October 24, 1956, p. 2.
(12) Kravchenko I.V.; text book: Letchiku o Meteorologii (Meteorology for
Pilots), Moskva 1955, p. 3.
(13) Bol shalt Sovetskoya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia)) Vol. 19
Second Edition 1953, pp, 46-48.
(14) sWa govetskaya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia) Vol. 35
cit. p. 123.
(15) Editorial: About Skillful Interception of Air Target.
N: Rrasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 120, May 23, 1957
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within tilt moaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of ire contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. 11 may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AF (F)(1C111?52 1 12a
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WHICH MAY BE USED.
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PAGE 31. OE 93 PAGES
6) 7to.144ev L. akmrds cob; article: The factor of surprise in a coMbat.
'a.;.1114D),Nyta Zvezda (Red Star), No. 227, Sep, 25, 1957, p. 2,
Nidhlk G. r manual: Strel'bt. v Vozdnkhe (Aerial Gunnery). Moskva,
1953, p 59 and 250
(18) tgebedev A. Coi. and Smotritskiy E. It. Col., article: With the
Cemmander-in-Chief of the air defense of the country=
Zrasnaya avezda (Red Star), No. 63, March 15, 1957, p. 3.
(19) Bol'shaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia), Vol. 35,
Moskva 1955, IN 123.124.
(20) gabsmiolly M. Col., article: Soviet air defense troops on guard of the
pirkh@rtand.
N: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No. 12, June 1956,
p. 4-5.
(21) News report: Combat cooperation of fighter aviation and antiaircraft
artillery.
N: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated newspaper), No. 3, Feb. 1956
p.3.
(22) Borshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia), Vol. 17?
Moskva 1952, pp. 46.47.
(23) Bugayev, N. N. Engr. Co].., manual: 3aSha Artilleriya (Our Artillery)
Moskva, 1949, pp. 31-33 and 108 - 118.
(24) Bollshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia), Vol.17,
Moskva 1952, pp. 46.47.
(25) Borodin A. Col., article: Means of air defense.
P: Voyennyye Znaniya (Military Science), No. 2, 1956, p. 18
(26) Sadovskiy V. G. Engr. Col., text book. Osnovaniya ustroystva nateri-
al'noy chasti artillerii (Fundamentals of artillery materiel), Moskva
1956, pp. 448-452.
(27) Bugayev N. N. Engr. Col., op. cit. pp. 31.33.
(26) Editorial: Officer teamwork in the antiaircraft artillery regiment.
Irasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), Sept, 2, 1956, p. 1.
(29) Bol'ahaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia)
Vol. 17, Moskva 1952, pp. 46.47.
(30) Vasil'kov Lt. Gen., article: Successes of the leading antiaircraft
artillery batteries should serve as an example to follow.
Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), Dec. 19, 1956.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents hi any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. it may not bo reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United Stztes Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
0
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UNCLASSIFIED
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PAGES
(31) Borshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia) Vol. 17,
Moskva 1952, pp, 47-48.
(32) Chuvakov op. cit. p. 61.
(33) Zholudev L. Guards Col., op. cit. p. 2.
(34) Chekhovich V. Col. and Temkin S. Engr, Col., article: Antiaircraft
artillery gun.
P: Voyennyye Znaniya (Military Science), No, 9, Sept. 19550 pp. 17.18.
(35) Sadovskiy V. G. Engr. Col., op. cit. 146.147.
(36) New Item with a photograph: Antiaircraft artillery gun of medium
calibdr.
Krasnaya 2;vezda (Red Star), No. 170 June 1957,
(37) Sadovakiy V. G. Engr. Col., op. cit. p. 39.
(38) Bol'shaya Sovetbkaya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia), Vol. 17
op. cit. p. 46.
(39) ChUbarov S. Col., article: Training of the antiaircraft machinegun
subunits.
P: Voyennyy Vestnik (Military Herald), No. 10, Oct. 1954, pp, 35-50.
(40) New report: Military correspondents - leading soldiers in the units.
N: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No. 120 June 1956
(41) Mikhinov E.; article: Standard infantry weapons Against air targets
and new reports with photographs showing rifle subunits repelling
air attacks.
P: Voyennyye Znaniya (Military Science), No. 11, Nov. 1956 p. 18 and
N: Krasnaya Zvezda red Star, No. 125, June 1, 1956, p, 2.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda Red Star No. 1181 May 1956, p. 2
N: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No. 140 ;Dols 1957,,
(42) flews report with a photograph: Twin-barreled antiaircraft machinegun
on the board of a torpedo motorboat.
N: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No. 9, May, 1956
(43) Bol'shaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia)
op. cit. pp, 46-47.
(44) Gapeenok N. I. Guards Lt. Col. Hero of the Soviet Union, article:
Approach to the target by the bomber in the zone of antiaircraft
artillery fire,
P: Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota (Herald of the Air Fleet) No. 7, 1957
pp. 13.18.
(45)po1'20?ya Soygtskaya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet EaqyclazdJa) Vol. 17
p.o. '11.! . ? . .... ?.?..
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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PAGE 86 OF 93
(46) Bugayev b. N. Engr. Col., op. cit. pp. 31-32,
(47) Sadavakiy V. G. Engr. Col., op. cit. 449..452.
(48) Hrbacek J. Maj. Gen, and Kodr DIL, new report: Antiaircraft artillery
training in the Czechoslovakian army.
P: Ceskoslovenska Armada ?(Czechoslovakian Army) No. 2 and No. 17, 1955
(49) ?Sadovskly V. G. Engr. Col., op. cit. pp. 451-453.
(50) Zaitsev? Engl., Col., article: Fundamentals of the Soviet antiaircraft
madhinegun sights.
P: Voyennyy Vestnik (Military Herald), No. 7, 1955, pp. 58-67.
(51) Pavlov T. article: The struggle for the seconds,
P: Sovetskiy Vein (Soviet Soldier), No. 2, 1957, pp. 1547.
(52) News report: Soviet antiaircraft artillery battery in the prearranged
Posiltima (with a photograph).
illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No. 12, June 1955.
(53) Kruehinin, Engr. Maj., article: Antiaircraft guided missiles.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 57, March 80 1956, p. 2
(54) Kartashev R. D.: Posobiye po voyenno- morskomu delu (Manual for Navy
Seamanship), Moskva, 1955, pp. 18-200
(55) Ibid., pp. 18-19.
(56) Shuvakov Bo Guards Maj., article: The naval fighter aviation.
N: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustratd Newspaper), No. 150
August 1955
(57) Kartaahev R. D., op. cit. p. 19.
(58) Krazhalov I. Commander, article: Aircraft carrier.
P: Voyennyye Znaniya (Military Science), No. 9, 1955, p. 19. 4
(59) Photograph of antiaircraft naval twin automatic cannons.
P: ?onek (Little Flame), No. 31, July 1956.
tEn%
kw/ News report with photographs: Antiaircraft artillery on the cruiser
"Mikhail KUtuzov".
N: Illastrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No. 140 July 1956.
(61) News report with photographs: Antiaireraft artillery on the cruiser
"Molotovsk".
Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (illustrated Newspaper), No. 190 Oct. 10, 1956
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WARNING; This This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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NOW0 report with photographs: Antiaircraft artillery on the cruiser
*
Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newnaper)? No. 5, Marah10,1957.
(63) News reports with photographs: Antiaircraft weapon on the Soviet
monitor on river Amur. Naval antiaircraft twin-cannons in operation.
P: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No.12,JUne 1956.
N: Sovetskly Plot, No. 110, May 13, 1958.
(64) Kruchinin &gr. Maj.;'op. cit. p. 2.
(65) Grenin V. ngr., article: Jet-propelled antiaircraft guided missiles.
N: Sovetskaya Aviatsiya (Soviet Aviation), No. 55, March 6, 19574
(66) Giukhov V.V. Engr. Lt. Col., article: Increase the efficiency of the
weapon by control of projectile flight.
P: Vastnik Vozdushnogo Flota (Herald of the Air Fleet), No. 11,
Ifibv. 19560 pp. 51-56.
(67) Marudln P.: article: Antiaircraft jet-propelled guided missiles.
P: Voyennye Znaniya (Military Science), No. 12, 1956, pp. 14-15.
(63) Pokravakky Ga. Maj. Gen. of Engineer-Technical Service, Professor,
Dr. of Technical Science, textbook: Nauka i tekhnika v sovremennykh
voynakh (Science and technology in modern wars), Moskva, 1956, pp.51.55.
(69) Glukhov V.N. &gr. Lt. Col., op. cit. p* 56.
(70) Gapikh N. I.. Maj. Gen., textbook: Sluzhba svyazi v osnovnykh vidakh
obshchevoyskovogo boya (Signal service in the basic forms of combined
arms combat), Moskva, 1940, pp. 14-46.
(71) Peresypkin LI.? Marshal of the Signal Troops, manual: Radio mo-
gucheye sredstvo oborony strany -(Radio as powerful means of defense of
the country), Moskva, 1948, pp. 87.88 and 120-124.
(72) Peresypkin LI., Marshal of the Signal Troops, manual: Voyennyy
radist (Military radar operator), Moskva, 19550 pp. 43-50.
(73) Editorial: For swift detection and accurate tracking of air target
Krasnaya Zvezda (Red. Star), No. 142, June 180 1957.
(74) Velepets V. S., Candidate of Technical Sciences, and Byelotserkovskiy
G. B., Engr.; textbook: Osnovy radiolokatsii (Fundamentals of radar):
Moskva, 1954, pp. 271-272,
(75) Borshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopedia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia),
Vol. 35: op. cit. pp* 521-524.
(76) Ibid., pp. 529-531.
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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PAGE 88 OF 93 PAGES
(77) News report with photogra s: Soviet jet-propelled missiles as a new
artillery weapon.
Krasnaya Zvezda OW Star), No. 271, Nov 17, 19570 p. 1.
(78) Borodin A. Col., article: Means of antiaircraft defense.
P: Voyennyye Znaniya (Military Science), No. 20 1956, pp. 1849. op. cit
(79) News report with photograph: Radar operator detects the air target.
Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star) No, 56, March 70 1957.
(80) News report with photograph: Model antiaircraft artillery battery.
P: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No. 200 Oct 1956
(81) New report with photograph: Radio in the the service of troops.
P: Illustrated Newspaper), No. 9, May 1956.
(82) News report with photograph: Soviet radar operator at work.
P: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No. 15,
August 1957.
(83) Katkhanov Nes Engr Maj. Candidate of Technical Sciences article:
Radar controlled antiaircraft artillery fire,
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 85, Apr. 10, 1955, p. 3
(84) Biryuzov S. S., Marshal of the Soviet Union) interview: Characteristics
of the antiaircraft defense troops of the country.
P: Voyennyye Znanlya (Military Science), No. 8 August 1956, pp., 1042.
(85) News report: Divisional radio competitions.
(Soviet Aviation), No. 6, Dec. 1956, IN 1
(86) News Radar technical station in action in the Pribaltiyskiy
Military District.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 126, May 30, 1957, p. 3.
(87) Kozysvin V., Lt.; article: Radar station in operation.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 188, August 15, 1956.
Makoveyev N. Col., article: At the radar station.
N: Krasn Zvezda (Red Star), No. 107, may 7, 1955.
(89) Editorial: Role of the radio-technical service.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 107, May 7 1955.
WARNING: This document contains inforrnation affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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PAGE 89 . OF 93 PAGES
(90) News report: Military radio personnel and the celebration of "Radio
Dv" in Moscow.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 106, May 7, 1957.
(91) News report: Radar oierators.
N: Kraanaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 107, May 8, 1957.
(92) Kodr Milan, op. cit. pp. 6-7.
(93) Meshcheryakov Lt. Col., article: For greater skill among the search-
light-control radar operators.
P: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No. 3, Feb. 1956.
(94) Sheludchenko S. Engr. Col., article: Technical servicing of aerial
gunnery at night.
P: Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota (Herald of the Air Fleet), No. 1,
Jan. 1957, pp. 64.66.
(95) Lebedev A. Col. and Smotritskiy E. Lt. Col., op. cit. p, 3.
(96) Biryuzov S. SO, Marshal of the Soviet Union, interview: op. cit.
pp. 11-12.
(97) News report: Sixth Five Years Plan and its tasks (with the map of the
USSR)/
P: illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), NO. 3, Feb, 1956.
(98) Afanas'yev Yu. F., article: Unguided jet-propelled missiles for
aerial combat.
P: Vestnik Vozdu6hnogo Flota (Herald of the Air Fleet), No. 9, 1956,
P1' 51-56.
(99) News report with photograph: An airfield of N fighter aviation regimen
N: Sovetskaya Aviatsiyal No. 129, June 2, 1957, p. 1.
(100) News report: Demonstration of the new weapons for the participants
of leading soldiers conference in Moscow.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 64, March 161 19570 p, 1.
(101) News report with photograph: Radio in the service of troops.
P: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper), No. 9, May 1956
Op. cit. p. 7.
(102) News report with photograph: At the airfield of if fighter regiment.
N. Sovetskaya Aviatsiya (Soviet Aviation), No. 138, June 13, 1957, p.l.
(103) Gnedin A. Col., article: Radiation reconnaissance and warning system
In the airfield area.
. . .....
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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A(encies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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1 (104) Pavlov Lt. Col., article: Antiatomic defense the airfield,
N: Sovetskaya Aviatsiya (Soviet Aviation), No. 131, June 5, 1957, p.3.
(105) Moskalev V. D., Sinitsin V. P. and other, op. cit. pp. 45-47.
(106) Zhukov G. KY Marshal of the Soviet Union, speech at the XXth Party
congress, op. cit. p, 2.
(107) Lebedev A. Col. and Smotritskiy Lt. Col., op. cit. p. 3.
(108) Birynov S. cl
Marshal of the Soviet Union, interview,, op.cit.
(109) Siljevic Vojislav Maj., article: The Airforce of the USSR.
P: Vozduhoplavni Glasnik (Yugoslavian Air Force Herald), No. 3, 1954,
PP* 319-328*
(110) News item: Announcement of the opening of the registration to the anti-
aircraft defense schools.
N: Komsomoltskaya Pravda (Komsonol Truth), No. 196, August 200 1946,
p. 4.
(111) News report: Seminar for the supervising political personnel of the
Moskovskiy air defense district.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 112, May 16, 1956, p. 3.
(112) News report: Sport activity in the Moskovskiy air defense district.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 102, Apr, 30, 1957.
(113)
News reports: Moskovskiy air defense district officers house.
Program of activity. Party conference in the Moskovskiy air defense
district.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 112, May 16, 1956, p. 2.
) News report: Bakinskiy air defense district. Training activities.
L4: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 248, Oct. 24, 1956, p, 2,
(115) ACV8 report: Bakinskiy air defense district. Preparation for the
'/,v.liation Day"
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (id. Star), No. 132, June 29, 19570 p. 1.
(116) News report: Bakinskiy air defense district. Training of the fighter
aviation.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 248, Oct. 24, 1956, op. cit. p. 2.
(117) News report: Bakinskiy air defense district. Conference of military
correspondents and editors of the bulletin board newspapers,
N: Xrasaaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 128, June 1957, p. 1.
? ....
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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unauthorized person is prohibited by law. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United Stateo Air Force
Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AFFonk152 112a
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(132) Vasil'kov, Lt. Gen., Op. cit. p. 2.
(133) Kazakov V. I., Marshal of Artillery, article: Powerfu.i. Sov -t artillery.
Kraanaya Zvezda OW Star), No. 271, Nov. 17, .
(134) News report with photograph; Antiaircraft artillery battery lombat
P: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated Newspaper)
sop 1
January 1957.
(135) News report with photograph: Model antiaircraft artillery battery
prepares for combat firing.
P: Illustrirovannaya Gazeta (Illustrated. Newspaper) No. 20, Oct. 1956.
(136) News report: Marshal Zhukov inspects the training camp of antiaircraft
artillery unit of the Soviet forces in Germany.
N: Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 63, March 15, 1957, ;1 1.
(137) News report: Suggestion for a new plotting board for antiaircraft
defense units.
P: Voyennyy Vestnik (Military Herald), NO. 6, June 1957.
(138) Chdbarov S., Col., article: Training of antiaircraft machinegun saunas
P: Voyennyy Vestnik (Military Herald), NO. 10, Oct. 1954, pp.. 45-50.
(139) Antonov, Lt. Col., article: New twin-barreled antiaircraft machinegun
mount.
P: Voyennyy Vestnik (Military Herald), No. 80 August, 19570 pp, 64.66.
(1)40) Kozlov D. Lt. Col., article: Firing from antiaircraft madhinegun mount.
P: Voyennyy Vestnik (Military Herald), No. 7, July 1957, pp. 59-68.
(141) Pokravskiy G. I., Maj. Gen., op., cit. pp. 54-55.
(1)4.2) Kriksunov V. Engre Maj., article: Problem of interception of inter-
continental ballistic rockets.
N: Sovetskaya Aviatsiya (Soviet Aviation), NO. 99, April 250 1957.
(143) Pokrovskiy G I., Maj. Gen., op. cit. p. 27.
(144) Ibid., pp. 28 and 49-52.
(145) Savitskiy I. I. textbook: Chto nuzhno znatidlya zashchity ot para..
zbeniya s vozduLa (What should be known about defense against an air
attack), Moskva, 1957, pp. 5-28.
(146) Kriksunov V. Engr. Maj., op. cit. p 3.
,1?1.1.
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PAGE 92 OF
93 PAGES
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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.Soltetskaya: 271, .111cete.
(148) Ohlyutlz it idtematic eirplenee
N: Erasneya brei(ted. 8tat); No. 194, August 17, 1937.
(149) News report: The Cbkalov aztiaircrat artillOy h?
N: irrasnva brezda (Red Star), No. 144
June 20, 1957, PS 1.
(150) Batitskiy P. F. Col. Gen., der of,06, Mositovskiy air defense
trict. , Interview about actifities in itie district'
N: Xrasnaya Zvezda OW Star) NO. 57, March 8, 1957, PO 2i
(151) News reports: Radar technical stations beyond the Polar Circle and
the radar stations yith the Polar ftperimental Drifting Stations.
N: Xrasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), No. 95, Apr. 21, 1957, and No. 118,
May21? 1957.
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Agencies, except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AFO FOCRTM5 2 i 2a
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A g3 Id
0
.11
0
c ,. 8 g,
a
-, .,:' 0 11...? Q1
Fb
--N,
c.t. 0
ui
0 0
' ...i ,
- . ,
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0
a)
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r
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-010.43R002400170005-8
rims,
i I 4
,
??? Co ? erLin-Chief of the Soviet Ai4 Defense
I.. , . ? ?
i Na.r S. S. ?Biriruzov,i-1,,ri-th Artiale.ry-Itlars4.1.
I / IT. D. I Yalclovlev and. lest-1+41g sold.lers of tbe
J '
I ' . Air Def en Forces '
1,
1,
11
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- STAT
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,
-
Fig. 8 - Antiaircraft artIllery battery fires a sal*-o_
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STAT-
?
-
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4
aliber antiaircraft autctatic emlpon.
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STAT
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, Declassified in Part - Sanitized dopy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
1
=7777777, . . ., ?
------
_ ? . ....
-
gef
STA-T
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Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
I.
Fig. 16 -
tins telescope df
gut, of meaium feather.
Fig. 15 - jt i-craiTh artillery gun of medium caliber
of tht Czechoslovakian Air Defense
;:".g. 17 - Elevation mechanism of antiaircraft- gun
of' medivmferber, -
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-IRDP81-01043R002400170005-8
of larE7!.zal ?
721171-- 18 TJnaere4rrlar,e of antiaircraftartillery gun of medium caliber.
Fig. 19 - Spade oft antiaircraft artillery
gun of n'dium caliber.
21 - 2ntl4i -aft raacIllihe7un
"Cy f,7
-STAT
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
-1
F 29-1 -rcraft, ne L-7.ano larze cal;":0-e--_- on
special mo-ant firez'
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STAT
L
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_
ni-eletS, -a-mr.:1"-ir_el.Tu..-4ed. ftr
_fire from sT,ecial rts (Cdeszkiyraiiitar
anti'aircraft
,stic
?
Fig. 6 ew te ofrieur.t:r td sub-
ai 7-C t
fleelsielmemas
Weems
rikazallis Sirriaers- '
Pain 04:Plare?
vumrumr?sens
aim Bilzerla
Coen. lope
./(3) Tema 0106a9pr
max Goma
(440+
EypC.l.- -
27
-^
- 7.7a1-73=
tar7et fr=
--t_roy
. w:11c't a
7
STAT
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_
SC711111111b1d 6u.tup
6e,omusta.coreol:6osolry ? -
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b3nurnwoa su3up
topaosimaibkoll-roda,
?
,
? ,..012 rogue coil-vrwruk.a
no ? a itt?dyrn
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staAbwocrn
;
yoeue wageless us
170 CLIVIITYMy
. , - . . _
: ' 4-,. ......-. .-3 !-,, -7, ---, n '-- Or ( ---7 :_?::-.1?:..1-, j .
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? % "^- - 4 ?.% -7 '-7.-".r - ' 1 k.? al. L?L..__,..,_,_ - ,L, ? _ ___ - ,___,__ _ , _ 1, _
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1-.1.'-".-17.,:b,---1 (,1*;', 7-?,:s.4-2,c c..--_-,17+,--ol -7-1,2-v-t,._1-_-'...-ii:,:., ?. . ?',27.-...._.--.Tat'n sic-At:LT-1E,- pcinci.--J'a
of ntlle: antiajr.--c raft o-rtilie7.-7 radar :.,ttat.,. on (S
. ? _ ? - . .
_ .
f*:
C
d) ;3F cALe e tC).
.17:-114:?? Ca40.4,4????
_
- 31 - tube ar-d 4 ts screen-
2on tz_fbe-; (-o; Fefl3ctr,-(1 (c)
Inti D-ue;
(d \,? n Distor_ce.
ifl
-
. -
-
J 0
? - -- .001.
- ?
..se _....- - .1.
Igo- _ -,- it yk...-- At-a....
*a _
- - - .- - _4
C' ,............._?,...*, - -
__ .... _______ I
1 a ?-?. 2C)J ierc-r4is. y eel ii
..? ' 3.
_ , - -
...,073trivi,?, --
..e" - -
7.7'r_rdt.1-1
_
32 - Dete.r=inan oft art
Slant range-
? ?
I
;
(d) (e)
Thrget'S
Al-titude
;
,.._
..... , ....... 7 ,5.
- :...."-----?- 7...e.......-__ : ,_
..........).....a......, ..
__
.--:.--.0
.---?? 5". IsmIL
_- - r.."'-.?-.4 --
,....---
....-- ?
........ ....- -
,.......
-
of. 7,1 aar..-cra.i. art' Lie-y -3.7.;tre-ry
r firf.mg against a..11--p1_szle3 .7
S TAT
\
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
---
Diagl:E=oL : the antiaircreSt artillery
1. Thnge 2inder (Ileicht
?
finder)
Lire control
4,2\ airector'("FUAZon sentral'kry;PribbrUpravlenlya
almitnym egnem, compute the cemmarAz for the guns)
Lain junction box oL the data transmission mechanism
5. .Power
of the data tr6ziaraps;ion\ mechanism
? .
Gun :junction boxesi f the data transmission Mechanism
Elevation meehanlsM
-. Azimuth mechanism
9: Fuse setting mechanism
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STAT _
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Fig. 37-
Seaut-guaner at t0e-t
battery teleseapid
,
iFig. 36 Antiaircraft atillery.svad received
I cothmand,"action station" and the cable to the,
gun has beep laid dOwn. ? '(AntlairCraft artillery
unit in PriVollIskiy-Military District)
37.-
Radar -0Mei.ator -
vat.chle_s the irmu_Ises
on rada,- slireem.
Fig. 38 - 3atte-ry commander
Watches t-.7.e work
of plotting
omerator (Irmo is
sam tine
CrOP-?- of t-:_e
battery sismal
-section).
STAT
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
_
s
Fig. 40 Soviet ant14rcraft,artillery battery on prearranged
firing nOtitiOns on the sea coast. -
g. 39.- The 'crew of five prepares the gun for fire:
(Pr*volzhskiy Military District antiaircraft r
defense unit).
,
STAT
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
_ ? _
45 - Naval lighter pilots being
instructed :about technical
characteristics of destroyer; whic.
they have to cover. Instructing
officer - Guards Lt. Colonel_-
N. Gurint.
Fig..; 42 - Naval aviation mechanies
watch repared by them jet
fighters In flight.
. 44-- Additional suspension
- fuel tank being:-cari4e41---
to jet..fighter,'before it
? takes off o7er-high sea.-
" 1Fig. 45 - Naval aviation wean= merhAnics _
loading jet fighter airplane before
combat flight.
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STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
- Naval antiaircraft artillery battery or the cruiser
" Mrto-0411 Kutu.zovn.
STAT
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
CA1
;-?
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STAT
?
? Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
-
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STAT -
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
i'?-t.1
--k......,..
...... f IA f
-..?
A\ ,
0%\ -
g j, ? ".?*4-.4.--'
%
It; Mg.
.\\
KWX,`
Fig. 53 _.- Sketch of the Soviet coneePt of an
antialreSft guided rocket.
(i.) Radar direction finder
(2) Bader guiding the Missile
1 -
(5) Antiaircraft fire automatic cacil*Itor
CO Antiaircraft guided missile launcher
(5) Principle of the "guiding beam" system
. j
;"tvs?
-frS,..3riltfr 4.
-
114-
0-4
s zr.
Pi
?
. 54 - Antiaircraft guided mdssile at the monent
of start and. in flight.-
S TAT
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,r
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.;;;:z?*:*
_
"','^gAragan6.?n.
Fig. 55 - Types of Soviet ground.-to-lal guidest
Declassified
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STAT
i
,?..-? c I
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i, i , _?
Fig. 5f - Antliaircr-aft artillery batterry
- Fig.-58,- Radar operator of an antiaircraft
artillery subunit, ..watches the
radar screen.
:
g.. 59 Senior radar opeistor
of an . antiaircraft sub-
unit vorks- at radar,'
station.
Fig. 60 - SaViet radar operator (graded specialist
first class) Vathces the Impultes on the
circular raddr screen.
- STAT
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
*OktatAlli:
- - -
Ftg. 61-- biagr* of radar controlled antiaircraft:
artill.erY-fire
L
Sketch Aa (a) ...Course of the target-
, 00 Point of encounter: airplane'- Missile
(c) Radar station J-1
(1) Antiaircraft artillery fire director
(e) :Synchronous data transmissiOn line
Sketch B:? '(1) Commapdand.control,unit -
,_ -- -
(1-5
Neasuring devices- Electric synChronOus data tranSmission.system
(
(4) Directing unit
(3). Servo motor ,
' ($) Independent electric power supply unit
-(s) Tb the gun ,
Fig. 62 Radar station and. control..
?post Of the fighter unit
Fig. 63 - Radar station of tie
antiaircraft arti1Xery unit
Fig. 65 - At naval radar st*tioq
operators at work
Fig. 61e. - Naval 'radar operator (1st class)
at the post.
_ STAT
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y ,
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Fig. 66 Antiaircraft artillery searchlight of Czechoslovakian Ami.
?
.r
Fig: 67 - Searchlight onerator checks
direction of the beam.
Fig. 68 -
archlight operator changes the carbon.,
STAT
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t-
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7
iiiinistr,7 of -;Literior
Local Air
(Ne-eya
Defere
vo
kain-
Adninistratio
of the Local
Air Defense
r-
Serb. ices
rdrziati
of the
Local AD
???
10?111
(Slushby i formiro-
.va-iya-mestno7 l-170)
411No
!-ietry of Lefetse
ComnamOe
(Caa7mo
?
. -
f t-ra Air 1.'?efealle,of tz.e Couhtry
1L81L(t4;,7" chiy 0bdr0h,-.7: itramr1
?_ 7
Main AeministratiZn
of the Air Defense
of the,Gou?try j
umrnvleniye)
AMIN. ...MP .???? vim? ????
1 of the Mr
OirtwomPTO)
Larl Wa
Observationomdiato
Serviiie -
(51%Lint-474vozhapeo
nablrlidenira, opovesh.'..?
chenijaFi.sVyazi)_-
. -
E4, & Aili- Trooper nnd
tarr Services'of
cil of the the AD-Die-
AD District trimt
A .
(Shtab 2. voyennyy
soviet okr...4:,a PVC)_ (Voym,..a slathby4r1;ca PTO)
_ _
AirlDefense-of?the Armed rorces in tme Fie'
(PrOtivovozau.shaawa otoroma voorazhennyM.,.
Bil mateatre voyennyith deystNiy).
t.;omposife Diagr= of the Gemetal Organitatiom of the Soviet Air Defense _
as it appoars it the Lasts Soviet Facyclopoklia and other sources.
Fig. 69 - Searchlight-control radar in operation.
Lecend: Line of ritrect command
Line of cool- eratiozr,
_ Fig". tO - General organization of the Soviet air defense'. -
STAT
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_L
_ Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
to* -????-????--
-
????4
?saaxoj apuojap
i
?
6
L tztz::
Irrs.1914
ut...e.,--,ert :4.????? Z.1.0.1.... bortand
..." ? wt.:a:Ant, ,wreal.. IMMO. Pr 'n?act.
t ....Maud la Vs Pons% ftwerem Imet at
'.....'scarimme an .r,...ser,...r...... Marrs..
.1.44 tan =
??...,?-e.m.
, aa-
,???4??,.. T-rte,
.Z ;01...W.W.........ON. W`.???? %or ...........5
.....-....1..2.? Po .....-ca 5,-.1....
(
. .
. .
A
? =?-?????
brat 7?_,
1/.."
.e.:?4
5,2
4046
r1,4,-=? Syr,.
3cal arms
yps' Gmal? mel Umeta:re
am.a 7.1
1411.--aela
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?.?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
-
T
...........
_ -----
Fig. 72 General- view of an air field, of N fighter regiment
At the command past f3.ig1It supervisor and. ground.
controller'direct the takeoff of fighters.
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STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
Fig.._ 73 - Mobile radar cantrolpost at
the airfield of fighter aviation.
Hero of the Soviet Union Col. B.
Zavoryzgin controls the flight.
,
Fig. 74.H- )bile refueling station an the airfield of N-regiment
of fighter aviation.-
-
Zing wows IX/10
LTIra6 paean IMO
Nag. Inaseiva ago
Him. Same? menu,'
areltr LIDO
asssaFrasuoman
0011101-
X.Inuftecasoi 601411
071vesait dosela
Inumnammissomisamm
Virsrapaaa ointaitas
Coe& sassafry. lax"
.0111 E130
CMIAA-TAIUMMVAAR
AntsitA
PAArMuMAMMAUWA
A 41111.-t
OM. AOINSIMAng
flee: /wigs
or EQ, of the PVT-poi:It-
? M. of the_ PTO region
-
^ Commander of the FVO seoiar-
7mAgig7Lrb
Zof the combat Sector
Pp013 etq
SPeCial -squad or _ cdmpaz7
LIr: uEui
bemnlitim oesiebombmge
Sector squad
rrecaltineion teohraii r.eal
Cerctee of destruction
. Interior observation post--
_
Flg4 75 - Diagram of caMbat organization of an
aircraft defense 'Object..
-
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/YIP/Gov/LI*
Afi%SO
0z144-7.41Q
'
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
Havgimevak M/7d0
etwea
1/We,gro,oaciro7taiva
langliffieg
40914,6.) et)
kti NA90
Arriimr
14pe emzEtase0
to
ALW000
Cohoeier
Ay/78a
dr.794/1.40170.7-.
;
C//4449(14
Af9t
4"4?42W4e0,
/Wart* Cogiaail
1,450
laprix407,7.22Mwerat
iMiaalirriCir a ea
4,0,c.wzr,080eral
en?vIci
thi
50 afarAUC.
/47N4i
,Y.Tv.sneh2/121
Aviv aizeknozo
lircacranee ? -
Waehmosere
costa/dal
.418.6.0 ci,
402447771484ye
Af/78
:Fig. 76 -.0/..ganizatiOnik17'chart of the local antiaircraft defence
Hof a city Ukhama organizatsii NFVO gor6da)-
(a) Head of !VO pf acity -(chairMan of City executive committee)
(b) Headquarters aid-NPV0 of -a city
.(c),Head of NFVO id an area (chairman of area executive committee)
.(d) Headquarters 'of mpyo of an area
(e) NPV6 services Of a city (anti-fire- serviCel,medical and others),
(f) Heads of MFVO ofrobjects (of large objects/
(g) WV() services of areas
'(h) Formations of 1.IPV0 of
NPVO services of objects '
.(j) Formations of NPV0-Cif'areas
(bc) Heads of NPV0 of objects
(L). NFVO squads of standard cyluposition--
(m) Heads of NPVO-of dwelling quarters and educational insitutions
:(n) Self-defense groups
(o) Formations of EPV0 objects
-
0
7.)
STAT
..-4
STAT
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
-..voika
1.,,ITY
"777
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/10/28: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400170005-8
_
8O - Gun crew comMander Instructs
. the gunners.
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STAT -
F
-4/
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1
,scin
-"agirs*
1-Arofirsimrif.
4
WIWOMIHR P914,-
nwmukor
-e
4$
IM sote42:-_-?.;
' 1 Ciao
? 1?11.11111r.??pm,-.71.7411.
Fig. 89 - Diagram of -zone of interception
of .intercOntinental,b^llistic
rOcket
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Zone of interception
ExteriOr limit- .
Interior
Target
Trajectory 8000.__km-
Trajectory 1600 in
Entry to the command post and
storage place -
_ ?
Elevator of the rocket
Storage place for rOc2e-
Elevator at tbecc.az.post
Oxidizer
Fuel
- Fig. 90 - Sketch of intercontinental ballistic
:rocket P_unchir--g ositi. on 7"--
, _
7
_
STAT
Capt-Shapahnikov'd battery personnel and tle guns in firing position
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