POLAR RESEARCH

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170017-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 208
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 23, 2012
• Sequence Number: 17
• Publication Date: August 18, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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P~LAI~ ~Z~S~A~Ci~
~'UP1~T~El~ k~Y TI~~ Ali~~~xV~'~
~'Ol~
POLAR FZ]~u {' ' CE3
0~~ KT~
~'ub~.~.sh~.n~ HnusE; W~ser~.a~nd Ver~.ag~ Ho~.zmind~x~
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~~~~~+~a ~~i, C~~ r~ '~ ~~S
~r~~~ ~'ra11S~.F~'~~,On
M~ C~robewah~.~ Pxo~essor vx~ Leon~.d
3 ~a~ ~
Sreit~'u~~
,, ~. ~hr~ Se~.sm~,ca.ty off' the Arc~~~.~ 32G
~. ~~ma,
Gott:~r~.ed wa~,s~: F.~pexi.ences w~.th
~qua.pmen~ ox~ an Expcd~.t~.an to
~ X28 a
Green~.an
Karl Schenkr ~~,d~.o Propagation as an
lRr Weather ~,x~~laration 33~ 19
Aa.d, in Po
Heinrich Schatz; ~ TI'l,Ca Gataatrophe of
the ~~Coburgu in the Tee o~~' ShaM~
., Naven~b~r 19~~~ 336 29
non on ~.~ 19
Hans Ra.chtex~: ~'he Stex'eoseapa.r Pic-
' ~ ~.ar Research 338 ~~'
tore in Fa
~'r~.t~ Mat~~~ick: ~.'he ~'rob~,em o~ ~3i-
341 ~~~
po:~ar ~ichene
Hein~~ M.t~.~.er~ ~h~, Nlauntain Rc~~-on
3~~ 49
at Pet~~~rna
~~ , l~OS smar~nt On the ~'~hn `Wind in
~nla~ad 3~"I ~~
Sp~.tsb erg~n .and Gree
John Georgi ~ Measuring instrument ~'or
D~.recfi~ So~.a.r N,adiat~.on for Use by
-ditions 3~~ 7a
,. a
~~ , ~? W, A,~.tntanns .Northern C~nad~
i~'e o~ `~'c,morr~ow 3~~ "~~
Source a~ ~-
He el~, ~.e "~'a~re~"?We,~precht ~' libi~iax~-r
~s~ar ~
-~.n Vienna ~.~~~~1~~~
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Qr~,,~~1.~~~?~ '1'ra~~~~a~~Ar~
Mar~~~,n ~li~.~~r~; ~,'o Jamo~ ~~~rk Baas
on ~h~ Uc;caa~ar~ ?~' his ~a0th ~a,x~hM
clay an ~.~ Ap~,~ ~9~0 36c~ ~?
Andpx~a h~ Ox~v~n: ~xp~di~iana off' ~h~:
Nargk ~'a1,a~~.ra~~.~u~,~ clur~n~ ~h~ ~'aax
1;~~0 363 9~~
Ctrl^h~~r~d vch~.nc~.~~; Me~eoxc~~,o~y a.~n ~Eh+~
Po:~ax Axea 36~ 99
loo l~osaac, 1:ni~~~rna~ional. Camr~i~.sa~.or~ ~'ax1
k~ex~i.~;1.aGa.a1. Mor~~holagy 366 1.02
~'s~.~z Mat~t,i ck; po~~~t nn tha VT1;
In~ernat~iorlal 1~o~~ani.sts ~ Mee~-in~;
ha1.d at Stockholm in 1.90 366 1.03
Hanaw~'a~ter Koaack; '~h~; _Cou~se of Exw
plara~tion and the Si,at~ off' Ou~rent
J~nowl.ed~e abov,~t ~tha An~;arc~ta.c 367 l0~
I+x~.~t~ Loewy; I'ro~x~~s of 'the French
An~tarc~tic ~xpedi.~Lion up ~o ~th~
P~'E~~n~r 37~~ 1.1.E
I~ianawl'e~e~ Kosack, 'the "Atlas a~ Pax~~Ls
off' the An~tarcta.c Coast~~ 3i3 1.20
Jon ~y~ha~^s~oxas R~cass~,c~n off' ~c~;~.and
Glaciers in the Years l~3Ow19~7 37~ l2~
C. ~ru~erM ,Thy; lntexest o~ Sump Ca1.M
lectors ~.n the Fo:lar ~egic~ns ,~"rb 1.26
k~xich ~Wustmann: Just Knud ~ui~stad
g~ Years 01~d, 376 1.27.
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Cri~~.~~a~.
~'rans~a~iAn
..~.~~
Mar~~.n Mi~.~.er; TA ~~nes ~l~x~ ~~~
on the gccasion ?~ k~i~ ~~~~a ~~,r~h~.
?
day ox, ~,~ April, ~.9~0
3~aC
8?
And?~~~ K. ~x~vin; ~~ped~.~,ians off' ~h~
Norsk ~Po~.arin~La.~u~~?~ dux~n~ the Year
~9~0
3~3
91~
t~erh~~rd Sahind~.er; Me~t,eoxalogy ~,n ~h~
Pour Area
~~a
99
l~~ ~'oser; ~ni,crna~iona~. ~Corrm7~.ssa.or~ i'ox
Pera.~la~;ia~, ~Nlorpholo~y
~b6
lQ2
I'r~.~~ Nattick; ~po~~~t are ~hE V:C~:~
~nternat~.onal 13o~anis~s' Mee~~.n~
held a~ Stockholm in 195n
~6~
l0~
H~ns~1'eter ~osack; '~h~t Course o~ fix-
l~lora~ion and the S~ata of ~%urrent
Knowledge ak~ou.t ~th~ An~~rc~ie
X67
10,E
~~'ri~2 ~~oewe; Progress off' 'the French
Antarc~,~.c k~xped~.~ian up ~o ~h~
Present
X73
ll~
I~~,ns~~'eter Kos~ckc 'the "A~~.as of P~r~Ls
a~' the An~arc~ic Coast'+
373
l~0
~'orr ~y'~l~orsaons c~;ss3.ran off' Iceland
CrlaeiE";rs in the Years l~~Q~lq~."l
3wr~
l~l~
C, Kruger mhe lr~~eres~~ a~ Stamp Col?~
l~ctor~ :Ln ~h,e PoJ.ar ~egic~ns .~76 126
Erich ~Wustmann: Just Knud ~u~,gstad
~8 Fears Old. ,~"~~ l2'~
__
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Ku.r~~ 1~~Y~e; ]~r~,~~ Na~Bs
Nor~~h Pala' ~~~~.an~;
~"~~~
~~~
Gc~n axa~~ ~ ~,~m~
F~cpad~. ~~.an ~
X81
137
Gaophys~.ca~, T~~ms
3~1
13~
Nax~~h~x"~ Luxo~a~
~a~
a.4o
T r,~~.and
~ ~ ~
~.~.0
5p~.t~sb ar~ar~
~ g 2
~.~~.
Gx~ec~nl and
~ 83
~,1a 2
l~ax~~l',h~x~n Ass.
3 ~3
ll~'2
1:,akarG~dar
~ a~
~~~~
,~~. a5~6t
~h~' Ax"C~1C
WYt~1.:I.n~ and ~ea].a.r~~ ~.n
~~~
~'~'~
-~ou~t Pa~.sx~ 1'~Ze~a,ona:
3~5
lZ~~
G~nex~a~. l~~~ls
l
'
~ g~
l
~
~
1'~~:~cd,a.~a,nns
Wha3~in~
X87
~iblia~;rapY~y
3 ~~
~ v~.ows
~3aalc e
~
396
.~~
ons
Gom.rnuna.ca ti
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FQ-LAI~ ~~~~A~~~i
~. .~
~'ubl,is~,~ad by the l~rch~.v?s ~'or ~a~ar hs~earahi ~iia1,~ Wi~r~~;~M
minenstr~ 2~, phony 2~Q2~.
~'o~ta1 checking Account o;f' tl~? Archives: l~lamburg ~,~~U~, ~'or
the GeY~~ln l~emacra~~ic hepub~,a,c, k~asta~. Ghec~:~ng Account ~er7.in
13Ca~~.lr? belonging ~~o Mr, Ernst G~xtt~?it, Lberswal,dds {'ri.ah~Mtuhsam
~trasse 3G. ~a.reetor; l7r~ Niax GrGtetirahZ., Deput~r Uirectort ~tudien~
rat Burt kuthe~ Lditar; Stu~ienrat Kure l~ut~i~+ published by
Weserland Verl.ags ~Holzrr~inden
vo7.u.me ~1/19~0 Number. J./2
20~~ Year
l slued January 19~~,
UI~TTUARY FOB,
PrG~'essor Dr. Leonid ~3re~;t~'uss
'.1'he dean a~' Berman polar research, k'x'G~essgr Dr's Le:orlid,
l~reit~uss, died. at dad ~'yrmant an 20 Ju~.y 1850, H~.s h~~d been a
long and successi'u~. li~'e ar~d yet he le~'t us toy soon.
xn :Ur. ~3reit~uss th.E Archives f'or ~'alar research are ~.osirtg
one of their a~.clest and most valuable ca~,~.abaratoxs~ lluring the
organ~.zata.on a~' the ~lrchi~res he was ga.ven d~.rectiar~ a~' .the J~er~.in
sect~.an, In the course a~' h7.s activ~:tY tka,ere h~; was able to enM
large the speca.ali~ed ~.~.brary a~' the Arch~.~ves cons~.de~^ab~.~r arld
was ab~.E to cantinue Chavanne' w bib~.~.o~;raphy, ~ahich ~.ncludes
po1.~r ~.~,teratu~~ up to 1~7~~ r~he card index camp~led b~ him in
phis work hae been 'the basis ~'ar a~.~. b~ib~.~.ogra~h~.c pu,b~.~.cat~.Gnw
~ivb
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~~ The baArd off' dixec~oxs of ~kae Aralniv'es
~~,~,~, tie end o~ ~~~~ ~.~,~
an hc,noxaxy member a.n xacagr~i~^on o~
f'ox Po~,ax Reseaxch mach h~,m
~1~ ese ~,abaxs
ruffered an irxep~.aaea~b~p ~.asN by
Merman ~,a1ax xasearch has a
h~,s uni~ixa.ng di~.a.gence and his
h~.s decease ~ May' Gexman youth fake
dGi and s~F,z~.ve on in 11is spixi~t~
benefic:~a~. woxk as a mo
Gro ~ticwah~,
~:h 1949 Number if ? Wage 293 - ~ '~o ~'xafessax,
k'oo~no~e; To1ar ~~ssear
occas^an of his ~O~h ann~,vexsaa~y' in polar
~~ L. 1~reitfus,~ on the
~th bixa;hda~T, 191~~9, 37 pa~;eu. Pubiished~ by
xaseaxch and h~.s ~~
~ ~ a rch Kic~:1, ~J^lhe~.ma.~~,enst~xasse 24 ~ Prase
~1rchlv'es fox l a~.a,x hesea ~
2eQ0 ~.M.
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~ro~'essor ~r~ ~! Tan~s~
I~arnbur~
;Cn v~,ew of tha fact t~rat since the be~~.nnin~ off' tha.s
ear~ah ua.ke rese~~xrh hats becom? incroasa,r~~~1y'~
c?rr~;ury irr:~trurnerr rah. ~
roni~e~t:n?l; thar~ts to tha ~~erf'ectin~ off' seisr~a~raphsy our lcnow-
si ~ ,~
off' the se~.5r1rie be~ra,v~,or a~' areas SucYl a,5 the a?o~.~tir regions
],edge
~, ~.dera,b~ evF,n though thE,se re~~,ons are ~.nsuf f'~.c9.er~~
ha ~~ grown cons y
~~ irect observations, Thus it was soon discovered,
tl.y acc,e s~,ible i~o d
,, ~, :. ~ ~:~.rst ?La derr>anstrate, ~hat~ 1'or e~~am~,~.c, the
a,s the ~~uthor way ~h~,
,~ n I~ortherr~ Ocean or thF Ska,tldik (Narwe{~'iarr
bot?~ort~ off' ~~he Europa
va.a and Greeri~,c~nd ~'xom Tcea.arrd ?r,o S~aitsber~Eri
aea] between ,Scanda.na
seisrn~.c act~.vity ~.rr ~.ts cerrtral region ~~1~~~.'~ ray
reveaa.s a ~.a.veJ.y
~~ ~ ~ arctic itself, and that even the region
be traced a.nto LhE vexy
y ~ ?nsl~iold Sea C~,aptev Seal between thc; Tain~'x~ Benins,ula
o~ the Nox do
' bex~ian ;~slarids has noteworthy ea,r~tYrc~u,a,ke~~.
and the Nc;w Sa.
rr~rehcnsive representation of 'the seises
~'he most recent; co i~
~~
~~.
? :. earth. b B. Gu~;enberg and. C ~ ~ ~ Richter (l9 ~~)
ma,c.~ ~y of the ~' ~,
;:,
,;
urther comple?~ea the picture, so that these two auth,orw now re~
f
t,inuaus arctic ea,rtb:y,ua,ke belt in the; ~.a.~;ht of recent
fer ?~o_a con
observatians~ and that th~.~ belt ex?~ends as a corr~
t
7.itex ature and.
ti
r;
~' 'Lhe seism~.c zone. in the Nox~?~hern A?~~.ant~.c ~'rc~m xce~ 1
ta.nuata.on o
~~ r the Eux~a ea,n pax~~ off' the Arc?~ic Ocean, .the. Greerr~.and
Land cc.~o,~s p
? n northward past ~'r~.d~ jaf-T7ansen ~,~and a~.~. the way
Sea and Spa.tsber~ye
re inn off' .the ~~raa, Bela and the New 5iberia.n ~:slands?
?~o the ~
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,,Q ~, s fi,x~ ~~, on o~ rho ~u~~k~ s e ~' '~~h~, s xQ w
has alorr~ ~~~ Ad~~e ouch ~~ ~,eyl~~~
~~,on ~h? o~,~~th~.u~~? obs?x~rs.~tvx, ~ ~~~
nd T,v~.~~u~ on the asst ~,nd sou~~~we~
lea ~ee~.~rrd, Soox?sby Sound a
s~~,a ~.n ~wec~?ra ~,nd ~,sk.~,~.e~~ui,x
or~.et oi' ~xf~erril,~.nd ~~~,;pGC~:~V?~y, U~
o_.
T use~ul~ apart ;~xona rrraxe x~r-,o?l.e
~.x%~cot~land hev~ been e s~ec~.a~~.~
' ~,errse ~u:akes. W? rnua'~ rnen~~,on ;fin
s~i~a~t~,oris :1.n the e~~~e of a.n -~,2) at
,.. ? on was s,c~~~,vc temporara,ly (~,9~~,
a,ss~,n~~ th~:~~ a ~exmarr s ~at~. .shed
d re~aults .f'xorr< this st~~ta,Un pub/
~ dven~t Aay on Sp:~. ~,sbe r ~,e n ~ ~n
a a basa~a f'ox his own ~.nves~
r C, l~alnk:a ortGE scxved the s,ufi,~iax a
~~ ~ ~ r t ~ ear' ~hw
d?~i~aa.lGd exFa7.ana'~lon of Sla~,~~sba~~,en ~
t~.~~1~,a.on. ~:n a more
ls, A. aa.Eber:; cor~~as,~~ea i?~s sels~~.c
quake s rtincl ~Lc-: c'~o na. c ~~hc, riomer
' ~~ .an block system. xn add9.ta.on ~~o
cha,x~~ctc;r to ~h~t,t~ of tl1e SoLith Gcxm
w ~, s a -,'~a. ch e el ~to ~Lhe: ~a rts, sh
~l~hc above an ea,r'~h~,u~.kc~ obsc;r~v~rtory . ~ ~ .
. , ~' don ~L?he weat coa~~t of C~ecrils,rrd,
b~?o:l.or:ra~cal st~:l~~ion on ~a.sko 1,,,~an
? ~ rvs.~~inn~a me,de, w~.'th extens~.vc
d ~, G, Jarboe xe,ported on a.ts obse
~,n ~, l2. [See
` r, ~.ad f'rem October.. 1g07 '~o May 9'
~,n~~er~rup~l~~.ons, .~n, ~,hE pe
tr~.bu~~~.on:r to r,eophysica), Vol
'er~lc~ndt s Y3e~.'~x,~~,~ux.,~..r~ki-~-~=~M Oor~
C~ ......
~~ 1~ and Volv.me ~~V (191~.1F) J ,
lgl2), Volume ~J:1.~. (.lql )
url~e K~ (
r li ~~; Lle or not a~ aa.l sei srrlics,l.:l.y
~'he r~.m of ?~~e ~.rct~.c ~.,~ very
~ Greenland or in Northee,stern Siber~.,
dis'Lur~~c,cl a.n North Arnera.ca and , , ,
the l~.mited obeex~vat~.onal f aca.l~. ~~es.
ss f'ax as we can ~~ell from ~ E mouth
rs have bec;n known t,o occur a,t th
On ~I;he Canad~.an r~.rli ~',reruo he xe r~.on
. ~ the Y3eauf`ort ~~ea as w~el~.~ as in t ~
of ~~he Mackcn~a~.e and ~n mots on the
~ ? ncl ~s,f'f~.n Y3ay? 1~rea5 of weak tre
off' ~~he Davis ,,~,rai.t a ~er re ~~.ona.
.,, .,~ ~ Greena.and. correspond to the latt ~~
ne~.~;hbora.n~;, c,oas ~ o
,.?s o~ creak shocks om Crreenland's east
There ~.~re oces,s~.ons,l repot L
r s that of :~celand wh~.ch l~,es ~us'~
coast ~.n the same lat~.tu~de ~ SouthM
~,~; and f,s often. badly shaken up ~.n ~.ts own
across Den7r~ark Stra
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
wait ~~~c~ r~ortl~oast cox~ners~
~s can bea ~a~;harc~d ~'rr~m ~~~~ ~~xAat~,~o by Guk,en'hcrg and ~,~.ck~t?~,
~~hr~ro .l.s An iriiport?w,r~t~cante~~ in ~a~e ~iber~.an~,~J.askan ~Gxatlait~.ana1
reg~,on l~?~~c~oan ~,s~,a r~nr~ Noxtl~ ~,rner~,ca, a~aar~; .from a dew o~;her quake
ceri~~are,
~'l~i;a con~c~z~ ~,s loc~~~,ed outsido the ~~.aut~.an and ,~~.ask~an zone
bel,on~;in~ ~ro the carthc~l~alce belt ringing the ~'a,ci~'.i.c a~~ ap~~rax.m-
ately 6~ degrees nar~th, 1~2 wQa~~ off' Greenw~.ch, not i'ar ~ror-~ the
13ei^in 5t,raa.~~ ~Iers the; obsarvs,~~a.ons o:~ ~Lha s~~r~~t~,on at Co~,~.a;e near
~~a~,rb~~nks in ~~.aa,ca wh~.ch h~~s baen in opexatio~n since 193~i wi;~.:1 be
especially use:Cu]. in eJ.ari~'ying the sit,ua~~ior~,
Con,~d.derable pragre~~ in' 'the ev~,lu~~tion o~ the 5eism:i.c
activi~~y o:C a 2^e~;tan was rnrldo w~ien Gu~;enbe~~ and R.~chl;er .succeeded
(19~; and ~.ater) in adopting a de:~in~,~;c unx~~ o:~ nieasuremPnt i'ar
the "I~Iragnitude" ('tMagnitude", M) o~ a quake as whale, which at the
same time per~7rits an estimate off' the energy released by itd This
obv~.ously goes :far beyond the cuatamary imf,ensity-estimates using
an emz~irical ma~ni.~~ude scale based on da.rectJ.y Visible e~'~'ects
Acrording to the cl~~ssi~'ication adopted, b"fir the above; named
au~~haa^s and their de~~rmina~.ions a:~~. over the r~ioxa under dis?
cu;:7u~ion we are c~eal~ng exclusive~.y with car~hr~uakes havx.ng their
cantors near the surface (depth o;~ can ors na greater than ~0 lzilo? ,
metez^s) ~ 'hero were no indications o~ ,genua.nc deep c~ual~os w~.th
centers s,t depths. beyond 30a l~ilorn~te,rs (down to appraximate~.y 7n0
ki~.ometers) or o:~ quakws with an inte~nediate depth of center at
'70 to EGG kilometers, ~'he determ~.nat~.orl off' the 'magnitude" off' an
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
?axthquakQ anc~ ~h~ amoux~~ off' on?r~y ra;~a~ad ~~? ~.~ d?p~r~ds ~,n and
~ ah?nsly~ a '~,lca~~,on upon comp/?~. ~~17?orstlcal cvnaidara~~.ons
d o~n~r pp
ad aeon o~ thA ~las~~J.c saxth~~v~a as wa~.l as upon orapl~cl-
of ~hA r ~,
rr~ia,natloras s,ncl deriva,~~~,ons basod on the solsrrlomo~~r~,c roes-
ca~, ~,ete
trat~.ons a~~ ~.ncl~.v~.c~ual qualcos, '~hc~se, as w? kxiow, pc~r~ll~,~ rQ:l~,abla
conclusl.ons about the w~~ve ~rou~~s s,craxcla.n~ to t,~pa, sanpll.~uc,~e and
~' d ~'hu,, ~,t has b?en ~o1~nd that on tha scale which has boon so
p?r~.o ,
wolf de~Lermin~:a in this mal1~ior the n~o at important ec~rtlaquake5 ax~m~
,fined for i.n~l;ensity ~'~ust b4 ~1ssa.~n?d ~, ma~;n~l,tuc~e of approxima~~e~.y
pN~i, It was ~;urthor fi'o~znd t11at all quakes o~~ a magnitude cl.aas
equal 'Lo or treater than ~,~ are seismieal:ly p?r~ccptible e've~^y-
where on earth, while quakes which do not reist~~r at distances
rr;a~ter than 1000 kiJ.omete~rs have a m~~~;n ~Lucle smaller than ~, 3, T'ne
~;
teat L~.sbon cuake o:~ l~t~~_ may .perhaps be ~ivecl a ma~,n~.tude ICI of ~,
~ ~
~ The amount off' energy involved then rosults From an easily
t ~ 9,
able relationship between energy' 1J ~ in er ;s) amd magnitude M
manage
wh~~.ch :for the bane being fig th.eoretieally and empiricaa.].y valid
la,; Ir = 12 ~ 1,~ 1'~, 'his relationship, however, furnished the
value of lob ~ at best to an accuracy of one unit, since lob
involves 7,o~aLry~.th~ns to the bass 10 the value of 1~J itself, as found
in this manner is therefore at best cle?L?ermined to powers of ten,
In al~plyin~ this to trie earthqua!~es o:~ the ~,rc?~ic the
fn:~J.owin~; i'acts further char4~c~~eri~irl~; its seismicity should be
iven in conclusion, 'they are based on the veiy com~~lete ~'oundata.ons
of the above-cited work by Gutenberg and 1~ichter, Of the 2q StroY~ er
ualces o.~' magnitude chases ~r~ater than or equal to 6,0 observed
q
' n the ears from 1g0c~ to l~)l~~ north off' (~~ duress north latitude
~. ~
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s~~~.~, ended goad reg~stra~~.on~~ a~ d~,~~ncps
and wh~,cl~ ~,n ~?nara~, Y~
~ '~Ihli 1:i '1Cexl~~ede' ih~p* a~~+ll6~ 111ei~~ ~~OM 1'l~ Isk~dN
o~ ~.O,gQp lc~.~,ame~ers ~ro~~ __
~~.oned arctic ear~liqualce bea.t~ Q~e v~
be~.anged 'to 'the abov? men
ualc~ s (2]. I~ ~br~axy ~.9 26, M ~ ~' 9 )
th? thr?e most s lgn~. ~'~.cs, nt q
gone a ~' the Chukot~lt~ Y'~n~.n~u~.a on ~r~ng
or~~.~;irlated ~.n th? rrargi.na~.
tYi ~.?2 d?grees west) ~ another (20 November
S~~raa.t (~`~ dEgrees nor ~
"' e Tees north., ~Q3/U~ do~reee west) ?
1y33, Ni~7.3) a,n Dad: ~'a.n k3ay (~~ d ~
uak? (22 JaY~uary 1910, M ~ 7.1) we dead.
1:n the case a~' the tha.rd q
? , im~titely 2001 ki~,ometers north a:~ ~celand~
with an ep~.cente~ ap~ro~c
~, ' e coordinates at the t7.me to be
The author campt~~~ed its gea~;ra,Yha.
~~
,, de gees west, in roti~nd i'igures ~ ~Sei~tra~e
68 de ~;re e s north a,nd ~.? !,
, t-K1. Mitteilgt! (Shor't Notices) p? 2~0
ur Ge aphy~, Vole X, ..1910,
ea a~` tha:s qualce and i'ts imrrteda.ate
~f' ~) o 'Wha.le the ora.l;~.nata.ng ar
ain radiates more or less important
surroundings aga~.n and ag
,t .the region into the main seian~-c ~ron~
sYioclcs, thus ~,nrarpo~ata.n~,
? n off' Sa~'f'in Say in the above-~.ndic~~,ted
o:fi the Arct~.c, the regio
. seism~.cally very da.sturbed a~'ter the major'
area turned out to be
,~ ~ ~, a to 191~~ . And the i mportan?t~~ quake in
quake a ~' 1933, cex rain ~'
? ~ ar 192 ina.tiated s, period off' more 13.vely'
Ser7~ng Strs,~.t~ a~ 21 T'ebru y
~ rn7ation o~ o ld experience, At any rata a
seismic s,ctivity in _con~'
two more c~ual~es o:~' magnitude M = 6 to
the same momth there Sollowe
' enters and by the f'irgt o~ May off'
6~ having ~Ghe same or neaxby ep~.c ~
taken place ~ So f'ar' f'9.~~een quakes
that year another quake ,had
e certaixlty to have had epicenters equal to
hc+,ve been Found w~.~h som
a c~le ~ dive off' these (M ~ ~ ~3 to
or less than 10 degrees From th p ~
? a,s clase as ~ ~0 3 degrees to the pole.
g) showed areas off' or~.g~.n
' S pf the abdvewcited ~~hre~ most im~
~'he ...energy qua.nt~.t~.o
~.owir~ ~r~,lues, bo,scd nn the gi~ren
o~~~,nt: qu~k;e s should have the ~o~. g
asats 4
r~o5~~
r.i Y.A~
~r~ r 7 ~~fi r i.y t'w~y, i.~i ry~ 7q'~yS,Y >! '~'~~~^i r dfe ~ ~ YIh1
7:~1~ i f ~r ~~~~'~n~~~ ~~ ~"14'r ~~'S~u ~r~~~S:~~~~i~ ~iY'~~ ~ ~' ~'~~+r~~K ~ry~~;. E ~f~t~g~~'
d ! . x7i.,'ui i ~ ~ hd~ 6P~~~ ~~ a.IGJi $..A, dehP~D~ ~~~ ~3 ~,V ~Y Y ~3v ~%,x.d~
v~vV~r~Pi.aY
;n';t~~?!Fr~~k
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x~~~a~~~ra~h~.~~' b~~wAen ~~~ ~n~~~Y. ~ end ~na~n;~,~u~~ M; ~ax~hquako v~'
~~, ~~obxuar ~~28 (~ar~.n~ ~~x~a~,~~ ~! ~ ~a.9) 6 ~ 1a~~~ ax~~; ?a~~hqualca
Y
o:~ ~~ ~~nu~_ ~~ZQ (nor~~h off' ~~eland~ M ~ 7.~,) 6 ~ ~.(~~~' er~~ and
~''
c 3 k3a~'~'~.n ~3a m ~ ?:;~) 1~ x ~O~L~
~hq ~e~r~~ac~ual~e o.~ 2U Nov~mb?~ ~.~~. ( Y~
~x~~~. ~'ar eo~~~l~~~r~~.sc~x~ 1e~ us ~~~ke the he~vy~ c~t~~~ke of ~Q ~~comber
1.9Q~ ~a cah~ch Mcs~J~na dnd l~e~;~.4 d.~. Cal~bra~a fe~.l v.c~~,m; ~.~, ~~c~a~
o7j~~~,a~s.'trd a~~ a small de~a~h, W~.i~li a ma~ni~ude N ~ ~.5 :G~ rr~y havo
,~ ~''
c~evelo~.ed an ener~,~, off' dbo~~~l, 32 ~ 1~~2~1, er~ss ~,n ~exms af' s~.~~ es.sa.ly
!'ive ~~.mes ~ha~~ off' ~kie c~ualce of ?January 19x.0 north o:f xcelande xn
us~,n~ ~Lkle above xe1a~:~on be~wcen "enex~y't and "-~~~;na.~tiudcl' we mus~~
cex~~a ~n1y noi~ i'ar~;e~ ~}~~1~ i~ :~nval,~es a callsider~ablc i'ac~or of
uncer~~an~y. ~~Ze enLr~y of an a~~orn bor~b z.s assumed to be o~ ~~kle
order of J.(~`~~' ergs.
L' 1TLB~t"1'U~~
Gu~tenbex~, B? s,nd P~.ch~ter' C? ~+'e SeiSm~.c~.~y of ~lze Earth and
Associa~~ed ~'henomens,~ Bra.nce~an, New Je~~sey, 199?
S~.eber~~ A?, "Erdl7eben~eo~rapha.e tt (Es.rthcLuake Geography) ? Sec~~].on
V1 0~' the N_ andboak off' Geoph~rs by k3. Gu~enber~, Volume :CVO Berl~.n,
1932,
'~an~s~ ~', 'Die sea.sm~.schen Verhs.l~~~~~.sse des ~~uro~a~.sch~n I~a~dmeeres
ul~d seinei^ Umrandun~, (Ths ueisrrd.c ~ondi~.i.dns c~ the European Nax?~~hern
Sea and ids BmQ, M. ~ 1l~.nE;~n d. Geo~ra~7h? ~tesellscki. in Ha ~tnbu~^~
(Na~t~.ces of ~~he Geo~raphioal Soc~.ety a:E ~~ambur~) Va~.ume ~u~"1~.C:1:1, ~
3~l ~'~'. ~ 1921. 'the suppleraen~ hereto 1n the Cen~ralbla~~~ fur M~.nera:l.~
a~a.e, e~~c. (Ce,n~~ral ~aurne,l off' M~.ne~ala~y e~~c? ), x,922, number ~~y
~~~
~ ~~~ ~':~ ? In s.dd~.~tia.an; Erdbeben im Cr~ba.et~der NardensN~.a1t~~
iC
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(~~x~ ~1~eluaka ~ ~,n ~~he l~~q~,on off' the IVoxc~~nal~~.o~d ~eA ), ~?r~,~~~d ~ ~
~e~.~tx~ge zur GeQ}ahys~.lc, Volume x1~~:~, P ~~~ ~'~'., ~.;~2t.
PQS~;~,CRT~'T
T.n a ~rea~ise by Th. StACIc on ~t'~le 1~epth R~].,s?~iox~shi~~~s of t17e
ura ?~ean Northern S?a" ~.n Deu~~sclae I~ydro f.~rch~; chi
n I~ dro rra hic Jaurns,l) Valum? ?~~:, p 93 ,f'~', l~~p, which
(Germrl y ~ p
appeared after the cam}aletian of tha.s survey ~;he ~Qisma.c canda.ttions
h~~vE been revealed in an especia~.:l.y intc~rest~a.ng :1:l.~rh~~. A digest
of extensive ne:w sounding n~,~i~erial sk~otirs that 1;}1~; bot~~om a~' t11;Ls
art o:f the SCc~ has a much mare camplex rela.e~' than haS hitherta
p
been shown on maps, Ds~eCia~-~.y the region a~' :~celand in ?the
direction of Jan Mayen a,nd beyond ~thiS a.s:Land shows markced ur1~
~~,
dula~~i i'or~no;tians w}iiclr znS,y be caz1n~cted, even ~.~' no~~ without e'~M
h
lion with a large part a~' the quatianwhich agrees w~.th the probably greater geological age.
~,n a pa~~er on tt~'opag~'aphy and ced~.ments of the Arc~~a.r ~.sin~t ('the
JaurnC~.l off' Geology, ChicS,ga, Vol ~7, 1~1~~, p ~l2 f~'.) K. n. emery
conversely derives, with a f'a~.r degree cif certainly, an ~,rregular
Submar~.ne ta~agr. aphy ~'ar .the relatively unknown A~ct~.c basin ;from
e course a~' the abaveM~escr~.bed se~,sr~~.c ~on~ ~.n the region c~oas~d
th
by ~, t.
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~, ~~N~E~ Wl'1'~ ~+C~I,~~F~N~+~~1~1' oN 11N ~~~~~I~T,T~;faN ~ ~rl~~aN~~.NI~
~~~
~r r ('rvtt~r~~ed Ws~ss ~
~eY~~~cn/Wesex'
r:l.n ~~he war t~~ez~d was- s,n ~.n~'a,n~..~e amount off' pl~nrl~.n~ and
;~u
ut the ntost suitabl? ec~uapn~nt ~'or 'tho arctic wea~~her
~th~.nlc~n~ abo
,, ~ ~~, s that were then bea.ng sent outo 1t was, a~'ter
sezv:j.ce e~.p.~d~.li4n
orl~,letel new terratory .f'ox' us Gerrl~,ns, A great deal off'
ally c ~ Y
r~ ctical e~ex~7.erzce was gathered From thE~ e~~~eda.tions off` the war
p ~~
'n order th~a,t dll th .s should. no?t ~:s.l~. a.n~to oblivion we wall
yeaxsv 1
ake un a~t~,enl~Jt to set down a i'ew de~Lails about .the ~quip7tl~nt
here ~~
.~ ~' ~tecYlni ue oa' 'thc Narthea5't Gre~.rl].and Expedition
and. tYle w~rl Ler a.ng q
,; , ~~ ~ s rna,tcrial re~'er~ to a winker spent a~~ a faxed
of lyu ~/lea . lJn1.
' not traveling., 1 will sacn~7ly describe how we ests,blished ~'
locatx.on, '
~~ ;; not that the arrr~n~;ements were ideal iri every case ~ '
oux Delve ,
. ~ ma have had. crl~~~.rely d~.~"f'~rent ex~~eriences~ Fre- ''
Oi,hex ex~~~d~.t~.ons y
;~
treason it would be a, good ~tr~inE~ ~.~' the wintering ~~
c~.sely for tha ~`
''
es.rs were
methods oa' 'the remaining arr,t~.c undert~,k~.n~;s of the wary ,_
Fff
ft
above a:11 those of the Air 1~'ox~ce ~ We were J:'or-
to be dew~cr~.bed,
;;i
,r off' the e}~peclition, Hex~mar~n ~,].~L'ter, was
tunate ~.n shat the lea,de '~~
well ac uainted with the way off' line o~ the. Noa~we;~'iar~ tr~,pper5 on
~. '~
;px,tsbergen,
Finis~ied and co~.;l.apsab~.e huts wex~r-: ori~~a.r~.lly to be taken.
~s, xhis turned out to be i~~~possable in lyll2 ar~d we
along as sheltex
took along tongue-a.nd~~;raove light boards, ~'~.nished
t~~ere~oxe
sa beams and posts and built our quarters out there
wa.radow s a.nd al
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cav6red with r~r~ecl ca.rc~bo~rd ~~cl ~1~rawn w~.th ~ravel~ ~e ~~~~.~
clo~hh covc~~~~,ng ~;}~~~ we ~~~~l~,~d on the ou~sid~ mad h~v? boon ~
luxur~~? The. Narwe~~~,ar~s ab~.in~~c~ abso~,u~te protect~,an ~'ronr the wind.
by na~,1~.r~g ro~a~':I,ng paper an ty~~a au~s~.de off' the walls a,nd cardho~rd
an .the ~.ns.~,dca? Tn add~.t?~,can to a ch~.rnn~y we ~.ns?ha~,~,cad vdn~l~~.;l~t~,on
sYaa~'t5~ an ~~he rao~`s that cau~.d ~be c~.ase~d by ~'la,~s- ~dec~u~~te
ven?1;~.1,atioal ~.s ~ll~e a,lpX~a, and orriega a~' ~~. tin;y,~ ovsr~heatec~ arctic
hut? Each off' our shelters had but one morn ~'pr 1iva.r~ and slee~;ya.nl-
T?t was he~~?ted by~ a stove standing; i~1 the mj.dd~.e, T'or good heata.n~;
a.t was a,dvisab~.e ~to run ?the stovE~~~ipe through the roan/ ~'or the ~;reat~
e ~?t po:~~aibl.e dis?ta~?rce ? Tn order to be warm the livi~ag quarters
had to be s-raal. One had a base off' ~ x ~ raet,ers, tl'iE other off'
about 7 x ~ meters? Above all they had 'to have a low ceila.ng --
as l~igh as a man str~ndir~g and. no more; ; a:n my~ book, Dos arktische
.....
J (The ,~rc~c 'Yectir), wes~erma,nn, Er~uschwei~, 1.~~9, T have
described the really practical ins.i.de aa~rangement of one but and ~:'
the w~,n?tering; space on 'the ship of the exped:i.tion, with plans incl~u-
ded? A cans~tant, he~ivy preci~~:~it~.tion co~llectcd an the outside walls
oT' our quarter?s an board sh9.p and on land? "~'h7.s wds e~pecia].1~~
disa~reca,ble because our' cots .stood against thE: auts.i.de walls- The
only really dry ~iterrts were 'the shP~.ves a,nd boards loc~~tecl in 'the
m~.d~~.le o~ the roam w~,thrnut direct contact with the au~tside wall,
Tt goes without saying that 'the humidity was increased by cooking,
by melting ice, arld by our washing ourselves and our clothes ?
Each but had a vestibule as a cold lock; it also served as
stoz^a.ge space ~'ar provis~.ons, coal., foals, skis, sleds, etc? We
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saci~ ~'oune~ out ~Gh~~ a vest~~i~~,~ evu~c~~?~ be b~.~; @no~~h ! Dti~TLn~
~ ~, , A h~u~s nc~~VAr a'?~~~,~, o w~x~m,a~
the co~,des^~aa~t off. the w~~~tQx ~h Y ~ ~
s~~;ht 1~hey cAO~sd ofd' ~o such an extan~~ that we l~~ci to usc~ ~~~
dined slee~a.n~ baba ~ A'~ alb, o~~Y~~,~r t~.rnes o~ the dear ~ths head off'
the stave w~~ su,i.'~'icient 'and wa s:1r~~t 1~nder ahe~ts axed wcac~l,en
ba.~nke~~~ Frorn s~ar~.n~ on~iax~d the hu1~ evF.n bec~cna ~,ns~~t'z~era~~~.~r trot
b?cause it was d~.~~~'icu:~~~ to ven~,ilate ahem adcc~~~ate~.y~ T'or a~.mos?~
ha~.i' s year the; doulal.c~ windows wexe cavered with icc~ insa.de c~nd
au?r~s:~.de, e,s we~.1 ~~s between ' 1~11e banes, so tha'~ no :Li~h~~ csrne ~.nto
the hut. A curt~~,,n hun; on the inside off' 'the daor betwE~:n the
ves~~ibu~.e and ~l,he 1~.vin~; quarters, ~n ~~~~a.te o~' th].s f'ros?~ was
de~~asa.~~ed a'~ .the enti~~r~ae;~~rcd so much air esca~aed. x.ntca the ves?ti~
bule while openln~; the daor t,h~~~t ~'rosi~ deposits fo~~ned an 'the
supt~lies staz^ed i~herd. 'nle outs~.de ~wGc1.1.s were ~aro~ected by ~tael~-
in rovision boxea all araur~d ?~hierrl, when the ttfphns~~ ~chinoolcs)
~P
o;F' s~prin~ suddenly r~~c,l~r,cd the snow we ~ounc~ it very necessary to ~aroM
vide some means a~' a:~lowin~ the me;l~~,ed watex to run o~'~' sa .that
the su~~lies sho~ul.c~ not s~~oil or the w~titer penetrate the hut. 13ri~
~htJ.y btirnin~, lcerasene .larr~~as have us li~lnt arld a1.so ~'uz~n7.s1?~ed coti-
s~,dcrab~.e heat.
Sara ;;mall travel.in~; huts off' -the Ds,nish s,nd Norwe~~.,~,n trap;~~ers
had s~.mple torl~uewa,nd~~roove bos,rdWwalls a,nd wore. cavc;~ed wi?~h
roo~in~ ~aper~ None off' ~~hese huts larked ~~ vestibule; the sle~pin~
quarters wh`t.ch were heated by a t9..ny ~a.~r1~lE] shove h~~d a base of
x 2 rneters~ ~,Che so-called ~tx~appers t stat~.ons were samewhat ~.a~^~er
and very o~'ten were seen~.ca~.ly p:~~ced in very attractive lac~~,tian5,
~~ a v~x~y ~.m}~artant psycholo~,~c~~. cansx,deratian th~.t ~rts.kes lire in
the arct~.c more tolerable. For s~.rn9.~ar ~^e~sans Borne s~~at~.ans had
f~ ~~a a ~ ~ ~ s ~ i; l ~ ~fJ ~L~IA i n~ ~ ~~7,f 1 Ip FAO f` q4~d Is~~r ~ I'I~'f~,i
6f' i ~;P y~ ~~~. ~ '/ n i 1,~~t~F 1~i ~1 aq~ Htf ~L.h
rd~}~l j, ~Ai.~'i I b ~ ~ ~i !~ 11 ! ~ t~ 11~ S y l~ Il{ {m~~ ~}'~a{It~a~~a~ U~ll I,~!
1 ) ~ ?i I ~ i s ~ ~ ~i"} ~ ~ r ri .t ~ i ~ 1 ~4 y ~. a"~ ~l 1'~ ~Iri A~. ~i !t ~ ~~1 i rMl~t ~ir,;F~
1~i 5r r. t ~. r 9r I y~. i~ ~ a ~1~ r
4~'~'~~~~.,,`;,;4 ~., ~~ of",. ~,,.. at,~~' +i'., ~ ~,;'.,,,~;~+,~~~ ~,~ ~~.~.~`h~'~.hJs~~, ~t~'?{_ Declassified
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~ ~~~ ~ w~,~d~aw ~A ~d~~~ ~o~h li~h~ grid ~ ~a~d v~,ew~ ~~ch ~ w~n~Aw~
use as ~ha ~qox Af ~l~e hu~~ must; r~a'h~ural..~~~' fae~ sough so ~h~'~ you
r~ thA s~~h as soon as .the ice melts ?~'~' the ~?~nps. Tf you
can annoy
u'G intc the d~lrlwness of ,the ~A~.s,r r~,~ht you at leas' soo
the~i step o
.,
the co~ti~'o~9t,l.r~~ r~.dday ~,~.~ht off' tl~e sung ~ s~.ca
hr ~ Wish ov~rnment stat~.on a~ T~1;1s,~o rude an ea}?ecia~.~.y
T a ~
last?1nr irr~ ression on ~~s. It cons~.s'~ed of a lame house with a s~Gron~;
Ca ~
., hoams and wa~.:~s off' ~'at,nd in ~~he arrow, bu~L were ~rotLC'~ed by
na~~xow and ~.ow coaa. shedsthat surrounded the house on tt~re~; sides
and had hinged roofs. Tire crossMs~ection of these bunkers may have
arnaunted to a sc7u~~re 1 ~~0 1?a meters on a sa.de, Tn the ira~~cr for the
~.arr~e commultia~. room w~~s` surrounded on ~thrc;c sides ~y the k~.tc11ez1,
' ~ wo,rksho and ~Lhe narrow s:~eEpin' cabins where eack1 man
rada.o x oo~i~, 1~
' winter had his own ~.itt].e realm ',Che fourt:~. 'sa.de of
ps,ss~.n~ the
the car~~tlunal roam was talcerr u~~ by a huC;e double window with a
ma~;ni:C'iceri~t ~riew, xn Front of the door of ~~he ha~use there ws,s a
windbreak with doors to the right acrd to the le:~~~. 7.'h~us thex^e
was a~.ways an exa,t that wou~.d not blow shut, no matter what the
' ection of the wind r~i~ht be, and a very ~.zrrpor~~ant .~roblern was
d~.r
? ~ , a rar.,tica~. manner, `C'here were su~k,p~.ies stored in the
sod. red .Ln P
r the mi.. ~ht .~abJ.ed roof. ~'oi~.e;t faci~~.tie~ were lakin~;
at~~ic. undo ~ y ~
?~ ~ ..tt ~ s w~.th out louts. ~~ fit in ;the srio~r or a 1~~ o~.e in ~1!re
~.n 1~,~.1a o dust a
' np-cover rya., have servr.;d as a substitute ~ :l~erha~s the otnriivaro~as
~... Y
sled doffs arxd'~lar fakes were ~Lhe sanitary po~,ice ,just as t11e
famous sty^eet dogs of Canstant~.riop~:e. in ~Lhe a~.d c~ys.
~n s.mall~r s~l;atians it was.. a tried and true custom to surround
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~l~e ~.~v~ng xoo~~ w~~h s~axe xoprns and va~t,;~bu~~ an ~hxo~ s~de~ w1~~nM
~ s~a~b~.a ~ ~ha~ way yAU ol~~a~,r~ clry wa~l~,s ~n tY~c~ ~?i.v~,n~
~v~x ~ o
?L ~krc w~~.1-kn?wn 9me.~xy preca.~~~~? ?~~r~n anc~ ~.Tl th.~i.9
~uax?~exs, w~~hou
c;lsan and ~u~^A~a~,n axx^an~~rrlen~~ Ths waxmss~
way you ca~1 have d
ame to know was ~~h~ o ~.d I~c~rwega.an s~l~a~t~.oYl l~ra~~nc~s a,t
hu ~ ~h~~ ~ ~. c
Oa F; Such on the Gu~.,~' of Goc~tha,ab ~ ~~ hats wa:L;l.s m~a.de o~ sod
' ~~ anltila~ on ~~hs :inside and sh,raw bl~nks~ Sanahes rnadQ oi' .sod
wx ~h p1. ~
were a1.so very Tao~,u~.ar i~or cov~~;ra,.n~~ the w~~1~.s ai' the ~~~ut at its
base
Oux provi.sa.ons werE so packed tha~~ a corfg7lete mox1~~-11y ration
i'or the er~t~irE ex~aeda.t.~.on could bE ~+,ken Frain a ~~;rol~~a oi' boxes.
is ritade hauselreepirr~' e~a,sier. We had can even rrtore rart~c;tical arM
~h
ent on nur, second ~ri~a in tYra~t, ~~wo or three boxes contaa~ned
ran~~,em
,. e ~ntirc i'or~d su~,~~~l~r t'or one md,n i'or ,~0 days (or,' 1'or 10 zne7i. f'ar
~h
three days} ~ T~ris arithmcta,e made it easy to keep hawse ~~E,gard~
less a.~ the rwnber ai' risen in the ma.r~ camp or the side cam~~s.
~~vc~ry~thing waa canned and certain rrleat products were covered with
wa.x. such sup}~~.y boxes can be s~roa^ed in the a~~en w:Lthout worxy,
but th:>.s is a luxury that the avera~~e Noa~aegian winter occupant
cannot a~:~'oi^d. He ~u~~s paper bags a.n h~,: c:~oset ~.~.ke any'. European
xaausewa.i'e, uses tirx cans and burlap sacks and ke~;~rs i':lotiu~ a.n barx~eJ~s.
Our diet canta~.ned rrtuch meat and fa'~ and d.~.d r~ at otherwise d~.~'~'er
i'rarn an ample European die~~. instead off' pot~7.toes we had dried ~;aW
ta~tae sticky wh~.ch in use were allowed to swe:~l up in water and
tested delic~.ous. Canned goods had been replaced by dried vegetables
wl~~enev~r possible, in order to save weight ~~.s ~ra.th the potatoes.
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ca,n~ canta~.rrad chio~a.y ~~t ar~d ~~usa~Ae, ~xu'~.~; anc~ ~'~u~~
~`h?
~ utter w?re e~trema~.~' pvpu;~c~r~ ~'o~'' ~~?~.ps ~~hax~ was
~ti~~cpa~
it o ~emm~.caY1 acrd dried an~.ans to rr~~ke tY~e ~'~,at
a srna~~. c~uantT _Y' . ~' ~
.. ~ ~~ ste~'u:~., A~,sA del~ych^a L?ad breed ~h~~~ c~~ ~'rae~e a~~,
perru~~d.caz, a~ol a Ls.
' e ~.~ conta~.ns na watery 0therw~.se we baked brad
~,~ wg~n~s sa.nc
~~ dell wh~.ch was a ~rea~~ oQnvena.ence ~ Vary' ~,~,i~t~.a a~.caho~l
0.~,111o,a t ~'~
~~ ~ ~ but a seat daal a:~' tobacco, ju;~t as the o:Ld
wa,a ~,alcen afar ~;, ~
^ , ri~acs. Ou~^ rnee,~~ su~~~~;;~,~.es were su}~~~,~~,crrtented by
arctic rec~pc. p~ e c
;fresh or preaea^ved frozen rr~e.~t a~' nius~ o~c, pol:~z~ bear, seal., snaw
'e ~tnd snow hen. We avoided tl~e liver off' ~~he pol~~.r bear, its
har
rrn~'ulness has recently been ascribEo~d to an excesa~.ve vit~~r~in A
ha
~. ~ DecausE off' the d~~n~;er of ~~~^~.chinoai.s .~o:lar bear meat
cant;eriL
. ~ ~ ~"te,r thorough caolcin~; or rot~s~in~;. (Q11
es~aec~.al.Ly was e~~ den only a
u,rt~.me ex~ed~.t.ion a general trichinosis epidemic,
arlather German w ~
ti ` . ~ a~~in r of raw po~.ar bear meat, almost resulted in a
caused bJ ~,hc e ~
? ~ ' r olar animals cs.rr~~.ng trichinosis see the Polar
ca ~~,atrophe ~ ~ o p
Rerord, Volume 19~p V, p ~~~~
xn ?~he provisions off' trappers we repeatedly not~.ce;d a lot of
ied ve eta.~~les and dried Fruits, a. lot of co~'~'~,e, spices, rrtustard
dr g
owder ar~d sharp s~~u,ces ~'or ~7~.lcing game palatable ~ ~e learned quite
p
,, s ?corn the tea ~pcrs on abtc~inin~; fresh f.'ood e.nc~ vitamins..
a iew track ~' ~
~'hese include sauex~krs,ut and harne~brewed beFr, herrit7.~;, cadwlivcr
oil eggs that have been Frozen and ar.~e dro~~~aed. into a pan wh~.~.e
T ds5 anions ~tiha~t axe also f'razen,- lemons, paprikd~-pas~re,
hard as ~,~. ,
"~.akes .ar~.ic as we~.l as dried parsleyand leek .that aye
an.~on i , g ,
e d to s adl~ up wale r ~ ~~~e~~~~~a~`~:-~~~n~~
allow
' ~~e~~~~l~~w~~ You, should off' course also take
~~~~~
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a~on~ w~n~ter a~~le~ and c~~ryxo~s, bud ~h~s ~~nc~ o~ ~'x?sh ~'oad~~u~'~
eanno~t send. be:~r~~ ~rower~~ ~4lul'bprriAS ar~d crat~b?xr~.?s flay an
~,m~ar~~.n~~ ~a~~r~ w~,th the Narwa~~,ans~ Ors my lash eed~~~,An in l 9~1~
~: tocal~ a~.an~; dee~~;~razen ~'rc~~,?ts .and vee~trables~ since the exM
~eda.t~.on ~'a~.led noth~,n~; can ba sa~,d a1F' tha.s a ~,tar~l~~t ~ ~~ might,
neverthr~~,QSS~ havQ b?en pass~,bJ.Q to s~torQ the ~acka~es ~hs,t were
wr~~,~r~ed In al~~cr~num ~o~Il ba~ween ehun~cs a~' ;tce on August and
Se~tembc~r drys, a,t ~~c~~~ci~aers,tux~as off' U do~rees Centa.~ra,de, ~a,zld thus
kQep them ~'ro~en~ At some; s~tationa we Found small hotbeds, There
they had tr~.~: d to raise same ve~le table s ~ The tra}~~ers by ~ no
n~san5 rejected v1,ta,rnin ~are~~~ral;ianrs, es~~eca.ally when they da.d not
have any Fresh 'meat, We, too, took. vi~ta.r~in p~.lls.
Our equi~araezi~~ w~:rs rnost incorrrpl~~te,with re~;dx~d' to clothin~_
.and shoes ~ Pal,~,r clothing may corisa.st oi' t?urv a,nd sealskin or
a.f ro~tt~anM~adder~ cl.o~~hE~s end f''elt t~oa~s on the Rusa~.~,n pal,~~ern.
Unfortunately no experir~ien~ts were made with the latter in our. cae;e,
We Found out that i~' you are not taki.n~; any traps during, thr winter
heavy ~~uropean woolen clothes ~w~.th windproa~' outer garments are
su:~'~'icient. We scan learned that it is best not to take ob'i' the
wir~dproo~ outer pants at al:~- ~t is ~, tr~ar. tan~t to have ~thei~ cla5e
~t~' ~h~tly at the ankles sa that na snow can het rota the ~"aot~~ea,r~
'.leis is best done by having; an e'1as~tic on the trauser~le~-which is
pulled over c~.ase~~'ittin~ ski~le~~;~.n~s ~ Anoraks have ~a be lease-
:~'ttin~ sa than you. can t~rovc cas~.ly, have; enough a~a.r and dons t per
shire ~ They must be land enough ~tn protect the abdamen, The
sleeves shau.~.d extend same distance rota the ~~;oves ~ r~h~is is never
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the case w~,th an ~no~^ak bou~h~ ~,r~ a s~o~^~~.n~ ~~rooc~s s~orQ ~ ~he~~-~
~.~.n~d ~.e~a~hex caps as used by p~,lot~ or m?tArcyc~.~.s'ts war? Found. ~o
t~? ?acceller~t ~~rotec'tion foz~ 'the head ~:n Gxpen~,and wa also learned
haw ~aleasan?~ ~.~ ~,s ~`or the s;,~.n off, your ~'~Ge ~.f ,you sew ~ strap of
1'ur on the J.ns~.de off' tie riin a~' L?ha anorak har~d~ ~aroferaba~.y of doh
f'ur~ The ha~.r of th1.s fur has al~rtost tho ss,ma ei'fec~t as a well
fa. k,t~,n face pr~tect~~^ wh:tch should be knit (stretchable) and mint
have hoa.cs for eyes and nrouth~ ~',he Geriaan ,~~ui~l~.tary Face E~r,otector
that na one knew haw to wear ws.s absolute r~ronsens~; ~ 1:n the fall and
:i.n thc; s~~ra.n~ 'we wore lj.~;h~t woolen ea~~~s ~ F'or ;laves we used li~;h~t
woolen m ' hens s,nd over them .waterproof sk L ~;lave,g w~.~th 1e~a~'tiher in-
sects on the p~lr~rs. Gloves with separate index f'~iri~crs would have
been rice far sl7ootin~ end warlci,n~;, a.f' thy' rtu~t~tens had had an index
f'in~e;r ; But even next to the sk~.ri re~ul.ar ,;J.r~VES w7.th separate
fingers are t~:~o cold. I~'ur-lined ;loves bought a.n a spvr~~ta.n~ ~~oads
stare az~e a?l~most always ~to skirrc~~y, especially aver the th~l.~rrib, which
m,~kes .t ar~ly ~tao es.sy to het beau~t~.f'ul cases of ~'rostbit~;, The
doves natu~^ally always ~o~~ Bret whenever the tejrtpera.~~ure was not too
low, and we bec~~.rrre used to ha,vin~; Gin er~tra, pair af' dry mittens
wit~i us f'ai^ cr~an~~.n~ ~ ~'he mo ~t waterproof' att~ter ~;lavea a,re naturally
af' sed.lsl~irr type worn by the tra}~Z~ers
We learned, moreover, ths,t it was very impartan~t to keep
clothint dry if' ~,~~ was to :keep us wa,rm~ ~now~covered outer ~e,r-~
rrtents are best left in the cold vestibule and shaken out right t~~ere
so that they cans t begin to thaw.. one same go~:s fb~^ sleeping bads
that havw been penetrated b~~ snow.. Unless a s].eep9.n~ bad is m~~.de
of coarse sailr~lo~;h it simply must hs,ve a cover spa that 3.t stays
dry, ~~ far fur~:Lincd c~.ath~.n~ wo had p~.lo~tt s su.L~ts exclus~.ve~,y
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shssp~~?~rrsd ~ackats and parts; rra~~~i^a~.~y~ ~h;~n~s n~d~ off' pupa wAO1
w~rQ vs~~y scaa^cs dur~,n~ ?~hs war,
Ona rust not havr~ ar ?xa~gsrat~ad :~.dss, of, ~~he cold ~o b?
~'nund in 1~hs ~.rc~tic, ss~ec~.ally ou,ts~.ds ~.ts cont;~nc~ntal parts
W~.th us the tarn}~~erature nover wen~E below a !~Q dsG~ress Csnt~.~ra.da,
T~~ wasn~ t even as cold as in soma parts off' Russ:~a, Tt is rrlurh mots
im~ort~zn~~ to protPC~E yourself agains~k, the wind than a~~a;i,nst the
cold. The cold only becomes dan~;eraus when ~.i; a.s con~lected with
w~ nc~ or ws.th we ~tne s s or when you do~?i I ,~ keep roving
()ur ~'oot~~ear was car~~}~letely ~.nadequa~r;e. We had only leather
boots w}zJ.ch becaane hs,rd at temperatures below-20 degrees Centi rode
~'
and chat'ede T}1e so~called African laced boats may have been made
of sailcloth but also had th1,n ler~~~her soles, Not until Greenland
did we :see tr~,velin~ bo~~;s made off' sailclot}1 and crepe sobs and
came to know the Am~;rican arcta.cs with rubber soles and sheep lin.in ,
Other German expeda.tian~~.ry parta.es made their owra shoes from muchM
quilted sail.c~.oth or s}~eepskin which n~~,turally wore through very
quickly. Tn the ttlcarrd.kst~ yozz had the feel~.ng of going barefoot,
because of the t}yin soles; you Felt the sla.ghtest unevenness of the
ground and the soft stoclcing gave the arch of the :C'oot no su ort.
pp
Thus Itl{arniks~t s,re on~.y ~'ar people whose feet cio ria~~ su~'fer from
the usual ailrrtents of c~.va.li7ation ; We also learned that sacks and
m7.tttns should preferably be made of. raw wool (s~~ill ronta~.nin
g
natural. oi~,s) or at least of dry waal, so that they will. be water
repellent.
Our s~.eeping bags were hea:f,'y but waterproof' s,nd ws,rm, They
W l6 ~,
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had an vu~s~,d~ ao~rer o~ saa,~e~oth, wr~ra shpep..l~n?d An the ~.ns~de
and had a c~.o,seM,~~,t~~.n~ mead end, Kn~~~asaelcs and pack bvaxd~ are.
Jnd~.spsns~abla avan ~.n the ~rc~~~c, ice a~e~ are en1~ needed ~'vr c~.i1~~
~~.n~ around an a ~1ac~,er, 4Je could use skJs only ~n f'a~11 and ~,n
th? s~arl.r~~ ~ As ?arly as .ate :'all thr~ sur~ac? of ~~h~ snow beea~~ae
hard as br~elc and so a.r~^vf'u7.ar br~cau~se off' the "eastru~;.~" that sl~~,s
were au?~ o~ the c~ues?~ion~ B~.nda,n ,5 h~~va.n~ r~, steel spiral a~ the
heel should b? the roost prac~.cal. For c~.imU~.~n~ the s:~apes that
were covered w,~th hard ~~nd smooth srnw in the wi,nterti,me ~.ce clea?t5
~li~ht ?~wo-?toca?thed ~].acz.er titans) were a.ndispensable, ~: sha:~~. here
i'ore~,o ~~kle ir~ex~iaus~k~ibl.e subject of tents, tetltin~ eq,u~.la~rten~~, snow
~;ohrrlss, aled~ and dogs, especially sx.nce x have discussed these
items in rrry~ book. But I would l~.ke to n~ent~.an that you s vnply
cannot. have eno~i,~h .tools ~'or jobs us7.n~~ iron and wa~ad, ;specially
if technical ~.ns?~a;lJ.atinns axe involved. But even sailing doves
and sail needles were in cons?~an~~ use with us,
We stored ouz^ sup~:~la.es ~.n such a ~'ashivn that ~we would not
Jose all our vital goods if a hu~~ caught Fire ~ We ~~herefore set
up depots all over ~~he area. When our si~~utation became r~.sl~y we
also placed some: sJeep~.n~ bads in the open, whic}a turned out to be
a wa.se mane upon the lass oi' our hut. Gasoline and kerosene barrels
ware always stored ~.n the neighborhood o~ ?the beacl~~ 'phis ws,s done
not rl~erely ~'or precaut~.onary reasons, but because they ware the
heaviest ~. rll ~ off' our en~~~.re ee~uJ.~,nlent, On other trips we ?~ook
a~.on~ only l~,qu~.d i'ue~.s in s~~~all canisters sa that they could. be
~,r~.risported with ease across ~aun~~ry, but the more canisters there
were, ?thc mare seals there were that could ~.eak, the more has i'orm-~
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a~~,on and dan~or off' flxo~ aspocla~~~,y ~~ rho ~~old on boaxd shi~p~ you
rnus~ ~';~~uxa ora u,sin~ 2~ ~or~s off' c;oaf. far ,~':lxs pc~r~^ w~.rr~~x~ Aa ~,on~
as '~h~~x~ ~s ~~rau~h xoam In ?~ho bold ~.~ ~, 5 best t~o fi~ke it along all
ps.cked ~.n caconu~M~'~,br~ bs,~s~
Oux rnos?~ ~,mpox~an~ conc~,uslan was 1~ha?L a~'?~c;~~~ alb, ~?~ is ~~as~~.?
b1,c; ~a r4~o~~ alan~ with ~'?w, bud tts~~u,l su:~ppla.es~ On our secand ~ri~a
wo ?taak s,1on~ nuch less equa,pmen~ Pharr an ~:he ~:'~,rs~;, ':Che ~'~.ra~
~irrre yau, hear abau?~ ,pri.m~~-~.ve Norwe~j.an w~.r~~,e~^~.n~; n~e?Lhads you c?~n~ ?t
qu,:I,?l;e unders?~and ~~ow k~rumaxl bea.n~s can eaas?L? in ?~he arc~,:~c 3.n a,
~~a.ny hu?~ made of baards and roo~'a.n~; pa,~~er, and dxes~.ed In woad.
sacks whose salES hs,ve beer/ cu~E ~?ram o~.cl au~~olr;aba.l,c~ ~;i.res ~ When
we ~;o?t back t'rorn Greenland w~e could urrders~;and a.~, ~'or we, ?Loa,
had l~~zrne:d w~.~th how li.~~~1~ you ca.t1 ~,e~ ~tilon~;,
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I~A~xQ P~O~AQA~:~QN Aa ~N A~~ ~N 1'Q~~~ W~A~'N'E~ ~~~LQI~T~QN
Kax~ ~c~~rik,
Qber~ko ch~;n/Wt~tt~
~~' we /oak a~ thF3 eG~u~.~ament and ~~euouxcas o~ preceri~ day
c and axcta.c e~,~eda.ta.on wo wf.~;~. na'~~ coi~s:l.derab].e dif'f'erences
antaxc?ti n
., ~a.san to f'arm~ryQars ~ ~~ scf,ent~.f'ia cxper3.?t't~.ons thE:rnM
~.n COIn~ ax
se:i.v?a f la.z~liiahed the ir~a~;tu.s to ~'urthe~~ deve~.opment v ~ ~,p~~ax~~~,~;u~,
a1on~ a mulf;ituda af' sciont~.fic and techn~.cs~~. ].a.rles~ On ~%he o~.her
hand such und~:~~~ts.k3.n~s took a~.onE, ec~ui~~nexlt and :i,nst,rumc~ni;s to
m~~ke perf azrr>ancE ~Les't5 under un:~avorable condi't.ons~ given obser~
v~.tiar~al rne?thc>ds .and ~;heorie~, for exan~pJ.e, as'trophysa.cal .and lea`
h sicr~l. probJ.cnla, ha.d to have thcix correctness subjected to pxaof'
pY
in the poln.x~ x~~i.or~s.
My present ar~;ic~.e wx.l~. dead. with a pxob7,cm th~~.t ~.s st~.J.~. in
~' ?~ ' tis,:t starer and 'that ntany~ have a~.rr.:ady ?tackl.ed in vein. A
~tw ina.
'~asitive rESU:i,t cannot be c:~~aec?ted until. sca.encc occu,p:~eai.tse~.~'
seriau,s].y with i~; anc~ Cc3,rries ou?t ]. one; arld Choi^ou~h obsexva,?tianal
sera.er on a broad, interns,ta.ona,1 scale , :~o~ar e~~p~.ars.tion wi~.~.
hay?e be ai' the utmost ~.r~lpar~?t~~,nca, s:i..nce prea~.se].y' i.n 'tihc palar
' ~th~: ex~tre~~r~e condi't ions and d.istux~bances o:~ 'the u~?per s.tmas~
re~~.ons
.crE ~:~,nd the ianosphe~~e a].J.aw us to erect man9.f'a~.d a.ncl inM
ph
~'oi^rrtative discaveri,.er~
~ en a.i~ thy: ear~.y' c~.~'r a~' x~a~lio the estab~.ishment of.' a
v
re~.ationship bs:tween reception ~,nd wes,~;h,ez^ Condit~ans was a'Lterrrpw
No successful :irnvestig~tian cou~.d be ba,s~;d on the ~.deas then
~,ed,
' ue about thE, proces~fes in'va~.ved in thy, propa~cztian of the
~.rt vog
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~1ad~c~ ~ F'v~~~ o~x-kr~o~a~.~d~s o~ ~hA
Q~Q GtxOi~a~n?'~~xC Wave ~ uSQd ~n
~' ~~'~~~tQd '~0 thQ ~.OWQ-~'~, ~a~Qx~ 0~ thQ
cou~~so of tha wpath~ox was ~ea~
tho n~cessaxy basso pxt,nci,ples for a
atr~~osphere end bore, too, d wea'Lho~'
~d a connection off' xad~,o iaxopa~at~on an
cor~u~or~ v;~ew~poin~ a~
ass have bx~ou~Y~t es~,eci,al~.y' ~xe~~,t ~~r?~
we~~e lack~,n~. The ~.ast 1~ ysa he
ora,ta.Qn o~ shortwav?s was s,dded t
08a '1.n this ~'~.~'~~, ~0 thQ Q~~ 1 ,
~x
a o~;ri~ent o~ ultrashar,.~ and cen~.a.mei,ex
di.~covery and ~uxth~~x~ devil
roceC~~es were ea'~alorecl and x~~uM
waveP ~ Tn metear~al,o~ty' wdather p
..he stx~atosphcre by n~ean~> off' rc~ua.ar
lar~,Y observed ri~Yat up a.n~La ~ ,
~ have based my' observat:~on~> and
balloon s,nd a~.~^~>1.ar~e ascents Eca.a~.M
,;, ~ status o~ ~r~Y~a.s ~~,nd other related sp
canc:l.u ea.ons on the prrd se n t~ ~ ' to d
~~ , ~vs,tians o:~ x~ada.o pxopa~s.ta.on are; ]a.ma. ~
i2~ed f'iel.ds, 7ne ob,~es Yle usual
. ns to the medium wave rari~e o~ t
~'or very speca.a~l rea5o ,
~ ~ ~ band.
b~~ac,dc~s,.~n
' turba.Yices i,n propa~s,~ti.on are ~luit~;
~verl i.n this range da.s ~ ., ~ ~ idea-
. , ~ ~'' ~ broadcas~Li.ng statians are oUse~vc.d a
naticeablP , ~:~ spEC.~f a.c,
~~sive day's perceptib~.e di!'~'e~"c~t~ces in
tical times ora scvc;ral succe.~ r,~j.tion to
' ~ off' r~;cept~.on axe o~at,ainedw In ad
the s tren~tYi s rid qua,].a. ty
. x, ~'adin~, shor~t~peri.od fluctuations are
slog vai~i.ati.ons a.n valu~rae o ices ax'e
~r ~wauality' ~"a~o sets these da.sturbar
also obsez~ved. In ha.~,Y ~ ~ ~aww
., ~ . d b autoiY~atic volume control, x~,
to sane extent el.~ma.nate Y needs a
e vaL^iati.ons in ~'ie].d streri~~~ e~.
ever, the ampla.tud.e o~ th
,almost continuously' in sY~ort wave recep~
certain ~'i-~urE has ha~Z~ex~
trnl ~'ai.~-s, and the transmitter
ti?on), tl'icn the autamat~.c vo~.ur~e con t
. ina~xd~.ble ? l~ we obsea~ve the r~uala. y
becon1es weaker or completely' ~ e and
' .,n~mitters ~'or a loner pera.od a~' ta.m
a~' rece~,ption o~ certa~-n tra n deM
' 'lit curves w~tY~, weatY~er cond~.tions we ca
relate these aud~.b~. ~'
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~~+rm;ir~a rou~~h funo~t~ona~ r~la~ ~ane~~~,~ae wh~,ch, howavc~r, are by na meax~~
~'~na~ and carp gxh~.b~,~~ can~~,darable ~.aoa~ anama~ic~~ ~ hav~~ fax a~~
arapa.e~ been ab:1.~- to ascc~r~a~.n ~n ~tha observat;I,on of ~t,hq ~udWe~'~,~'llnl~"
(~~ad;lo 5au~thwea~t, off' dad?n-laden, ~'re~,bur~~ and Itoba,en~) ghat va~,-
ume ~rlrx~casc~d canq~.derab~.y with t~~~e a~aproaah of a cold ~'ron~r, frar~
the waa~;~ On the ath?r hand, ex~ctly~ the oppos~.te ha~I~,pen~,d ~.n 1'hE;
receiption of Derl~n and ~~;~.ps~~ (be~'are the chary~e ~n wave~.er~~tha)
.~1. ~c~od rECept~on of thea? tx~s,nsn~l.~tters rtieant the bu~~.cl~,n~ up and
c~n.ta.nued preaence of h..i~h pressure for us, whiJ.e detez~a,aration of
rece~,t~.on hera~.ded the ap~,roach of a 3.aw by as r?any s,s Four days
in advance. On the strength off' ~hhese radio observa,t~.ons x wars abJ.e
'to an~pl.ify cans~.derab].y the announcer~en~ts of the. da~.ly wecither
ser~r~.ce .and correc~~ and prove a treat dea;~ ahe~~d of time
n:L~ da.sturba,rices a.n racla.o prapaga~tion c~~n be a~L~tr~ibu~~~ed pra.~
m~xri.l.y to a.anospherie phc;namena. By ior~aspher~e we mca~.n today the
sayer of the u~,per atrr~asphere that ex~Lend front 1a0 to I~00 ki],ametea~s
in a~t~.tude and are chard,etez~i~ed bT,r var~~.a~~s .i.or~.~at~.on ms.xima,
Go9.n~, upwards these ~.onosphE,re sayers are des~,~nG~ted as the D, ~~,
~~'~., and F~ Layers. A~.~, ~.ayers owl the~.r c~,~i.stence ma~.r~1.y to rada.?
at~.an in various sham, ul.trav.i.o~,et waveJ,.erl~;th rs,nE;es as ~we~.1~ as a
corpuscu~.s;r radiation. ~3oth types rada.ate from the sun, a~,d bath.
show easily seps,rs,b~.e effects in ~th~; terx~estrial idnosphere. Whi:l.e
the ultraviolet radiation shawl 3.ts ma~cim,um ini,ensitly at s~a.ch paints.
in ~h~ atrnoaph~;re where i~t imz7in~,es as vertically as pos~~~.b1.e, the
roxpusculs,r radiation is diverted a,t great alt9.tudes to~rards the two
pastes by ~r~h~: ms,~natic field of the earth and displays its greatest
e~'i'ec~t~.verzess there ~ 'phis is c:~early exhib~.ted in .the ph~nomenan
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
a~' ~plar au~x~ara,s~ '19~~,s fact, wh~,ah ~s so ~mparta,nt ~br po~,mz' x~M
sc~~rch3 makes ~.~ ox~x?mE~y d~.f~'~,eul~~ to a;~1~a~Y ltnaw~,?d~e aaqu~,red ~n
luw ~~r~d ~I~~deJle ~.r~t~.tud?s to the polax re~;~ons~
Let us 7.aak at the ~.n~'~.uenca wh~.ch ~t~~e ~,onoapher:~c layers
h~~veAn electx~o~la~;net~.c waves in thF~ range ~'rar~i long wave-~ to ul~t,ra~
sY~z~t waves, In rad~,a prapa~ation we must ~':tti^s?~ off` ~~1 d~,s?~~,n~uish
bc, twee n ~Lha ~ round >]?~~ ?~.dent.;f'i.ed ~~a. nth s~n~:~l'1
have ~~ f. re
S~aGeS~
'the cy'clone`a and an?L?ic~'clon~,s ?tha?~ e~z'r~Ylri. ~"t~h?iJ a.n?~o ?the
tra?tos There and whichs de~enc~?iia~ on tk~cir e~'~'ect, ..are known as
s ,~
r ' ~ ~ r act~.an c~nte,rs, crtan~,e the .r t~oa'itian very ~lawl;y' anc~
~,ua.d~~.n~; o
s,re dom~.Ilant over a cert~~,a.n re~,~.an ~'ax? sevr.ral da~~~ or even wee~s~
~'he c17ax?i~;es ~.n the Wee,ther ne~~,r the ~:Y;raund Marc ~u~ided tn~' 'them, arr~
?th.s can be clear~.y seen even ors charts ox' tl7e mean ~~a.'t.tu,r~e o~
the ~UU or 22~ r~.ll?ibar sur~'ace. ahala?ld we no't~ assuir~ tha'~ even
~' an centr~rs tkL:~t chata~e slowl;~ are ~u.~.ded bar centers l~~i.n,
the actg.
? ?h~r altitudes? ~'he s,scents rrtad~; 'ta date arE lnsuf'.f.'a.cient
a?r, J~,t area
rin this ueatian~ l~prc, hnwev~~r, iorlo~5~'~l~ere research Carnes
a.n answa . ~ ~
ur rescue, In electru~na~,n~;?t:i.c Wr~;a_so~.?11e~~.:r-?~ ar~er~~?t~.n~ an wave
to o
len ~ the between lU and lUU meters it f'~~~r~shcs us a means not c7n~.~'
? deterrn~.n:~,n~ ?the state of :i.an3,zs.t~.nn- off' all ~.a~ers a'~ al:L t7.me,5
a.~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
c~t~,n ~ ~~hA h?;l,~h~ c~' the ~nc~;~,vidtil~~~ 1,~~~x~ alaava
b1a'~ ~,~.~30 a~ ~nd~ ~~
the ~.~Q ~,n'L o~ o~bscr~~t~,on
t~~u.~ ~'~.nd ~~. ~~ po~~i,la~.e, h;~ rac~~~ns off'
'~~~ wc~~tk~ar 5p~~v~.a?s
,.. .~ nas7hex~.c ~nQasuxc~n>ents, to aa~~ry~ cu,t ~
'pxo~;~~x ov~~.u~ta.on off' ~.? ~
.. , , ~ , lta.'~u,~~ wea~Gher ch~xt:, u~a to s~taout ~a.()0
cozlt~liua ~a,c~n a~' Lhe:lr ~
1c1.;l.arrle to rs ,
the ;~r~:~1.1 ntaJnber~ o:f' apc~ra~~:i.n~ at~~'F~a.~ans does not
`gyp 1JE~ sure,
a ~~.~~ '~~~~ drawing; p:f ianos~ahere cl~~:t.r~s i'or ~l,l~ese ~~url:~ases~
ye L ~.~c, rr ~
'~ ~U a.ono,a~~herE, st~~tions, Five off' t~lr:rn TJuxo~
,Chen are ont,Y ~~bou
,,, . on 'the cnt'~.:ee earth ~'rle so~-Gal.~.f,d. ra~~~.o wc,:~th~;r
'p~~tin, a.n oT~er~.~ t tan
,short wad dos~n agaa.n
and we were able to warm ourse~,ves a little ~.n the s~~ip, Saon it
started all ov~;r aga~.n; only .more vio~.ent;.Ly than. before ~ We had
to ~;a on deck aga,in~ Where we nota.ced to our terror teat our boat
was already near the Mile oi' boxes and the ice -was bend~.ng under
~.ts weight. We had. already been pushed close to 'tike litt~,e but
that ire had erected. ear~.ier nes.x a sma~.1. iceberg, It seemed to
be sa~'er there in the protection of the iceberg. So we threw most
of t~~e th:i.ngs into the hut, Some of ahem had. already sunl~, others
we pu~.led w>-th conk .derab~.e di~'~'icu~.ty of the ever mope violently
nla~ring floe s ~ ~'a.re d a.nd ~'ro zen throu~7i we returned to the ship
` b }~` y ' ~` t ` ~ ~ f t off ~;~ ~~' ~ ~ ~~'~ '~' ~ ~ Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~"
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
d~x~n~ a ~u~.~.~ A ren?w?d squeeze thon bQ~an~ The r~vats flew out
o,~' the ~.at?s w~.tl~ s~ bl~ no~,sQ, the ship ~ s sides ~.iQn'~ ~,nwaxd u~ad?x
tl~c~ pressu;K'e ~~nd thex~Q ws,~ a h~~i~.sh xaclca~~ ~udden~.y the ship
~;L~,d acxosa the ~.ce ~ie~.d towards oux hurF, and zaushed a wsri~, off'
"ACA J.n i'xont a~' ~.?~s~~?~'. ~~ xal7~,aed s,~aal.nst the weak wooden wa:l~., .
th4 s~~rucr~uxe collapsed s,nd we hua^~^i.?d ou?~ ?~o save a ~aual~ con-
?~a~l.n:i.n~ ~,mpoxtant notes 'Then the bat~~om gave way and b~twaen
ice blocks xear~.n~ up the water ~ur~lc3d t}~rou~h. wk~ile some o~
pur mates on the side of the ship succeeded in ~;ettin~? back into
it 2 climbed the iceberg with a caar~anion. W? ~uat managed ~to
~~;~~ to the top; behind us the boxes floated in the w:j.~~er. ~97en
thc: berg bxolce a~ps.rt in the m:~d~~lo and we stumbled across the
fl~~ting debris ~ As ~.~' by a miracle we ~o~~ back to the sh].p over
a deta~ur. Alain there was a sl?~ort lull. ~u~~ soon' a~'terward the
most intense s~uee~e up to that poa.nt set in. More and mare ice
walls ? fled up on the starboard side. Savcral la~'~e l~7 ?eces had alw
ready b~.en hushed onto the deeksail ?L?hat was sa~;~;i.n~; orr that side
Si~ddenl;~' the ship bean to re~~,r up and ti~.t. ~~e cargo on deck
started to slide, ~~he barrels and boxes ro~.~.~d to Dort and we
sou~h~ to cover i'ram the roJ.lin~ cs,r~o behind the masts. The sh~.p
was sharply tilted ?~o one s7.de, the bow reared up and we climbed, to
the sup~rs~truc~ure on the baw where most ai' our ~~eaple ware staying.
The commander is~~ued orders vary cs.l.mly but they couldn ~ t be under
stood evcr"~where because a~ the noise. We G~.ambercd, back to the
xailin~ with him. He shouted to us to ~e~~ out an the ics arrd to
assemble where it was calmer. Somebody threw a tin kettle ?L?o me
wh~.lP we were ~uml~in~ a~'f; later' we ~bund out ?~hat `.t contained
Qat~.n~ utens~.~.s, In the meantime cur ses,rchli~ht wen~~ out s,nd we
-were in the da;rlc. With ~'lashli~hts we stumb~.ed over the w~.~.r.~.;~
.~ ,: r. ,,
1. ,:..,, .,. .,- :: i.' :i .. ... . r, ... .,, i.q lil ..:..... ,. r.; r ~.:I '.... ~ i., .. ,.~ .t. i~d 11 1, .J
'.v+ v~, ,,,,. I :.,. ,. .,. ~ , u;,; .:. ~ I ;., ~ i~ ~.. J... ..... ,.5. U, :..,.. mf, :.,... , a.a.,..ia .._.. .r. ,.,...,,I ! ! ,.....n..1. grid ~te:rr!~~prs,~l,e b~.
am~.ne d w~~ s extended La
~.J.chen~,
tp es~;,~,b:l?ish a wha~.e: 5erJ.ea ax' va~~a.ou5
r~u ~,~.e ~z way abJ.e
u d J.n the nog?~~h bu'~ c;au~.d a~.sa bo
ty~~es; s~~ec~.es wh~.ch arc ~o ~ s
. ~,Jr a~' ~ou'~h ,~mer~.ca s,t a ~'ew ~~~l~,ces; spec~.e
~' o and ~.n the e xt~^e me
w ~ ~,~~, w
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
a~' ~~ual r~~,~~I~~,~,bu?t~o7~ wh~oh ~1g? oco~~ ~,n ~dp~r ~e~~r~nd; ~~~cio~ T~rh~oh
can b~ ~'ourid ~.~ ~~ro No~~~th~ ~,n Car~t~~~~:1. Amc~r~.a~G ~,r~d ;I,n the Andes;
~~ eis-~ wh~.a>~ ~~~sp aacur ire ZJew ~~~al,carad ~,r~d Austa~a~.:~,a; ~'ina;>e~.y t~io~p
whAS~ c~;I.scc~va~~y ~.n ~~h.c An~L~~ct~.c ~,s '~;i~d .fin w~.th pc~ur~onco in
~o~zth Amox~~,c~~ anc~ New ~ea~and~
~'ho ~rab~,era Carr be sarnnwl~~~t e,~~,or~dod b;,r ~o.in~ b~;Irond ~~hQ
s~c;c;~.e:s he~vin~; sin~u~,~I;anc,ouy noz~thern ar~d southern a~^oas off' d~~,s-
tx~a.bution, to 4genera :ln rt}~I~.c;l~ orlc c~ seve~ra:l s~aeca.ss hc,u~~ a nc~~-
tl~~,c'~^n araa e,rid o~hEr cJ.osel,y re~.a~aed ones a southern ~,lrera,M I~erca,
tao, casc;s of re~,ca?tan~; da.scovera.es cnn be obsex~vcd, .~L'ox^ cxam~a~c~,
~~enera wha.eh extend :t'ro;ci the North ~~o ~Sou~th A~,'r;ic;r~ or ,l~ Sau~~h
Amex^a.c~a, aa~ both cx~L? the same ta.rne, or ~:'3.na~.J.y thole tiall~.ch ex.l~c~rid
Front the nc~x~~~he either s.c~ross the lftount;~~,n5 0~ sau~th~?eas~~ Asia. ~to
J~v~, ,Ausi;r~a,~.ia end New ~ca~.~a~nd, ox^ ~.cr~c~sa ~;h~: Anc~,es to ~~hr: An~~arc~?
~Lic~ '~~~~~ae d~.scovcaries off' bi~~~oa.r~r s~~GCies ~.~.nkin~; the: northern
acid 5r~u~~he~^n r~a~~Gaa, Wh1C}l r~rour c:u,c~.llaive~.?y at a~.~;itudes 7.n trove
r~ical and subtro~~ica~. mount~~. i..ns where the co:Ld ~.ara~. c~.~i.nla~te a~.J.ows
these; I~oJ.ar i7.chc:ns 'Lo thrive, are nc~verthel.esa too wide~.y spearated
to be px~,lairir,cl by ~~~~~e,~en~t~Mda;~, distributz.on ~'ac~.~.it~.es. Bu~~ they
can be inter~x~eted as :Cina~. traces o:E the ~~~a.tl~ s off' m~.ra~~ion o:f
thPSe Ia~.~~nts .gin Former ~eo:~o~icC~1. cx^~,s. W~ ire ~~emp~Led ~~o th~.nl,
off` the ~lacid~. pEriods a~' the d~~.l.uvial ate when The adv~~.nc~n~ ice
,~~itis~ied ~~he ~~o~.a,r ~:'~.ors, be~'orr, it ~'ax^ '~o~~ra.rds the pr~~ua~~or a.nd whin
the motu~t~~in rar~:,e,s cra 7sin~ the equatrr had much mare ex~l~nfaive
cook. summit x~e~ions reaching down tea much 1,o~~er a:Ltitudes. 'T'his
assum~~~~icarL of an ice~a~e m~.~rs,tion cez~ta~.n~.y a~p~,ies to some bi~
~ao~.ar ~ia.nts~ ~~"or othexs~.~~ is ~nr~rabab~.e, especis,:7.~.~ ~'or sl.7ec~,es
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
wh~c],x;y ~~hc; G;~a.:natc 1;r~er~e
was 5fi',l:l.l so J:'s~vo:r~~?~bJ,r ?th~r~L clec.lduous fi'ores~~~; cnu.7.d ~'lou~^:i.c~11? A~
~~.l~s~~ ~fimo ~Y~~,~~e; aJ.so :a~ta.l:l. ~dx.5?~Fd the }~o~~sib.:~~.ty ofi' rcu.~~.ra?~~.on
t'or our ~aL~o~.-~r ~,:l.ar~l;s v~.~~. ~hc: Corclt:l.~.s~r~is and 7,hc ~lln?l.axc?~LC ~~o
I~Ic~w ~c~~,1.~,ncl ~~us~~~~~~~.~.a, ~:n~~L~~~~Gec:; o~ a rl:~i;l'e;z:~ei~i~l.~y d.r~cc~tc~d rna.~?
-r~a,~raiort v~.a ~~ou.'Ll~err~ ~~sia ~-~ li~~s?L ~rad~.es W...~us~~r~;~~.ia ~-~ ~,n'~~
s-,~
ara?~a.r;s,, ?La Sough .~~ner~ic~:~ ar~E nor l~:no~wxY :k'o~^ l.ich~;r~s?
1n :l..aol::~n~ :C'o~~ 'Lhe c~.:i.ssorrci.n~l ~7.or?~, ofi' ~~he b~.i,~o~.r..,r~ l~.chcns we
canria~~ F;o ~'u,r~rhar bGlclc ~.n ~~rllc, ~'o~~ ~,ccordLn~ ~a ~~ho invcs~,i~;,~a.?L~.ons
ofi' ,S~tfi'f'on t,l~e ~j,rctic ~'~.ord d;.d not do~tre~.al~ un~~il ~Lhc ~a~c ~'er?Li.:~r;~.
~u~~a,n~ bhp er;r~.:7.Er c~~ochs ofi' ~;eo~.o~ic h~.s?~oa~y fi,h~ c~.:i.mdb~ a~.~. ov'cr
~~l'~p os.r~Lh was so uni~'orm ?~,h~~~ ?~he fi'~.ors,s ofi' ~. ndividual re~:~ons har-~
c~.y di.f.'~'erocl arse 1:'rom the o~r~hE~r, wo:~o rlla:rac?l,ora.s~~i.ca~.~.;y ?~ro}~~.oa~,~
sub~r. opa.cal and alsa ~t~ra~~er~~~e from ~,h~ ula~c~x Crel~acoous onw~~rd?
No't un~~~.~. ~~he ~xea~~ rrar~unfi~~,9.n ranges were :G'ortn~d ~,n ?~he '~ort9.ary
da.d the cl:i.ma~~e became r5haz~p~.y r~~.J:~'eren~~.a~t~~d, ,~~oss~.bl.l a~.so
because ofi' ~~he new~.~wox~.en~w,d w:i.rlcl s,nd ocean curx~cn~s, ~e ~'orm~
~.t~.orl ofi' ;1,andM~acked ice began in ~;hc po~.~.r re~;a.ons and ?~he ~'~.oxa
devc~.o;~+.~.nor mi~;r~.t ta.ans havrd
tal~ez~ ~~a.ace .M ~~r~e J.ic11e~1s spread rl~uch ~~aa s],ow1y. Ma,r~y ,arctic
s~~eci.e5 have: hs,rd:ly en~.ar~ed thei~^ area in s~:~ite o:E an ~.mprovernent
in c?ridi~h~ic?ZS~ '~~~ f'a,c~t ~th~,t the ,~r~ater ~~~rt oi' ,~h~ li.chen ~:1.ara
oi' An~l;ar~c~~^ca, corlsis~ts oJN' c;ndemic slac~c~.es, ~.. e d, ~~;ypes occ;ur~.n
~tlrere exc:l.usive^~~~, iric~i.cc~t~;5 tlic, ~~re~,:t~l ale af' ~tha'~ :~'1arr~ arad the
^m~:~robabi:l.i.ty off' ~.m~;1~.~;~^at:l.ans subaec~ue;rrt to t;he a.ceN~~fe. The c~~,~;
is siinil~.~r 1'ar the subs/^ct~.r, re~a.or~ a;C the 1~er~Nuelen xs~,4~a1ds ~rh.c~~
because off' itr re~rno~l,erless 'ram .and sho~as a hibh percent.~.~~e off' enM
c~emic spec^es ~~1~.d genera, Unr~aubt~;dJ.y the nunzb~;r off' bipo~,ar
:lichens in ~nt~i^c;t~.ca, eras ~;re~~zter b~~'axrye the onset a~' tk~P a.ce-
ale than it is today; on1.y .those which acc;ic~enta~.J.y ~'aund ~ ~'avor-
ab~.e hidewau~G esc;tiped dest~uct~.an and saved themsc~~.vcs ~'or the
present day.
~n ;enerai ~we ntay asswne that t17.e tame off' rni~;r~,t^an is ~es5
x~emate ~'ar species having bipo~.ar distr~~butiorr than ~o~^ bipolar
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~L~n~a succood~d ~,n t~Q ~a~^~i~~~ar~
~;1,ch ovc~' ~ 1on~o~ p~~r hod A~
~encx~ w~
~cc~,es ~n ~ba north and ~ou~
7 bu'~ st~~~. C.LO~~~FJ`"~e~a~pc~
,~ -gas wg~'? ~hou~ht off' bclon~;~,n~ '
~;n r~~.nY cs,sss such
' nv'os~~~a~a.ans unco'~'~~~?d s~~a1~
unt~.~ ~eccln~ and. mo~'? ~r~gc~.se ~
c~,as~
~~ ~~cc~c~, a sepa~at~on in~~a sQVe~na~.
. ~~,,xl?a,~'.can`~ ~~~'~~or~nces ~,ha`~ ~o
but ~~ ~~
~ subs~L~,tu~,~.ve ox v~,car'~ous spec.~es
sp~c~es ~ ~.~~hcse ax'? known. ~ ~ ~ c ua~. aa~.~ s
. ~ .. f. or ono enothe~' ~.n xe~a,ana, off, ~ 1.
s .1~cs tl~c~y sub a ~,~. Lute
ru~.e tale n ~~jrlber of l~~.an'~ s}ae c ~e s
~t;l,c conda~ ~a.ans ~ ~.s a ~~a~xeral
c;1~.rna
~' ~~xner~.~~ conside,r~ed co,slna~~ol~.tR~,n has br~cn
~.rtr,~,uc~,n~, ~~Yie :l.a.chen,a) ~o
? ~~ xt hs,s been shown rao~~e and
on~ti~.nua:ll.y xeduced a,n re;c~:n'~ ~La.ms~ ~. ~~~ 't,th
C
~u?~~Ls ab~.e ~to cope s~rau~.~~i,nc~aua. ~ w
Moro th~7,~~ ~thsi"E ~u~~'~ ~a.re no p~.
a
. ~ o~.d a~.~.~ma'~F and ~~,~t the sane ta.l7~e
~~ ~x~o~;i.c~ti:l., a ,~;e~~1~ae;r~:.~tE; ~~,nd a c
, ,: ~ ~ ~ ~. Let a.'t be Gmph~~,si~~ed tha ~ tl~e
grow an a~.,]. sorts o~ ~ub~~ra t~a. over
~~
. , . ~ ~ n off' sorrt~ spoca.os off' :lichen a11.
rr~~ps showz.n~; the; ~~st,~~.buta.a - sin ~os~.-
~ tt~,c~irt~ ted ~rac~,l, ~ia,~. aara~~~.no~~~#~;~,~.
an expa~~~S.~.an off' '~hc a,:~x~~~he ~.n ~,
~, ., .. ~~zi '~11e a.r s~ima baa r-;;~ o Zlax c;, ~,a o ~ ~~hc:
' O.I. '~~'1G ~,~p V'~ r'~i;~.o11 a 7.5 ~11~~)~1i;1,."r1.7 ~"d ?
os'a,~`i.na.'?. r.,o~~ea:l.ar1
a ~ cc~nca~)~.nn~ e~~ec~.alJ.;~ bGCause afi
ac~.ont~a.~~~~ x~e~~,c'~ ~~}aa ~rde~c,n~,r
? ~,~Lic~n unq~u;o~~a.a,lab].f cf~.~~~.n~; be't'Urc;en
tho p:l.~,n~~ML~aQc~x'a}~l~~.c;~,1. ra~~
? ~ ,~,.~ ~ r~ ~,~.~.a~I`da~r loalarLd~ ~..I ~u, 1~,~.e'~7, ;~r~
~au~ha~ ~'G A~,~.~. Mala~~.a Au~~x' ^ cf
~~ r even 9.n~ .spa axe ~, ;~a~nex' ~.~,nr~,bx ~.d~,e
~,~~aamen'L? w:t.th ,alga ~~~~be~^~, ., r ~ . ' ~.an 2,nd
~.~. '~ha Juan ~"e~'n~,~~dez~ :I~a^quo~~,,~, l~.wa~.
;Cxom ;,c~u~ka Amex'ica ~
~, .. Accax'd~.n~ ~a ~,he ~.~.~ea~ r'ese~~~lckles
;~3anin xs~.ands 'r,a ~ ~,e ~ Asa.a ~ ~,~n~ ~
, Pa,c?.~~.a :t.s ~,n ar~.~in~.~. ora~~n wh~.ch h
b~ S~z.~..l.~s howe'vax', the
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
. ~ ~,~,x s ~,r~~~~ ~~1~~ fi~u~~~ax':1,~~~ ~~~
~Ls ~n~~~'~c~r~ ~'~n, ,~~ ~ux~~~~ ~
ch~n~~t~ ~. a~.~x'
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
II
u D;r ~ llp.~n~ ~~u~,1.cz
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bda:~h~.n 1~he ~ranrewnxk ~ ~ ~aed
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and ~Lhe~.x vcx~~a~s 'the ~huor~~ ~ ~'
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~~~Qn~ ~~z~a ~~ha h:l~,~y eoun~~y ~an~ d~~~~~d~ ~Aw~~~~ ~~k~o ~a~~ ~r~d
ntax~~k~ ~~o ~ha w~,dpy ~~wariapw~~~~,~d v~~~~~y~ a~' ~~kza ~~~;+~~rlo ~rld tx~
~'a~~L~A1`t;~4k~,
qr~ ~;1`aa otllaz~ aa.d~ a~' `~k~p ~,a~~~a~' ~~haxo ~~~, ~~.x~~; ~~~ ~~.~,~
~~~~ Ax', ~~~~'a1~cx~~dMuu~~ a~~ad ~~a~~ mo~~d~ ~r~d sm~~.~ dca~~aw~ha~ad k1:~.1,~~
~L'i~1a~; ~~ncx~at~aa ~.aa e~.vva~~an ~~r~d p~s~ Av~x^ ~,n~o ~Lha u~~,and 1.?v~;:l. a:~
~~his muun~a:~t~aus coun~~x~y. l~~aba~e~ and ~tu~,~~cav~~rs ~~redan~~.n~~;p,
kau~t ,~ands`~ona~s, p~;x~do~~.~t2~ rnc;ters ~ '.l~h~r~ 111ounta:i.n desc~:nds sharp:~;y ~~awax~d,a
~r~hc, e~:>,t ley same 3~c) z~ncte~s to ~. ~.a,l~e;w~,i.~.;l.ed J.o~w:l.~.a~d ~~,:I.on?~ ~~he
Former ~~'i.nrix.Shwi~uSaian l~nxda~^. 't'he rr~ou.n~L~~a.n coun'~~ry ~~.~a .~'ax~ns ~,
rao~' taw~~a~ds the. north -ro a de,pressian ruY~~in~; ;'ram c~autik~e~,st to
i~orth~rards whi..ch is used by the road to ~hE l~rc~t .c ncer~n,
~~'ram hEre ~ Zast rise reads '~o the v iaLen~:lry `~.ndented and
~~orn~u~a caast~~1. mar~nta~.n coun~~ry of ~etw,ama. I~~re we ~'.~.nd a, campliW
cited ~,~.texizxa~ion a~' rocks. IJ~e~~; ~o c~a:r'k ~;arnet~~ne~.ss ar>,d ~;xay
~ne~.ss~~r~,nite, wh~.cl~~ prcdom ,na~I;e, we ~'x.nd ve~.ns off' arnpl~tilaal~.~~.c
s:ls,te, quar~ite and diabase caix~aa.nin~ ~d~.ena-and zinc b:~end~:~ '1'l~le
pasa.tion a.~ ~~he ~,atter ~.s eas~.~.y reco~n~.zab~.e because af' their
~.~n~.ted al]i~.ity t~ res~.s'~? R~,va.ne~:~ikc depressions which tale 'heir
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~~,~oe axe a~
noun x41~,61~ enax t~ ~la~e~s
~~x xe~,ndeex~s~ w~?tlZ ~ ma~c~
~h
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daineM~o~~~~d ~~ jelds al~te~~r~~a ~~ r11~.
s ~tb?~~~ any tx~nsl.~~:l.or~l~. ~ ox
~ ~ G-xds and ?~rau~~~~ 7.:~1~a lake ~ ~ ., , ~ ~ ~~ cad
j
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a~~c~ri?erll.~' and ~~ea~l`~ txi~,
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ora~.y~ oxxu~~~.c b~.r~clcs x~,7?, .nod bch~,nc~~ `~'h~ mox~ ~aa~c~y componc~n'~~
were b~,awn ~o~e'~1'lc;r ~n~-a ~'~.y'~.nr; ;~~,nd ~'~~:~~~~ n~ax ~va~~.o ~aLti~h o;~
I
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'1'l~e CO~a~'~~?~,~1G ~. ~ ac~aai7>,~ar>.a,~c~, by ~ bxa4~d bGac~~ slab wl~~,.c~>, a~f~~i
a~ low '~~idG. Qtl ~.~~ ~~x~~xc; ~~x:i~a~ ~.~ k~,:lo~n~'Gr~x~ ~'xam 'GI1~ sl~oxe, ~~he:
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~~}~c bx~a'~exa. '1'~~i~; I~e~~~rl~o ~~a ~n'E ~.s cor~t~iea'Led wz,~l,h 't11~ ~{ ~.sckl~r
k'en.naul.a, by a ~~axrow n~;ck ca~.~.r:~~ 'the M~,a~ti'~kaa~~ao~~lca , '~'I~a.e ~~~?~.nw
su1~ ~.~ ~, c~xr;,~,~"Y~ ~'~~,~ u~.b;I.~~,anci w~.'Ll~ e:lcv~~~,t~.oz1;~ u~~ .~Q X50 me~~z^~,
wk~,~.ch a.5 bua.~.~ uI~ a~' 1>or. .~~rrl'~r~.1. ~;~r pl~.cec~ :la;y~;iryw of ~anc~~t,ax~o, ~l
~'C'Gd C~QYfICa '~0',~J a.t,
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~Y~ '1'~l~ ~UY~i~ W~~~ ~''.,,~ A~~ ~~~~N,
Mux~aho~'~
~~ac~x~' off' ~~h~ Y~'~h~~ curxan~L o:l.o~a ~Q ~YZa ~~,a~~o a~~ ~ha
M~' ~1 ~
~~~''J.G~?n'~l~' 1~,I,~Y~ rnoun`~a~,n~ p~.c~~~x~a ~~nd ~x-
~.aaw~,x d a;Y.d? a~ s
~~ ~'r~~ s~;x~am wY~osa ~rop~ul~~.on l~.c~a ~n ~hQ
~~,f~:ln~ ~~1~? ~aY~n as a
n . ^ ~s.l~.~cl :~'ohn walk., wYia.ch Falls ~.cra,~s ~o ~~he lec~-
;~al~n Claud covE~ ~ c
' '~lra enar~Y off' ma~ion ~,~ ~~k~~x'rnodynam~ca~.ly
ward ,~.d~ (].) ~ :fin ~}~a.s
i n ~~'~ ~ ~ (~ ~r ,. dux acb~ d :Flow off'
~~,1ccn From ~,he mo~s~~~xx~a~r~-~:~.' a~~ ~, c~,owziward
^ ~ ~~' ~ accelcra~?~.otz ~ ~ land; ,~~ ~,~,q~a~.d p~.r~~-~.c~.~~ aro ~~vaa.lab~.c;~
a.no~ eaaa.n(~
,~~ ' n ~Lhe v~.s~.blr for~ln o~ obsc;ux~:i.n~ c~.oud dxop~.o~s or yrh~'~her
who Lher ~.
' "a.b1.c du'o' n~~ s~re,~.lcs a:~ ~.'u:c~?~Yier subd~.vi.clod prac~.p:t,'~a'~ion
a-~ .L11~va.a ~~
,~. ~'~ rrlor'e ax' :dew a caaY~se ~a.c'~cip~.~a.~a.an ~aar~~i.cl~; a are:
pax~~a.clr.,~. aance
~~ u'~cd ~~Y~rLi~ .a ~~he case w~.bh cloud el.emen~~s ,rid
rnore laoself d.a.s~ra.b ~G~~ s j'a ~~e~
' fe~~'c;c~a,vew
a,~^e rro~t ~b a1.1 a~^ hax'd~.y v,i]ib~.h3, 'Ll~~~ nra~.sburo?~:-
-~ c~ a ~'ohn c~.aud cover occas~.ari~,J.~.y z~eacx~e;a much ~'ar'GY'~ex' down
ne~a
bhan ~.s .ndica~ed b,~ ~Lk~ic undorc7ide a:~ ~~~~e c~.o~ads ~ '~l~te :~':l.aw can
' ^~ ~ rma~^e be accr~.oxa~~od d.a~wn~~a:rd, ovc~rr when ~,1~. ~.~.quir~ wa'~o~' hay
~ u~, Mlle
used u b; e~r~pox'a~~~.ox~, as :I.an~, as ~~he S~tra~Gi.Ca.ca'~a,an r;and~.-
becr~ p ~'
' x'aC~'aw. rl'1t~.S a.5 ~~'foCi~~C~ pX'~"
~~ Boris warlc ~~o~rarc~s c>, dr,~?~~~'p
~lrc earn crd~ux'e canda.~~.ans a~' ~~he s~.ope~ Wh.~,ch ~,n ex~
mo,r.L1,5r' by p
e~,crma.~~ae -the 'Lernpex'a'~~u'e o;~' rho a,ir maasos claw
c~ran~;e heap ~o d
.. -~xai'ourh ~l~~e~x' he~.~~ exchange in rawrad.a~~.an and
~~a ~Yrc, slope ~,
' ~ ?~ '.a~~ion, '~'hoso re~.a~~~.ons arc much ~.eSS c~.eax in an ~.nd:LV'idrxal
dada
r- ~' uch more d~'~:a.cuJ.~~ '~o de~errti~.ne~ since the ava~.l~
Casa C ~J.c , a and m
' n an ,s~,o es deper~ds :C~.rs'~ o;~" aL~. on 'rho sxpoTura a.~'
~,b~.e rada.a~a.a la
seccn.d~, on bYYe clearness off' 'the sY~j', ~.~-e. c~.auda.neaa
the s~.apei ~'~
and haze; deve~.opme;n~~ and ~,h~,~'d~.y~ s .nce w~.~Yr 'the al-~err~.~~.an a~'
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
_ _ __ _. _
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
d~~~r ~,n~ ~~,~~h'L end `~hQ c?n~~~n~~;y, cl~~~ir~~ ~~~~~ ~;~~~~ud~ ~~~d
d~G~,~.n.~~~,or~ ~,~ ~~ au~~~c~- Ica ~]~~ ~a~'~~~o~~ d~~. end ~~~x~~
v~~~s~~ia~~,can off' ~~~ an~`~acarQ~o~;~.e~~ ~li~rr~~~~~i,e~
N~var~`~Yr~~.~~~ ~caQ h~vc `~wp 2ona~ ?n od~~~~ ~~rk~c~~~a `i~ki~ a~ov~.
rnsn~:},an~d Gomp~.a.c,~~~an a;in' ~l~s ~axo~~:~em :1,~ ~,~rnJ.`~~d lair ~h? ~'~a~ ~~~~
`~l~o d~~ grid n~.~ri~ ~X~~a c~~. ~i~he Nun, al~a~a ~ aa~`~~,:l.r~ cQn~~~~,ricy~~ ~]'1"~~~e
~~a `Lh~ `~x~al~~,c~~, i~r}~Ic~xa ~a~t~~~ x^c,~~a,~.n n~l~l~~~a~c~a~a~~~c~~+~ a~~~i~~, r~~~ ~.n~
cl,~~~ auk, :l;n ~,cld~.'r~ .art ~~ac,x~c? ;~~.x~c `Lha ~ao~.~,r xe~:l.anF,;~ wl~c~,x~c~~ ~~ ~h?
~itne a a~: `the o~.~~;~~ ~a~.~'~~aG,a ~k~he n:~~;h~~ ~:~.z~G a.~ rn;l.~~a.r>>~ a?x~ ~~e c~,ac~
a~' `Lhe ,~w~n,~lex^ ;ac~a.~'l;.l.ce, 'wh,i.1.c; c;ar~v~;rti,~:Z,~' a.n ~~hc; c~,;~a off' ~~~`~a ~1i.r~'iac;r
ac,:l?~~i;~.ce ~r~la~; d~,y r~x~c ~.7 rlt~~~~.n~;, an ~lae wl~;c~a.c~ Cc>nd'i~a,01'la ~?,r.~c mucl~~
,5~~~i~y'l.cx ~'aa~ ~lal'~e l~a?.a.x re~:;~an,a ~~ha1'~ a'ax' ~Lhlc ~~ral~a.c~, ~a.nce ~~11~
~c;cc~ncl car'.da.~-~.on, Lhe c:l.ear~ric;~~;; a~' the ,sky, ~.s xeJ.~a,`~a,v~r;;1.y ~im~1.e
anc} ~.uca.c~ a.n vista off' ~~laG ~.a~~~ water-va,~~ax can`Lexat~~, '.L'lia.;; pax^r~;~-
l~c~lxcl~;~ c11zr~..rr;,; ~l~rie co~.dcx~ lta~ year, ~to ?Ll~~ }acat and hwt~ici~.ty
c~ancli.'l;~.on~ c~:t tl~~~~ Cl~la}~~;z? u:~' ~~hc o~~kicr .~.~~~~.'truc~E~. '~'l~~c~ f'~,~5~~ aan~
d~.t~.ar;,, ~trl;.e ex~~asur. c; a~ ~~~he ~,l.apc,, ~.~ ~ mor~a}~taJ.a~;;i.ca:~ ~ea~;r~~~l;~.cal,
e~.e;nent wh~.ck,~. ~~; equ~,~.~.y vax~~~.c~;atcrl evrra~~l~cz?e+ an ac~x~~Ll~~ Gant~~~a~;~E
s~ii,p:~e reJ..,a,~tian~ha.l~~; care; cncc~~uxltcax~ec~ an1.~,r~ ~a .~th~.r~~ minute c~~~a.c.~~s ~.n
~~:1.~.. rrlourti~~,?,inauS re~iar;.~,, ~.ric;c; ire G~.dd~.t:iai~ ~ta ~~he cam;~a~s d~~~;c,t~.on
tia~hicl~l ~~he ;~~.a1aa ~'ac~~~;, ~.'1;; ~.n,c;7.:i,na~~ior~~ ~,~.art~ i~ta an~~^c; caux~aa~ ~.~~
1.er~th end ,the phy~ica~. cand~.ta.oz~ o:C ~.ts ~ ur~'~~cc~ Eire :i.nclude:d ~.rl
~}~~~.,~ canccS~t,
~~ .,~ a ~~~aad 'thing th~~t Spa.tsber~,er~ and G~x~e;c;nl.and a,re 9.n `rahe
~~~,me ~.atitltde, ire c1.aSe to each ether a,nd yet l~r~.ve ~, very di.~;~c;r~en'~
raaunt~,9.rlous cl~~,r~,ctex~~ and th~~;, ~,n adda.~~.ar~, in ~}~rr~c; t~,~o a.reas `the
;;
fahn h~~S bean best ob~erve;d r~r~d ir~vEStigateda
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~~hn o~ S ~~~ber~en ~.n its su~~m?~ ec~ndl,~Gion was d~,~~
~ha p
nvs~t~. a~er~ ~~ a?ro~.o~~.cally ~xom ship.
eovsxpd by Rio l~~xges?11 wl~o ~. ~
loon ascents ~.n the y~axs, X906, 190
1~oard by k~.~ts and p~,1ot,~bal
he gti~.l dossr, ~ ~ dss~,g~~~s ~hs~s w~.nds
:and 19.0 (2). To be sum,
r n~.oc~l wind~~~~ But' even 1~Iargastel~. ~ou~nd
as ~bh~, but sps~ks a~
onts era confined to ~ ~'ew hundred m~teacs
out 'that.. these a;tx cuxx
d that the kitep would only rise 'to their upper
above the gxoun d an
fuxthex noted 'that these w~a.nds b1.aw with groat ~'e"
boundaxy~ H~
C ss Ba Uanss~ Tn~.et (Dtanen~ata, South
gular~.ty in K~.n~s Bay, ra Ys
t Sind at) ~meersnbuxg Bay and above all 'Wide ~3ay. It was
xnle ( g a
found that the t~,mpsrature decrease in the wind layer is
also
ne;
1 adiabata.c~ wh~.~,e the humidity occassiana~.ly
rapid .and approximate y
rcent. chess ~.oca~. land winds appeax most
increases to 100 pe
hQn there is ~aix w~athe~ at .sea;. however, they may
noticeab~.y w
on fo days. In the ~.ong and wide ~~oxd ~us~ning
coase camp~.~tsly g~Y
W3. de Ba tk~is wind b1,o~ws , w~.~hou~ regard to
naxth and south, the ~ Y~
a south w~.nd of ma~i.umum intensity which reaches
the time a~ day as
ven ~,0 meters per second (2~ ~u7.y 190b) end increases from the
7, e
mouth off' the. ford towards the int~xiar.
a ni ht those ~.nca1 winds always b~.ow dram the sand,
Bvsn t g
ve as~utel attx~ibutps them to ~emperat~ure di~'ferences
kier~esell ry Y
nd and sea in which th? sea is .ways warmer .than the
between ~.a
~'hi~ cona~.us~on must na~tura~.l~ be drawn maxe conc~.sely i~n
~. ands
a arrive at a v~.id ~heaxy of the~~ winds, as follows Up
ord,rr t
to altitudes of BOO and 800 meters the atmosphere above the see,..
out has hi her tempexatuxes .than pxeva~.~. at the same a1ti~
through g a
a~' the mauntai~n .'ranges ~ramin~ the ~'~ords. ~'~
fade on the .apes ~:
}
i
ona~. c~.rcusns~anoe of these winds a~;~paaring only iri fords
add~.t~.
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that-'arc ap~n mots air l?~~ ~c~aards ~Lbe nartk~ gad ~i~vrefora slo ~
downwards ~.n nurfi~herTy d~rect~ons ~nd~,c~~~s that we ar
~ dea~,ang with
graV.ltational wands wl~~.vh or~g~ns,te ~n the cont~nuous~, a erata,vs
Y ~
G ~m.~,ss~v~a radia~;;~Qn and ~e heat exchan e with ~
g ha subs Cratum that
~.s ~artaa,'~ly coverQd w~,~11 snow and g1ac~,ar ~,ce~ we mu
st fur~hax
cUnc~.ude; Araund the swnm?r sa~.s~~.cs, P?s~~.b~. as lox
J'' gas the
midn~,ght gun is ghan~.ng, there 3,a a tame in Sp~,~sbergen when trla
maun~taa.n and vaa.ley wands are not upset b y the after a
n t~,an of maxaw
mum and m~.nimum solar a~.t~,tudei Moreover ire the f~ards whose
slopes ~aoa~at to thE; naxth anc~ ~rl~ach therefara x'ece~.ve onl vet
Y y
weak rad~.a`taon far a few hour;, tl1ere i.s aJ.w~,ys a rr~au,nta~.r~ or
land
wand.. The reverse ~.s to b e erected in t~~ care Q
f va~.~,eys acid
fords whose slopQS ,~o~.nt to the saut~h and w} '
1er~e ~.nsolat~an stran~w
ly prNdomina,tds~ Eiere tk~ere w~~.~.1. be found ~, r ??
~ Qti~{~.er~t~ thmugh not
so marked, va~.ley ar gee, wand, as long ae no as '
g C~.t~l or' permanont
sr~aw caner anhab~.te the conversaun of the preci,arn.~,nant i
n5alati.an
Arita haghertemperatures. A carsfti~l check of ' ~
th~.~ hypat~ies~.s wau~.d
greatly advance our knawlf~dge a~' local wands with relatav
e.1.y sart'iple
lamit~,ng condati.ans~
A first test a~' theca adaas as passable with the a3.d
of the
ward ob~ervata.ar~~ made by the ~`~edash eta '
tz.an at Ca~,.e Thardsen durb
ang the anternat~.onal polar year ~.$8 $
~~ ~ ~.~) ? To be sure, the sta~
t~~.n~~ was not (an the: open s~r~ 'but sera
~ ss Exam Advent Bay an the north
s~aa~e a~' the broad a.ce?.f~arc~g ~0 meters
above. ~e sur~'ace a~" the
f~ord~ an a pe.nsula tend~.rl ` ~ \a~Jar
~ ~.4., ds the south Arad ha,v~,ng moder.~
ately ~.nc~.ined slape~ w~.~th eau~hhex~ e o
r surad Cape Thardsen is '
d0 k~.lc~,eters from the crest coast
of Bpa.tsber~;en and ~a.nce ~t 3.s
hard to eat~.mate to what extent tae w
stet of the Gu~,f Btream a.s
~.,
.~ ';: ~ a
~~ .
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nvt~,c~~b~,~ ~
n thv ~ntAr~.vr of the ~',~c~~d ~t mi~h~ b~~ pAt~~~,blo to
obta~,n b~t~?,~r d~te,~ Nav~rfi-h~1a~s ~~ta~t w~,ndp~s~~~,u~n~~,~~ fox ~-kic~
narthst~ Doctor (aoz~Ya~.n?d NNw N ~d NNE) sx~d the ~vutlxa~n ~~v-
tvr ~~~.~u~ro~ fox 55E, ~~ SSW) s~.early~ rapraopr~t tho cffac~ ac ~
y?~,r~,y function s
~.8~2
3opt~ Oct Novr DCO~
NNW
N'NE
~~8~
NNW
NNE
SS'E
F'eb Max Apr. Niay June Ju~.y Aug
~p ~9 20 6 6
a ~ 6 0 ~~ 43 i~
~'he ma.dn~.~ht sun is v~.sible :ram the midr~,e o~ Apr.t~. until.
the midd~,o of Augu,st~ ~3ecau~~ af, tl~.e iae and ~riow co~v~er in these
~.atitL~de~ its e~'fecti~roriess is sha.~'ted even ~'~~rthar tawarc~s ~.~ter
in the year than the affect off' the highast so~.~r ~..tituda in our
~.atitudes. Evan far the de~e~.opmdnt of plant fife the three summer
months da windy Pram nor~~harly~ d3.rect~.ona become less .important
than others, and at this time the pradominanca of southex~a ~.
wa~r~d~
becarnes equa~.~.~ marl~,sd~com~~red tc~ the other man~tha, 'phis ' ~ ?~
a.s wa.th
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out doubt conc~us~.vc ev~,dance t~aat ~n c1aa~ s~m~~~ weather va~,~.ay'
care era winds on ~hn slopes w~,th ~outhErn expasura cc~xraspond ~~o
the ~,oca~. m~aunta~,n or .and w~.nds a~ the ~ jaxd,s .that. po~~ noxthwax~dp
'~l~e ~orm~r w~,1-~, ~owevsr~ hardly be ~o we~.l~da~ined ar~d stxbng s~,nce
~ny? nozz~.c ox~ jet ?ffect is lack~n~ and s~.x~ac~ occ?~ss~.ar~a1 ~,nter~
rup~L~,an~ mv,st decxeas~ t~ae~.r f?rGe and ste~,c~.nsss
The ~'loc~. w~.nds~~ noted by ~iergesell were x?cogni~ad ~~
b?~.n f ohrlpt a w'~.rac~e by G. RemP~,, .and A. Wd~n~x in the yea~~ 1911/x.2
~ ~
~,n Advent ~Ay (~~7. They estaba.~.sh~~d th~,s by poin~;~.ng out a sera.es
of phenomena connected w~.th theee winds that are a~.so aasac~.di~cad
wi~~h thy; Alp~.ne fahn~. 4~~e gap still remained; that is thn question
of just how they originate. ~~nis dap 1 should like to close by
means of my fohn theory and in cax~ jlu~ction with the comprehensive
s of view which A~ ~chniausa develo ed for ?tne or~.gin of fohn~
point P
like currents on the occasion n~f the festival, calloqui.um at the
_celebrat~.an of the. ,~Uth ~.nn3.versmry of the ~ugspitze Obsex~ratax3r
of 3G September l~~G at Garmisch. xn this connection l should like
to show using .thee entirely d~.fferent Greenland fohn, whs,t this ~pw
i
proach can do with proper app],3.catic~n~
x daresay- treat in ?the xarest of cases is the fohn-Like
wind of the fjords of Sp~.tsbergen produced by currents descend~.x~g
~.n a humi~~unstabl.e manner in tha upper and uppermost strata ~ sick.
Wj.th almost al.l of the currents given by Hergesel.l, G. ~empp and A,
Wagner a dry unstable dsscent oh the gently fa~.l.ing slopes ~.s
suff~.ciont. ~?~ originatee in that that canst~~nt ou~raxd radiat~.an
from the more ar Less sndw and ice~covercd slopes is ~.n a state of
heat exchange with the ~d~acent atmospheric l~rer~ whose terapera~
tore than s:~.nJ,s noticeab~,y bel.aw that of the a,~.r ~`~iether from the
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s~,ope ar~d 'thus c~~at~s d:~~?unstab~,e ce~r~d~,ti?xts ~~ t~~e d~,xect~,on
a~ ..the blspp a~x a~.o~~ tY~e flow lino, Ths p~~ld~mir~ntly ~~.?ax
weather wl~~.ah i~ ~rind~,ess an tho open spa aZ,~e s~e~cs ~'p~ ~his~
~n l~.ne with this xea~on~.r~g these winds shou~,~l k~e des~.~natQd s,s
un~,ntexrupted m,aunt~a~n w~nde b1ow~~,z~g w~.~~x~out diuxna~, up~eta but
not as Mahn w~.nds. T~ia considerat~c~n3 presented above were tca
show that ~hex~~ can ~nci must ex~.~t such w~.nd~ in ~ mounta~,naus
rr~g~an at such high la~~.tudesa a~ the time of th4 rn~.dn~.~ht sun.
~lourltai.ri w~.nd and a genui,np val~.ey fohn can be c~.ear~.y d~.s~
tinguished as fa~.rwweather and ~'ou~.wweather wind even phy~~.c~1.ly
az~d gentically, Trla farmet~ moves dowz~waxd at modexmte valoc~.ties
a~.orig with dz^yMunstable phanomex~a produced ~:n heat~exchaanga with
the xadiatixl~g sa.ape~ arad a small. ~.nrl~.nation and great ~.ength of
th.c~ dope nod ~avoz?ab~.y. ThQ ~.a.tte~~ atta~.ns h~.gh dawnwa~~d ve~.ow
c~.t~.es w~,th ~.a.rgP accelexatian~ predam~.nantly' through.. a humidw
ur~stab~.e .dowr>.f~.ow of a~.r f~.~.led witr~ c].aud and pr~acxp~,tati~an ~art~.~
C~.eSe In th~.s Case, canvereelya a urge ,~nc~.inat:~on of the slope
ire. the shanest poss~.ble slaps ~.ength fo~~ an equal, da,ffexenca ~.n
e~. evata.on ~ ~.s a f avaxable cond. Lion.
~n ~,.ine wa.th this different~.at~.an a~.a? cases having come
to my attention from th.a data of Greenland expedi~tians are to be
thought of an explained as gen~~~ine va~.~.ey fohna.
'~h~ fi~~st campx~e~En~s~.ve materi~1. camp from ~1. ~tadc (6} end a
was ca~.lected by the Greeraldnd cagaed~.tion of the Ges~~e~achaft
~'~ ~rdkuzxde G ..
(eographJ.c, ~oG~.ety) of ~er~.in, under the d~,xection 41
of .rich von Drygalsk~.y between ~. Au~.st 1882 and ~$ July 193 at
'~?
. d a f
the ~a~a~ak statian (70 2~ N ~ ~p~ION w'~. Th3.s was s~,tuat~d ozi
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the inr~ermo~t avve of ~A Umar~r~k ~+'~~rd on ~Y~~ ~~x~~~ F'~o~^d~ a~ e~
k terrace 26 meters a~vve mean sea ~~va~ ~.n ~~ irnmediat~ vicin~
rQ a
of ~~ 1a~r a Kar~~~k doe ~trea~~ Cn?~ g~aciexa and a~ the ~aat
~.ty ~
of ~ ~brupt~y rising ~1:iff ~1~0 me~e~s hi~h~ to tie Qast~
Stade ~ur~a~.sx>,es ~ very g,rapla~.a and- deta~.l8d de~cx~.pt~an of
a fohn invasion an ~ Marcx~ ~.89~, at a o~ clack' ...far thq ~,dpr~~~.ficaw
n of a~.~. an~lane anstanc~:e of ~`ohn. ~~rom Haan c~~ the pr~vi~us
do g
da th a pxessure drvpp~d s~-ead~.y a~~ a cr~n ~.dQx~ab~.e r~~~, ~h~ ~~mM
Y
eratu,re way w 20 d~agreQS, th.s ~~+~.a~ivc h~u~~.c~.by~ way ha.gh. ~s~,
p
tae path to the th~rr~anieter but which was al~aut :~2q meta~^s away ~e
author suddenly noticed the rushing of a strong gush of wand t~aat
made the snow swirl. up and dra~re forward on ~~hn height of. tie
~unatak; it.was still quiEt down belo~r~ but closer arrd c7.aser camt~
~tha gust, it could be heard rusr~~,ng dawn the slopes of the va`l~,e~'~
and sudder~t~.y at brake loose over the statiar~, ~aharo ~.t produced a
sensible, certai.r~.y Hat negligible ~.se in the temperatures th,~a
a;~pax~ataonapsychrometex, showed M ~,~ degrees. far ~ few ~aoments
all was quiet aga3.n, th:e~a a new gus~L came dawn the mou.ntain~ this
time of such a strength that it was hard~,y passible to stand up?~
right, ~efc~re the eyes of the author the mercury z.oamed from ?~~.2
degxees to the freeing point wathir~ a few sect-nds~ while the
rele~tave h~ur~idity s9.mu~.ta~neously dropped fx~am 7O to ~q percent.
''hero fo~.la~red dusts of sometimes greater, sometimes smsrl.~.er a.nten~
~i~Y~ .always of .short duratia~~ somat~.mes las~ir~g fox' but a fear sew
coeds.+. ~t ~iaist tae aix~ temperature asc~.lla,ted a f~~rr degrees about
the freezing_pain~~ but aro~.d: noon it held fa~.rly` steadily at ~ ~.
degred, while ~~he x~e~.ative hum~.dity even sank samewh~t be~.~w ~q
peroent~ ~'he weather was dec~,dedly murky, ~a?clouds from tho a~1
,.~;, ,, ~~ ,~ '~,' ',x~~r~~?'
~,
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com ~.~,te1y'a on the l~i~h~s~ ~vaks ~two~,au~ds
a~mast co~rerpd t~-v sky. p
le than was na prac~.~s,~~taon~ TJ~a
were vcaass~.an~~y v~,s~.b ~
way sim~.~.~r w~.th a~.1~ appear~nc~s of
GYI~,r~C~iQr of thc~ WBF~'~hor
times ra~.n drops w?rv absvrved~~~
tha-fphn a,t ~Cara~ak, howev?x a a ~e
roces~ can be ,ambiguously seen ~.~
'~hv dynam~.a~~ a~ the p
o n thvv 3.s used. ~s the strar~gly ~~~~g
th~.s deaara.pt~~an if my ~ h ~'
x~ the h?ights shaves, a cyclanv apprpachvs
pressure and the ~~J wind a
~ of Greenland from the west Pram the d3.rec~-ion pf
the west caps
~ Alan w~.th the increas~,ng~.y step pressure grada.en~
Baffin ay. g
r much stxon~~r on the ~,n].and ~. ce ~r~i~.ch in tuxn
the ~.nd bvcamea
the dri~~ng off' the /Wise snaw which is a~,~
tremendous~.y incraases
in the rs,vitation~l,.wind dirvctad..towards the
randy ccnsid,erable g
e~lavaed~na~r masses are blown out beyond the steep
aaast~ Zarg
a l ciex .ends ~.nd the pre~cip~,Ges of the nunataks onto
edge of thy, g ~
inner ortiar~s ?~ the f jvrds ~ at first at great a~.titudes m In
the p
' dawn Chia" snaw drags the. air a~.arig with it anCl while the
drapp~.ng
snaw finally .melts and evaporates the air heats ups fa.~~st slv~r~.y'
din to the wetwadiabat~,c cur~-'e for snaw (melt~.ng ~ evapor~
accar g
heat ~ 6~~ calaries)e ~n general this w~.l taka p1~Ge mare
a~,ian
. ari with the air already therea sca that. 'the descent ~akas
s~. owly th
sce in a h~mid~unst~bla manner until the snaw particles are ss~
pl
eva arat~ad. 'then the .air f~.a~rs ~'arthc~r dawn due to
sentia~.~.~r p
but heats u dry~adiabaticz~.ly by ~. degred, per 1Q0 meters
inerta.a, p
t ~ alt~,tude~ Q~casinnall~r s3.ngle ~,ce particles chaanged
of lass a
ndro s et through to the bottom and evidence fc~r this
a.nta rai p g
~. a ~etez~sen (7) ..Page... ~~~~ eras do~,bted by ha.m un~u.st~.~
found by He g s
l~et~xseri~ ~ work a~..so` aant~~:n~ three charts o~ pressure
f~,ab~.y~
d~.str3..butian ~h~,ch batter suppax~ our thaory tb.an that
and w~.nd
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xa assd by him, F~.gux~ la ~N~ f?hn at Uparnivik anc~ ~~ ~oh~ at
p p
J ~k~ab sh avn on ~'~ ~' eb rusty ~~ ~~ with ~ ~~~~.~ne of ~ s s .~h~n 73 ~
m~.llime~sxt~ pr?~suxe ~~ the cer~~er shave the west cvas~; v~ s?uthp
ern GxAenland anc~ e~~end~,n~ 'ram ~1als~sinboxg to Cape ~'aa~ve~.;
~~~. uxe "~ ~ fOhr- ~'~ ,~,n~'1,aga5alik arl ~ FAbxuaxy _l~Ql with a ~.pW
1
of less ~h~n 76Q mi~limetexa soar ~enmaxk 'Strait; and .Figure. 3 ~
Eta ~~ Sohn at Jakobshavn on 2'~ Juna x,912 with a 1Q~r a~ ~.ess
than ~~,~ mill~.meters at th? center batween Greenland and Law
bradar~
Petersen endeavors to e~cplain thew inc~.dences off' Sohn
w~howing large temperature :increase and laarge decrease in humidity
in tha manner a~' A~.pa.ne foxinsy namely by air currents that hava
crossed the ent~.re inland ice~aap. Indeed: Petersen does nat canes
sa.dor that such a cra sling a~' the inland icy; by the current cannot
cantxra.bute to ~,he heat~.n~ up off' ~~hn an the leeward s~.de, na matter
how much precipitation has separated out ari the windward side Fax
~,n :~~.owing dawn on the leeward side tkiis current carries along much
driftMsnaw~ and. only ~~ie q~~antity, density snd hari~anta~. velow
city a~ this dxi~'t~snaw above tha ~jards determines the ea~tent ar~d
ixlten~ity, lastly a~.sv the duratian~- of tl~~e fohn produced b~ ~,t~
The peculiarity a~' the Sohn in the coastal reg~.ons n~ Gree~1.and
~ha~; are. e~,ase to s~.apes consist precise~,y oi' the. fact that ~a~
its appnaranc~ no condensation shave or no prr~cipitatiar~ ~"axma~
lion need to hav4 preceded.
xr~ nature thane cand~.tiarrs m~ a1.sa
be ~u~.~i~.~.er~.o .~1~. than is necessary and. su~'~ic~.ent is that there
exist large laasewsna~r masses in the ~~.,nge areas o~ the inz.and ire-
csp and that ?~hey are ~i.alently and rr~ssive~.y Set in matio~ by
w~.nds a~' staxm intensity bin~rin~ awa~r dram the ~.a~ndw
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~oltiaws that ~e Sohn in Greo~~and
From ~h~.s v~.ewpo~nt ~.~
~9 man~.~'estat~ons ~~ the out~x paxt~
mu~~, became ?ver weaken ~n ~
are not part~,~.lY x~~ed by g~,ac~,c~r~
o~ the ~~Ar~~~ as 1on~ a~ ~h~y
d ~.ce ~ Trls~e cyan be noth~.n~ hexa ~a
ax pro~eCt~ons o~ .the ~~,an
n k~k~ris" of the ~1.pa~ ~n ~h~.s oonnc~G~~c~~
carrespor~d to tho ~~mme~'~
w~?tes ~ nxt a.s po s~abl~e ~o obadxve a
1~Ie ~~~ade' (~~ Page ~~~' ~
furs repeated~.y at l~axa~aka wl'~~le thane
maxlred xi,se an air. ta~lpexa 0
? ~.~ at ~kerasak wh~,ch ae si.~uated ~
as hardly are ~,ndacation of
n rr~here the ~'t~hn s,ppears almost al'
kalometers c7.osex 'Lo the saa~
e wa?~h sma~.le~' ~,ntensaty tkr~n at Kara-
ways ~,ater ands as a - ~
ail ~.~ shou~,d be men~aohed than an tempe~~~?
aal,rr page ~~3 ~ ~ ~'an y
and. an the and. and ~. ce above the
~,uxe measurements ~.n ~k~e moun?taz.ns
ma.nantly adaabatac~ often even supex?
stataan Made na~ted predo
? adasntsa an the ease off' ~~run as weal as
adaabat~c temperatuxe gr
? no~~,ataan to what extend hay measura~
athor land wands. There a.s no ~
' x~ement off' str~.c~ sanurltaneaty, whack rnus
menu satas~'aed the ~~ec~ua. i.lw
ecause of the lavc~.y temperature instab.
a~ s olu~ely b e observed b
aty prevaalang with ~'~hn~
rr ab-~e~'vat~ons were also ~'urna~hed by the
~ccel.l.ent Cahn
? ~ the, Puste~~'a.g stata.on an ~,he southern..
nanmaxk ;~,ped~.ta.an l>0~/08 ~~-
lle~"axd arld Mo~ke~ ford an
sla e o~ 1~anrrlarkswN'ionvmenta between Ike ~
p
Q ~ Peter ~~reuchen and Al~xed Wegener hexe
naxtheast Green~.axrd ~l ~
bottom off' the va~.ley ~rorn ~. Novem~~'
made observata.ons at the
and as often as passable X77 tames) an th,e
1q0"~ to ~l ~ ay 1q~8,
u to an elevataon a~' ~Ga metexsr
slope a~' the Maraument p
ral remaxizs appaar on page- ~~ls rr-~e
The ~'ollang gene
cl, wath. ~'ahn degexve ~ ~' ramar~rso
tarnperatu~ce candataans assaG~.ate
to ascents a,t `the ma3.n stata.an~ so at Pu,s~
As an the case o~
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a~ad a m~rk~~~-~ncrg~~? in the ~r~mpe~atux~
tex~v~~ thax~~ a~~? appe
o~ the ~,nvexsion~ ~ux~~,n~ the most ehax`~
~rad~,ant w.. ox waakon~n~
~~ a ~.~ was unfaa~tunately ~nposs~,b1~ to make
actex~ist~~ Sohn phenomc~n
spa Q laeoaus~ the ~.ntensa'~, dx~vin~ snow
axly ahsexyations ora the A a
. ux~ta~in slope ~poss~?b~e' , espQa~a~1y in the
made cl~.mbin~ ~ha mo
d.~ld sucaQpd in obta~?na.ng a ~~r obser'vaw
dark months. F~owavox', w?
~~ at 't~.mes a~' typ~.caa. fohr~ coxiditions. At
bons in ~lovember and M~
as not~.cEaba.e we~.l in advance of the rise ~n
~ustervig the f ~hn~ w
' naa.sE on the rid~ss of the .mountains.
'~empex'ature by a loud ru.sh~.n~
' ~ the rase in temperature came the wand, which
~amultancousl?y w~.~,h
' re in the vallay lying at right an~las to the
was whirling a,n natu
' d, ~,n tha tapering-off thx.ngs f~.x^st ca~.med
d~.x~ection of the w~.n
as eneraa.a.y main~~aincd~ unchanged
down taelow wki~.le t11e tempera~,ure w ~
3.~. a sudden sharp drop occurred"
far several hours, unt
Brous ~,nd~.viduaa. abservata.ons that
Here are a few of ~~he num
+~ vanber 190'7. 0n the accasaon of
speak far my cancept~.on~ 27 No
? e f 'ard at midday between l~. arad 1? o ? clack the
a walk across i,h ~
ha.t b an. extremely strong gust of wand that
observer a.s suddenly y
,he round and so stirs up the snow that it ~.s impas~
throws h:um tat ~
far as ~. dm ~ probably decamet~r~ ~ A e A'~ noon '~a
s~.ba.e to see as
a sudden rise o~ about 12 dehrees; at
tcmperatuxe recorder shows
carre~ ond~.r~g r~.so an temperature ~ar~ounting
~a~narkswHavn the p
,? ' d not occur utzta.l seine 6 hours latex~.r'
to about ~ de~~'oes) da.
' v 'v~.n maisturc~ ~.nstabilit~r do'urn to the
~, insta.~,ce ~n al ~
aseda.' ' r'w~.nd-proteoted'r vr~lley; ~.~
floor of .the na~xraw~ supp ~
rnan f~.ne erlawf ~.a.a., na wa.nd~ m1~e ab~
,~anua~' 190E~~ In the mo ~a
~rs,t~~.on an thG mounta~,n but ~.s forced to
rerVgr attempts. an nbser'
of 'wa.nc~ that..threw. him aver. Gaon tl"iere
return by va:olex~t gust;
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txon staxm w~.tk~ douse sn~w~a~,~ and 'with gus~~ o~~
de~rr~~.ops a ~ ~
orn a~?~ sides ~ 'ohs snow ~.~ dxivg down '~ha moun~
wind ccaming ~~'
~oQ w~.~h such ~'oxce that ib ~,s haxr~
ta?~.ns ~'xom a~~ s~.des (N and ~a )
ch our bxaatki~ the xaada.ngs At ~~he ~ng'iish shack beoQm~
to cad y
? . e w'~.nd snvex~. t~~nes drags you o~'~ the boxes saxv?
di~~~. out ~ s ~r~c e th
awa ~ Rela~~~.ve ~~~~m~.dity ~.s 74 percent
~,ng m steps and b~.o~s them Y
00 ~~ extent at ~.l~00~ 7$ percent at 2~.OQa
at 0~ ~ P
on 2$ Ja~aua~,r ~.~0$R With ~.ow ~~ura~.da.t~.es off' 6~~
S~.m,~~. s,x:~y
nd b0 ercen~ there a.s agaa.n continuaus~ strong dr.v~.ng snow
~a a ~
. d sk . ~'~~ ?~hE ~~ime off' the 8 0 ~ ca.ock xeada.ng
wa.t~a a s~.ighta.y clou y Y
o~,uh~el im ass~.b~.e to stared up. the w~.nd da.rect~.on changes
it ~.s abs Y ~
tans th~co h a~.~., the points af.' ~~he epmpass ~ ~ ? 'ram
cantinuous].y and r
tom lete~ qu~.et down bel.aw; then there is a
t~.me 'to tame a.t ~.s p Y
?he mounta~.n;a and ?~he gusts ~~ w7.nd of?ten beM
m~,ghty rumbJ.~.ng a.n t
' n dawn the gorges and carrya.n~ a].ang s~aa~d
gtin w~.th the ~.nd ruah~. g
r it a.s ~.m ossa.b~.e to open your eyes out ~~ the open.
ar~d snow ,~o that ~
?' e of w~.nd on the moun?~aa.ns sounds 1a.~Ce roars and how~.s.'"
... ~e no a. s
~,ina~.~.y i?~ sho~~.d be poa.nted out that va~.u.ab~.a and a,nM
t~.ve mc~ter~.al cor-s~.st~.ng a~' simu.~.taneous rega.strata.ons of
s~,ruc
? ~; and re~,ative humid~.ty i~ avai~.able dram 'the Germa~~
temperatur
~~ ed~.tian a~' ,~.~'rcd Wegener of ~.930/~:~ ~~ (ll) m 'these
Greena.and p
? the WeS~ ~tat~.an (w~.ntPrhouse) on the edge off'
were ~a~hered a?L
' ~ at an a~.titude a~ 9~0 meters, at Kamar~ajuk at the
the ~,n~.and ~Ge
arro~rest art o~ the ;Gard at sea~.ev~~. but. a dew
~,nnermost and n p
rom the ~a~,nterllouse and at C~manak, a sma:~~ a.s~.and a.n
ka.lometer?ti ~'
rd r k~.J.ometers W' o~ Kamar~:~juk~ Six remaxkab~.e
the outex ~~o a ~~
aes a:~' ~'ohn ax^~ recorded ~.n the curves. ~n~`ortunately rem
~.nstan
6G ~.
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o m~,s~~n~ and thexe are no othax w~r-d
cardln~~ o~ wand ve~,aa~,~y ax
~, cages tl~e ~bhn ?~~ac~ a~ ~amaxn~;ak ~~
c,~~a ~i~ren. In a~,mas~ ~
opt com ,1?te~y absent at Umanak ox at mast
vexy ~~~~~, gut ~~ ~s ~~~_.. ~
98 sva~.uat~,on b~ one Q~ ~hq expvdi~~.an~ s
ne~~,~~~.b7.s~ A mor? pxec~
to the px~.nc~.~a1 es vu~lin?d above m~.~h~ be
paxt:~c~,pan~s aacaxdi~n~
valuables
th a very graphic d,escrlpta.on-by a~ ~ Georg.
T shall clo,~e w~.
at a~ 1~ ~ Stado (see above) but can'ta;~ns much
w~~~,ch re5embl es th
n ' nland a.cc a~s usually st?,paxated dram the see by a
'the ~.
seal st~~~,p where the aa.r ~;empcratur~; in the summa can
tacky cos
a dew kilometers ~arorn the ice and ~with~
exceed :~~ degrees centl~r~ds,
a ~.nd from the a.n~.and i c~ ? But in the
out the s1:~~k~test trace a~nw
notice wa.~ps a~ dog a~~ the edges of the
everi~.ng it ~s po~sa.l~7.s to
d an hour ~.atex^ t~1e J'ohn' ~,nvading the v;~.~
cl~.f ~s high above ~ ari
ht c~.wcade~l~~ike gusts threatens to break up the
ley with m~.g ~9
?~ ~ ~3ut wlla~~ looked like dog was real~.~' driv~.ng snow brought
w.~ sp-~
b the ~,nland~~.ce wand out over the coastal mo~~ntains..,"
Y
~'he t~.me interval. set hy' Georgi at about one hour appraxw
ual-~ that ~'aund frr~m a calculation according to my
~.mate~.~' eq
' ~' dull al:~owance is n~~de far tl~e ini~i~. phase and
theory ~l) ~ ~
he t:~me re aired ~'ar the ~.a~r to became reasanabl~' stati~anar~"~
t ~,
~o s smarm ~' ~ Ubnr ~a~ e,.,,,,~,e~., des , ~~ohn~ d3~ ~
9
(Un the ascent off' the ~~ ohn rota ~~1.leys) ~e~orts a~ the
_.
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ce ~n the US ~an~~ Nv~ ~~~ ~~~ K~s~~.ng~n
O~~an Waa~h~x Ss~':i.
l~~oa ~~ 9~~~8
~'or~ahun dux ~'x~~.en Atma a,~h~"xc ~b~~ dam
o~E ~hc~ Fx~~ A~mor~ph~rc abc~vo ohs Axc~
~o1a~ ~' (~xploxa~~on
r~ a Aux Fhys~.~ dor ~xe~.an A~~~naaph~xe (Con
~1C Ocaan) ~k~e;j.~ ~
of ~h~ ~'xee A~mo~phexo) ~~ yb?98~
~~x~~]au~ion~ ?~o ~,he Phy~~.ca
ache S'~ud~.~n ~.n axk~t~sc}~ 50~,, ~Axeo:~o~~~-
19oG, ,~axolo ~. ,..~.~..
?~ ~rc~~c ~ummex) d~.t?~o ~' ~ 2~I~2G1 ~ 1~~.1~
aal ~~~~a,d~es ~,n ~-he ~
C Thoxdaon S i~ ~t~,~ber~.,,~,z,:?~ .. ~M
Ob~erva?~a.c~ne ~aa.~as au a ..~~...
~ ~ .orat:i.an ~.n~~rr~a~~.~a, ~ ~a.,ons
e~ion Susdoa.,se ~ ~ ~
^exva~i.or~s made a?~ Capc: Thordesn~ Sp~.tabex~en
axes (Ob
' ]~x7ed~.?~a.on- ~n'tP~rl~~~a.onal ]+,'~cplora~~:~oz1 0~
by ~h c Sw edx.5~i ~
~~e ian5 188 2..1883) Sto ckhalm 189]? ~ Volume ~
~Jne Polax ~
p
2'~~w27G1
~,, J~~.e ~lydxad amp,,, des k~$hn~ ~d
(~~) Kempp ~ G - , and Wainer s ?~,,,.,.W,r..,,~....-...~
~ glen ~Jinds~~~.n ~ a,~~be~, (~'he Hydxadynamics o~
die ~.ok .~.. ~
,,,, r,,,,,..,.,.. ~. ?....
~'ohn and ~L?he "~~ocal W~.nds'~ a,n Spi?~sber?Len) Puba.3.caM
?~he
~~,ans o~ ~rhe German Observatory ~;bel?to~~hafen Sp~.~sber~c~n'
Number ? ~ Bx~aunschwel~ 1917.1
tuber ~,u~'t~.~,wi.~.en (On ,Aa.r Ava~.a~nches) Ctiepar~~s
W~a~hex S~x~r~.~e in the US Ganef .Nov ~.'~
o~ ?~he German
rl ~n an deg W~stku~~~e~~~
(G) Stade~ ~1~ ~bex nexscheyr~un ..,.~.....~,.
~' Veranderun dcx ~Lu~'~te~atux and ~'euch~
Gram. an d~ and ~. e .~w
' On ~'ohn Phenomena asp tkie Wes?~ Co~s?~
t~~. k~m~.~ der: I~~he (
Ga^eenland and the V~xia?~~.on o~ fir Terapexa~ure
o~ Nox?~hex~
um~.di?~~ with A~:ti~.`~udd) Gree~.and pedi~~.on a~ the
and H ,~
? ~ h~.c ~ocie~y x.891?-1893' Perkin 1897, Volume
Ber1~.n Gear p
~~' Pa~~.2
pp ,~01~~33`~.
wGB~
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(~)
(9)
era'rux~n ur~d ~'vl~~ in Orb~and
pe~~r~an ~ ~1. ~x~,,,,. r?m, ho~? T ~~
e~ and th? ~bY~n in GxsQ~+~d)
('~' trem?~.Y Nigh Tamp?ratux I'
Q~~r~~,) ~1 ~ ~~ ~ ~a 29b, ~. ~3~
Metac~x. ~~ltsahxa,~t (Metaor~ ~ ~
exatuxsn and Fvhn ~ Or~n~?
~v~ ~a~~e~ a R.~xtx?m hok~e '~ ern
r?e and tha ~'ohn ~,n G;~esn~.and)
.and , (~x~xeme~.~' M~.gh Tamp?ratu
to Oq ti93~
e~aox", ~louxn~.) ~2, 299 ~ ~
Meteor. le~.~,eche~~t {M
zu 'dvm `vo~~etehend~n ~r~? 1, van
Petereen~ ~~~ $? kunn ,,,,~,~?
mA7~k;; an the Preaed~.ng Art~.c'le by fir.
Harrcl Dr+ Ho~~ap~e~ (~
~,~ Meteor. Journal.) a~ ~ 300""
ol.~a ~e~.) Metaa~~~x ~a~.tschrif
~~ p
301, 193? and
W tier and l~.im,,~~e~dber e (Wcathex
Ko s sman17 ~ F ? e
{~ er r ~,2 z~1.9~~ ~.n The ~e~~ erg ~n the
Climate on ~r~ ~ e;~db g) p
rl~;~ex F'reibw~"g pro ~,gll.$.
S chwar2wal.d ~ ed:~t~d by K p M ~
A. Mete~ol~.giech~ aahtus?
(ZO) prand~ W ~ a and Wegener ~ ,.~..
tervi (Meteorologa.c~ Observations at the....
der Sta~~ian P~s?~,~,..
...~,.
~~ s edit~.ozien tii Gronl.ands
~uster'v~.g ~tatian) I~~,ramark Lk p
Vol,. l:I No4 6, Copenhagen 19~.~.
Nordostl~'y'st ~.906~1908, a
. ~Gr ebna.ase der 1~ utsGheri Gr~Sn].a~?nd ,~~"'
~ ~~ u. 1.830 '3l. (Scient~.~~c .Results o~
Lion Al.~'red Wegenax, 9 ,,,.,.
~.. -~"
ied~.tion under Al.~red Wegenex i~ 1.929
~.e German Greenland l:
Lea. z~, 1939, pP~ I~OMI~.
and 1~3,0~3~,) VolumA xVM~' ~ ~
en cur glaz~.a~.en Anti ~ o (~arnarl~s
(~,~) Georgi ~ J. ~3e7nerkun
tics clone) Ann. d. Meteax~ (,trials c~~
on the Gl.ac:i~. An J'
$ Se tPmber, -~ ~avemb~er).
M etearol ogy) ~ ? ~~ ~ ~ ~'~~' ( p
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NUR, xN-~TRI~T ~'QR ~TR~C~' S~ x~ N
~o~ ~s~ ~~ ~~~zT~a~~
--
~x4 ~T~ahn ~ear~i~ ~Ismbuxg
At ?the meting of the Geophysical and Meteoralog~.cal ~5oc~.sw
ties at i~amt~urg of 21 to ~~ actol~ex 19,~~ tha au~hox was able ~a
demonstrate a new t~,~pe of pyrheliomater, In genera. phrheliametsxs
are cornp~.icated laboratary instruments involv~,ng thexmo scats and the
extensive use of electrlca~. measur~.ng in5trwnen~s, ~~or this reason
?they are generally ,rest~i.cted to~ especially equipped rada.ation obi
servatories~ In their. case the rt~diat~.on to be measured ~n~~rs a
jarMlike ca1.orimeter vessel in ordar to pxevent reflection losses'
and at the bottom of this vessel the radi.a?tion-is converted in~,o
heat by means of a blacl~ absorptian layer. Nowadays the princip~.e
first intraduced by nut Angsta~~m in 1~~9 of compensata.ng and
measuring the heat of rad~.at~.an by an equiva~.ent amount of ele ctri~
cal heat, is generel1.ly accepted, 13ut even the oldest and at the
carne time simplest instrument of this type sta.~.l in use today re?~
quires. an amm~t~r .far. measuring the compensating thexmo?electric
current, in addit3.on to the rad~.ata.on measuring ~av~?ae' as we~.~. as
a hig~'i~.y sensitive mirxow ga1.vanometex~ to detErmine the tempexature
eque"1.ity of the two ~.amina heated by rad~.atian and by cuxrent~
L~s~?,1y, a bat?~exy is needed. if in the .course of an explox~at~.on
tr~.p dust one o:E these items should be damaged all further mean
uxernents are either impossible or a~f~.ictad with a creeping errax
that gnat be detexrai.ned~ Actir~ometer5 in curx~nt use are simpM
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n ~o ba s~ra~ but ax'o ~us~ as
cons~xuc~aon and app~~~~t~? a
~,ex ~n
vc~~~~~a?lsss~ wh~~? th? c~1.~bxa~
t~ve t? transporta~~,or-. N?
sane
n ter oo~d be ok~scl~ed on the assump~
t~.on v~ an ~r~gstrom pyxhn~,~ome
alibxataan of act~no-
,. ~ undamaged ~~,~,vanomQ~exs~ the c
t~lon of fxom ~
sfo~e da~aaxtura ~~ after xgtuxn
mater ~,s possab~.e only b thor the
wlntpx~n~ you nevex kna'w whe
txi.. '~h~.s means shat While tc
p _ ~lo~~dad e a
~ suf f ~x' a ~a~.t even wh~7~e be~.ng
~,nstrum~t dad no u~ 3.~ was poss~.ble
gat chango ~a cal3.brat~.onw ~l~
wl?>.i ch would s?mewl ~ t~.es to be
~~ ~ abtainad under gxeat daf f~.cul
far a~.1 mcasuxamen~~ chan a in ca"
eless subse~,uently~ afts~~ the ~
rendered completely us
an,d ra?turn was d~.scavereds s~m~
librataon val1e between depaxtuxe
of when such a change accuxrede
ply from a.gnorance
~ editi.ons the author has
~s part~.c~.pan~ a.n several p
s~.tuattion wh~.c ~.s naturally not so
suffexed a great dead. ~"xam tY~~.s the
the marQ regrettable s~,nce on
strongly fit at hams.. This. was
at ICel~and e~aedataans of Professor
o cce,saon o F the t~ra N arthwe ax~t~.~,
? t~:e total solar ~ad~,at~.on and p
Fr Dannmey?x ~.n 1926 and 19~~
s of narma].a.z~ed falters were to be com~
regaons selected by mean ~ dell robably
- ?~um cell ref erred to Davos ~, P
? arcd, by the use ?~' a calm. actions
p
~w'?i.t~erland ??~, wath numeac~us observ
standaxda~ed at Davos,... easurements in
-v~.alet. Nevertheless, the first m
a.n the near. ultra d w~.~h other cL~.w
n worn' an~eresta.ng and could be: caxnpare
chi s r egad
calibxataon value and. the un~
mates ~.n spade p~' the difference a-n
Dut the antehded evaluation of
cex~taanty s,~,s .ng dur~.ng the. tr:~p s
' olo acally hopef ally ant3.ci.pated f one
the meteoralagacs~1.1y and b~. g
rad~.ataon xeglons had to rema~.n fragM
dif f exences between ?the ~o
me~ntary~
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t m?teoxo~.ag~oa:l-sx~~.o~a~~ax~ ~~x~p off' tin German
Qn the ~ir~
g ~~?taa~`~~ CAVe~"a.~; the Wat~~'8 ~,rgl~.t~d
Nava. Ob ser~vatary in ~.?28 an th a
~,r~~t~umant was ?~r~ad ~al~.Qw~ng tb~.s
x e~1 and .and Gres and; a nc~w
nvwl ddve~.oped ~'~alax~nnter~' p~ Nloll?
mishap This was .the y
aus in~txu~sn~h, s1~Qp_ a~ i~ipp and Konen
Garo~yn~ki mada at ~h? ~~n
n~~txumsnt proved' to ~ ? s'~ab~. a beyond
at Usl~t a ~'he xe,d~,ation i
.~ th4 maahtime gained comp].~te accept?
~,~ ?x~ectat~ons and has In
is ~rat^on of salax' and sky rad~~.ation
ante espocia.l.y for the xeg
r amh,a~, suri'acQ a~ the eaxth; '~.?~ also waxl~ed
a,nc~,dent upon the hox~.~
' in x.929 and 19~G/3~. in Gxeenlands Fax mare dis?
we~.l at a11~ Mmes
thq '~xicks played by the ind~.spansab~.e sensitive
agreeah~.a wexe
ha s the senait~.ve pa~?n'~ suspens^on suf?
painter.ga~.vanameter~ pex p
Y~umit gat inside vx electrical. chaxge~ o~ ~he
~ered Exam a bolt or ~'
ex mods ~,he pa^nter st~.ck ox execu~~e
hard-rubber ~xont p~.ate eith
r ~ own. ,. A~tex those obstacles had been overcome.
osc~.llation~ a~ ~,ts
and a on retua^n dram the midst of the
wz.th great angua,sh ~.t was ~o a p
os itablc~ climate of a cave in the glacier snow
~ ce, that in the ~.nh p
'o^nt Inside ~ha gal,vanametax had oxidized and
~~.eld a solde~~.ng ~
ion . ed the cal~b~^atlon at an unknown t~xne ~.n an unknown
may have cl g
~? ~. these possibilities are well kno~m they must have
amountb 5~.ncs al
.., the e edition mc~nber charged with thPSs
a paralyz~.ng effect an ~
Zf future expeditions were to as for a radiation
measurements.
main results y tln~ a~ns~~ex ~roul.d have ~o be;
metex assur.~ng ce
? sucr~ thing unless a large apparatus such a s a cam?~
There ~.s na ~
? ? standard elsmeht ~'or checking gal~vanomete~'s is
pensatax ~~.~,h a
wauJ,d be impossible for reason; of weigh?~
taken along and tha.s
and expense
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~foxts d~xocted towards a socox~d ~r~tsx?
,~ po x~4~.on off' th c~ ~
nd ~~ comp~et~Qn a~ A. We~ono~'~ ~
nata,ona~. Po~ax 'sax x.93 ~~~~ a
~? ut~~~rtunate~.y not x?~1~.2ed .. was to
pro~x~m an the ,inland a,ce
on'~ of tho ~ra t~rnonts which, a~~ t1~at
be devoted to the a,mpxovem ~~t;1,on~
da ted ~ ~~ha conda.ta.ans o~ an oacped.
tame wQxe not yot walla p
~' the west and Tea ~Cc,nt?x' Stata.on
here the shelters and supp~.a.es o
v luable brio of apearat~ons~ ~t has sa.ncs
wore to be used as a ~ tic
vela a hyc~o~en~~oneratax wtith an s,u'~oma
been pQSSa.b1? to da A
d x~,da.nsonde ba~.~..aons that has already'
fa.~,~:I~~ va~,ve far pa,lot an
olar xe~a,ans ~ ~ pxessure theodol.a.to for
~px~a~ven a.tse~.f ~,n ~h~. p nt fox
the balloons and an ~,ppxapria'~e a.ns~rume
opta,cal~! ~' ~ol~.aw~n~,
t9nt~ Other a.nstxuments primax'~Y
the eva~.ua~a.an o.f wa.nd da.sp~.acem
t~,~ans but also useful a.n ~en~raa. weather
desa.gned for ~utuxe exped~.
obtaina.n~ the true wand, ~xom that felt
sexva.ce are a converter far
' cad. wa.nd~recorder far houx~.y means and
on board, a sma11. mechan~.
a ~oxcow~.oa~ca.ng m~etearolo~;ica1. s~,andard
ea.~ht wand da.x~ecta.ons ~ , u~,d
u ~. ' n of an expada.ta-on sa.~p~.cx ~ th~.s c,o
c~. o ck maka,n~ ~~h e s p~' ~ ~
nometer a,ntexcannecta.n~ several a.nstxu?
be a 5ynchran~za.n~ chx'a
a be used w~i,thout she~.ter and having
mental, a ~exmohygra~xaph t
ma.~.~~.mete~s~ thus g9.rring greater resa~.w
a tame srale a~ 1 hour 1
th o;~ wxa.tin~ tapes a collapsa.l~l~ weather
ution nth a normal ~,eng
inters for better venta.~la~,a.on of the
sl~e~.ter w~.th streaml.~.ne~, sh
he de osita.on a~' dri~'twsnow. A them
anterior and, a xeduct~.on a~ ~ p
`' ].a.n wa.thout the co~.dMsensita..ve raAssw
~' tnt~~ per and psychrometex s ~
~' ~kcs os~a.b~.e accurate measurerncnts of the air
`,~ mann" c~,ackwork m p
y,
~ v n unde~? conda.tlons of .the most a.ntense
ure .:and huma.d~.t~' e ~
~, temperas
~~ ~ ~ a ~~cona.ca~, rain and. snow ~au~e"
on radiat~.on,
sa~.ar .and reflecta.
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on the anemometer past above thv ~,or~e of dx~.v'~g
that can b e rah s ed
n u~,shing between snowfall. and dr~.f~i~g show
snow pQrm~,ts d~,st~. g
d not auecasded ~,n dv~.ng with ?~hs .Wag?n?r ped~~-
sameth~ng we ha
nta~vn a xa~k~er p~.m~1,e a~rrar~gaman~ by
tlan~ ~'~n~1~.y we sY~oul.d me
k ail.- around the hox~~on can ba pk~ota~.
means of ~i.ch tk~a ent;~xe ~ ~'
? ~ use. .fie ~a~.ca9 fox. examp:~e~ At t~.mAs
graphed on m~ni.abure f aa.m,
n weathex changes a v~e~ of thn s~Cy may' be v'exy
of ~,nterest~. g
ten minutes ax every ma.nute~ as required,
cheaply obta:tned every
to ca furs ~~. the ahang~.ng ~. and farmata.ons ~ ~~ was
in oxder p
d to be especially usef~1. for the photography o~ the aurora.
hope
' , streamers often appearing simultaneaus~.y all aver thr~
bareal~.~ been
' ~ x1t was to k~avs~taken a~,ong by the Wegener ~xM
slcy~ ~h~.s ~,natrume ?
tom let~d in times Final~:y the most di~~i~
pedita.on, bu?~ was not p
ameter was tackled arid, as is tp ba hoped
cult problem of the radi
solved ~'to the first apP~x~.mat7.on~~o
'the new instrument which wag ?tested during the 5iumner of
~0 b more than X00 radiation measurements contaa.ns a "~neasw
l9~ y
rr ~ o er rotected against external influences by an
ux~.ng ba dy of c pp p
liter '~harrno~ bvtt~.c~ and b~.aGkened by a speca.a~.
ord~,nary nne.~half
ss an the irradiated facx.r~ side, It is cax~efull.y
reproduca.ble prate
d so that its half~~~.ue dime amounts to ~~ m~.nutes,
a.nsulate ,
~' ne d~a.~?1-hake there is ir~scrted a therrno~~element whose
Into a a.
derin 'oint is embe~d~ed in a 1~ac'ge copper block whose
second sol g ~ or
tam erature can be measured t~rer~noelectrica~,ly;~by an ordinary,
p
wd therrnome'ter. 'z'l~e heat~.ng of the measuring body by
ca~.~.brat
' ' dent' radiation. ~,s mcnsurec~ by a suff~.cientl~' sensitive
the ~,nc~.
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ven only one ca~.i~bx~a~ed ~he~~p~
oms`~er~ ~y mare o~ ?~wo ax 4 d~
ga1~an
va~~ome~ex p~~' dagre? ae~n~~~gra
the de~~ ?c~~on o~ the gal. e~hex
meter axe a~ ~Y ~~?~ wh
eked px xade`~e~n~ned s,~~er ~4P
can b? the r~ or on h~.gh mo~'~a~,ne~
~~.and tae, ?~` ~,~ ~hv dese
in a ~en~ on ~ha
na~~.an o~ the k~ea~'~.oe~ o~
s as~ac~.~.l~ the de~e~n;~
Fur'~e~ de~a~l ~
on mea~urem~n~,s wh~,cl1 can a~. eo
surfing body' dux~.ng rad~.a?~~.
~,he mea
found ~.n a more d??~a~.l ed
out in the ~~.ala~ s'~'? ~'a be
be carx~ed
en~ia~. chaz'ac'be~.s~~.~ o~ the
' cmtion soar to a1~Pear. ~ ess
pub1~.
?~urQ eC~ual~.~a~~an '~~~'es
end ~s ~,h.a~ a complei~4 ?~empaxa
new ~ns~~n
. nd ~~s ma''~a11:~c snv~.rarunen?~
be~~wcen .the measur~.ng body' a
place
d ~n ark by the above,.men?tione
the Thexmas bv~,tle, ;~axa~e P
wit~~~.n
,,, ,? ~~,, e~;~ec~s Exam tha outside an
block ~'ux~hexmare, a,,,,c~,den
copper,
the ou?~er parts o~ ~;he irl s~rumen
lied ~empora~uxa change$ of
max ~ away ~ 'thus ~ve~
ti.an ~w.nd etc, are ~eP
expo ,ed ~~o solax radix ~ ual x igoxw
end ' ?~akes place undcx exact~.y _ eq, ~
~.nrl.iv~.dual mc~a,~ur~m xe aired by the ga?l"
' ' a~? conditions ~ Tl~e ~,ime q
ausl.y defined 7.na.t~.
exo '~a a fixed 'scale division
omctex indicator to clnmb exam ~
van
,.n a~ p,8 degree centigrade is mea ~?
xe xesen~ing possibly a hea~a. g
P ClaCk~
ed by a s?~apwa~~ch ax an orda.nary'
ur
~,~, ~'ar a smal~.ex exped~,t~.aa. is
A quest9.ori which is import
? rest success t11~.s sur~uner and
cos~t~ the specimen used w~t~ g
the
vsar- ion was assembled. a1.mr~st
~en~,ing the se~and and ~~?na~.
xep~
~,~~ made in a shop it can't b e
sin l~e~?handsd by the authax, even
~' a~,vanametex~ abd
'the most expens~.~Te part ~s the g
too expensive.
d is the ~.aop ~a~.~a,~ometex mach by
e s eci ~.l y to b e xe com~nende ~ ~ to
P to shack In Bpi
ens wh~,c~~ has sml ~~ns~.?~i~~rity
Gar1 Ze~.ss y ~ ' nis alvanometer
ri~ sensiti~~y'~ ~~'~ 'the'n ~~ g
o~ ~,ts high mess
~ox? a~.~. parts o~ ~hexrnae~.cc~ric mean
wild. b~ used_ s~.m~al~~eously'
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n the. ovurss a,~ an ex,~sd~~~or~a ~o~ ~x~m~aa~a~ ~Qx tli?
'41rA~1t~n'~~ C~u~ (~
i ~~~ above end balcn~ tl~e _~p~1 ox a~ t~i~
to~apaxr~~u~'e at va~~,ous Yip ~
lea snow fax ~ayr~r~pmv~~~ ~ P~'~'ome'~c~x~
~xpu~d Ax '~q ~ia,1''~~C~ G~' ~ ~
~ 11so1ar~,m~tar~~i ~'o~ ~~iys~.o~.p~ca~. m~a~urement~
mea~uremen~s with
attire and pthax th~.n~~ ba~~,d~r~ so that nx~
such as sk~,n ~c~m~e~ y
hpu~.d nat 'a~,1, be cr~a~~~?d to the ~~ad~om~atc;r~
pans~s ~
~d~t to ra. a~. ~ orrun
W'e ~bal~.eva that ~~ha.s new radiometers wha,ch arrruscd great
ntc~rest with racl~.at~.on experts (who even gacri~'i,ced a naon races
i
' d discussion) at 'tk~e geop~~ysicists ~ and mGteorala~:j.sts ~
for a c~etal~.e
' can be very va~,uable to future expedit~.ons becauue of ~~s-
meatl.n~,
.,. ~ d ru ed cons~tx~ucti.on and tha ease o~ chec~c~.ng ~.'~~+ caM
c],ca~ cut an ~~
~' m ~,nstruanez1taJ. constants ar~d using an ard,in~iry
1.~.brat~.an sot ely ~ rv
r ' s true a~ the other inaidenta~.ly .mentioned`:.
tkiermameter~ ~.l~e same a.
' ons or a.~~ rcv~:ments of met~oraJ.a~~.ca~ ex~~ai~a.an
new c,an~tr~~ct~. P
' the can~idezacP a.n the intexna~.ly d~t~lrmined.
ec~uipmcnt, Wa.tka all
a,f this raew r~.diameter thea^e natura~.~.y axises the de~
ca~.~.bratian
Wire to make it passib~.e ~?r th,e a~~thar, with the he7.p o~ meteor
r9.ca1 ar arairation s aa^ others interested in the Arct~.c, to make
alai ~
ve measurements where the standard purhe~.iameters ac~ ,
camparati
are ~.n a erat9.on' x n or, der to det~rmin e the magni~
ceptcd today p
fade o~ poas~.b~.e d~oiati.ar~s~
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N~J~1'i~~~~I ~~NA]~A ?~ ~QUR~~ ~~ Q~~ _TOMQi~OW
Px~f?~sc~~ Axe ~'~,~r W~ ~,tmanr~~ M~~.ch
G~n~c_~: w~.11 enter a new p?riQd of hex ecnnomie anc~ histc-x~~
dAV~lopmc~nt duxa.ng ~hs~ coking wt~eks of k~it~~r c~ld~ ~,~v and sno~r
when the ~.~st sec~a,ons ?~ a r~a,lromd ~.a~,ns fxc~m seven ~`,s~.ar~dsa a
srna,1~~. sett~.emQn~- and fur~co~.l8~ting statx,an Qn the S~t, ~awrance~
.~ tha c?nter a~' a `npw, hugs mining xeg~.on ~,n ~~bx~dar and North?
exn Quebec ~QO mia,?5 to the noxtr-~ wi].1 by completQd~ phis wi~.l
make the transportation of .ran oxes produc~;d thexe vasa.er and
cheaper. llur9ng the first half of tae twentieth centur3r Ganac~
su,cceed~;d i,n r~.sa.ng fram an agrar~.a,n cauntxy hava.ng ona?sided moY~aw
poly cu~.t~.vation to an industrial natian axed the rank of th.e
third largest commercial nation in the woxld~ ~'ha socand half of
our cantury w'i.ll pr~abably be characteri7 ed for the Domina.an by the
.planned extension of.' its economy to thy; hithE,rta unap~:xled North.
seven million square k;t~lom~~ters~ i. e. 70 percent of the
area under Canadian savereignty~ are still ~.mo st without hump
beings and caver~;d with ice and snow for mast of they year. Only
ono mil:7,ion square kilam.pters or l0 percent of the surface are
being; exp~.aited, and in the last tern yeaz~s scientists, engineers and
government afi'ic3.als'have been extremely acta.v~e in discovering
high-;Meld d~;pasits of go1.d, s~.lver~ uranium,.. coppery zinc, ir~>rl,
caala tel~.urium, cadmium, seleziium and p~tra~.eum iz~ the nort~ie~?n
regiar~s of the Qanadian Provinces as well as in the ~ukan and tha
I~arthwest ~'erz~itaries~ Only a few high?grade ores were miri~:d a.n
lind.ted quantities and flown south fnr processing, ~p to now the
unfavorable trartsportatian s3.tuatian and the climate have ;~r~ever~ted
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N~t~~~~~~ ~,~~~~ ^~ ~ou~cc~~ ~~~ 1~~~~~ u~ ~oM~~~ow
1'rcafa~~v~ Dr. ~'~ ~. W. l~,t~ri~'cn~ Munch
Canada w~,l.~. ?n~er a r~ew period Qf her ~cp~o~n~c and ~,~.;~tc-xic
devQ~.aprnent dux,i,rl~ ~~hc~ cnml~a~ weeps of b~~;tQr cc,~.da ~,ca and snow
whc~r~ t;he fast sc~c~i.ans of a ra~.l.znad l;i ne from 5t~vara x s7.ar~d~a a
sr~~~,:1, sc~tt:~amant and fur~co~lect~.n~ st~~~,~n on tha ~'~~ Lawxanae~
i;o ~~ha ccnbE~r off' a nc~a ~ huge m~.n~.n~ reg~.on ;fin, ~,abr~ador and NorthM
errs Quel~ec~ BOO m~.~.e~ ~~o ~~hc; nor~~Y~, w~.~.~, ba c~~mpletodo Tr~~.s w~~~.
ma~;c~ ~~ho ~~ranspor~tat~oz~ of 3.x~c~n ores prodiaccd there va9l.er and
cr~vapcr. l~ura.n~ tl~e 1'~.r~-t ha1.f' of tkle twanti.eth cEn~,uz~r Lanac~a
su.eeeed~;d :i.ra r~.s~,n~; From ~n a~rai^~.an aoun~~~~y~ raav~.n~~ on?Msidad monoM
po:Ly ct~J. ~t;~.vat~ian ~,u an indus'~x~ia~. nata.on aYid tYl e rank of the
t~?~~.rdwlax~~~s~~ conu~ex~c~.a~. nat~.on in tYie waz~~.d. '~hE sGCOnd half' a~'
our can~;ury wJ.:1.~. prababl.y be chaxac~;exi.7~ed foz~ ~~hn Uomin~.on by the
plat~r~ed ex~;ans~..car~ a~' ~.i~~ ecanomy to ~~h~ ha.tl7cz~~o unopened North.
Seven m7.].lian squaro k~.~.am~-teas, ~..e. 7p percent of tha
ar~;a uncier Canad~.an ,c~vexei~nty~ axe sti.:l.l a~.mast w~.tYiaut human
bc~~.n~:~ anc~. cov~;rc;d with :tce and snow :far most of the year. Oca1y
onn m~.:1.:1.:i.on ~~quaxe k~.~.arneters ar ~.4 percent o:~' ~~he gt~r~'ace are
be3.n~ ex~J.a9.~t~~ad~ and ~.n tk~e :Lash tern yeaxs sc3.enti.~ts, en~~.neer~ and.
~over~iment of:C~.c~.a~.s have been extz~eme~.y ac~,~.ve ~.n discov~rin~
~a:i.~h-yl.e1.d dcpos~.t~ a~' ~o~.cl, s~.~.ver~ uran~.usn, coppet~~ ~inc~ .ran,
coal., te~.~.uri~u~a, cadmium, se~.cn:Lum and petra~.eum iii the nor~th~:rr~
re~~.on~ti off' t~h~ Canad~.an Prnvinccs as we~.~. as ~.n thn Yukon and the
Nor~,hwgs~ 'Tex~r~.t,ox~i.es. On~.y a ~'ew h~.~h~~rade oxes w~:x~e m~.ned ~.n
~.:~mi~~ed qu~.n~;~.t~.cs and f~.a~~m sc~u~h ~'or prac~ssa.n~. Up to now the
un~'avorab~.e trarespar~;at~.on s3.tuatl.oil and the c~,~.mate have prevented
?r~r
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a mere ~,n~anr~ive ~~~te~x~tiora ?~' the N?~~~~ ih~p ~a~aacl~.ar~ a~aY~am~a
lifA~
In tl~A ~,i~l1t ofi' present structural. ehar~,~es in the wand
eaanamy C~iada must adjust hersalf to the ~faat that in a faw
years
s}ae w~.~.~. na ~.on~er bra able to ?x~,st on th.e Qxport of hox a xicu~,~ur.
~7. and indu,str~,al products ~ Slae wi~.l havQ ~a usa alas
expoxb pxof~.ts
of the next few yoars to perfoct her awn econam~.c stxuctu~
~'Q ~ 1n
this spec~.al attsr~tian w~.ll have to ba aid to thQ o
p , pen~.n~ ap of the
northern rations sa rich ixa mineral rasouress for th~a creati,o
n of ~,
highly skilled heavy inclu stag and as a basis far a h~,~hl divsrsi?
y
fled ~'inished..prad.ucts industry. The airy ~.s to makeCanada lax' el
~ y
indepEndent o~ imports :from Grsat ~ritair~ and US in order to raduce
the number of st~rtin~ points far possible ecaxaomic ~r'
a.sss as much
as passible. The only sezzous abstacle~ in this ath hav
p e really
only been a lack of interest anti,/ now as well as a
sharta~e in
means a~ transparta~~a.an and labar supply,
lr-terest i~, increasa.n~ to the cams extent that the rQw
lativ~ely abavewnoxrrtal s}acre in exports a#' this count numberin
~Y ~
l~ million in}aab~.tants iW ora the waned The sharta e
~ in labor
farces is na longer a serious problem since Canada h
au had favor
ab1,e results with the $()~)aOpC ~p~s taken in since t~
~e end of the
waz~ and since an unpredictable number of }3ritane ~~renchm
~ en end,
othar ~urapeans arH, waiting to find a new ha~ne in
Canada~~ Tkae
solution a~' the tran;;portatian prablen~ is mare di~'i'icuJ.t how v~~A
w ~~~~.
~ ~~
ever. The construction of roads and raa.lroa,d lines whi ,~~
c~a a~^e ;~~~
absolutely necessar~r far the real a ~"
pening~.up of an aria demands fir
a~~cial means which sr~aw na rrtr~.rms ur~.til much later ~evertk,.
zles~
?8
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A marQ ~n~anaiva ~,~~te~r~l;~,or~ v~' ~~A Nart~~ ~n'~o ~anadi,ar~ a~az~Am~c
~,~.~q ~
~n tMe l~~ht oi' pros?n~ ~tructuraa. changes in tha wor~.d
economy Ga~iads mush adjust hArse~,f to thn faa~, ~ha~ ~,n a few
yearn
s~~e w~,1~, nu l,an~er ba ab~.e to oac~.st an the' ax ort
p of her a~ri,eu~,turw
a1, and ~.ndu,stria~, p~oduats, She wi11 have to
use ?tkae exp~x~ ~raf~.~;s
of tY~e next few years 1;a per~'~;ct her own economic s~t
ruc~,ure~ ].n
this speca.a~. atteritic~n w~.l~. h~~vca to be a~.d .t
A a the apenin~ up of tho
northern re~ians sa ricpi in mineral. resources for ~tha crea?t~,an
a~' ~,
hz.~hly s1~~.1~,ed heavy industry and as a basks ~'or a h,7, h1 ~ ,
~ ~' da.vex?sa.?
i'ied :Cini,shr;dMprr~cluct,s indust;ry~ The ai.m ~.s to mr~k~; C;~n
ado laz~ge~.y
independent; off' imparts from, Gr?at ~3ra.?te,ix~ and US in ardor
~ raduc~,
the number of starting points far possibl.~ econar~.
c cra.ses as much
as possibla~ 'x'he on~.y ; exd.ous abstaca.cs in ?this
p nth have r?a].ly
only... been a ~.ack p:f in?tcr~;st un~i1 now as wel
~. as a sharta~e in
means a~' transportation and ~.abar suppl. ~,
xr-terest a.~; inrreasa,n~ to the same extent that the rew
latively above?naxrr,a~, share in e;acpor?ts of this taunt
ry numb eri,n~;
~.~ miJ.~,ion in~;abt.tants is on the wane4 ~'hP s
har take in lobar
~'oxces is no lon~;Pr a serious problem since Canad
a hau had ~'avar..
ab~.e resu~.?ts with the 8(~O,OUO ~ t S ?taker~ in
p s~.nc~, trae cnd of the
w~,r and si.nc~; an unpredici;able number at' I3rt.
~,an,,, Wren chmen and,
other ~'uropeans are wai.~9,ng to find a new ho
me in Canada, The
salu~tian off' the tr~spartation prabl.em is
more dif ~'~. cud. t, how?
ever.. The co "t;ruC?tian off' ros~,ds grad r~.t.lraad
lines wh~.cxa are
absa~,ute~.y nccessar~-~ far the read. a enin ?
p ~ up of an arcs demands ~'in?
ar~oia~..means wht.ch show na retu.rns ux,.tt.~. muc
rt ~.ater, Nc~verthe~.~;,ss
7~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
r~mc~nt al,o~~ wig ~~?~ P~ov~,ne~~ Gvvarnm~ra~~ ~.as
~a Dom~.n~on Gvver
an do~,l~,rs ~o make- p?ss~,b~,? ~ e eonstxue~
m~e ava~,~.ab1e ~. ~~ b,~~1i
hr~a autobahn) Exam Sty Jahns (New
t~.on of an eastw~aest supArY~~.~ Y (
vex ax~.tiah ~o~,~b~.a) ~ as well as tl~e con?
~'ounc~.and) to Vancou
plc-x~ xaacls ~x?m ~c~nc~ n~o~n ~u Capps~p
stxuction a~' ra~,~.roads a~ m
Pravidance and Norman ~ ~n tk~e viai~nity
via Watex~aY~e ~ ~'ox't ~mi~~hs
~, ew an on ~~ake Athabas~-a to ~a~t;~ Gt~u~eh~,~.1
o~ Great ~3ear Lakes ~xom ~h P Y
m Maosanee to tYae iron~are region ~.n Naxtkae~`n
on ~iudson ~aY and Era
nd rai.lx~aads prepaxo the way for new sett~.e-
Q,uebec. 'These aroadS a
east a~ the type that exist on trade and taur~.sts, as
menu, at ~.
a be tha case in A~.aska and the Yukon. The a~.moat
ha:~ been ~aund t
'./.road from F'r~.rx;e George in Bz~itish Co~.umba.a via Daw?~
comp~.eted ray
{' rbanks ,~.aska, shou~.d, bE very important as
son in tb e Yukon to ~ ~i ~
va].uab~. a comp. am ent 'to the Alaska Hi~lnway~
a
;rvair of ~thc northern.. xE~yans favors the
The hu~ewater rESE
of over /ants f'or supplying cux7~ent to 'fie means
Car~atruct~.on p p
meta~.lur : cad. p~,ants as we~.~. as the sett~e~
of trar~spartat~.an, tht, ~
7n the uran~.um mines near ~l.dorado, the m~.nin~ settlements
ments~
M o and :~awscan ].n the ~ukax~, an Great dear fake and in Ye~.law~?
of ay
' ~ in the Northwest ~'err~.tarias they hive .been respans~.ble ~a~'
knife
an be9.n1s. W~rm~h, ~.i~h~~ heat [ a~.c~
m~kin~ l~.fe bearable far. hurl ~
a~ch3.n~;s 3.s ~'ux-nishsd by clectx~.ca.ty. Tx1e coal
and.: paver ~'ar m
' d~.sCavered u ~a now in ~h~ south. of ~h~ ~'ro;~a.nces
depas~.ts P
swick A~,berta and British Columbia have only laca~. isn~
a f. New ~r~an ,
~'~le Canad~.an ~am~.nion Government is .therefore vit~1.ly
portance.
x abtainin ~"white" cad. and in the explp~.tation of
a.nterest~d i ~ ~
the rich a~. wellt~ ~.n A~.berta and the yukon~
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on as ~,ha nee?~sary power p~.ar~ts axa arrm~l6tod ~~~
As so
ss~,n off' ~ha oral off' the Nox~~l~ can bs crone
mQta~,~,u,xg~,oa~, proca g
, he~.x further peaces?ing ~,nto ~in~8h?d
right on ~.ooation and t
an ta~~e ~,aca in the pxovincial~ citi?s~ on the ~~,xge
products c p
~.oaat~.on favo~ab~.y placed ,~dr trarsportaW
~.akas or at any o~hax
wQ~1~h off' the Canadian Nvrth h~~t~ nat
tion~ An estimate o~ the
d,e b the geologists oh~r~ed wish ?~his
even a~,pxo~cimata~,y baen ma ~'
veto meet a~ the Canad~.an ecanamy in hax~nony
tawk~ An organic de p
. ent re uirements must take account o:~' the va7.ue of
wx.th its perman q
rtllern rc ianr ~ there is na daubt wha~eVex" that mining
Ghe na g
undeve~.a ed Narth o~ Ganada wa.11 loan be tho thixd-stx~ang..
in the P
?nce and there is a goad passibility that
es~L pillar o~ hex exists
~~ll be the most vial source of life
wtith,in a dECade mx,n~.ng
an im ox~?tant basis fox' the manu~' ac taxing
fur the country ar>,d ioxm p
industry off' Canada ar~d thy: U~?
~ aix~ Manes arc the on~.y means a~' communa.-
~o b~: suxe, tod~ y ~
' ~ most mi.Yla.ng settlements of the N~arth,~ bath with each
cata.on o
d w3.t~'i the autsid,e~ They bring ~aod, newspapers, mediw
other an
sand mail. lout in I,,abradax a bega.nn3.ng hae been made
c~.ne, clo?fhe
? ~ North a~' Canada to human use systemata.ca~,~.y, ;from
to open. up th ?,
view of transportation as we~.l~ ~'hus we w~,].l soon
the. po~.nt of
conomic cases ~,n these regia~.s~ but: of the.
no longer speak, of e
s off' Canadian economic l~.~o~ '~~ohno~.og~' will can"
very' carn,e~stone
? loneliness and, wil;dernessa at First to the extent
goer cl~.mate,
the six billion, dollars made mailable by' indus?
made poss~,ble by
t ~a~ei~n cauntr~.e~ and the gaverrament.
~~
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TI~~ ~'~AY~~~W~Y~ {'C~iT 1~~~TxONn
TN VT~INA 19~~~~9~0
~x~ Qs)car ~~~~~~~ Vienna..
The "~'ayex~W~;~pxecht ~ac~.b~.t~on" which opened, in V^e~,na on
17 ~ecembax ~.9~~ and wk~~,ch enjoyed the special, suppoxt o~ ~~edexa~.
~xE,s~,dpnt Dr, R~;nnex and F'edexa~. M~.n~.stc~x for education ~^~ ~luxdeas
was na~t merely to commemoxate th.e discovexy o~ ~ranx~~J~oseph hand
grid the rEturra of the Austrawi~ungar9.an North ,Po11a {' edition o~
7~ years ago, but also sexved to paxtxay the ?~ota~. accomplisYunent
of Austz~.a ^n '~la.e ~ie~,d off' axct~ic expl.ara~~ion. This explaxatian
began as eax~.y as ~.~b~/70 w~,th the paxi~~.cipa~Gion of payex ~.r~
Koldeweys's Greenland~'xped~,ta.on; a,t ir~~udes the two p~^a~.im~.nary
exped~.t~.ons off' l$7~. and X872 us~,n~; the ship "lsbj~rn~' and the main
expedition of 1$72 ?to 187, parti~c3.p~t~.on ~.n the two internatior~~l.
po~.ar years ~.$$2 f 83 and 1932/33 s and ~'ina~.~.y the ~pitsbexgerl ex-~
peditian~ a~' ~.$~~. arld l$92~ The greatest accomplishment, haw
even remains the discovery of ~'r~ z~Jaseph sand, not s~,mply as
a success in itsel:~~ but because an the accaWion off' th~,s und,~rta~?
ing "scient~.i'~.c research instead a~' records and adventure" as?
qumed its ra.ght~ul, pl~Ge Mw as Knud Rasmussen put ~.t,
The inc~n?~ive: for this e~ibi?~ion came 'ram the Vienne ~Wa~r
Arcb.i~res ssnce they are cus~oda.ar,s off' weyprech~~ s campl~;te sca.enw
t~.~'ia legacy, off' impartar~t contributions ?~a payers s biography and
oi' the xecords of ~.$$~/$3. The Museum a~' ~thnalagy ~urr,ished thq
a~hibitian rooms, added num~raus mom~ntas off' the expedition and
the Museum of Na~uxa~. Hista~r rounded out the shag by the ~'irs~; ex~?
h~.b~.t ever Shawn a~' pale fauna, ~.ara and rooks ai" the arctic
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ns whexe Austrians did ra5oaxch~ ~ nabawo~'bhy ~ea~ux? of
xeg~,o
new eo;lo ~.ca~, map o~ bhe Ax~~t3~o~ The e~'~art
bhi~ section ~~ a ~ ~
towaxd ~~he xna~E~~ pQ~s~.ba,e complQtene~s way a~.dpd by a aoopax'-
~~ of bhe r~mair~i,r~g ~~ exll~.b~.to~s~ ~o whop ~ numbex waxe
ab~,v?x~e
Gexman ~ ~.ar~d ar~d l~v~ngaxy~ Over 3~0
added scmte ~xom Belgium, ;Ya ~
on ob ccbs wexe assamb~.ed, cornp~.ement?d by some 300 ex~
exh~.b~.t~. ~
hibibs ~,n natural h~,stor~'.
Tl~e second Warld Wax x~csul.ted an ~.amentable gaps in a~.~.
overn~mc;ntal and pxivabe cu~.;~ect~.ons; bhe Fa;yerwWeyprechb ~xh~.bi~
g
on hacl to suf~'e~c especa.a~.1.~' ~xom phis cause. The memerl~;os a~ bhe
t9,
' edita.on axe nob too numerous to begin wibh, since bhe.
187 ~/ l~ exp
~, e ~-,Adtna.ral Tegettha~`~'"~ had to be legit behind.
exped~.~~.on vessel, bh
~.n the eternal ~,ce~
The axhiba?bian begins ~ribh eontribubior>"s to r'The Li~'e off'
a er?'. Here one Nees ha.s repaxt cards ~'xom bhe m~.~.iw
Julius von P y
tax academ~~ with bhe b~:sb maxi in geagraphya his patent a~" no~
bi~.ib w~~~ich gave him the extraorda.naxy' pxival~.ege o~ including flee
3'':
n~tionaa. ;~la in his coat o~ arms., bhe grant o~ a general ? s pen
g
lion ialle~ring his retiranent :from active service, and a whole shaww
ease filled witl~d S'ayex~ s ~ra~?~ ~e alpine cartagraphero P~yp~r cax~
'.ed out f9.xs~~Ma~cents ~.n the Soubh Tyxo~ Alps and was ~e 'first
ra
o made ma s ab al~itur~es above 3OU0 mebers~ These maps! publicized
b p
in ~eterm.anns GeeEG ra hisck~e M9.bteilun (~ebexm.ann? s Geographical
Mw+wi~4
~ullebins } smoathGd thy; road inba the great, wide world ~'ar this
enter ri~3~ng young o~`~'3.c~r. He reee3.vad Koldeway's inva.tatian .and
p
w~.s hence~'orth a~.ded in his sc~.enti~fic e~'~orbs by the Jar r~in~.ster'
Huhn. The compass an e~h.~,b3.tion which ~aycr used on his sledgew
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tx~,ps on T'xar-~~Jose~ph Lard demonstrates tha px~mltigenass a~' the
~,nstxuments then ~n usa, as does Weypx~ohtr s te~.~saope~ The repz^o-
ductions off' the Prsr~kl~,n ~ax~?s (the ox~,~~x~als.-axe ~,n ~~1g~,uan)
show Payer. as a ma~a~fioant paint~c~x off' the polar wo~c~,d~ numerous
enc~,l drawi,n s g~.vs ela~,ucnt t~s?~imony to the art~.st~.c talent w~iich
p ~
in those years replacrrd the photography which was not yet ~n gor~cral
uNC~~P r
The Greenland, Ex ed~.tion 18b9-70 and xsb xn ~'urn~.sh re~er~
etlcc~ patine;s ~`or Payerr : activ~.ty as topogxapher of the Koldeway ~~
edit~.on a dance at the ~.].lustration of the -';~sb~~rnro calls fay^th
p ~
a comparj.son aj' the sma~.~. sa~.lbcats of .thaw days w9.th ?~Yle i,cebreak~:rs
of present?day. polar undextak3,ngs
A small room ~,s devoted to the expsda.ta~on ves~,e]. - r'Adm~.ral
'I'egettho~'~'t', to the e~ped9.t~.on~ s equipmc;nt and to paa.ntings by
Payer ~~aa s~.eds 'ram Greenland and ~'rc~m ~'ranzwJoseph Land ha~rE
beery preserved Paye~cr s made~.s a~ ~,~.~eboats and sleds show how
thoroughly the exp~.arers went to works A~'ter leaving the sh~.p the
e edit~.an covered I~~O kilometers f,'rom ~~ranz-Joseph Land to Navaya
~eml~a, part~.y ~.n ?~ho smaJ.l beats ~aa.th omergEncy oa~.ls, p~x?~.y by
s~.~d,s on wh~.ch the small baste were pulled. Th~.s daubtlcss~.y most
heroic part a~ ~Ghe Austr~.ah North Po~,ar trip the va.s~,tar sees ~.mM
mortali~ed in Payerr s giant pa~.nting entitled rrNo turn~.ng back~rr
,,
Then .there are the sh.~.p's chranameter, the hunting; ri~.es "3e~.ling~
hausen~ Where wexe only island gaups ar i.ndivid,ua~l. islands
arh~,l~ no arse sighted a eantinu.ous coast. when the hl~ntang grounds,.
south o!' ~l'ierra del Guego wire e~hauGated, variaus eom~~ani?s sent
cxlaloratary boats iota A~'rican and Austra~.ian wa?taers ~ Tn thc~
caurse off' :his Enderby Land and Kernp Land, the I3e~.leny Tslands~
the 5abri~aa Coast,Macquarie and thca island. groups southeast of
New GeaJ.and wEre discovered,. ~GsJ.ands such as kayal. Gampany and,
~nerald wexe sighted but these have nat :been ~aund main since
then An American seal.e~^, Morrell.! allegedly sailed westward in
an ?iceM~'~~ce sEa scuth off' Enderby Land wha..ch meant t~~at ?~his Land
as well as Kemp Land also had to be islands, The fact that tha.s
report wau fal.si~'ied was not full revealc~d~ until 1q,~0. Since tx~e
new discaver~.es die, not cantai.n any seals exploration by these
~~rapping vessels ceased ca~~~~~letely.
Sc9.enti~'ic explar~,tiarl b ega~n around l$3~. ' l+Jxtensive sea
voyages demanded accurate magnetic values :Cornavigation... The
lung~te~m variations had been know~~ ~'ar a long t~,rr~e9 but thane
were na s?tatians that had made fang observational series.. A. V.
C~umboldt .suggested abservatians and Found tha ~r~.ta.sh admiral?~y
r~;ceptive a~' the. idea. But /;'nonce and. the United Stater also put
in an appearance. The magnetic 1'~orth Pole was reached in l$~l;
in order to lacato th,e ~auth ~al.e thr~~ expeditions ?were sent out
'ram 1$38 to l$I~~ ~ ~~"hose d~.d not reach the magnetia po~.e but
made extensive sightings a~' land ~.n the Australian quadrant ~rhicl~i
~~,08~.
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x.~ Ja~r~~~ R?ss was espec~~~~~ ~~vor~d
add up to ~ ~ax~4 ~,ar~d~comp~~
sough discovered Sough v~l,ctar~,a -Land
by ~,uok~ ~Ie penetra'raad flax ~
!,~ OC'Q meters ~,n ha~,aht~ an aet~.ve vo~.cano
~w~.th mountaa,ns exeeed~,n~
barx'~,6~ which latex ?~ook I~~s nine and
(~xeb~,s ~ and the grea'~ ice
o~.nt for.' tl~e mash su,ccessf u~, eXpQditions
became the start~.ng p
done in the gxr~d manner BxpiaraM
!~~'ter' thQSS e,q~ed~,?~~.ons
ears. ~,'hpre were occasional. advances ~
~~iort reseed for al.mogt f~.fty y
~ ?~ad to the ~.ca ~ . ~Uux'1,n~ th~.s tame
mo s ~- wi.th out sh~,p esp o c~. a~,1y ac ,ap
otional activa.ty on behalf of south pa~,ar eX?
thc~~'e was strong prom
. later d~.rector off' the German Nava], Ob~
p~.orata,.on. Von Neumayer'~
n Petermann,Markham and others taok up the: cause
servatorya also
nformatian without ha~r~i.ng .any pr'actica~.
and assembled scienti~'ic ~
'n wa.th .the ~7orth Pale were ?~oa pronY~,nent.
success. Questions .deaf. ~
the in?tcresting exper~.ment off' attempting
In 1$46 Harms Ka~.ter mrld.e
n antarctic continent by comparison w~.th
to prove the ex.~.stencE al ~
sis off' availaUlc data ~~h~.s p~'oved to be
Gou~-h Amex~.ca, an the ba
~ in its resua.ts, as can b~ shown in
wrong ~.n deta~.~.s but succes~f~]-
rc,trospect.
r, im etus agar-n cara,e from pr'ac;ti cad. ~ economic
the actual p
crease in the whale her~?s in the North 1'oJ.ar
quart,exs ~ Wa,th .the de
of wha~.e in the Antarctic Ocean became imM
Pas~,n the occurrence
~~ eaonnaissance voyages went south in 1$73?
portent .and thE, ~,~,rst r
' is did net have much success b~~t a.n ~,~q8 the
The :Cirs~, e~cpedit~.or
1 and it was :t'c~und ?that the ice Ue~.t at this
~~OSS Sea was opened up
This Furnished the most ~; avo rab~.e en~
pa~.n~ :t.s net ~.mperietrable.
decades right up to the present time.
trance gate throughout the
dest contr:~butions. :Cn 14$~~$3
science at f~.rst made only ma
. PY pp
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are ~nterz~~~igna~ P?~ax ~~ar was a~rv?d upon ~,~ the c;aursa of wh~,c~~
metaox?~.o~~.ca~ and ~~c~xr?s~Lria~ magnetism vbserva?~ivns wore to be
carried out from fixed stations accat~d~,r~~ to a f~.a~ed ~a~.an~ from
about ;~BbQ on mateca:~ology was stil,~'f~,cient;l.y deva~.oped t~,at prognoses
wer? atte~~pt~d, but without knpwl.?dge of arc~~lc candit~.ons these
rerr~aa.nud unru~,~.ab~.e~ ~~ere, too, .the North ~'o1e at f~,rst ~~c~ok pr~M
cadence and no station wc~s set up in the svut~i po~.ar r?gions~ On
South Georg~.a and are ~'a.exra deb, Fuego on~,f did Germs,n and ~'x~anch
scientists make observ~~tionsy but ~~l~e res~~.~ts aro inado~uat~s fax
drawing cvnc~.usions about the antarctic c~.imate~
Cmv of the ..new whaling expedita,ons had the luck to encvuntex
favaraUle icE conditions and first: stepped ashore on t}in ar~tarc~~ic
eantinerlt, ~nnnediately the voices demanding a stay through the
winter inultip~.~.ed and as early as .1898 and ~.8qq two. exped:it.ons were:
ender way who accorn~~l~,sh~d what was thought to be impossiblee It
was a daxring undertak~.ng, 7~obody knew wha~~ turn temperature and
light cor~dit].ans wau].d take and some w.~ld nations about the psyw
cl~ologica~. effect a.f the south po~.ar winter made the rounds. Urge
expedit9.on wintered an board, fra~en into the pack ice and drift9.ng
in the southern Pacific, ~'he other ~"or ?the First time bui~,t a fixed
station house a71d carried out regular sled trips,
~~ith ~~hat the; cl~rse was lifted and when the second inter
national Pa:lar Year was set forlgU~./U~ ~~hree large. expedition,
starterd out whicr~ in addit~.on to observations were simultaneously
c~7arged with a geographic and oceanographic progrsra, ~'hese ware
the Gaussa the viscovex~y a~~d the ..Antarctic 1~'xped9.?~ions~ '~he~ .had
~'`
mutua~.ly arranged ?~heir scientific progrdm and brought home ouch
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ss~.n took decadesR They also
th o~ mata~~a7. that ~,ts prose ~
a weal ~.orers off' 1a~c~x
? omen bc~,n~e; many notable poles' ?xA
served to test h
eaxl~er exp8da. ~~.ons ~ The maz~n xe.
t~.mc~s wer? al,ao mcmbexg ?~ t1~e
teas ~.n sauth po~.or exp)?orat~on was
sulfa con?~x~b~~ta.n~ to ps'o~
lce extends at laa5t to lat~.~
.scovex~' ~~hat the ~~ss Shel,~
t~~a d~
. ~ t~~ttes an ~,d,eal path to the Pole
? de 82 de~xees south and con;~t~.
to
~,tsel~~
e p~ ?tlle subse~usn'~ yeaxs was Less
The most ~.mportan?~ ~.ssu
t ~ After an Interr~atlonal Una.on
a sca.entlf ~.c onv than one of spox ~ 0
a ' ns had been f'our-dsd ~.n 19 ~
the exploxat~.on a ~' the Po~.ar ~~c.~~o ,
for several expeda.-
' oal of reacha.a~~ ?~ha ear?~h' s poles s
wa.th the cha.e~ ~
~.mmed~.atel~' ~o~.~.ow;~ng with -the ex?"
tions stared out ~,n the year tc~n da.d
the South Polef ixst ~. Shack7.e
pla.c~.t purpose of reaah~.n~ . a h~. h
:ind aut that the way lay acras~ ~
nod succeed, but he d~.d ~
d robably be found on an a.ce
taa.n wall and that the pole wou~. p
maun
~~,?~ the sPCand seGt~,on' dial succee
~.ateau same 3,OU0 meters h~.~h.
p .... urely srient~.f~.c resul?~~ Tha
~.n reach~:n~ the ms,~netiG pa~.e a p
R. Scott wexe the first to reach
x eda.?~ian of bald Amundson and
e ~' ~ion~s so
pn this occasion Scott and f~.ve camp
the po~.e itself
. ~ the re?~urn marchb In addition thQ
tragically ~. o~?~ they. r l~.Ves on ~ whi ch
. ame a wealth a~: sc~.er~tific result
Scott ~~peda.t~.an brought... h n
ast succe~sfu~. expe~t~?0n'~ Amundse
marks it as one o:~ them 1 bow
. to .the pale that' the mountain wal
had not9.ced an h~.s march h ;~axther
u and the less Shah xce extended muc
tween the polar platen
~, as sumed ~ Stra~.~ht a cro a s, on the
to the east than ws.s prEVa.aus y o
the ?Weddell Sea also ex?~ends fax t
A?~~.ant~.c s~.de of Antaxc~~.c~,
table-like ~.ceb ergs ,are camraon such as
.the sau~h and here toe, th~re~
ic~~sheeta The geograph3.cal problem
can only stem ~rc~m an
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~ax6 axass off' dec~,din~ whc~th?~ Ants~xc?~~.ca does not consist o~ two
~.ax a ax~~s separated by a s?a ~assa~?~ Polar geo~xaphexs sucx~
~ F
n
as Rick~tho~on and Naxdenslc~,old, else Mr~xl~ham' pres~.dent afi the
London Gso~xaph~.c~:aoc~,?ty' ha1.d ~ this va.aw~~ -Such an ~,cewcov?red
ou.1.d bo ~.m ortan~ in thv de~er~~.na'~;~on off" ocean curd?nts
ocean bay w P
and the redict3.can a~' ic? candit;~ons which in tua~n ~,s a~ great
p
' xactical naviga~~i?n~ This problem as.~l~.ed Forth a wha~.e
value for p
off' ex editions, Frith W? truce and W, ~'ilchnsz^ as we11 as
sexier p
Shackleton from the Atlantic side, and R. Syrd especiaa.~.y fxom the
boss Baxl~.e~' s~.da~ Only T'ilchner succaoded in res,criiri~ the sauth-
ern coast of the Weddell Sea, but a natuxa~. catastrophe and. a dl.~?
'erence o~ a in~.on with.. his cspta:~n p~~evented him :fxom f'urthex
~ p
ursuin his discave~cy, A a.arge portion o~ the barrier broke
p ~
lopse and began drl.fti.ng with the station house an board, anc~
C~~ taro Vahse1. demanded ah ~.mmedia~e xe~urn of the vesse~.a But'
p
the latter ;~'xo7o Fast and made a dangerous dri~ta.ng voyage. Thia
was repeated years la~Ger by Shac}cletan whon ~~he vessel "L+"+ndurance"
was crushed and sank fiat until the Ronne expedition off' 1.9~7/~S
was a complete mapping o~ the sautxlexrl boundary a~' the Weddell Sea
accc~mp~.~.shed, wit~- the except~.an a~ a sm~1.1 gap in the eastr The
paroblem o~ ~~he sea arm :i.s net het comp~.e~~e:Ly sa~,ved even i~' the
prabab~.lity off' such a strait ~.s ~rery slight. x~ tkaere ~rer~ once ;fit
would be aavered with ~,ce dawn to the bat~m, and a water exchaxagt~
between the Atlantic and the l~aci~ic certa~.nly doesn~ t oxist there
In addition to these exped~:tians a dew ethers were a~.so
act~.ve which. a~.so br~~ught home partly gea~raphic~. partly geophy-
sica7. resu~.ts, sr~ch as the oxpedit~.an by Mswsoh ahd '~h~rcat.
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World Wax wh~.ol~ temporax~~,~.y ~nterruptad exploxation
A~'tex thq
rat~.on was resumed with new methodsf Aga~.n prac~
s?uth polar explo
ons ~'ur~~.shad the ~.mp?tu~ when new wha1.~
t~ca~. econom~.c cons~,d?rati
d Ca ~~~.n ~axsan who 1~~d been ~~r~ve~.1~g
Ong areas 1~s,d to be noun ~ p
waters s~.nce ~.~93 had Shawn vn h~.s first
around ~.n south polar
'nterested in mattexs econom~.c~ He bxaugh~
trips that he was also ~.
' rst ,ant ~oss~.~.s dram the Antarctic; ha commanded t~ho
home the ~i p
01 0~ e. edition and was the ~irs'~ to estab~
ship o~ the Swedish 19 / xA
anant wha~.i.ng station on South Georgia, Gry~tviken, which
:fish a perm
i$ the Centex o~ south polar sett~.ement. ~igh'~ a~tPr the
~,oday
undertook the pene'trat~.an a~' the boss Ssa with a
Word War he
.. ~ ' and ,Five wha~.e~boats, .and once aga~.n the Ross
wha~.:Lng mother ~h:~p
Sea becamo important as an entrance gate
o eratin out of the South .Shetland Arch~,pelaga
the whalers p g
~urnis~aed a goad ~backborre for ex~~larata.on tra-ps. A whaa.ing stall
' set u an Deco tion xsland'ww the southernmost set'~.ement
~,:~on p p
on earth ~-w a:L'~'ered an excellent harbor at the sale t~.~e? Here
the first attempts wera made to test tl~e nor methods,
wring the War1.d ~Jax the a~.rp~.ane had been ~~c~~nically
~ec~~ed and soon prayed its worth in polar explosat~.on as we~.l.
per
a~.r lie 3.t is pn ssib~.e to photograph w~.thin a dew hours areas
y p
' h woua.d have ~al~en ~ar~.~r expeditions years. ~o cavex. its
wh~.c
use ~.n exploar~at~ian brought a xeva~.u~~ian in expedit~.an techni~
u~;s which rude possib:Le the great advance ~.n our know~.edge a:~
~.
the south po~.ar reg~.ons
~ Tha first ~.~,gh'~s as yet did not yield much. Nav~.ga~
,~
~.ana~. dy.~'~'~.ault~es (magnet~.c and gyro compasses were use~.ess due
t.
~~~
00170017-4 ~ ~~ ~ , ~ ~ ~f ~ ~~'~~~~;
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oles in~uf~~CiAnt knvw~.r~~~? ?~' tlaa
a ~~ neaxri~ss of the p ~a ,.
t
~1lumins~tivn~ insu~'~~,cient ?xpex~,
wes,thex~ d~.f~~,cu1'~ est~,ma~t~,vr~ o
n .. all th~.s xeaua.ted in tha f~.rst
c~ria? in altitudA determinatio ax
rr 1.'~s~r wh~.ch hmd to bs refu?~ed by tat
f~.i~hts br~n~~n~ home x~.ch xesu,
aids wsr? rrd~.saava~r?d~~ ~,hsra ara pl'y'"
exped~.t~ons~ Where: sea... stx
mounta~.r~s_wara supposed to bA~ deep
tQaus 2~Ogq metars h'l~h~ what
al erxore far indiv'~dua]. ob jvctg of up
bays were found and posit~.on
grit ~ ~'he anly reliable objects are
?to 1~0 kilametersare no x ~'
lace on 'two or more flights and ona.y
those fou~~d at the sa~~le p
ese shoti~ld be entered on large scale maps
th
' volves two poss3.bilities~ ~e works
'Sl1e use of aa.rplanes a.n
rdr s h G~podit~.ons which had the
with fixed stationsa such as ~y'
st of the Ross Sea as far as` the pale
taslc 1;o reveal the rega.on ea ' th
~ o er.ates Pram shipboard, as was the case wy
or .the .other wha.cl p
prom 1924 to 1937 and wi~~ the Mawson
tha N?r~jegian exped.~ta.ons ~
~s have also been succegsful~y used ~'ar
expeda.~~a.ons, ~a.rplan
va?~ionso ]:t was found possible to map large
ice and whale obser
. f the ~,frican quadrant and of Maxie Byrd
parts of ~hE coastla.no 0
and the missing coastal stretches with the excep~
Land by .1931 ~
dine by 193 !~n aerial ~'ea'~
ti.on of the west. antarc?~ic coal
as accomplished by the :Eilswnrth expedition
not..: fret duplticated w
fire western Antarctic ?was crossed .from
of 1~3~/3~ when the en
Wha7.es. Due ~,o weather cond:i.tions s~v~
Dundee /eland to the ~aY o~
were,neaessary du.~~.ng the flighty and
era/ ~.ntermed~.ate landangs
' thout acc~,den~~+ Aftex ..the development
these were carra.ed .out wa.
akin ser~.es aer~.al phata~raphs there
of instrumen~e capable of m g
' c ~x edition of lg3g/39 whose ch~.ef
fol~.cwed thn Gez~~an Ax'itarcta. , p
' urge b mans of ~,er~,al photographs
task wad tha ca,rtograph~.c s ~' y
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
' An~axctic~~ Tray p?r~~~.tted maps on a scs~la
?~' a ~ax~e sect~,Gn of
~oh~'~a'~ Ma~~~,~) wh~.~e tl~~ ~^~su1t~ o~
a~ ~.:,a, ooa and ~ ~ boa, oao ~
hale ~hava nod ~~~ been pub~~.shed~
tha A~?d~t~on as s. w
W x to a ~.~xg~ extant pxpvented ~uxi~hex~
The secand Word a
d was in th8 sauth pols~x xeg~.ons for
explaxa~~.an. ~n 191~~/~~. ~fx
racanna~.ss~nce ~1~.~ht~ any ~,e~dad xesults
thv th~.~'d t~.mma, .but the
~ a /star dats~ The other ~eaphYsa,w
that were superseded ~.n pmrt a
' t~,on are far moxe i,mportan"t. Duri.n~ the
cal resu~tg a~ the oxpEd:~.
methods wore again develo~~ed that bene~'~.tted
Second Wax~.d War, new
research. kadax makes i't pass~.ble to make continuous
scienti~'ic
.~ ~ ~ nc1 and "to dxaw a pro~'i,le off' the xoute covered
soundings o~ ~~e grou
? n n constant altitudes Land areas h~.dden under ~;ce
while rnaintal i ~
' usl b ma~rletameters, which cannot be
can be recorded contanuo Y y
'r rock com oeition can b~ determined.
done. se~.sm:tcally, and thei p
r n.~s robably walkie~talkies ~~
Through the use of duple~c inatrume ~p
? osition bear~.n~;s may be taken and soundings off' 'the
more exact p
. ~ ~ make rediations off' radio reception posse-b~e?
Heav~.s~.de~layex p
chnical. hotogramrnetric methods such as the try.-metrogon
Nets to p
o.~ measuremen~~ and the swa.veling camera permit photow
system
' width o:f 3~4 k"ilameters. These are all ad?
graphs hav~.ng a strap.
t the suxveya.ng off' laxge areas with limited
vantages whack perms
mans.
The c~stwar ex~adition, made use. o~ these new methods.
p
edit~.on was spec~.~'ica~.ly an exper~.mental exw
The fourth Byrd exp
s to test vaxi,ous materials for ~-he~.r polar usew
pedit~.an wh~.ch ~a
Barriers anr~ subrnaxirres in the pack ice, heavy'
fulness. aarplane
n of their landing gear, protect~.v~ clothing,
planes and the.. testa ~
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.The final chapter in pxesent developments'was written.. by
' the Finn's ~a,nne exped:~tion wr~.icl~ Succeeded ~,n detex~nining the west
and south caast of the Wed,de:Ll sea, What now remains to be done
is an unlocking of the eastern .A.ntarc~tic fxom the coasts right to
the pole which could technically be accomplished by a few crossMcoun~
try fl~.ghts ~ A~.so needed is a crassMcountxy survey flight from
Prince ~eent L' uitpold Land to the ~lor~ick mountains ~.n oxder to
q
deterr~.ne-the couxse of the ~ue~n Maud Mange to~aard ~e east and
north,.. A ~rea~ deal of geaph~sica~, research is yet ?~o be done and
gr~ologica~. research leaves a great deal to be desired, A survey.....
a~' the pxesent state of mapping i5 shown an ?the attached maps xt
also shows the reliability of the data of our polar survey maps.
~e usefulness of heavy cater,~~llax txactvrs ~.n ~,ce and snow -N
a~.1 thaw wexe the v~,tal considarat~,ons~ A1on~ w~.th this there
wexa axteng~.ve sclehti~~c ~.nvast~.~atians, e~pecial~y of the tropa~
pause anr~ the ~.AnASphcre~ a~~tempts at x~ad~.o communication acr?ss
the ma~net~,c~po7.e area and many other ~thi~as ~ xt ~.s hardl,y surer
pris~.n~ that extensive mapp~.n~ o~~exat~,ons were a1sa carxied on,
fox example in 'the hinterland of South V:l.ctor~,a ~and~ on the nortl~~
coast ai' western Antareta.ea, in Wilkesland and on the coast of the
,~fr~,can quadrant 'the ma~ax geographic event is probably the da.sw
covert' of high peaks of more than 6000 meters in the western ~nt-
arctic which are ~.~~00 meters higher than the highest praviaus~.y
known peaks, They cane eampare favoxab~.y w~.tla the maunta:~ns o;E
ather parts of the earth..
t, ~~;~
~,
Thy methods off` explaxation de~reloped with equal intensity
in the caurs~ of t~.me~ Tl~e data sf the ear~,~r days of pc~~.ar e~w
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btained by moans off' tY~e dl~tar~ce-me~ex L~o~ ~
p~.oxation wex? o
wince landings were' iea9ib~s only in
chx on Qr118 ~ 8r &~ld ~ ~~tan~ o
these measu;rementg From shipboard axe nQ'~
exceptional cases
~ndin on the ?xper~.ence of tJ~e Galata~.ne
entixea.y x8~~~~18 o D?p ~
ar lesa acauxate~ ~acact xaute mapping
distanra esti7ra teas axe maze
o~.ar r~ a,ans on1.y an cross?~our~t~'y' ~ouxin~y's ~
was poss~.b~.e ~.n the p ~
d?texm~,ned From camp to camp ~ '~xianguM
where posit~lon .could be
va~.lable on~.y fox the Mcl~Iuxdo Sound. axea~
~.at:lon measurements axe a
d b Scott and Shack~.eton sank too deeply ~,nto the
The pona.c,s use y
axe suscept~,btie to climata~ Tractors wexe used
snow and were m
ex~ eda.tions, but gave up in terr~.tory r~icl~ ~.n cre-
on the Byrd A
o too heavy ~.~ new snow, and the expediM
vasses~ They are a1s
coudw ~o~ fuels- nn crassMcauntry trips
ta.ons had ~a depend. an p
k e hone 3.nstxuments and rad~.a d~.rection
duple~c (walkie tat i) p
~overr themselvese given mare accurate a series
f'~.nd:~ng have p
ra hs regaxdl.ess of the method used, as :long as they
survey phatog p
. astronamyoal control po~.nts ~ As already
are tied to at least two
' 'vidual observat~.ans from airplanes are a.naccurate, since
seated ~.nd~.
' that case posi.tians can only be g~.ven approximatP,ly~
a.n
An~~arcta.ca State of E?c~.,a a~~'0~'-?
~ Pha~a]
1, rl'~rrestria~. tra,angulation~ Ver~~' h~.gh accuracy
v s dram sled tr~.ps ? ~~xe~,uent astranama.eal
2 ~ ~~c~ute sur ey
Alt~.tude determ~.nat~.ans c~1ie~'ly barometric
poa,nt~ o
Coastal surveys 'ram ~h~.pboard. ~'os3.t~:an a~' thy; sh~,ps
icall det~rm~.neda Coastal m~pp~.ng by baarings~
as ~ronam y
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A1~~,~udas es~~~mr~~~ac~ 3,n many cases
4~ ~'a~r1y dome ne~tw~rk a~ ~.nc~~ri.dtilaa. f~i~h~s~ Pos~.~~,on
ax*len~a~~on by airp~,ah~ pwsl,i;~~ons ~ ~er~.ee o,f' aexal survey
pho~o~raphs w~~~ch overlap ~.n many cases S~exbgr~,~h~a
a7.~~.~ude m?asuromen~s or ~.en~;~h~ofMshadow m~a~uramen~s~
~~ ~e~l,ons~ wa,~h a~ 1Qas~~ bwo recG7~zal.ssance ar mappaxi~;
fl~.~h~s~ Ava.~,labil~.~y of aera.al pha~o~raph survey ser~.es
ea.~her nod known ox nod ys~ publi,shed~ ~1,~itlxdea es~~,ma~~ed
from a1~3.~,ude of plane
d. ~e~ians covered by only one fl:L~h~ ar s~~h~ed by plane.
~osit~.ana]. errors of several. kilometers, al~~,tude errors
of hundreds of meters are possibly.
Unexplored ~err~.~ory,
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
P~OOR~ Q~' ~.'H~ 1~~~~0~ ANr~A~O'~'~C ~~~'~;~~aT~~a~i .~ ~'Q~ ~ ~ N~'
~nrewe~+r~r* ~"
re ~^e~or~~~'L~,ve o~ rho ~~~~~~a~~,an ~avaxnrnen'~ ~ have p~,xM
As p
'~~,oa ~t~d an thta a~~tarctao vQy ale aj' the t~ Ca~nanc~ara~- Ohareo~~'~ oa~n~
Max you e~~ ~~11e ;~'o7,lowa,n~; sl~ou~,d be reported.
manded by Oa~a~aax~
s,bout ?~he praxess off' th,e trap:
'l~he task o:~ the e~:p~:d~,taan was ~~o La~ec~~ a wanter~,n~ stataon
r - ' s wl~ach nu one h,~d yet ~'oo~ upon sa.nce 1.~~i.0
on the coast o;C Adelac ~,,nd
undertake acaenta~'ac work an ~;oan~ and retuxnar~ as weld. as
and to
' e sta anp~ there. '1'hF~ "Comms,rt~la~~t Chaxco,~", a wooden vessel o~
wha.l ;Y
~, 00 Bl~'1' w:~thout spec~~.al re:i,n~~oi^ccmen~~ a~;a~~-ns~ a.ce J,e~'?~ llobar?~ on
3
December ~.~~~9 ca:t:~ryan~; the expeda~;aon members, the eeluapment ~~'
22
~. ~ ~~ ~~ and 30 da~s? The pack ace was re~.ched at lataw
the w~.nl,e~ ~.n~; par y
d~nree sou~~h ar~d after almoa~; t~ar~e weeks' efforts we s~~cw
tude ~ ~ ,~
l9 '0 an br~ealcan~~; through the seconc~~ southern
ceedcd on 18 Janu~.ry ~
ash, and to reach the apcn coastal waters which
ace belt near the co
ace b the clescc-ndan~ wands b~.a~wan~ down ~~^om ~l;he
are lcept~ free of y
' dace with .x'eat a,ntensity~ Aa'ter recar~naassance on, Cap de :l.a
~.nlan ~
eCOUVC;rte and Cap de Max~~rerae which are small rocky promontox~aes
D
' ~e ru tin.. the wa1.l where the ar~.and are breaks o:~nf' towards the
a.n ~ r p
.. the wanteran~; party was landed on Cap de Mar~er~.e ~b6 degrees
sea.,
~, degrees 20 m~.nutes east). ~~re~~uently the land
30 m~.nu?~es south ~~ ~.
' a erataons had to be a.nterrupted because of the preve,a.~,in~ s'tarmy
~~ p
'' + ' nds althou ,h there wens acra,sa.ana~. wanc.~.ess and sunny ha~.:~'~days.
S5L w~. , ~'
~~ ~ ~?ran~ rnel~~an~; a~' snow a~~.d.-ace could be observeds `fhe
At these L~.mcs a s ~ ~
salts of ten. menu the:a.r ~. coder as Andre L~.o~ardn
~.and~.n~; secta.an can
' e taanal.l complete and wea~h;~ a fatal af' 300 tonsn
~qua.pment ~s exc p J
,t ~ 9.l:l.ar tractors proved espec~.ally va7:l~abl.e an the
I~~easel .type ca~~rp
~f'hr~ first year's task of the land:~n~ party as to
land~.n~ operat~.an~.
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'~~,~~~Ane ~u~ ~~~,Qn~~~~~~
~ ~~~'t~n~"~?~ o~ ~h~ ~ ~
s,~cv~ all ~h~ ~~c~ca ~~?x~t~Cane T1n~ ~~mman"
b~
~~,cal word` ~~ alsa ~,A ba un ,, . ,
as~a~c~,al~~ r~Q tQ?xolo~-~ ~~,? ~~~? ~an~ d Ux
~~.'tsd Pcain~, G~t~~,o-~;~,~ w1~
Ohaxoa.~ s,~,~? v~~ e fox
dan't land~n~? ~n ~t~itti~ ~'rcnch ~..~
n mr~d~ ~ha an~?'y ~~~v~raus
?' 1,~,e' ~ cxped.~~~? wk~exs 'the Maw~ca~ ~~~"
va, ~ a~ 1~~,na.sa~1
.~ ~ n _ ~~~a caas~~ snd Oax
~ ~n ~sle?t ~ac~. ~ ma~ede on ohs x?l~xn
~n
~.9~~~~,2) waa ~'aund un ~ ~ ~ ~.
,. ~ ~ q~a.n~s~~a.n~~ huh ~ + . rua~s~n~ fox Ssv~x~
d~,~,,lan
?~ could be: exo~'sd a~ hex c
~ta k~abax~ 'Ghc ~,ce b~l sd w~.~h
~x~p 1~a a~;ert~ sE;s,~alane h~l~
.? ~ n;~aa.ssancs a "S~~nsan Y
da ~. ~,n a.c~ xecQ de ~h
~ ~ ~ ~ scents, aceana~xa~~~ic ,~?.
~,na 'tbe 'tx,~p rad~.asonds a off' a~xM~u,x~'en~s
succssse dux
' onos~hs~'e an~~ the or~.~,~.n
nc;n~ts and s't1~c~.~.es o~ the ~' s ghi~ ~s 'to a~~
msasu~'e~ bx~~.~;f s~ta;1 tin ~~oba~~ ~,h
ca~''~^tied ou~4 ~"a1].ow:~i~ a a~car
wrr'e ., ~ ar1d ~ta con?ta.nue 'to Madan,
a~.n ~o 'tY~c~ e~.~c, a~ ~,hc ~?cE deliE Lend
vanes oi~.ce a~ d an,~ Txorn ~Ms,d.a~;ascax ~
,land and Ks~?~us~.en ~s~.an ~ ohs w~n?~~xM
v ~a Ksa~^d xs f ~ ? xov~.sa.on
endo~'~.9~0a,nordax top
'~c~ be xEV~.si~ec~ a'k, 'thy ~ele
a.s erso~
to xs;l.a.~ve a ~a~'~ ?~ ~'~~~ p
~n~~ a?t~,'t~.On and
~ 'the ~t ~ 7 00 me'tex h7. ~h m0un"
~G ~'~~~,~;~ 111~T1't~?OS1Gd tha ~,~r8
x~ sh?1~1d
,~ ~,Zr:;d ~~,s'takablY as an ac
card ~s~.and has been x sco~~n ou7.d be seen
~ a~.n on ~
. .~~ he ~,ava w"~'th,7.n ~,he cxa~ter c
the x'e~.'leC~~on o~ ~
vo~?r~a?
from 'the sae ND".
..., ~~~'~~ ~~~~ rte, ~ -~i~~. ~~~~ ,....
~~~?~
,~ .. ~, 0~~ ~~1~ ~7~~~C~'~0 COAST
(~~~ ~~,' ~'AkZ1S
~,osack' ~,~a.dshu?t
k~ans~~'e?tex
~ Caas`t appeaxed
~ ~'ax'ts o~ ~,~1e An,tax C?t~.
~ a ?~ ~'~~5 ~~~,5 ~~X1S fin' ~
bhp ca~~to~xa~h~.c ~esu~.
~.n Os~.o wl~.~.ch con'~a~na Oa ~,a~n ~e ~~ HaXLse~ ~h0
~*~~ ~ ~d~,~tor ~.s ~ eae
~,~ ex~ed~?~a.on. o~ x.93 a~.ax s
ma~?~ ~ An,~~axc?~~.ca and ~,he e4u~h ~
b~ ha,s ~.93~ a~~las ~~
~. s ~.,x e add 1~'o J
~`~'~ ?' `~' ~ ,' Declassified in Part -Sanitized Co A roved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
,.
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
u es a~' '1~~~'~ wa~tln a d~.scl~sa~,on a~
'~11e a~;~as can~a~ns e~,~ht ~
~;o ba e~l~e~~e~1. Tl~c~x~e ~a~'~o~'
na a in~~ rncth~~d and Mahe e,c~.urac~
the r r ~
' ~ ~ ~' ark' wa,~~h m~;~~rn~.~'~.cQn~~; x~Gncl~.t~.an a~
~.~ panaram~,c aera,~~ v~.ew~ ~ ~.n p
` to ~~ r:,ov~.r ~I~l~~c~ e~xit~.xe cac~sta7.
' rlscs,~~es' and ~.~ map ~? 51~cet .~
~.an
westE~rn enc:l cry ~FJhe west ice (Ka~-~a~r
,~tr~~tch fx~orn ~nElc~xk~y Le,nc~ to the
~,,2~0 OUO? ~'wa slncae~las 1a.c~ bctwee~
w~.1.~le;lm a:~ ~,ara,d) on a sca;l.e a~ ~
' , ~,'ar L1~.~~~a~a~w~Iolm ,~r~~ ~:2~~~ 0?U and
l~~ndc~l~~a;y. Land. and ~~ew ~wab~.ic,
~ The xe;c3uC'~a.an a~' the a~~'ia~. phatoM
Pzy~.ncess ~Za~;n1~1~.1.d Land 1?~04~Oa0o
oba.a. ue~ p~,ci~ures ~,aken by tl~e expcd~.~
A.xaphs (~~~he r~~apu are }aas~;d, an ~
' ~ ' ~ Ltit~~,vermFSSUn~1N
' pert b~ the S ch~a e a.l, e: r a.~ ehc ,,,.........,....~~~~-.,,.........,...~..? '~
I ~y~,M,..MMyM.p. Vy`+WM~ ,~,iMw.
ta,an) was k~s,ncll,c a.n
. ~ . a.n ar. ~I~, by T~. ~.~lu~cke o f G e a~,(~.
Sw~.s~ ~1era.al Suxvc:y Gay) and p
AaG~
~an`~aur ~.~a1e:s, b~.ue i.n a.r.e~caverr?,c~
off' Oatir~ ~ 'Che mapa slicaw c
Optnal.~n~;....
.,, ~ r' ~ c caa.stl~.nc is ~.ncl~.cated by
end black in ~.cE]~~.rec~ areaa ? ~h
arras ,blue h.nG
. ~ ~ far shc:~.~; ~.re coact} sa.n~;lF~
thre~c s~Yabo~.,~: bluc, doub~.F. ~.a.n~ r a ~urc~
r '~ ' a rocky caastb Numc.rau> alta.tucYc. ~a.~,
:~'ar a.cc~ caa ~~, and b:I.~,c1L .fox
' '~ ~ e reJ.a.E.~. Sarno off' ~,he c~uestiar~.ab~.c
~~.ve an ~mpress,~.ve pasture o.f. ~h
~`,
~~ u Ersed~;d by more x'eccntrcasESrch.- n ex~
reprc~s~~n~l?,ata.ans have bc. ~n s p
' ~c,~wsx'c~ V~~: ~3ay who,e ~,nn.c,r parta.ans were
arnpl.e is the renda.t:~an of :f.s
d. b the 1)47 ~~r~. ~;xped~.ta.an~ ~.nather
more; ~,Y~arnu~"h~Y ey~a~.ax e ~' ~ S caresbY
' ~' waa accurate~.y' surve~'ed b;, ~Y,he wa.ll;-.arn
Ste~'ansan lay wha.c,b ~ . e cantr~.but:'t.on
., e~.~;ss the maps consta.~,ute a v~,:l.uabl
exp~~da.~~,a.ano wevErth
~' the e,ntar cti c ca nt:>.nc; nt ~
to our knaw~.ed~e a
r~eGtS ~.~
the 1a,ce to d~,~cuss a.nda.v~.dua~. m~,p
'~ha.s a.a not p
. ~ y e cact ~'~;pz'esentat~.an ai' the Vest~~'ald
aeta~.lQ On sheet ~..~ they e a.s an a
u ?~o now? '~h~ caa,stal stretch
~.s about wh~,ch vcr~' ~.a.ttle Ural known. p
O~,s
?' erk~ w~,th the: Amcr~ l~arra.er (~a~,reg~,an:
:~'rc~m Sande~'~ard Bad to Gape ~~
' ~ ~y~.~~d than be:~or~~ and the c~.a.~~~ ~~
~vax~v ~3arx'~.rs.) was :mare ~'a.xm"~~
ed accux?~?r,el;~ fax' the
r rl ~~cl~ob~,rtsan Lancl have _b~en mapp
h~ndexb~' .Gana s.n
~'~,rst t~;mc~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
, es cad' text w~t11 a ~,scu~,~,an o~
bhp atlas c~nta~ns a~,~,ht pad
~u~'a~j i;o bo ~x~~ect~d. TY~ere ~o1~.ow'
the rnapp~.~,~' mo~l~e~c~ anc~ thc~ act a~
rt ara,th m~~n.~.~~,cc~n'l; x~enc~~,t~on o~
7,(~ panora~~~,c aera,a.1, v~a,ews, ~ p~ ~ ~
r ~ ,~~~~ ;~ to 12 cover ~:,l~e e~zi~~~,re oaa~t
'J.anc,~scapes~ an~~ ~.~ map,. Shay
extern enc. o~ 'r~he west Tee ~I~a~ger
~~~;x~t~~ch fx~arn ~n~lerb;~ hand ~~o the w
~ 0 OQQ. two shee~l;~ 1~e be~w~en
~x Laricl) on a s tale o~ ~, ~ ~
w~~.~~-~~~` 00o an~~
ab:~r~ ~'ox L~,tzowMNalm ~3ay 1.2~Q~
~~t~dGrlay Land anc~ New 5w ~ ~~a.a~. ha~i~aM
~Op OOQo r~hG refjuC'~~On a~ tl~e a~~ p
1'rinces5 ~'~a~;~'~l~.c~ hand ~. ~ ~ cda.,?
.~ r F;r1 an obl.a.~,ue p~,ctures ~h,aken by the exp
~xaphs (~,hc, rt~aps ~.S G laa~ c
~,rt b ~ ~l,he SC'~7,E x~~srhe, ~u~~v,.?~'m~'s u~~~ ~.
tion) was hand~.od a.n p~ ~ ~- ~ Qeo~rra,t".alt
Co. } and. a.n ps,r.,~l~ by ~. Llu~ck~~ a ,~.,~.~....
AoG ~ (5w9.s~ Aer~.a,1. Survey ea~~e;d
mapa slaw canta~' ~.~.nes,
Qpr~.1'a. ~,,., ? ~~ O la ~ ~ hE~
,_..."~." ., ~ ~ c;aastl.~,ne :~s ~.nclica~~ed by
.:and b~,ack ;gin ic~wl.rec areaa. ~hE~ ,
areas
ar she1.~ ~,ce co~st~ sa.n~;~.F.; blue 1,~.ne
~ti,~F~e ~yraba~.s: b~.ue dov.b1.F~ 1.~.n~ f
oc caasto Nume~z'ou,~ alt~.'~udc~ ~~.~;ures ,
~~ x, a.ce carat, and b~.aclc :~'ar a r ~'
~0 C uesta.oi~ab~.e
ic~,urc a:l' the re~.~.e~. ,carne o~ the q
~~,ive an ~.mpres~,~.ve p
seded by more recen'~ rcasesx"ch.. An e~c-
repres~~ntat~ons have bean super
dwax~d U~1~ day whose a,nr~c;r part~.ons were
ample .~s the rendita.orl off' L s
b the 11.7 ~'y'rcJ. ~;xpcd~.t~.on~ anothFr ~,
more .~horau~h~,y e~plar~ed. ~'
ruxve ed by the w~.l~,~.arn Scoresby:
c;~:anson day wh~.c,h was accvxately ~ y
St
s const~.tute a vs,:Luable cantra.but:~on
expedi'~a.an.n Neverthe~.~;ss the map
off' the antarct~.c cor~t~.nento
to our knaw~.ed~e
r , ~s ~.nd~.v~.dua~. m~,~ sheets ~.n
`l'ha.s ~.s nat the p~.ace to d~.~~ua
c;t re x~esenta~,~.on a~' the ~est~'ald
~taa~. Un sheet L1, there a.s an era ~
~.G 9
7 ~ ~ T 1ma~wn up to naw. 'the cga5ta~. atretc
.Oasis about wh~.ch very' .~a.ttle Eras
" the Amery ~3arr;>rer ~Na~-~e~idn~
Sdnde~'~ard day to Capp $~ei?kt~ wa.th
~rnm
"~.xed than be~are, and the c~.~.~~'s a~
Nvaru ~3arx~ira} was more ;~~.rm.~,y ~
ave been ms,pped acc;urate~.y ~'or ~~h~
'~ derl~~ Land anr.~ Mc~abertson Lane7. h
Ln J'
f:ir5~ time
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
+~~' spec~~,~, ~ntc~~e~t ~~ tl~e fact ?that ~~ tha wps~, 'the ~~,la~
ad~ a~a~~ the Germ~r~ ex~a~,?ra?t~ans ~r~ New Swa,U~,a anc~ ~ the wc~s~-
Ka~,eer w~,~,h~~am ~~ ;Gat~~ Wh~,~,e thaa~c~ ~,s ~~~~,~,~, ~ j''Ap a~' ,~'~G le~.~,o~?
a w~aen uheet l1, and. Ka~.~E~x~ W~,lYaelni ~~ ~a~ad (Cape Fenck}
mc~,E~rs bet
that, leas no?~ been covc:rec~, by s,ccura~o rn~~,ps~ Sh~;et ~, ac~~o~.n,~a c~a.xec?t~y
the map a f' New Swaba,a an the o r.,a~.e o~ ~. ~ l~ a00~ OUO; f'ar th ~ ~ reasar~
a campc~xisan ~.s very a.x~~lder~stin~f~
Wh~,~.e the woril,tat Massa.' up to ?the advsnrc past is ava~,~.aU~,e
an a.scal.e of ].;~U0~000 oY~ Grul~cz^'s mapr ?the w~,cteraF; Mass~.~' wh~.ch
ad~a n,s s,t some: c~,istance to tl~e: east a.s en~:,ereca or. ~~ansen ~ s maps
New. Sti~rab9,a as a corrlp~.e?~~e area a,s avaa,l~~blc only on the
l,tl ~QO QQO map Urha.ch is only.:.a ~tempoz~ary, evalu.at~.on~ Gruber~~
~~ ~
carz~ections s~u,:f:'ted the advance pos?i?, towards the went by abau?t
5 de~;ree;~~ ~l'a what etc-xlt tha.s sha.Ft aFF~cts the mountaa.n ranges
Farther west can bc; c~eterrna.ned on~.y approxa.ma?l,e~,y, sa,nce a lake
sha.F?t o:~ the frontal mauntaa,ns (~'asaa~'~) cannot Yae ha~~mona.rer~: wa.th
~r~he pos~.ta.on of the, coastla,ne~ ~:n any' case a.t a.s noteworthy that
the 5~a?^ l~andane of the Nar~re~ian map lie s.t about the saute ~.e.ta.tude
s.s the ~'ayer Crroup? only Far?l,hexy east ~~ere as a.n New. ~waba.a ire ar. e
c~eala.n wa.txi a plateau c~x'op a.n Front off' wha,ch there are outly'an~ mo~n-
' tk~ere the Wah~.tat Massa,x', here the I'~~;na.pa~ the ~rat?tna.pane and
ta~~n5
the ~,omnae s ~' ~ e~,l} ~
A special ~~rab~.c;m a.s the ;r~presentata.an of the c~~aatline+ OM
.~,hc, Crex^man map i?t nuns :~a~.r~.y cl~,rect~.y eastward from. ~,he b~.~ she~.~.'
', e ton sue For some ;1.~ degreea e,t b~ de~r~es ~,~ ma.nu~,es Knuth la~tit~xde?
ac ~
F5 alsa a she~.F ice caaat? but is sa.tuated deca.ded.~.y Farther south
~t
("j0 degrees 2~ minu?1~~es) ~ ~Fhere ~s a cor~sa.c~.erab~.e diFFerence between
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~~i~ ~YJQ C41~~~i en1i~^~a~ w~~Ch ~~~ I~11F~~p~.c~ II~'~~'r~'~~,c~,ll 1Tl~l~ eV?~~
a~z~ b~ ~e~~~~.r~~a ~1~e caa~~~ ~Lur~~1 ~c~~a?~~^~.~ ~ha sau~~~? '~h~a ~~~~a~a~anM
~~.1~,I.or~ is ~~ my ap~an Gax~~ac;~~, ~~~nrra ~Gk~e ~'a~~~a~l o:~ ~~hc ~~~
ea~~~ca~ia.~,~,an a.s a.ncl~,c~,~rrd ?n.~,y b~ 1a.r~~~NY~.ad~,n~;~ ~'11e ~.91~~ Ord exM
pcd~.~a.a~a ~e~aox~ad ?~ moxe ~ou~l~~x?7.~" poa~"~~.c~n tal' ~hc~ e~ps,s~ fa~1~~h~~
.~,a tha easy, so ~~ha~ the abov~~?men~~.or>.a~. v~~,w ~c~em~ ~us~~.;~~,ed?
In any care ~.~ hav beea7 es~sla~.~.eh,ed ~ha~L? the; Ewa ~'e~;~.an~
be~.on~ 'Lo a ~.ar.'~;c na~Jura:l. u~ i.~; she~,1:' a.ce on ~~1?~~~ cr~~,s~ whv~c; "LranM
si~~"~.on ~a ~.n~.and ~.cc is paa~'~.;y~ de~a.ned? 'the iae cavex' s~.a~~aly ra.~ae
~~o C~UO ~~o '70Q rn~:~~ers and mex1~,~;eu a.n~o ou~t~yi.n~' moun~;~~~,ns (1a.~Eerz~~,1y'
advance moun~~~a~.na) which show ~,oca:l, ~,~.aca.at~ion and. ar'e Elie z'ema~.zls
n~' a ~;rea~ p].a~~sau which f.'ax'me,rl.y ex~~cnded much ~ar~~ht/r nar"lah and
way bralcen up info ~.nc~.v"i,dua~. l~F~aks aYlci cY~a~.ns ~~hrauG;h ~ei/~~ona.r,
~JS'OC;~'u: ~S i~rd iC~ ~~'05i4n?
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~~c~~~x?N a~ ~c~~~ ~~~cx~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~930?~19I~7
Jon ~~ho rsso~n~ R~~'k~ ~v~k
n ~ax~ show~,ng numar~Gr~ v~l.uasA wn~,~a und~~'anoda of
C~~b~a ~
rsccssa.an off' var~.oux xc~~n~ ~~aa~ers~a
~~s~ o~ s~~~~o~.
COY c~,s~recm~nt with ord. ~.na~. is duw s ~o lle alb 1~t
o~
r~s~~~ic ca,J
-
....
~~ GAJOI~U~
x. ~
~
V? VA~'NAJOKU~~ (C~N'J~NU~1~D)
~. o Kai. dad. o n
....~ ~
,rr ~}ur
~~ ~,~~rl~~Ox
20
Mprsar~ok~,l.
~~ ~ ur
3 ? ~eyk~ar~'~ ar
Z?
' ~urs~ 'a`rk ur
~? ~ ara~a ~
3 ~
4?
Ska~~a~el~.s~i~ku1~.
Sv~.n~~e~.].s~iikul~. N
,.
~~, SNAE~"F.~~SJ~KU~,~,
~..~. 5
or
].. Hyrnangs~okv~~.
~?
Varkas~rvrku~l (~'~1.l~~kvl~1.)
k~a1.h~.s
~? J~
b?
G~.~u~'urs~r~Qku:l.~
,~~ Nor urkann
7.
S~~.g~r~bku~~.
r , rr
~. ~~.~g~.~.s~o~1~
~ ~
Ho1,ax j aku:~.
~o~.atanda'oku~~.
~? N J
q.
Kvaarjoku~.l
~x~ ? E~'JAFJAb~AJ~K~JL~
~, ? Crag joku~.~.
2? Seg. jav~allajok~.1..
~V ? ~~.LSJnKiJx~
~,~ Sb~.haam~~bk~l W
~'ak~.ho~`u
~. V~'.CN~AJOKUL~
~,~ a.lz~a,~:~arsr~n~ ~f
la. Urei ~ ~rrierkur~ol~u~.~
~.~.. ~e~.:l. f~~ oku~.~.
1.2 ~ 13rakar~iiku~.l
~3 ? rya rnu j ~~
~,~. ? Eyvands~ungna~okul~.
rr
1~. He~,n~berg~~ok~..l S
~,b, .~'~.aa~okul.~.
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
V. V~,TNAJ4KU~"~~ (CQNT~NU~'S~ )
17. ~IA~f~~.s~ ~ku~, W
.~
~ . Nar'~ ux}~.nr~
~,6. ~io~f~~~da~.~~oku.1.~. .. ~ ~ W
QF~JQ~U~L ~ ~ Nor 0 vQ~~ur~oku~~.
Vx ~ ~l
~. 13~.a~na.pu~oku~.~, (NW ~lac~i,~ex)
2, N~u~haga~akul~. IV. +' xNGAhGJ~L~~
~ ~ Mula~aku~,~. ~. Lo~i mundar~okull
~~:. ~,'NGJ~KUI~L
1.. Fv:~~kv~.~l
2~ H~~a~~~.ls~oku~ W
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~~~~~~~~;~~ a~ s~~ ~, o,~dc~~a,;N ~~k o~ ~~
~r~ C, Kru~ox~ ~evc~run~;an
' r ~'oll,aws dove~,opmf~nts ~,n ~,~e ~o~ax re~~ons
~ l1e pY~~l~te~,~c wQx~
c,atest ~.ntGrest~ Tie An~~.o-Saxon wox~~.~ es~
o ~ tl~e ~ sac ~h w~.~~h ~,he far
~s~^cs't,ed in the ma~,~, serv~.co opcr~,'~~,n~ con~a.r~uou~a.y' ox
pecial:ly ~~ ;fin
e north f~ncl Mouth po~.ar reFr~,ons,~ ~:n 1J;~$ t~ar~,sYr
3.nterm~t'~cnt~.y ~.n th
Ms.~.l c1 e~a.vGxy to
~a ~.e:na.and o'bta~.n~:d ~,'t~s own sfi,amps ~"or a.~.s ma,a.~.
rc
,, ' ? ' , ~l~lic; h?~rida ofi' t~~e Nox~wc~e~;zan ~'os~~a;l. Serv~.ce~ I~oth~.nf'
Spa.tsbex^~1,c,r~ a,~ asp
, ~ ~~, a.uat~.on a.n '~hc ar,~a.r re~1iona oi' }~u,ssa.a~ ~n
~,~ known about raaa,a. ox ~,~ n
adian Arctic thez^E are ori1.3~~ s~.x pc's'L ofl:a.cES~ and ~tllase
tf~e er1~~a.x~E Gan
arc'r,~?c art o:L' I~ludson Pays ~~udson Strai?k~ and. I~a~;Cin
a,re ~.n ~~he ea~~~ern P
stations Porgy Ch~mo, Fort ~;srrri.son~ DLU~w
~s~~and. ~l'lrey are the ~osta~.
a~,ixtun r (l;skamo name) andPand ln~.c'ia~
das k~arbour~ Lake ~iarbour~ Pant, 6
r eras r, ~opEgned on ~.~ Sep~,Ember ~.9~~~
The pa at o~~ a.ce a,n purtd.as ~larbou
a:~'~,c;r bea.n~, c~.osEd ;Cox' severa]. yearn
book erati~~~lec~ Antaru~~ic Mail lle~.i~, by the ~nC~:I.ishrnaa~
A _...._....,....,~.....,.~~..,...-~.-
P' ' ., rr~mb~:.r off' '~,he l~oya~. Sritis~~ Phi~.atea.~,c Saciety off'
1)x^ a J . H. a.ra.~ ~
:, ~ ^ed in lgl~8. l~r~ Pira.e, 1~9msel~' acqua~.ni~ecl witl~i ~,hr,
Landon., ctipp~ax
' .~. with th,e stamps ar cancel~.ations occasa.on~
Antaretic~ deals especa.aa y
ed.i.tions. As early as 19U~ the ~ngl~.shM
a~.a.y is cued by south poJ.ar exp
,. ~ .~,h o~,sx exped~.tic~n used stamps w~.th the overp~'~.n't
man Sllaclc~.e ion s sau p
^ ~ nd" of.'~'icisl:Ly issued by IVF~w l,ea~.a~~d~s Post 4:('~:ice
u K~,n~ ~~dwax d V~,T Ls.
' boons Br~.ti5h ~,'~mpix~e Stamps l~ew ~ee,~.snd.)
Department (c~~ Stan~.ey Ga. ~
ed~.tionused. flew Zealand stamps w~.t11 the
~;ven Scott's ~.amou.~ ~,.q~. exp
n n ~, I.~~~ the stamps of the J3ritish ~'alk~.and
overpra.nt "Va.ctora.a Land . T ~
ur ores, the c~vex^pr~.nt .Graham ~and~
~s:tand were ~;a.ven~ for postal. p p
. ~ ne s and South Shet~.andsy reapect~.ve~.y~
South Geor~a.a~ 5au~h Ork y
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
?c~ ~'ox ~~~a ~~~? A~~s~txa~,~.s,n ~xp~c~~~~.pr~~
~ti~~~x~~,~~ ~~~p~ w~x~ u~
~~~.a _ ~'r am ~ ~~ ?~wa he ac~~~t ax ~~x s a ~' ~h~ s ?x~
N~a~ ~o b~ sere '~ Aus~~' ~ha
d ~~ Ha~~xd x~~,~d? was ~deM'1~~.~~~ad b~
pad~.~~.an ~M?~~~,uax~e ~slan
~7 N~~,''~UNl~L- ANT~~~1xC ~,~5~l~C~I
acaM~.~,nr da~~d cexlc~l7~a~~.an "~Ua`~~~~A
~~
, ~,; ~n ~,he ~ anua~y ~,~~~. ~3?~,c n F~~w
~~.~'~a]~T`~~oN ~~~~~ii ~ ~~ No Maur ~
~~,am s anr:~. c~cell,a'~a.c~na used on uc~u?~h
~.a'~s1~.s?~ xepax~'~s an c~~?l,aa.~, on ,~ ~ p
paJ.c.r e~pecl~~.'l~~onsa
ane off' En~;~,~~ar~c~:' a ~,,ea~i~.r1~1 '~ha.7.a~Lc~.~,~'ts~
Nor ~ U ~ a. Y~ o G~ nn~,
- , ,. , s an e~c~s~.:1.F;n?~ cal,le c~,~.on o ~ ~' a~.k~.and
~,o whom. we owe 'these el~~~a~ ha
recen?~ly' awardF~cY a pr, a.~e a?~ ?LhF: ~'MAT~~ a,n
:islands s'Lamps wha.ch way rnent a~
df; va~,uab~.e eon?~rabv.'~aion~ ?t,o ?Lhc~ develop
YiaS~.p ~ (.1x' a,n'~ has ma
' ~, .or :i.n 'the sou?~h polar re~a.or~' ~
pos?~a~. h~a~ Y
~ K~1UTJ r~U~;C~S~.l~ 98 Y~~s
}~~^a.cYi Wust~m~r~~ :dad ScY~anda~ti
~ r~ ' fe ~.s dediaa?r~cd to you?~h~ ~0 1,he s`~,a'k~e~
~tieG~ar ~ w ~u~,~s~(~ad u ~~
~~ ~ , is one o:L' No~waY ~ s moe'~~ si~na.~
~o sca.en,ce;, and -~.. ~;o '~~he Ls,pp~,. ~'
. o~.dc;st ~appolo~~.s`~ of ~,lne pxesen?L ddy~.
:~ican~ mena ?~he
~ r ~~, ~,~, ~~ ~ wen?~ ~~a ~'ror~~ d
. st,ad was. born on L;Yn~ee:~d on ~ p
~u~,~;
a ~? h i. lner s chaa:l.s ?rhea"e ~ be came a ~eachex
a.~ ~,he a~;e o~ deny e,~,'~,rvnd.c,d the ?~
er~?~ d.ay, ~'~~ shor?L ~.n~Ler7hup~ionsd
and s~~a~'ed gin, ?~he ca.~,y~ ~o ?~he pies
' ac?~~~,?vit~y as a sem~.r~ar,~ ?~eache:r~
hou h he was kep~:~ busy enough ~w~-~~h h~.s
~~.~ ~;
~~ ?' ~~hc; church anc~ edtitic~~~.an departmen?~ he
s'~a?~e counselor and c,h~.c..C ~n 1 mash
d La aloty a~ an ear~.y s~a~;e~ YYe no?~ on y
~u.~~n~d ?~o museum work an p~ wo~~k
u~t~ alb, ~.ts da.alec?~s~ Ha.s ~'~.~^e~ ~;rea~
tired ?~he ~~pp lan~ua~,e, b
~ ~~ `~l~p B~.b~.e and ?L?he O~,cl, and. New
as a transla'tox' was,ha.s ~rea?~m n s
there, e~~er~ds ~ se~9.es a~ gC~ pub~.a.ca?~~.on
~1es?~ssl~en~U. ~'rorn :~88~. ?~o ~.~~7
I/ 4 ~~ Y 2 U 1~ +1 t~ ~ 1s I
~4F~) Y~.~j l~~ytfi~~~lyd'?ti~ ~1 ~~r'a.0~1d~17~'a ~a~s~i'~ ~'{n~a~~~.~'~T7 4.Afix~~~~,ll ~ Va~~~?. ~ rv ~1?, ~ 4:t' f r ~~,~,) ~ r ~~.,,~ 1
~tlb 4GS'S.,~J,; ,~,ila,~ ..d+, ,.;~urA cai~o G rt_ r.. ~.a, i~ Ilr1,tV~,~' ti 7.1, i ~J i..t-..di Pi'a Af.~Y e ~ ;,t3( t,l l~i.~ ~,.. ~, }. ( l~i 4. . , it 7 ,r ~~ i.
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
e~t;e ~:1~~ new~pa',~~;x a~~~c~,eay Qn Sapp ,~oa.ax~~ anc~ ~.~n~u~.s~~.c
~ p
a'~l~ex ~~~na~ pape~~ ~'o;~~owed, Amo~~ h~~ ~xe~~Q~~
r~esearcha many
' ~ i he h~.mse~~' ~ransla~ec~ ~.n~o Gay^ma~~~ mush tae numbex~eds
woxks ~ wha.LY
e dam, ~.es Lapp 5upex?~~~.~~.or T ~~ave~bs anc~ l~~dc~,
~, p La~~ua~; p ,~,,,~ ,....~~.,,~
~~ n' e~ dram Na~~','~~,],cla~.~n ~'~?~~~ec~s ~~~ ~,a~~
'ram Ka~f ' and and H~~ ~~ ~ P1aca ~a~~ ~ ~n ~p k~e~ s,nd d~~~her~ ?
~.M,_,............
as~~ wank wh~.ch appeared ~~hrvc yeaxs ado d,ea:~~ wa.~h ~hc place names
N..s ~.
o~ Lapp].arldo
Grc-;at hanaxs and norair~a~a.oa~,s ~a honorary mF;mbexsr~a.p a:~ sc,a.en~
~;a.;~a.c soc~.e~;~.es a~n Norsaa~j and, abroad vrcre ~;~.ven ha.m? Qua.k;s~;ad~s
n~~ne wa.~.], a~wsys be in~;ima~e1.y s,sso~~ abed wa,th Trams'c~ and Ls,ppa.and'
?i;her ~'a.nr~o~U .~ xic, esp~cia7.l,y Lapp ~.~.n~ru~.s?l;a.c; sca.ence~ ~;enex^a~. Lappo~
whe ~
" r , a h Norda.c ~oo1.oE y and botany ar ~,h~ ~'rar~s~
~,o~~ya ar chea~,a?'~''s e~hrtof,,x p ys
' , c-;~:t' axr ~.nvo1.~~~edti May he ~.on~; r~ma7.n the Nc;s~tox~ of Lapp
1(useum a.?ks
xesearch?1
B~,~:~1++' NO'~Ea
NUFZ~,'H ]~t~LLAF~ ~G~G~1S
GerLexa~. ~~erns
.... ~.,~.......~. W...,.~..w...~
'the Gexman Nydxa~xaphic J:ns~~.'~ute ~.n ~(ambL~x~ has received a
M ~,ax"~,~:~on sh~.p bearin~l the Hams t~Causst' e 'the sh~.p~
new survey and e~p
~? ~ 'eon 6 Januaxy :~~~U ~.n ?Lhe p~eaence oi' ~~he ~'ed~~al
wa,~ pu, ~ ~.n sexva.c
?~ ~' ' ans ax~? J:~ was bu~.~.~ a.n ~.91.~~, di.sp~.aces "r'69 ~~'~' and
r~(~a.s~;er of ~.r p
r ~, the ins~xumen~,s needed a.n madexn exp~.ora~~.an and
~.s equa.ppcd w~~h ~
survey~n~.
~n ?~he Ka~.sex W~.~.hc~.m Museum a~ ~Kre~`e~.d an exh~.b~.~~.an on Lappland
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
ao ~a~nt~n~~s, y~~,tox co~ox~
~ ~~ ~? ~~, ~~~y 1~~
'~aak ~Tace ~xom ~~ ~
~, as ~~ e~l~~,l~a.t ~;?,a~at~,t~.e~.
G~s~s'V ~a~ema~ ~''~ wed,
anca dr~w~n~~s ~~
they L~~'e w~xe sho~?
d ~n Ax smaxhavsn ~~' om ~ Q
man ~' ~sh~n ~' a~,x was ~e~
'1hQ Gex
o~ ~!{ ood~ ~xo~essc~x N~.k~as~
~U, The ~'~sde~'~'a' 1~~,n~.,,t~S . ~.tted
to ~~ ~~~ ~'9'' ~,n the nea~~ ~`utuxe ~~e a
ho e tha'~; ~exme.ny m~,~ht " f ~M
eac~~~xeeeed tha p ~, ~~ ~'e~.tersbo~ ~7
.' are the s'~~"end ah a~ he
as equal ~,s,x~tnex a.ri wha~,a,n~~~
' ~ (;~,uG'~ a o ~n a~.t~~.t7~Ox1 to ~'~`~
^~ 0 ~'tixms ea,.h~,U~'~~ed tY~e~.x p~ o o~
~~xeF~mE;rtt. ~ ~
'es o~ assoca.ated ;i.nclustx~r anc
' ~ andu,s~a~i" numGxaua ba, ancla
~,~'~, ;,iYl ~,n~, er .
~.. ~resen't',edo ~ 1~,x,,c hal"loan ~u
~ s ac,~vc,r'ta.s:ink W~'1 c xe~ oa Gex?man
~~he ~.nd?, stry'
' OwS 't}tat 7.x1 this ~~e~d~ `~ ~
exman ~Jhc.~.a.n~ ~a ca.~'ty 5r
o;t' 'the G
.~ ace wa.th dcve~.o~ments~
~.nclust~'~ has lte~ n
~;,. .: arxd ;Oanr~'r> ~a~,~~.~.~ const~'uctec~ ~~ubm~~'
o~ ~'~
~l~e ice woti~~,d havo ~;a be cud op@~~
ur~c~ex ?I~Y~e ~a~a~,a ~,~;~ ~he~~a ~,~~ ~'ox
b meads o~ e~eGt~;~a.ca~..~,,~ hog
ema~~e~~cantra7.~.eci m:l.ss~.~.c~~
p~,anc~s o~ r
~~ ~ ~~ b Swc;da.sh bra Txr,Yde
~~_ to de?~aa.l.cc1, ~.nvesta.~;a~~,or Y
Accoru ~
~ ? r~) ~i,c1 na~~, d~.e ai' ca~.~1 but
?~~ ~ o~ ?~ he Anc~~~~~e e;a;,pG~?l,z.t~.or~ ~ y r
tl~e merabr.z ~ ~ ~Ioz~~~,-c:~~~ ~~n ~:n~r~;,~w
' :~ tra.c.l~a~nous po1,~~r dear t1~'a~,~r
a~' the c~,n~,u,nlpt~.a~~ o ~ ;i.?~sl~c~~,~etl la~~ve a
~. ,.,llc~c~n ?Lh~~'~ t1iG pa~.ar ~~c~,~~ o~ ~
~~,~.,~a~laiane 1~~~~re a f,otns c~~
.. ~ ~ c ;? ~.~ ? ~l~r. 'l'xy~,` ca,npar. ed the s,~p..
h~.~;lti nc:+.c~ence a~ ~L.c~.cha.n~~ ?, ?r~ a~,~'pe~ex~~~A
. ~ ,< .arthern sea a.n`~a basa.ns
that had been ass~~med until. now. ~ system of rides anr~ swe~.~.s is
aund es ecia~.l, around Jan Mayen= and this system, may bo considered
f p Y
be the coats a~ the ~t~.an~~ is Ridge. ~n additian~ ghat was hitherto
to
~k,he northern hydrop~Taphic boundary' of the northern spa in the faxm
~' the Nansen ~Sp~.tsber~en) Swe~.1. was conf~.rmed in much mono sau~hern
0
latitudes as the Spitsber~~n (Hansen) ~,~.dge~ whi1,e in the h~itherta
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
a~sumod ~a?t~~tuda only ~ d~scon~t~nuau~ pA~a~ ~wa1;~ ca~~ bo foun~~
~n the same nu~nbor ~pa~es 1.~~A~~) John ~t~ox~~ ex~~,a~.ns h1~s
va.ews an the o~a.~~.n of high al.t~tude s~or~m~ abQV~ D~~~a~l~ ~~r~.~.
S~.nce ~9~~ nt~r~tl~srn h~,~h A1t~?~ude s~to~rns ~~ he~~1h?ts of ~ to ~r
~~x~.ometr~rs a,nd ~,ast~,n sever~1, days have bean obse~~ved abo~Ie ~cs~
~.anc~~ Gx~AOn~.anc~ and the C;rc~en~.and Sear ~~ is be~,i,eved that tYle~e
~x~eat:Ly acce~.~na?raed a.~^ mf~sses Yap?n~:~a^s,~k~s far sou~~h so~.c~.y by v~,r~u~
a~' ?thc~.r mass a.nertl.a~ w~.thout re~;~rd, to the ~~^sv~aus~.y exls~~.n~;
ai.r prsssure fie~,cY and that they can exert oons~.ciea^ab1.r?, ~.n~],uencs
upan the er.~.st;a,n~ Ym assure :~'ield~ Tn the meanta.me sucl~ high a.1,~?
?ta.?~~udc s~to~^ms have a~.sc~ bson desar~.bed abovo ?~he US as "~e~s?treams"
wh~,ch her e~ too ~.ead to eyc:Lo~;enesa,s .and proUab~,y correspon,ra 'to
o~~r ~'~'rontal pones"o ~eax~;~, emphas~.zES quite r~.~h.t1.y that a,t is
d~.:~f~,cu~.t to va.sua~.a.z~ a s~~.f~amp~.i~'~.cation m~cllana~sm at ba.~h a~.M
?ta,~udFSe A SpGC~.~~1. chs,rac~Le~Mistic off' the ha.~h G~.titude s~torrrw which
cPrtaa.n~.y cannot consist of co~.d po~.ar air ~'ar s~tabi~.~.ty rea,sona ~.s
?the undif'fexentiatp Yx ensure field in the lowest h~.~h?a7.t~.?Lude 1~~.~.o-
meters~ Y''rom th~,s it must be concluded ?Lhat neither ~'rorito~;eneta.c
readiness ~.n the ~"orm o:~ ?the p~.^ssone~ o:~ d.~.,f~'eron~t~.atEad a~~~, mas,~as
nor a cosr~pc~nsat~,an far any poss?~ble cold air at ha,~;h alt~,tudes was
av~,a.~.able belowe
NO~,`CH:~~~i E(JRO~
r~he director o:f. ,the toura.st a;c~an~.zation a.n Lappland, ~Iark~
;panda reports that new ~trave~. destinations are Ito be made ~,va~,la'ale
?~o ?I;he tx~~ve~.er beyond the Arctic. Circles ~'he h:1~h ~poa~nts of such
a Future trip rota the land of the midn~.~ht sun are to be Sp;~ts~?
ber~en anal the ~.ce wastes o:C the polar seas With the a,irpo;~t off'
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved. for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~, s~ax~t~n~ ~o~n'~ suc~~ an l~,~haux ~x~p
~,~~;Laa ~n nay^~al~~~n ~w~c~ar~ a~ ~
dal~.ar~~~ as ca~,cul~.~,ed by the 5wae~~s
by aa,x shc~ul~~ ca s~ abau't ~ ~p
s,~.rl~ne A~Ao
~m~~,nr~~~ ~e~~,on morethan QUO haneyw
xn the ~~.ara a~' the Mu
'n~'t~.a1 ea~~aer~~.mF~n~s wa.'th bee swaxme~
caxr~.ers have been.. ~ou~1d4 ~
e a j,~,c1 'to Dave .shown exc~;~.~.en'l~ resu~.~ts ?
~;xans~'exred ~to ~;h~.s z ~~~.an ar
,. ~ ~ dr~r. c~u ck ~opula't~. on a ~ 7 ro rl~'y
1,n ardex 'to i.i~crease th~ e~ ~ d
~en~.nsu~.a ~,ltic duck e~~a are col]e cto
a.sl.ands on 'the coast a~' 'the Kola M
,ached 1n special.:l.y coz'~s~tructed broed
b ~,ussian ax~na.~tholo~~s#~s and. ha ,.
~ ~ ' h~ oun~r e9.dez^ ducks are put- a.n~o
~11e bar l~ mo unda a ~ y
~.rl~; s'tat~.ons on
,.her ~thereo ~lumerous ar~tif'a.c~.a~. nests
~~hc b~.rd nes'ta ~o de;ve1.o~ fur lace
~; ~.at ro cis ~d axe ~l~dl~' aace}?~ ed as a P
are a~.so eon;~'truc~;ed on ~ dexdow~.
ar'ture o;C the b].rds samE~ 20 yams of. ea
~to breed. After ~eI?
~,s 1.e~~t a,n each ne3'L'o
i.n 'the se~'L'lcmen~s on ~~.r. en~ts Sea con
3~ years avo k~aus~.n~;
~truc~cd of heavy lava sealed
listed a~ b~,ackhauses wh:~ch wexe cons
the :E'i.rst br~.cl~ bu~,ld.~.n~; was erected
wa.'th cau~.k~.n~~ W~~en ~.n :1.99
, r ~ ed ~to be a r~.sky a~'s'aa.r? Dur~.n~; the
a.n Murmansk b17~s convex,~~.an seem ~ ~ a
.~ ~ ~ ve Year ~lan.s ~~urmansk de~re~.a~ed ~,nta
~er~.ad a~ the :~~.rs~ two ~' ~ ed~.~
es wir~,e st~~eets~ numerous cul~~ura~.
~o1ar city ~~, th modern hour ~
~, a.ncreasin~, trade. dub ~n
~:~ es and ~'ac ~,~.ta.es ~'or the constant y
~. C
k was lar~e~.y des'troyed~ ~mY~ed~,ately
the Second World. War Muxmans be
the xecons'txuct~.on a.~ the c:~~ty was
ax'~er the end o ~ ~~he war
? ~ fence atherEd in src~ta.c xe~~oz~
an the bas~.s o~ const~'uct~an exper ~
res~.dent~,a~. bui:~d~.n~s o~ 7 a~ad ~
~, the meant~.me. `~aday 'there are
~, ~ ed w~.th alb. madern canven~ence~o,
stox~.es nn St~.~.n Streets e~,u ~~
. ~ undcx cons'I;ruc~t~.an an LPn~.n Str. ee~t~ A
~~,~h bu~.lc~i~~s are a~.so
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
{ a.s to ~~t~.~,n acu~.~tux~~ ~~
a~~p ~xam~c~ by ~~'~~' bu:~~~~.~1~;s
~~u~,xR
~~ ~us~~.a~ ~'~~~~ ~rp~Qroa^~
the ~x~a
~C~L~~ .
r, ~n ~9~0 '~.~sue~ ~ cn~~x~
'.~Ce1sn~~.c ~aae~~a~ au~,hQx~.~~.ea
the ~-Ca~~ cape i. c,a~.
. ~ ,~,G an px~~~t~,on a~ hsk~,a with ~
~~~:, off' at:~,rnp;~ th+~~ A-~,~
,, ~:Cea.andic, ~;ra~ah:i.c ~ax'~~.s~~ ~te~s~~
~.~~ " ;t,arn~ 'o'ho dssa.~3ns s,rc~ b~' ~I~hC
z c.,aJ.
J ons,aon.
a ~ ~ 'a.sha.n~ boa~t~ Cru~`~Gl~ a,n ~cea.ar~-
ae ,tembor ~.9~aO BOO ~~o~et ,~
~n ~
. ' ACS he:c'ra.n~', Can b~ found ~.n a.a~?~,'e
dz,C watex'a wh~~'e an noxma~. tan r sa t11a~
canth. ' Tlza.s y~Ea~~ tY~ey wc~ P ~~a,5sa.n~;,
qu~r~a,t~.~'s dua^i,n~ t~~~~ m
~r baat4~ harllan~, bef care ~.cf t
llana.sk1 and Nor~wa~a?:u~ f a.sk~a.r~,:,
~w~c~~.sh~
the ~.bov~-~namc,c~ wa~~r~a r
SP 1:T C1~LT~.G~~N
the I e s Coary'~ sl~bmar.:cn~ U ~ ONl
~,'~ and 2a. ~e~,tc~mbe~' ~.91~.~~
~etwec~l da ~ ~ri
dsd nn a voy'a~e of ona.y' ~ Y
u~~der Ca~snde~^ ~Crr~.o succ,Ce ~ ~j) . w~.~ho1,m
' ? er e~1.'s i~or~thes,rit L~1da ~~ra.th ~'
Ca.s~rumnava.~ata.n~ Spa.tsh
~as ~oS5~.~~~.~ to obc;oxve the tovo~?
r~ on board? On ~ha.s trap a.~ w ~
u x~eser~ts
~e~7
rPmo~'~t~ is~.and wY1~.cY~ 5ti~.~. P
,.ra h7.Ca7 subd~,v~s~.on of ~~ha,s . , ?'ts: a.m 't'he
C p
~ rP ~:~,st~.n~~.shes the ~?~.~.p~n~ paa
nc,~~thern c;oa5t ?. ~z^~,nCe Oscar
d and f oo'~h~~.:l. coun~~~r f o ~' the
f jor
~? d as of the No~'t~1west ~? the maun '~
Land 3 ? ~h~ ~:~.at stony dun ~' r' the taba.e..
past of M~~x~ch~.son ~'~orc~. ~?
~~ e ha.1:L Caun,?~r~ soutY~ and
~' 6A the ~.ce~'~'rC~ ~~.~~
nuthwes~~ with .ts ice cads
.and in the s as ~n the great a.Ce brew.
., ~.'he ~,reat up~.~d iCe.~mass
~a,sC~La.G~ ~ d ? ~'~~.e ~~,iCier ca~.v~.n~
d south ~~ the ~.;~a.and ~ ~
nff a.n the cast s,n deg I~~OM~~,nc~os
a~1~~ of ~Yio ~tnn ~Jep~'es,~a.
_ _ __
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~' ~ ~,tsbe~r~~n~ ~ ~c~xt1~~~,~'~
~~.~cumn~vi~~'~ian a p
vas ~~~~~~~~ G ~AI~~~
""", ~ ~ul~~,'~.cat,~Qn' ~t~novox
~F~ncY~ ~ I~cal~;~r~~h A~~~.v~x~~~'E~
exec`~e~, dux~~n~r..~he sumro~x
~a.~a~ a x~~s~' ~ tat~an was
0n ~~'~ ~ l~ve~ GsY,[ca.~,1,~y sm~ex
?~ ~ , ~'a~~~st a.~1. ?hahM Axca~~~.c ~rac~ ae
a~ ~.9~ac~o ~~~ ~~ t1~e
.. ~~s,~ar oc~uiYat~ter~t afi: '~hcir owr~.
he,vc ~ r~s,r~~.o st~'~~.on ~+u~ na ~'~~,d.G"
hies that
. , ,~~ ,~~~, s,~~ro~~;h to .the aa~~s~ caa~,~
~ ' ~, caW ra~,ar ~~i~~J.G~x1 'W7.a,~. Si~~~
~. kt~., ~ n
ab1~ e~s~.er ~ra ~outi wo~the~'+
x ~~
C~a~1iT~.~ANI~
a ~, ~ ~ is bec;om~.nFf, even maa~~,; ~~ctive
~~ nee tYte ~.'i5~a~,n~; ~.nctua~.zY
a ~;um 'G ion e,:~ o ~.:~ a.s thcr e ~ ore
,. w~~,?k~G~'a anc~ s~.r~cc ~h~ con ~ oa.~,
~a.n Gx~e;c~n~.and
n;l.es ~t~~.vo aecidc~ci Lo e~^c,c~
.~a. xisincr 'the 7.ar. ire aid. com~G~
cans ~:,an Y off' ' ~ ODU tons- ~prab~,b~:;~
. , , , , ~,~n,rl.~ ~,,1'l a,r>ziuei C011ati1'~~'~~on
dca'~,ota a.n GzcEn ea r ~'uw1, o~.~.~
~ie;ae'~. oa.~.~ ~~pOG tans b
me,~x,~c .,,.. trax~sle,tor) o.~
,, OG tong f';~e o~.~ne o
~ app ?~ans ~e;t~aieu~~ r~nc~
...y ~..
n ' ail, o then ~ ~rcer~~.endcr
., .s,ncl ~.s the :l.~~ncl, wa.thaut e, ~ ~ ~
GreF,n~
rn~n~ liven Kira is that he a.~
~, Cx1:f(lC i~h~; 'If1~.X7.m'llm ~L1n7.8h
Camr~~.~,s ~ ~ ~e~.~ consM
?are? '~h~.s moral. de~ra~~,at~.?n >.w
~nrbiddpn to entF~a" and et
ciao s~.y' ar,,~. Y:~ain:~'u:~~.;~?
e ' Sh US~i~~, ~~l,thar~'k~.e5
R ? val. o~ dour Y?~'s ?khe ~lan~. P
Afi'~e~ry an ~.'ntex Au.us~', ~.y~G~
reen~.a~nc~~~ e~i'ec~~Ve ~.~
ve issued new s~~~amps fior ~ . a~winF, clenaw
h~
is xX is a.ssued g,n the ~'o~
marl these ~ bu;~t o~ ~ ceder ~ Q Oe~~e ~reena
A ~
.~ ~ een ~ oere bua^~;ua~d~'M~ ed'
mins,~,~.ans' 1 Oe1Me b:l.ack ~r ' CF;'i '~Gus~av ~a:lx+ltt
e~ 2~ Qere xec~.~ 'the arc?k,ic ves~
~~ Ge~~e ~urp~?e an
~,he ~a1.~.owirig dr~~aor~ir~a~ion~~:
own in Front a~ ~n a,cebe~'~ on ., i~, stampe
a.s sh
nd ~ C~^owns reds 'the for l,ra
''p ae~~e biu?~ ~ Crown ba^o~ ~ ~ the des~.~
~, h~x~ va~.ucs ~,or, ~.~ant~~.~,~ ?
vert~.c~~~Z~ s,rr~n~ed~ tl~e h ~
A ` ;vex ~.s den?k~ ~'accabs~n?
e b v~.g~'a ~~~ thy. Vin''
ar ~'
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
..~ ,~ ~"~,aw~.n~ ~n~c ~h~ A'x'c'r,~,c ocean `~,~e
f~~ the aov'le~ xa,vox,~
~ec~ u~ by ~ '?~ mc~~~~~ k~~~h d~tn
~ Ica by ~tle; ~'~.~~'~ ~u 'tae ~o ~la~ ~ ~ ~?
Q~~ ~
~'~,o~W aau?~hwa~xc~~ wh~xe `Gher'~ '~~ a ~cax
~YLr~~ In ~hf;~ ~i,~uxe ;~.~ w.~la. ~ ea~c~d
~.~ hcpec1 ,~'ax^?~a.le coun~~ wa.1~. be cr
c~~ off' wa?~ex and whG~'e ~~ . , ~ . v~.xl
~,ea^ mana~;emc.~n~,~ A S~,la~x~.~r1 aca ha ~
by p~o~~er a.r~~~.~a~~.c~n and wa
~~ ~;rr ~tinct a ca~~c~ea.'Gy a~' la ~ ;;QU c~~Y~~?c;
.n. a~,^ea o~ ~~ ~ OC~O ~qu~,rc 1~~.1.am.,?~
~a
~~'ram ?~h~.a l.ar.~ca~a re;~~,x~vaa.r a?n. ~ e
k~.~.amc~:~~~re ~ca].~,a. be crc~a'~~eda Sea
~'ar ?~he wa?~c,x ?~o Flow ~.n?~o Ax ~,~.
wo~1.c~ a pa'~h mua'L' be r.,~,eared
ea. Howevex, ~,h~ Tux~~al Maunba'~n~
enc~ ~'x~om ~hc;~^e ?~o ~17,~~ Caep~,an S o
:, cr Et~.eva?~ioT~ off' 26 me?raex~s above Lh
~.a.~ ?i,n ~11e way, wa?~h an av~~~'ak,e
?~rer~.ck~ a.5 b~.ae~ed x,n~~o ~hec~:
of ~;,hc.t'u?l~lxre Sibc:ra.an ue~~ ~ ~ ,,
~.PVe~.
c~bexs (sa.c: ~) deep ahd x,20 ka7.ametez ~
mount~alhsa makan~~ a cu'~ 2l. rn,
? ., ,~, ,~11 a.n a~.1 ?thie s~~pp~~""
~rlth a 1rrc1;~~(~T' dep?~h o.~ ~ a ~ mc?lac x
~,an~ ~
,~ and, ciee tend ~ou?~h ~;h~^01111 22 7.aC .e o
r,ana~. will, be 9~o ka.lomc~er,~ ,~an~.,
r ~ ' e ~~a abi;a~.n hyd~^ac~.e c?~~na. c
?~s~;~;l.l~,~,~.on;~ made 9.1., pa,~~,a.bl
~~ura~,rou~ ~~m
;C ~hl~ way lt~ i.s hoped ~,a cor~vc~~~?L an
awes on a ~l,r~~rnendav.e sca~.ea ~+ ,
p , anc3. ~{'ranee i?n?~a :~~:x?~ ~.lc a~~~.w
ea, ofi,' ?~1aE comb~.n~~. e~,,2c; o~ C~e:~r7leny ~ ' mated
ar , , . ~ e c?ts a~s ea~a.
nst~~uc~~ion, ~a.me for ~hc~o prc~
cul~~ux'a~. .and. '~Y~.e co
a?~ 1~ ~o ~ years p
~A13D0~
e accsee~,b~.e a.n Labxador ~hrnu~h
Hu,c; axe deparaa.~,e are ~,o be mad
~.,
W~.'~h an a.nv'ee?L'men?~ of lea ?~0 20U
Amer~.c~~~andd~.an caapsra~~ans
~~?~,a:~.1,at~.on a:~ Nax~?~h Amc,ra.ca ~s
' l~.ian d.o~].~"~ the ~ax~ea~~ m~,n~.n~ ~.na
m~.
,? ' ~ ra~~.raad ?~a ?~hp w~? Lcwrence 1~,a,r~er
?~o bs set up here. ,~ 3C~~ m~.~. ~ Grea~a
?~he me~al~.ur~;~;ca~. een?~ex s an ~~hs
and ~ n;ew ~,.~,anc1 wa?~exr~ray ~a
' bu~.~.~ ?~o ~rans'por~ bhe o~'~o
~,~,k,es ors bc~.n~ .
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d~,scc~v~~~~c~ ~n ~abxacivx~ W~'th a Via"
~, hu~P mc~t~a~~ cxu~,cx way boo
~,#'~,CS~' ~~ ~~.r lax~~x the that ~~a
mctex o~ ~ k~,~.c~rr~et~~~;~ ~~hc cx
~;~x~) o `~'1'~e x~.m cad' ,rho ~~^~~~x
~rc~~~ ~,n Ax~~c~r~~, (~':~amc~tcx ~~~ ~~,~,c~rn~
Cra
~r~,s~ae~ o~ the ~~~,ava Snap ~ ~h~
a~~sea ~qq me~t~rs s,l~cave the ~,rY
,,~ ~.~ .E~~.~.lt~~. w?~,~tYi ~z ~.e,e?cave~~ed ,~ak~a
a.rt~tE~s~ia~^ o~ tha c;xatc,,r
A1,~S~
,ed to a map off: the Una.tN;c~ S1,atos ~.~~
x~' Alae,l~a ;~s trs,ns~e~xr
. ~ , ~ cover an a~~ea oxr,r~ :f ~.f'~tl~ tlns,~t o.f:
can. be seen the,'G ~Lha.c:~ ~rac.a^r~.tory' ,
from l~Yis,r].e ~tan~ South Cax1o1,a.rls, tq
tY~e United S~~rate s and ex~aenca.~ ,. , ,
distance .From thE; nor ~thern ti~~ o~
X05 An~elea, Ca;l.x.f orna.a. Fhe
. ~ Q 1CilGPllet~'7'S and the di,ataricG
~ti, lca to the Sav~.et Unz.on ~s o~?y ~
A1.~ ~ ~ l2~ 1ca.lomcM
naval.. base an Ke,mchatka ~~ ~?:
to ~~he ~.mpax~an~t ]~uss~.aan _.,r nearer ~~~
laslcd ~.s a~.~a sever~~,l hunclrecl ma.lc~
~~ersa Ketch~lcan, A ometers closer
I~Ia~ a~.io 1'oa.nt garraw is 3~C ka.l
the; PanaY~a Gana. than ~ a Moscow.
. ~;~r Yoi^k anc~ ~C1C~ ka.~.ome~~ers closer t
~ ~car~.a.n khan to N
. ~ 9,rnt a7.so pass; throv.~h Alaska wha.ch
~'hc shortest role-~es to the ~' ., ~,~?
er Censers o:F the warla than thc. Un+
is actually closer to the pow
se off.' .the Panama Canal. and
ed States proper, ~~v~n far the de.Een
t
. ~....~,~, located :From the viewpoint off' d~.s~
the y,~esi; Coact Alaslta ~.s be L ~~ e
~.tal a~.' A].s.skaa Juneaux a.s an the sam
Lance than Y~awa~.i~ Th.e cap b
' tlan.c~ end ~er~en! Nar~ray. Y~ aa.rbanks
latitude as ~unbath~ Sca ~ un~
. ~,a. ,bark9 Sweden and Amat~.~~ to ~
cor~~espands in ~,a,t~,tude to
~o ra ha.cal 1~evicw~ 2~ ~95Q, l~ 7~~q
kirk. (,. ~?.~= Y~tund~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
' shin ~ caunt~ in the war~.d?
Alaska is the lead~.n~; salmon ~~. ~
. 1, d alan.r~ the ~'a,ci~'~.c coast same ~.
Vin. about ~,Oa canner~.es d~,s~,~~.bute ~ ,
ed salmon. ~~'~ packed s.nnua~.~.ya '~h~.s me~
to ~ rnil~.ion cases o~ cann ~~ ~
n ~rar~,d. production ~.s ~d pc~rcen~' a
th~.t ~h~ Alaska's share ~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
. b~ ?vcn ~~~~?~' '~ n s0m? yA~x~ o
wh~,eh ~s su~l~o ~ ~d ~?
n ~ s,~~,?n Sw~s`~~bx~~a~^i~ a~~~s~s~v'~
dcx~ the cQdQMnarne cad ~~ ~~ ~ ~~
Un
p n ~,~~,v~,s ~oolc ~aa,r~c,Q a.r~ Alas
b Cant~c~~~n snd am?r~.r~ o~.ax'
~,,nr~uvcrs ~'
d b _o~~ice~'s ~~h spea~~
qo ,~,bs~ were d~rFac~e ~' b ~~
~~,uar~' ~~~a ~; or~ed nonMS~?~ ~
. ew ski. x?~;~,mcn'G a 'wog^e ~r ~ 1
ex~p~r~,snceo A ~
? e o~ ~~,~ CCU 1ca,~,ame?~er5 0 ~,hs~e
? fi,o A1.aska aver a c~~s Banc
~r~m co~,orad
. a a~,a,ans ~.n the Arc;~~9.c ~,n, bs ca~'?~
t~~ sllawec~ ~'~hs~', m~.1~.'~c.x~y~ opc,x ~rc~~~.c ~xa~.xiW
rnan~llVE, ~ E? C~ ~? ~
un~~~s wYa~.ch have: reCe~,veri ~'~
x~,rd out, only' Ya,~ smz~~~.
.~ .,~ Cen~~,~l^ade arc~~c ~aax' ~.s
? ern era~~ure off' m~,rius I~,Q dc~;rec~
in~~ A"~ a ~ ~ n.~ras~ ?~i ~Y~esE ex~er,~?~
cam "l.e~e 5~snd~~~~.~.~.~ :ln co
sa~,d ~;o come ?~o a ~ ~uat~amr;d ~~a ?~hE arc~~a~
amber o~ Y~u.~, s ~,an r.1~.v.t. s ~.ons acc
encc'~~ a fax ~? nti
.~ ' n ea; ~~ern 5~.bex'~.a an ~~he saris
,. , ~^~ said ~;a be s~;a't~.onccl a. , : oxca end
c~.~.ma?~,e
ed by an e~,cellen~ axc~~-c ~~~r
a.~,ude as A~.ask~a' a su,~apor ~
~,a~
~ c'p k~,lome~-~r ~.an~ x~a~.raaa
bo con,b7'ucb a ~ ~ ~~
~, sans
there ark ~ a~ 6~UOC ~.n~
' nc;e Ceor ~e ~ a comm~~ l,y
ki' aa.rbanks, A1.askas ;from Y'ra.
~? ~ ~r~,~~,ish Co'~.~:~~b~.av Casi~s a're
' ?~he Canadian Prova.nr.E o~
hab~.~'~an.?ts ~n 'banks ~:,h~.s r~,a.lx~oad a.s ~o can
0 ~,~,L~.on d.o1.~.ar ,. At ~' a1.r
paced a~ ~~
~~~ ~,he Alaska 1~.aa,~.raad ~o Anc; o.
- the bU0 ~,1.e ~.ona rna~.n ~.~.ne o.~
necb ~~r:~?Lh ?uc~,a.on ~.s ~a be seen ~n the
~'ar ?~his xa9.~.roacl cons~~. w ~ ier
ranee 'lY~e reason
?' ons ~n bhe ~'ar l~or`~h n,c~.~,
evez7.~ o~ m~,~,7,taxy opera?~~.
~'ac~ ~hat~ ~.n the
?~he sea ~,an,c;s woua.d be ab~.e
1~~. hwc?~, nor an aa.r br~.d~e nor
~,Yxe A~,can ~ ,~,~.an o~ ?~h~.a 1~.ne su~~:~~.es
su~~~~.~.es. A~'?~er com;~l.s
bo asSUrE ~,he necesss'~
;scan and Canad~.an armen~~
w~,~hou~ re~,oad.~.n~ ~rorn Amer
cou.~.cl be brou?~h~ ~,~ aparb ;dram bhc stra~,e~
e depv~s a~ ?~he A~.askan armY~ ~.nM
c fn~ers ~o th
. ~ e sre econam~.e consa.dera`~~ans
;~,~'~.canc~' o~ ~h~.s 1.~.ne ~hcr which are
~a.c s~.~ and
o~ e~ren be es?~~.r~s,~~ed ~~oday
vol~'ed whose a.mpor~sn.c~ .Cann
e?~~~~.emenb arLd ~,he econom~.c
e for ~ rea~.~-~' ~ar~e~`sc,a~.e s
~, prerequ~.s~?~
ve~.o~m~n'~ off' A~.~ska
de
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~n~-o the ~~dexat~,?n ?~
G ~,ag1~a was a~n~tted
Gn !~ ~axeh l9~
e ~g?~ ~ta~e C s~q! J ?
tha ~n~~sd ~t~ates as ~~
' + LANG 1N ~H~ A~C'~l~
w~~i~x?N G AND aLA
tt~l~sn by the Smallw
. n to the ~s,xents ae~ ~dex
The axpad~t~? ~ leldad 6?~
o~ SunnmbxP and ~msdal Y
alo ~'~,shexs' Sales Company estic market?
~Wh
was disposed a~ on tha dam
ans of whale meat w~1a.ch
? worlds ~., 19`~0~ 1, 61)?
~~'~,schexe~welt CF~.sh~.n~
seasan o~ l~ ~w~e to `~
Aurin~ ~t~he seal catah~.n~
s field is ~1~9 a~,,~,s Less
seals wera killed phi ~
ra, ~gl dux ~ elands has been
- li.n in the pra.bil~~
.tin lgl~8~ Since 19.0 sea. ~ r ~~ lai~a?
than ~'hxougln xutble,~s ~
era.can Gavexnmen'~?
carried on by the ~
ced ~o ~3~aQ00 inda.viduals
. bex o:~ seals had been xedu
t~.on the nom overnmen~
ect;~ve meas~'es o~ the US ~
~, 10. Thames to the prof. ~ the
by y On the basn.s o~
boxed 3 ~~3~,000 by 19~a
they again nom
e Canadian govexnment receives
Fur Seal Law o~ 1g~4 ~h ~ .mated
~,laska eax. xt ~s est.
?~ off' th.e furs abtained each ~'
about 20 perCen
s o to the ~'ribilo~'s to have
QO ercent of a1.1 fur;,~sea~. ~
that p amounted to.
w ducts obtaa.ned in sea].irlg
their Yaun~' the by p
meat arld 26 tons bady oil.
s .blubber o~.l, ~~O eons seal
6~ tort 1 0 1, ~)
C~'~,shin~ Worlc~~ ~?, 9~ ~
(kw~.s~ ch~rea.W,..
~, in the Arctic b~y the sma~.l-
whale most ~requent~.y cau~h
The
~~ a area a~' distz~ibution a~' thin.
ors a,s the dwarf wha~.e. Th
whale ~~sh ~ n a length o~ ~ to lU
of the ~rooVed whales, attaa.n~. ~
srrral.~.est
it is found in northern watexs y
rs is ~woxldwide. ;Cn the swnrnex ~ ~ ~ ntw
mete ' b e f c;us~d ~n ~hc A
horn swnmc~ it can frequent~.~'
dur~.n~ .:the snot
? ~ err ~ _ T~ris des~.ation is
ah~ Whalers c~1.1 h~.m ~~~
arctic Oce
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supposed to have o~~.ginatec~ frUm a ~'Terman by the harae of Mei~cl~e
o was a wh~alsr n?ar wand F'oyn ? 't'he dwarf whale is .Found singly
wh
Ax In rau s of 2 to 3 animals? T~ may c~,ra~,e dr~,ft~.ng ships f'or
~ P
hour, s since it i~ not at a~11. shy, but gL~ite curious ~ Not until ~,'~
has moved in ever ne~xrowing circ],es and. touchQd the side of `fie
~~i with its 'snout dogs it move on. ~t can be easi~.y recognized
p
b~ the sharply outlined white cxoss~-stxip? on it~5 bxeast fin? The
vessels used fox catcYlin~; sma1.1 whales have an average crew of ~~
men. with approximately 304 vesse7~.s a total off' 1, 200 to 1,300 men
axe 7.nvolved? Even ixl a good season the grass profit is said to
amount to not moxe ~trlan 1,000 to x,000 Swedish crowns? (~''ishi.
~'axld, 2, 194, 8, ~-2y~26) ?
On ~.3 ~ugus'~ 1954 the motor~trawler -t~lxktis" built fox the
k'irst German Whaling Company off' Hamburg made its sha~Cewd.own and
trans~'er cruise from the l~iel Howald~t Shipyards to Ilamburgm Both
from the point o~L' view of canstxuctian as. well as d~,mensions the
t~Axl~t~.s" must be consid?red a special type in our ~'a.shing fleet.
r~he d~.rnpnsions axe: ~.ength between saunding~?].eads 36 ?~ meters,
beam "~.9 meters and freeboard 1~.0 meters, With a gross tonnage
a:i' only 31~s~-~ tans the s~li~ ~~n ha~.d 3,I.~OO baskets off' ~'ra~en
Fish. ~ro:Cessional deepMses~ fishing circ~.~s 'are e~~7ec~.a:Lly in~-
terested in finding out whethex thn expected advantages a~~' the allM
aluminum fish ha~.d w~.11. actual:l.y mat~;rialize? (~''i~,~o, ~;d, 2~
~.y~0, g, 110}.
~OU~'~I POS~,~ H,i~GlOI~S
Genera. items
Cvmmado~e B, ~, Wa~.fa~d reports that the snap made by the
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
? ~~avec~ e~'~xaord~.nax~~~'
ed~,~~?n ~'g~8/~9 ~aYV p
G~xtn~ ~~,~,arc~~.c ~
d pr~.~n1~~,~~.?n ~ the ape~'a.
~~ba~ ~he~ pe~~~~~ed xap~ ex ad~~
xs:~~ab~.e a ~o ~,n,~5wsc~.~Ya, ~pu~~h ~o~ax 'A
;~ '~hG ~x~.~~.~11~1~c~rw ~~~ ~ ~hQ ~G"
~~on~.~ axc~a a n~~~on fox
d~.d nod w~.thha~d xeca~
~' an ? Waa.~oxd ~-he~'a~oxe ~,wo ~1u~~-ex~'~e p~ane~
?I,a. 'l.'he
~~' the. Gcxcn~ ~c~.en~~.~~~s? ~, ;,ace
cum~~~.~.sl~men'~~ o~~ . ~ ~,pcatcd a 1and~.n~ p
,~
n thus nod o~.Y ea~~ ~
that wexe ~,aken ~'~`0 ~ o x~,phs a~.~o m~,ds campaxa.
us~.n~ the Gex~me~n ~hp~ ~
u bud
fax the "Nox~e~ , b i~he Gexri~na? ~~~e
1is,xmed ~.~. data even ~'
sop f~,~~x-~s wY~~.c~1 ~,ot
w exe ~~.~'~~ us cd w~,th
two p~?ar~,e~
~~~1~.~.1.~.~am ScoxE~~yu a,x1d
.~~~~, exped~~~.ona~"~ s~iip
'the ~3ri s tz~~.
~altie a ~G m~n~ha A
r ex "Ga;~,a~hea" ~,ntenc~ ~o
Abe I~a~x~.~x1 ,,beam ~, the "b~~?e ~a.~hr`
,, ,an ~n pxdex ~~a reda.~co~'~~'
to t,h~ An~,axc~a.c acs,
? , is ~i5h had d~.ed out n~anY'
ad been as~umcd 'tiha~ ~h
m~~Z~on ycax~ aka.
e~~ed a na~~e ~o the C15,
~'p the Gavic'~ Un~.an addr
In MaJ' ~~~ Chi,~.e and ~,x~er~~?
,, ~~x? cep New Lealand~ Naxwa~'a
La~~~.ands ~u~?~xa].~.a~
~u1,ur~; da.~cue"~on~
d ~a b e con ~u~.~ ed in ~~
tina, mak~.n~ 'tihe deman
o~ ~,~,e ~n~aa^c~i.c~
~~~'L~~'~ONG
reached ,~de~.~.e ~,~-d a'~ ~,he
"xc;nch ,(~~ax~c~,~.c ~"~ad:~~~.on
~1'he
C and ~.and.cd a].]. equi~'mcn~.
'r~na.n of ~ abx'uaxy l~~n
ba~~ ~
re ~.s~~.a~ed ~Y ~,ce mas~e~
~rez~ ~3r~~~~h ~aie~.~is~~ wha w~ uax
~-? on ~~. Jan ~'
~re~ 2 ~eaxe were ~~,ckea up
an ~ton~'~~~~ ~s~.and fox a , ~ ~~ ~ri~ ~~ aixp~e.
~'~' xescue v~~~e~. "Jain ~3~.Wcae
~~~G ~"~ th.e ~'~2nq ~
~d. ~a~ ~~e ~.ceMb~.r~~~.er ~n
of ~l~is e~ped~.~Ux.an xepar~
xhe mambe~'~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
f;ec~r a V~ ~aand ~.s cangtar,~ly xao?d~.n~~ ~n ~-t~~ oou~~~ v~' a
14~n~ ~
discavQr~d a sQ~es of nsw ~,s~.and~ that had, sme~~
Qp~day hike t~iay
gsc~ fi'rom tk~s ius be~.t~
On a.q ~'eb~u~ry' ~.9~Q the axpec~it~,on verse. '~Norse~.~' any
nounaa~ b xad~.o that a ~and~.n~ p:l.ace had ~bet~n found at 7~ ds?
Y
saes b minu~~es sau,th ~.at~.tudv mnd 17, de~;reEs west 7~on~;~,tudn~
a~~7, ba south of Cape Norve~ia on the west coast
The spot is a sm Y
of queen Maud Land Thc~ ~.aeation fax tl~e w~.nter q,uax'tsrs was
chosen sues ~ ka.lomet~.rs ~'x~om this bay? 2'he ~'Norsel" b~;~an the
return voyage on 20 ~'ebxuary ~.y~q~
qn 17 April. a.9;o "Da.scovery T~ " l~:ft '1~,~J,.and in oxder to
x .are th,e ~,ast remaiY~in~-unltnown rr;gions of the ~n~dret~.c~
ep
J une ~. q it war ra~~~ox~ted From l~ascoW t~l~t ~h~ soviet
qn ].~ J 9~
' intends to rind out a new exploration and whaJ.ing expediW
una.on
ti.an tc~ the An~;a~^ci~a.c, ar,d. tl~~a~ this expad~.t~.ox~ ~.s to ba u~~d.ax
the corny?and off' Aleksey Solyaniks
WHAUxNG
During the wYialin~ season a~ ~.9~~/~q which ~.asted from 22
December ~.9~~y to 7 April lq~q the sYiooti~a~ of 12~q humpback wha~.es
~qq b~.ue wha~.e units) was a~a~.n pex~,a.tted~ +'ver since the ses.son
o~ ~.~38/39 '~h,~ humpback wha~.e stack ~~ad been pratected~
'~he~^e axe p~.ana to bui~.d a haliocopt~~c with a harpoonM
thx~awin devices where ~e haxpaon wild. be t~lx~own at .the whale
~.ike a bomb.
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_. _ _ .
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
' axe way are ir~texh~~ioh~~, wh~7,~n~ co~~f~rehe~
~n Judy ~,~~q tl~
caun~x~.ee lead ?aeh send thxe? to f~,~r~ dQ7,eM
~,n ?~1p to wh~,cl~ a.6
tiar~a~ canvent~.on~ on w~la~~g w?xe the sub~sGt
gated r 'the ~n?~e?~?a
an ;~~.r sx ~3vrgexaen (Norway} emphaea,~ad ~.n
off' d~,6CU88~,onr Charm ~
ma~~,mum ar~r>,ua~, catch ~uot~ of ~,E~ ~Q00
his apen~.ng addxvss that tY~a
to naw ~.~ toa a.~r~;e and absa~.utc'~y haci, to
b~.ue wha~.e~ ~,n farce up
? ~, Exam thQ biolog~.ca~. point of view ~t
be reduced. He c~.a.i,mc~d 1~kla
a~.mum limit ir~te~?~r~~,ianaJ,ly fax each
shou~,d be bast to fix a ma
. ~ of wha1.e and not far a~.~. sp~;ca.es togath~;r~ Nor~-
indava.dua~. spec~.e
the be inning of the w~~a7?ing sFjason by 1~1
way proposed to sriaft
22 .~ecanber to 4 Januaryr ~~rticlra 6 of the ~W~~a~.ing
days f xom
u ~ q~ ~.1~6 wou~.d have to be charged according~,y~ ~~e US
onventaon
otection: ~'ax1 thy; s~~ex"ttl wkla7.a and ~~nga.and proposed nat
desired pr
d catch of l 2~0 humpback wha~.es before ~
to began the pernn.~,te ~
., , ~ 'anal oints off' di~acus~ian were t~~e r~;~ula~
~'cbruary 19~~.r Add~.~a p
".on ai:" ea.a is wha~.ing and the pasa~.bl~ admission o~ several
t~ p g
athcr cauntx~~.ea, among them Germanyr ~y rF:solutl.an of the conM
~~ ~ the sFasc-n is to begin on 2 January' in the future instead
fF.x ence
of 22 Dacemberr
A~'tex the quota off' 16,400 .blue whales had been cal~ght the
~, 1~g ,~0 season was dec~.ared cloyed on l~ March lg~n9 three weeks
9/
before the of~'ici~l dead~.~.ner 18 ~,factorie~'a ~rit~~ ~~.~~ catcYters
' 'aced in .this seasoxx. Campaxed to l~l~~~~~ tk1e number of
p~~z tac~.p
' ncreased b on~.y ~~r ~ir~Ce th.~a oil yield increases .with
catcY~ex~ ~. y
dvanc~ of the season the fatter wha~.es of the last weeks off'
the a
season unl'ortunate~.y were ~.ost tb.rough the ear~.y termination
thy,
~ ~6w~7)r
of the seasons ~Fish~~ r~r~d ~ 19~a, ~~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
a~~ i~~~bur~ as eo~r~y a~ ~~~~ and as early
2'h~ ~~r~t wha~,~~x ~
~~, ~ w~1,~h a to~a~ crew a~ ~,OQO
as ~.~~(~ a wkia~.~n~ f~.eet off' $3 ~~ p
A ~o~a~, o~ ~,OOQ Green~.and voya~a~ for
man ~. e~ ~ Ramhur~ ~iarbo r
' tc~d out drum ~lam~ur~~ J~ccardin~ to wands
wha~ee arid, seaJ~ g~,a~r
G i^msx~ hack, ~hxa? pvx~oc~~ off' wha~.~n~~
4esau a ~'
., German Gxaen~.and vaya~es ~'vr w~la~.Ea and
~~.x~;~ p~r~~.od,
r shor~~t ln~terrup~~.on by war, i.rtva~.vw
sFals ,~rQm ~.61~3 to 1E l3, wtith
~.n~ ~a,aao tr~.p~ and ,aa,oov men,
German Sauth Sea ~':~.sh~.n~ a~ the ni.~ne~-een~h
Second period.
W~.th 6a vvya~as from the homc~.and each vaya~e was a
century.
' anon and ~,aeted ~ ~o ~ yaarw.
ca.rcumn.av7.g
German wh~,.~,ng (~.b voyages) `arid seati~
TYaa.rd per~ad, Recent
c~ ~ 1~' ~ yin l war~.d 2, ly,~a, ~, 7 ~~ i 7 )
ing (~ voyages) x,936-~.~39 ( ~
r' a ? aa.n ~rticipatE.d ~,n w~t~.~.ng. A rcpxeeenM
In 1.9,E a th.c U~ ~ p
.in aom any :Cnc. sta~cd that ~ ,~ ma.ll,~.on
tative a~ ~L?he O~.ymp~.c what ~ p
d 'been m~.cl.e available ~a~^ 1,2 ships. Numeroue German
do~.lara ha
~ed in t~~is voyags~ qz~ beYialf a~ the abc~veMnamed
saa.laa^s ps,~~~.cipat
'.on the ~'~.~~st Germar~ ~WheM1. .ng Go~nipany off' 1~lambux^g .had
argar~izat7
a ~ ttin and ec~~a.ippa~ng of." this wr~aling ~~cet
undertd~en thC, a~.tfi ~
which. was built in Kiel and k~ant~aur~g sh9.pyaz"da.
Studienrat 'Kurt.Ruthe, I~al~minden
~i.'rri {,..
PY pp _ ,
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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~~~~ l; ~o
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vc;rmessun~;~;~ uncl ~'axschun~s~'~.~.^~Gen. ~s7~~~~'~r,~ie ~iydrai~r.
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II II
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it II II
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~raen, P. ~ Mi.dden a~ ha?~ Gxaen.~.aaad . ~lc;me:l. en Uarnpkr~.ng l~.8,
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Sl~~.f'~tex~ Nxa 93, ~.9~0, 2~ p.
Kx. ~.UO.
Hauer, Heinrich; K~nada ~ Gu'~un~'~~s~.and atn I~axrlen, ~'~,~'ax''iMVer:~aga
D~,r,1,a.n ~.9~~, ~~a S., G~~.. H1Ur 9?~~,
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
_ _ __
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
k~Q~~Q, ~1ax~_ ~~,o ~aua ~ad~u?~ur~~ van ~~,~~1~~~, ~a~~ro k~ur~d~a~~~~
n
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d~i~en- des in der ~~MGnnw, ~3a~d ~i ~s~.~~e~a ~~~U~ ~r ~ l?, ~~. ~ 640
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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~a~,~,shad by ~1~ F~asaax~akl ~ns~~~.~u~a fax Ax~,cu~.~u~~a~, P~~nr~n~ sa~:cL Ta~
paU~r~~p~y~ Pxice `~1~ ~C1~` r~hc y,;~~,~.s ~.nc~.uda~ ~(~ m~p~ me~sur~.r~~; 8~
by ~? cen~~me?~ox~s, ~~.~ho~~h ~,~ appoaxs ~a laG ~ha ~n~en?~~,on of r,~t~~
off' ~~I?~c~se s,`~,~hoz^s ~o ~.rru,~ ?~~?:1.~ ~ac~xlc ?La ~ch~.a~;w~~,~~I-fa1a?~o:i.~a~ ~;hc
?~i~~~e s~ama so~newha?~ ?~oa modes?~ Gf~r1~~,r~ax in~~ the cr~n~an~ Uf ~~I~e boo/"?~
which ~'ar c~ccar~ds '~hc~~ a,~^c~~ x?~ shou~.d be men~;~.onad ~ha~~ ~hc~ s,~~,~1s
~.n ad,~1J,~ion ~o discltisa~,n~ c:l.~.ma~~.c ds,~r;,s. for ~~11 cif Cen?~~~a~, Il;uxr~p~,
d~:a],s wi~;h ?~11e nei~hlaox~,n~; I~1ox~?~~~ Seas .i.nca.ud,x,~n~; espeei.a1.1y tllc ~'oxms,M
~~,an of .cE, wllticl~~ we :~':i.nd in~Eras?~a.n~, ~~nd wha.ch in w~.nt~x~ is con
nec~t;ed w~.?~h ?~I~e forma?~~.on off' icc in the po~.a~^ xe~~; ans~ 'S'l1e corxes~.
poncJi.nt m~,~as ward: pxep~~^er~ by P~~o~'cs5ox ,~.lcle~.~ 7~r~a cli.sposi?~ion o:~
.ice :~rora January ~tro April; app~ar.~s ?La be d~~endenl; on ?~Yle severl.?~y
af,' ?~h~ ~~x~eccd~.n~~ win~Ler~ Qn ?~he o?r;hex hand ~;he corr~ela~ian be~,ween
~~he an~ouz~~; of ~.ce :t.n ~~i:i.a ;a~a anri, ?~I.1~ xcsu:I.?~a.n~, be~;~nnin~ av ~ve~e~
?~a?~a.on ir~~ r~ubealc mal;;es a.?~ poss].'b~,e ?Lo p:r.^cda.c?~ ?~ha.s ~.mpor?~an?~ season
of ?Lh.e yes,z~~ achi.nd~,ex
CG~r;I. Kx,rcheiss, `~vct~? hooaa! We].treisen ma.?I; Hs.z~punen,~An~;e~.hc~ken
......w........_.._.._.....r..~.~....,..,......_...w.._......_. ~. ~...~......,,....M.
un ?~zen ~~ha~.e Ha 1 ~~rave;l.in~~ abou~L ?~he ti~'orJ.d wa.?~h ~~arpaans, ~'ish~
hookas and Ne?t;s), ti~ilkeris Pul~~.ish_~,n~ Company, Inc,, l~enclsbur~, ~.9~Q,
238 pd~es, price ~r~l ~,2, ~n ~,ha.s boalt Cap~aa.n K~.rche~.s~~ hs,s far
surpassccl his preva,ous :~itexa~ry accomp~..i.shmEn?~s, 'Ch~.s is na?L on~.y
a paa,^~i.cl~.~.ax~,y ~;h~~~,:l;l~n~ ?~a~.e, bud; ~. cornprehen;~%ve sc.i.er~?~~,~'~.c ~roxk
d.eaJ..i.n~ with the who~.e field of wha~.in~. Anyone who ~^e~.ds ?~his book
wi~.J, be e~ce~.~,en?~1.y .~.nformed on s.11 phases of o~.d and modern wha~.in~a
~'ha.s ~a~ca:l.~.c;n?~~,y pxepar~d and be~~u~ifu:l.~.y a.~.lus?~xated book is waxm~,y
x^ecommended ~o a~.~. who a.re ~n~eres?~ed in ses,~'arin~; dnd whs,a:in~~ ~'n
add~.tion C~,p?~ain I~ircheiss in his book shows German. youth I~ow ?~hrou~;h
~thorou~h. kno~r~,ed~e and ab~.~..~.?~y, as ~re7.~,, s.s roura.~e, os,~e~~n~ss, and
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
. caa~ a~ta~l,~ ~~~~ ~~~h ~~~~ wh;~~~a ~~ ~AUn~ ~q~'i11~.n po~a~~~o~ w~~o,
~n~~~Y
, ~, j. ~ ~'o ~~v?nt 1~0 ~~~~ ~ ~~x~,v~ ~ ~o~w~.~~d ~ ~n ~1~ ~ bp~aic
w~, ~a~ a ~'~,~ m w~~~ an ~ a
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Gapt~,~.~ h~,~'el~~:~~~
~~ and has eroet~d ~Q~ hl.msa'1~ a ~,ast~n~ ~neanc~x~;l.~
~o~,low Chx~,a`~,~s,na.
~~ ~ ~ ;smar~ Geo~,o~~~.e ~,~~ ~~xd~~~scl~~? (C~oola~a~', the
~,s'~ox off' ~~he earth) ~ pub~.a,sh.~d by Cuxt ~~. aohwab~ S~tutt~art,
~I y
~~~ ~ ~ rune ~. '~h~.s :~,~.t~L~a ~~oak iN ne~t~~e~~ ?~n oxtxo~r~e7.y
(C~,., ~,~.b~ axy) ~ro1.
a :l~ rl~t opu~.ar~.~aat,.an off' ~~ aca.eni;~~.~;'~c sub ject?
city ~,~,~~~bool~~ nog ?~ p
1:nst@ad the au~l;hor ~r,o.l~~t~s a rtud~~a .e raad? 1~Ie wr.~tQS wa.~~h great versaw
a.:l.~.~l~ and a.,~ very tharc~u~l~ a.n devel.opin~; h]a casE. :~r~ '~1'l~s ~aa~,
~ Y~
he inalces the pxobl.ems off" ~reolo~ aee~n rEa:l ~~o ~Lhe readE~~?
lfraatz
,~kss7. St,rehlc~ and Joa^~;en F~aest,rup, Van ~rr~d ba;v~,1~~~tirc~.
G sen~,and 'Lo Sp~.tsl:~er~;en). 1'ub1.~.shed by ~'~emad~ ~~apenha,~;en,
('from r
. 0 cxawns ~~~3 `pa~esa ~n th~.s volume ~~he posa.~a.an
19 ~~7 ? ~r~.ce, 2, ~ ~
5 itsber . en ati~e poa,ntecl nut, ~~o~;eth.~r wa.th ~h~
of Greenland an p ~
?. ,r,.. ~~hat Id~orth Amrr~.ca al~ows a.n Gz~cenlta.aad, s,nd tr~~~t Sow
great ~.nLorc,a L
r' e~ ~,ussla shawl in 5pa.tsber~;en. The d.eecri.p~r,.an off' journeys ~.n
~~ ~
the arct~,c wa~~ers wh:i.ch sur~~ouncl Greer~.land is a.ntere~~ta.n~~, ~.
~' ~1'hi,s :l.a.ttl.c book .,~ reco~unended `L'a anyone wha '~n.shes a ba.t
bx~.e~'?
af' ~.n:~'o~'m~lt~?an an the h~.stary o:~ Green:J.anc~ and Sp~.~~sbez^~~en? . ,
Chr~.st~ any.
~~
'ell Geo h~yrsi.k (CTeaphYsica), ~eide:l.bez~~, w~.n~e~^, ~.9~~~G.
J. ~3ar~L , ...~..~'..,~.......... ~~
d.EVai~ecl. 'L'0 ~eaM
~J,'l~.s ~ral'ume, one off: a collection a~ te,y~~,baoks, is ~
~' ~ d ran~~aina ~On pa~fes w~..th ? ~.llus~l;rs,~~.onsp ~~he or~;a-~
physa.cs, an
he book ~.s apparently based on ?~p~tbaok farmat~ s~.nc?
n.~.za.t~.on o~ ~
' ~,,~; half' a~ the baok ~.s .the Field ..presented systemaw
anly ~n the ~'a.
' ~ socond ha~.~' presents s~ram~l.es ~'r~~m ~eapl~ysical
t:>+c ally, wh~.le the
~~ ~.n~~ contains stud' aids ~ detailed b~.blia~~'aphy ~cs
resewch, c
Declassified
n Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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xad~a.~~.ons shoti C ~ La,cc-~namc
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= ilexes conc7.udo ~hc books
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~.~n ~,hc mo ~`~ ~~ni11.~n~ min s
:Ea.~h~ fax' ~~~e s ca11-
. e1.en~LeSS surxaun~n~
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and ~;hn c y ~I~o
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ac~mx.xa`~~on.
fox oux c~n,a~~~,n~ rxou~ o:~ people r
his c,dven~uxe ~,n,~,h such a ~
be ab1.e ~o s~~~xe `~ ~ ~~,~,~~,~.
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
F~ ~ ~J ~ ~lk~~,m~, G~~~,t4~?r ~ c~~ ~ ~~ c~ ~~~ tl~~ Nth ~~~~~M~~ c
C~~~ ~AQ~~'~ph~.c acae~.~~~ r~~c~4~~Ch ~~~~v~cea ~a ~,~~~~~ '~hi~ ~~aaak ~e~M
~~~~o~ ~s~.~c~.e~^ ~?~~~,~+~~ wl~eh w~`~ une~~r'~~:~arr ~.n f'~.yc~ ~+?~~nr~~ ?~~~c~u~l?r..
caul ~~~krc 1~Io~~h A`~1~z~~;:~r? ~'hce~c; re~:f.or~~ ~wt~;>~e ac~~~,~a~err, ~~n~k ncarth~~rn
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ao~rapkli.r; dc;scx~a:pta.on o;;f' ~~k1~~ x~e~,:Cax~r he~n~~ ~.nvav~a.~;~a~i~eck ~~ c~rnpal~a~
~L~,Ve ~a^c~cnl;r~~~~:Cor~ off' 1~}~~ can~~.?r~a,c~na off' a~,c~unu~.~>.~,a.an we~~ 1~r~dox~~Lh~n
w~~,~Gl~ ~~~r~~~ura kati^a~',~.~.c~ ,~~~ai~ ~hc; ~C~~~ch~~ 1':L~~l?,~;au 1.n ~p,a,~~~t~~?~~;cn end
"rain ~~he V~~~tnGt~o~~,~~.~. ,~n J:~;el~.nd, 'x'ht~n ~~I~e ;hxoc~;ss off' rnel~ta.n~~ :i.s
con?~rr~~s~iJer.~ wa.~}1 accumu~.~,?~a.an, ~no~r bnunc~~,a^~.La 6~ncl ~;:lac~.~~l,.~an ~~aund~
ar~i.e ~ axL ~k,hc~n c~~n~i.c~cx~ed in ?~he:~.t^ r~;7.a~~.on ~;o atunrar~^ ~~~r~p~:i^af~urc
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?~17e exa.~,~~~~ri?~ ?~ypcs off' ~;~.ac.~:rs accard~.n~ ?~o may^phaJ.a~~,ral, ~~rn~rma.c,
~~nd ~Tea~ahysica:l. c:Laoa~?C'~.c:~~i.onsy b~tised on Li~~:'a.rm~~~,i.an rc~nce:rna.n~;
?~he al~~e.rved :r~~~~~;;~ off' :E'~.a~~r~ r~'he au~~l~.o,r c:~ascs wa.~~kl a camaa.~,r!.~;.an
a:~:' da~~~ on ~hc ~^o?~x~aa~ oi' ?~ho ~;:lar,ie~.^~~ a.n ~~hc pa~~~ decca.c~~;~; he can
~~.r~o~^;~ ~l~lo p:rola~l~:lo cause off' ~l~:~a ~~a he ~~o ron~reyance o:~ he~~,~ 1~~
means a~' n~orciz~~tenyive sou~,1,1 ~~r~?i.nds ~h~.^~u~;h 'the ~.tmospkLex~c; off' ?~he
~1a~^?~h At1.an~ic
~X~,n,~ S?~.i.:L:l.c:, u~.e jun{ya~.~;or~~~.sclle 1~e~enEara~~ion .rn I~aume Ame~
........~....~ ..........:..~....y.......,.....w..~...,.............~.~................,....,....,,..~?.....,...................,... ~.........
ri~ (~'he ~~~e A:l.~or~ci an ke~;enera~;ion ~.n Amer?a.ca.7, Academy dress,
:8er~.~.n ~1~~~, 39 pales, ~.2 i~.lua~~ra~~.ozas, p~~ice ~.2~ ~7~~e ~'h~.s wog^~
presen~~s ~~he resul?~s off' ~;ea~~c~on7.c wc~~^k clea~~.n~ wi?~h the brans ~-
t?~7,on .~r~~m anc:~~~~~ ~~o mo~~e modern ~;ea~.d~.c ~~~.m~s~ ~,hd ~hu~ with `the
~.~.~nr~~.~.an ~e~ro~.~~~.ano
Chr~.s~~.~,ni
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
t ~n ~'~.'c~~ ~~~n~~,~~~h c~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~a,n~~~r~~~ ~~~~~ NQr~~~~,~~
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? ~ ,~ ~~ d ~or~uz~e Rto coin a,~~'~o can~ia,:~a~t w..'1;11 1!rslc;l.rnas wha
a~ w~' af' a,~f~~ wa.~hau?~ ~1a~,1'a,nz v~.c~~~.~n ~Lo ~'axea.~rn
h~~,d pursuoc~ th~.a.r awn Y
cul~~ures~ Numerous ~re;l.l~reproclucc~l pha~e~ra';?~1s show us ~~l~e morc
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'tra.xls].a~~.o7~. o:C ~Y~is boalc wo~~ld bc, ~welcam~;d~
Chr~. s~k,if~a1~.
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7.at:~o
~' :f the Aecrenbc,~^?~ an ~;1~>.a~; island, as a .resul:i; of which cer.~a9.n
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c e been included i n ~,hca we;a~ther repax^~s w1la.ch h;.~~~re bEen
e~ rora he.v
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,~~.n~
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^ areaa~ This face is impar?~ant because~i.,'r~ c~.n lie abserve;d
pr c; s sure
nowhere else in such a c~.ear~cu~ form.
Chris~ian~.
...M......~ .r.~.........-.-~-
~'he Narthwes~ ~'er~?~.tories, Adan~,n~.Si~ra.~ian ~w esaurces ?~~
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' ed b the ~1or~hwest '~err~.~ori~:s and Vulcan ~er~rices
Develapme rx L ~ ~. s su J
...ands and De~re~~men~ Ser~a.ces Branch, ~epar'iJmen~~ of Mines and
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
_ _ .. __
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
}~~ ~a~~ ~a a ~ p~~awa., ~a~~~d~ a ~.~ ~~ a ~? Pa ~aa ~ ~ '.l'1~~~~ ~ma~,~ v~o~,tiune cc~r~~
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p~,x~;~1c~~,~ be~wpen ~}~Q 'Y'~,t~~an and Ilud~on ~a~r~ ~vax~r~}~~,n~r, o~ a,m~ax?~anco
i;o ~a~o~r~.aslls:r~s, l~Ia1.1.c (?. J ~ 1'~~ ~~~;~,e;,~, ~~r~i,c,,E~
~~~ ~C U~1, ',L'hc way^Ic ttU~~~>,nr~~; i ~~Laa~t;c,n~~ a~' ~~~a ll~Lna.s~h, ~u~;lior h~~s
W .,Y. ,...rMN..M..Y..Myww~..Y~.N IYxYM
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~~ma~~l~ ~aal~s an ~~t~1:1.5 crr~~~~.~~ar~~nl~~n~~~
Schwn~~.,l~n W., ~;rc~rna~ne~~.;;cl~a Anarartia.~.c;n in Lu~~a~s. uncl, ~.hra
....,_.......,...r.,.-- - - - ....~..._._.. .________
~.~e~ .ahun~;en zu dan ~coa.aa;isul~~en Va~~hs.:~~r,ni5ssn (Anams.~.ias oa '~'crres~
....._,.~...~.._...,.~...~....__ - ...Y...~..._..,._.y..w..~.~...~...
~i~:l. Ma~;ntyi;:~sm a.n ~urapa end ~;laeix' l~F:~.~~~.~~ns~~~~.p ~a Gao~.a~~.c~~,~. Cants
da.t~.or~s), Al]:h~,~ld:lun:;en dc;s Geaphysikc~~.i,sa)~cn ~;x~st,i~~u~,s, ~'ai,sdartr?
Na, ~.~.; A~cs.rlemie Pul.~7.is)~rc~~,,, l3arl.in ~.9~.g, ~n ~~n~,s work. ~)~~ aut;har
m~~]tias ~~~E; va~~y usafu.~. a~t~tamp~~ ~~a ~;ivc ~ un~,~'ied ,end surnrrti7,r.zin~ das~
cr~.~~~~.ar~; o~ thr~ ~.;anar, s.a,~u~'l;rata,ana
~eL1.n
c ~s wr~.tter~ in ~.crl in ~~r~~^l1C~l,a.ve, ac~.~z~~Gi:Ca.r, mann~;rs caz~ ~E x~ccarr~r~a~
c,n ~
ded to al.~. types a.~' rcaader~;.
~1,.~,~,rl~~*rnanr~
~u :cascl?~L~i~' and l~~c~da.~~in ~,n vcu~tscl~. .~-939~~~~?U ~1`a?k~u~^aa.
~!a ~ r ~,.,~..,..,,...._~..w.............,-.-...
.....r.._.V-.
q..1c~1.~,6. W~:s1aaden~
,~ ce 1~G~~~:~~^ch ~,r~d M~da.ca.n~ ~.zr C,EZ~mas~y ~.~3, ~ ~
~c,~.en
?Lh~ :1)iGte~' I~,ti~~:~~.sha.n~; '~Iause 191~~~~~.>L~9, ~'~~:L. ~i,L4~1~~7~
~~3aaks'~a~;~E~ a
VaJ.. lG~' f~~eo~,a~'~Y and ~al.~~entala~~ Va~.m 1~~; 1'I~nc;~~a~.ot~~'
rco~~`a~~h~ a
~~ ~ ., ~ etra~~rra,~h~ ~ 1~~~ J.U, ~ pc,~, v ~;~ume. ~~.tk~ this (;ar.~rnr~n ~~uk~w
Vol.. >~ ~~., ~ ~~ ~ J~
-. ? ' ~' the ~~A~~ l~,evi.ew a.C' G~:rm~~n Sciences the '~~aal~ ,tore o.C'
~..LGU. ~~.aTl, a.L
' ?~ ~ '~u~~~~.shi,n~~ E~~~use hay rencia.~Med a service ~~a Germar: scienw
the ~~.ctEr L
~.? that ~~~nnat be unci.ere at~.~r!ated, xrl ~;he rnos~, canc~.se .C'orra a
t~. ~ ~~
achicvernen~k,s o~ (xerrnan sc~.ea~ce ~etwecn ~.93~
survey a~ the work and
,r. ~~~'he rnoSt im ortant spcc~.al'izecl sc~.ent~.x'ic; :l~.ter~.,
and 'J.9~.6 a.s ~~~.ven? ~ ~
., . ~ ~' nr th~.a ~~E~ri.ad is ~.i~~ted and ident~.~ied
atua~c: tha~~ al~pc~~red dui ~. ~
r~ I. .. ~ ~.~ 'n a, m,ano~r'~'.~~h about cap^ta~raphy' and pho~
G~,V ~.iaxrd~.rrr; to Gan U~id~~ ~
f',
j ~ ~ ~ ~.n~~'ter~~a~.d, V'r~~.ume ~.~. presents dc~~La an the Gerw
~~~raz?arne~r~' by ~~o ~'
~; ~ ~ ~ a.n add~.t~.an to re~7r~rts an
.u;; anon ~.ntarc?~~.c }.,x~~ed:i.'~~. nn rah ~1.9 ~8~ ~9 ~
1~
`` ~ r ' ~? ~ ~ .imatal.o~~ ~.s?~ar;~r a~' c~.irnclte s,nr1 ve~;etat~.:;n
~~,d c~.~.rrtato~l.a~~~ ma.c,~ act
,~ ,
,,~
~~~~ ~ ~? ~ tern, er~.ad, ~;eomarpho~,a~y and ~~.ac~.a~.o~'? J:n the
~~ ~.n the qu~,r rY ~
~,~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4 ~ "` {~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
card ~x~?~ Qi' ~~h? ~sagrapY~~ ?uhex~e ~,~~ amc~r~g o~l~ar tl~~a~~5~ an e~s~y
~p ~
. , d r~ax'~k~c~r~ ~s~a aria ~ rQ~aar~~ abc~u~ '~1~.~ pca~a~
~,l~pu'~ ~loxtk~ ~ana~~ci~~ are
~: ~ - r E;x wY~~.a the ;~a1,a,o~ra,ng vo~w~~ caniaxns ~a~ c~~~ Q~
~~;gr~ ,,ns by ~~ ~a~ ,
~~ , cad nQa~~~Y~e~~~~ ~ur~o~e and nax~~~lawesi~ex~r~ Ru~s~,a~~
the ~ubarc ~:1.~ ~eg~ .n~
~, ~ ~,~.~ ?aa~.o . a,Ga~ r~,aearch ~n ,~.~a~,ne xeg`~.an~ dpa~.'L w;f,tl~ ~n Vo.
the g~ac~ ~~, ~
~, ~ , ~,~,ac~hel~ Ica a~' ~~~~.~ va:l.uca ~d~ con~ps,rat~~.ve s'Lud~.~.s
~.urr~e L~ r b~ F ~ ~Iac.~iC ,
~n '~l~e va~.~rne an ;;ea~.o~;y ar~,d ~a~~~.aenta~.o~ry' ~~he~~e
"j,Y'1 ~a~,a7^ r'~a~~1xC~J ~ ,
~~~?? ~' ~~,'G~;x~~~;ur~e atl c?i;i.luva.a:l. t~CO~.a~;~r and x^sc~n~~ deep sca seda.~-
~,~ a 1.a.,~ 1, a
?e 1:n the va~,~rn~e on ii?.nc~.z~s.~.ac~~'" new a.r~~~~es~Ga.ga'~~.ve i?n~,~t~hods ~~ave-
merlt,
.. ;, ' n ~~ceert'~yea~^s axe sk:~eca~ ;l;'icd~~:1J.y de~~cx~a.~aed ~~s axe chrys~La~.~.o~
J.o~~Gd a.
~~ ~ ~'t'~~.r; e,nd .;eachem].ca~ ware ~ Vo~.umes St~M~'1. c;ont~. n ~~he; mc7s~ i^e-
~yz a~
?~ u' ~L'a aY1C~ e,rs~,uat~.arls o' s~a~;c~.a~. X~e~~ot,;ra~jhy; the m:~>.~crial
c,En~~es.~
ar~cl ~ur:`Gler .i.n eG?~s~cez~z~, ~?r~ceY~l.anc~ ~is ~rca~~~ed ~.n
ua'~r~ex ed b~' ~e~:~anrr
? ' , , . ~ ~ ~.lso cal.lcc;?Ged re?~a~^'cs rc,gard,i.ng -new ~Lest~.n~;
deta~.l. ~ hc,r e ar e
- ~ ~he sca,ence o:C dc~~os~.'ts, ,~.. xt may be s'ta~ed
and warkin.g methods and ~
~~~ ~ ~ ~ at vo:l.~~ne ltl~-~~. oJ:' the seTie~ ~~,~ural. Sc~.c~nce
vy way a,r,. ,,larru~lrJ'~ th
.,~ ., ' Ge.l;~an~~n ~.;~39~~.~l.~b rep~~c,;cnt an i.ndis~~caisiM
,~eseax~~r;h s,tul Mec~~.~s.zyc a.n Y
? ~ f'- ~en.ce ~~rorl,~: ~'or ~~ala~' e~~pl,or~ers ~.nc'J~ ~'ra~~ c;ve~~y sraa.entist
ab~.e r e_ e.c
cancexned ~u~th ~~eor~r~,~l~~.c rind ea~.ogir~z~.~ s llas I~e~.sse~~Lan~ andschs,:t'~en c~cx ~~~d~
r'' ' ~Le Cc-~t~'~'? ~,,.~.ndsGapes oi' thn pa~.ar ~,ega.ans) ~ ~0:~:1.er;M
po1.r--, (].he Why
~ .sent' ~a~:ries U, Val. 5~ ~~abla.s~lerw~ t~~o~k ur~.d i~iss~;n~~
tan t Vo1.k un W~.s ,
...
. ~ ~ r ~, ~, 1~.G pages, DM (J ~ b0 ti '~h~..s ~.~.t't~. e vaJ.tiune can-
ce~.~.en'~ short in~;raduc;t~.an to the ~opag~^a~ahy, c:l.a.rn~,~p~.og',y
ta~.ns an exM
~' the o~.ar reg~.ons~ The ~.nda.v~.du~,~. sect~,ons are
and ~,ce scn.enc,~ o p
e~~c~i~ t~.ons From travel. re~ar~t~~ off' ~'arnous pc~~.~r
supp~.~mcn~ed by d p
e~pl.a~ers
r~'i~d.emann
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~~~,~~m~sche ~~~~a~,~~~n ~~~'i`/~~~ (5~~~r~.c ~~~e~~ ~.~~-`~~1~ 7 ~ ~~d~zn~~
.~~.,.~.
~u~~1,~~he~~a .[ae~],~,r~ ~Q~~~ ~~~ ~a~~o~~ ~~'~,~~ ~,~o ~~ ll~ ~evo~'~~, w~~,~,~
kz?>,~~~~~~,n~ m~;ra~.;y~ ~o ~pec;i,~,~,i~~: , ~ ~ux~vsy
i~ ~;~.v~en n;G' ~~.~ h~4~nc~he~ o~~ se~,~~~~oaroY ,~,n ~ra~a.~La,~az~ ~to ec~r~,~u~'uc~~,~,on
c~u~~c~~'G~,oraN ~'o;r' hu~.~.d,l,~~;~ :l.oc~a~i~ud ian r'o~~.ur~~ unc~c~r ~;l?~re~.~~ off' ~,ar~1~iM
~,~
~ualce;o ~ ~l'hc~ ac;coun~ off' ?l,~ de;; truc`tic9n ofi' ~l~e `two Grc~ek c9.~xc~~
0;1' 1~e:1.i1~E; rti~?~d 1`~u~c~c, ~,n J~C ''(:~ ~,a very ~,n~l~~:x~~.~~a.n~a ~r~c~ ~~t~rn~.r,J.~~~,n,~
~'ox`~ ~z'cl`1aGO~,o~;a.s`t, '~'~~.is l~c~ok i.~ wax"~r~.y x'eoc~m~nended ~a ovexy one
i,~~~~e,~'es~~e~a ire seisrl~ic m~;a,~uremc;T~~~ ar~d o~tliez' sca.srr~~.c ~,n~~~es`~i~aa ~ia~~s,
Clnx' ~,~~iar~ti
>:~>,icl~~~~rci, l~~ ~ie,z:l.oc;k arl~ ~'~~~u~.inc A, Sr?.;e~.y; F~i~~~.;i.a~r~,phy off'
~~.~~ac~; 1~~~~me Z:tiLe~~.~~ux'e Un^~Gd 5tia~tea, Cs,irada~ ~:l,.aslti~ti ,`~x~at~ Ncwl'ound~
~.~~ncle Cha.ca~,a; Am~r'icr.r~l I,ibr'ax'~ .~ssor~a.ation ~~~.u, 332 pa;~;es
(:l.in~n) la do~.:l.a~~~, and ~'i~''~y c;en~L' S ~ 'J:'he Amv~ric;~~n LiU,x'a,r'~r 1l~sacia~
~~~.ori has pu~~.i~~h~d a val.tamE;, compiJ.E:c~ by di1l^~;en~t wo rl~~ ~ w1~a.ch conM
~a~.ns an inc~.usa,ve Libl~.o~~r~~~.~ln:i.c enwnc,c'a~ic~n o~ ~i;he ~.i~~ei~'~~.~ure nn
the ~eorai:;l~~a.cc~~. names o.~: i~he Nox'~~~, .~rie;ric,r,r>, con~ir~~ent~ ~;n ~th~; biM
b~.io~raphy, which is carried up ~n ~t~~~ present, ~,hc ~,^`t,ex~~a,~l;ure of
the ~.ac~t cen~ux~y i5 a1.so covered ,~pproxirna~te~,y 2,~OU ti~~.cs off'
l~ool~s a~~,cl. rLr~ic~.es a.r'e ~,rrarL~ed acc~ordi.r~~, ~to ~ea~~'aphic re~;io:~.s c~nd
~'or ~hc most part, are supplied ~ri.~th a carl~nen~t~~r~t~ .~~n a~.~L11ox' and
to ica1. index ~:aciJ.itd~e~~ use o,~' thr; ~rarlt~ 1+~.~a~~w.x~i"~.w ~ most val.uab~.e
p
t'ox scien~i~'ic work ~x'e col].ec;c,ed hr,re ,n7.lti:i.ra~; ~th~ book' a u,~e:ir'ul
re~'erence work
'1'^edemann
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
~, ~~~ I~a,~~~o~~' cad,' '~'ar~~~~tar:l,aJ, W~'t?~~~;
ry . ~ a, 'w~~ox,~ J~~~I~~) ~ Ai~~r~,rr~~11.`~~ s;~c;n d~;~' c~c~u~t~a ~~
H~~'c~ar3 l~?lv~~ ~,nc1. ~~a~~~ t~ ,
, ? ~ ~, , ~ '~t~n ~u ;,aa~~~.a,rl, ~kkr-~c~~rr~~.~ ~'u~a~,~,~1~~~'~ l~?rJ?~.n,
~l~c~cl~rn~,c; c;;cx W~~~on~~~h~~
~, '1'ho ~u'tho~~ x~o~ao~~~ 1'x~~ ol~J,i~~~,.a~1 ,~~.c;li h~
:Lg~~~; ~M ~, 3~a ~~ ~a~~.f~~oa,
~~~ Q Cau:G''t a,n ~L~a.p~~.~ ~l,ura ,rid J,~2~w2~
pr~asen~ted be~'oz~e 'tho ~;e~~raan ~upx m
c;r~n'~~^ovo~~s~' `I~e~weoaz ~~l~~o ~~r?~.t~ 1'au'~,aGC;lc arrd
~.a?l 'tYi~: cour~~c off' ~,he J?Q~aJ.
,, ~. ~ a .~.~' the pl~ob~.em hex~~ ~.5 ~tha~ o,l' t~EM
'the ~,~,nd, Mec;ltJ,.cn1~u~'~~, ~~~,en'L~. a J a
~Y ~' ~'vc,r~ ;a~~xc~rn) ra11~c1'1 a.n normal. L1S~i~~ a~~p],ies
:~':in,ri~; 'the ca7~c~epL o~ za. (,,,,~....~
.,. , , ~, prl ~1rhe ~IJs~~,.5 a~' 1~11Ea a.x7clus~,'r'iaua ~?~cl
,. , , ~~ ~ i~ cacrl.d be clc~errn~.nec~, howevc~~~, 'tha't
ex~xc~ re a Gcs,X'C17 0 ~. thc. ~xu'tl Paz
cs ~th: ~~ ~.Ld~ oi;' ~ l~drbor ~towrl a.o a:l.sa
sa.rGce ?Lhe e4.~r.1~.e ~'t M:lddJ.c: A. F~. o
vG;r ~ i~x~oni) ~ Un '~}~rr bay a.~ z ca~o~~
d~s~.~;rra'ted b;1' 't,l~~ wo.~c~ r~. J (~,_....~ , , .,
, ,~~ ~,~ c~e:c~cl.ed ~ n ~,ubeckt s ~C'avax~, wfi~.:le Mock
tirl~~ 'thc tio~al con~~over~,l w
, ~ ~ ~' ~~ rn :~a,sh~.n~; ope~'a't~. ~zl~ a,n 'the x~eian
;l.en'r~ur~; was arclered ?to d~,s;~~t .loo -
off' 'the ~.~ubecl~ riven (~'t~am) ~ ?
Chra.s~1,~.~,na.
cn~ ~;en ~? ~~~u
' ~ ? ~~ iJ, Krxu'th ~ :Cx'~.d t j ?...Y...~ ~.~ '~~~ l~r~~uc~ hasrn~t S e
and Knud ha~raua ~ exta a ;:~ aru~.J.y ~~ ~u~'') ~
(}~'r~.d~ja~' Hansen
.{~ ~ ~-~' ` rlu~h undex~talties a de~~,~. J.ed ~ nvesl~~,f~'a?t~.an
~n ~~he pre s ~n~, work, ~,7 ~,~..L K
~~ oJ.ar ex~ :l.oz~er~~r. Unc; J.~~rn~ ~'r~om the ex~
aJ' .'the e,rices'tors o:~ bo`t~7 p p
y ~?' n~' work ~tha't bo'Lh expJ.oxcrs hs.cl a ~o~.n~
cel.lerrt s,nd h~.~l~.y ~.n'l,erc,~?t~..~
eJ.mLt den who J.a.~ved ~.n I3e~'~en ~'r~om J.6~0
anc;ec~tox~ '~'h~.s ~.s Mr. C~x~ Cxe Y
ws.s off' ~~~e~hc~rJ.s,nd e~c~trc~c~ion~ Much C~ex~marr
~to 1~U1. who unc~oub`tedJ.y ed
'te:r~ed amori~; 'the anccs'torso ~?t ~,s ~to i.~e hap
bJ.aod ~.s aJ.so encoun
,. C,. ~ -ed exc~J.:l.~:n~ book wiJ.J. be 't~r'~.~.rrs~.a'ted ~.n.ta
'Cha't ~th~.S ra.ch.~~' ~.~.J.u~ trc~,1~
C~errns.a~.
~,~lr~. S't j,ct,n~..
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
H~~.~x~~l~ ~~?~el~~~~; ~ el~r~ee~~u~~~~ ~'~,n~ ~l,
vQn ~ex~ ~~,sm~aexi,u~`~e ~up~ M? ~;.'~~,~~~~'d, ~ ~oy~ ~ '1~~~~,e c~~' ~1~Q ~~j~~~.~
(;oa~~~~, I:~~~~.on l~ub:l,~~hc~x~~, ~u~o~~d~~3;1' ~QI~(~, 1~M ,~~~~0~ Tn ;~,uen~~
~Px~i, ~~nf;~ ~~~~d ~~'ue~fi~o~:l,~,~'s a.eYr~~~i~~p ~e~~;'~~^ar~ ~~ncl ~~~~.ri~o~ ~~'q de~~
~~ ~,
~,~:r,'~,~~at3~~ ~'he de~u~~.'1,~ r~~' ~'a~,~~.~~'e ~n ~aa~~~~.c~il~r, x mike the v~~,ur~c~
va~.ua~i~,e ~e~d:lnr~ ~'px yaun~; ~~?~ala~ '~.~hc ,~y~e ~~nd ~.:~.1.u~~x'~~~~.Qn~
axe pz~~~c;1~ , c;~~~, and ~a~a?~e~u:l.
S~~a~,n~a.
Jon Svr,r.~s~on; ~w~.~c~,l~;en ~~'~s and l~'euer'. 'l~aa,~~ ka.~~L durcl~r ):~~land~
p... w.. w....~.M.M.M~.I.M1~.IriM.~li4.1~M.~ON.YMI.. .~.~My~~w.Mr~~....M.1.M..~.rw~.w..~.w~
(13c:~wer~n ice ;and 1~a,~:'~;~ '1'hxou~;h, xoe:l,~,ncl on I?lor~e~-aa,ck~, I~1c;r~dEx'
~u~,~.a.ehc;ra, 1+'~rea.k;u~~ .l.~l.a,~, 1)T~ cap -, ~'h~.s vo:~ur~~e cau:?~;li~t ~~o lae ~,n evel~~'
bay' ~ ).a,bx'az'y, Gancl rl~~cny ~~ iLc;~.ch~~i' wa.:l.). wan' ~to r'c~~~d ~l:l.c~ucl ~'ro~~. ~ ~
:t.zl o~~dcr 'Lo enxz.cl~ arid. en1 .ven ha.~ '~.nst~rur~i.on, ':l'l~.e ~Lzl~i,ve:i, .r.'epor'~
i~ ~~~.a.~~enecl uy quc:s~~~.ons c~nc~ e,ns~~cr'~, w~e:I.:l eula~J.~a.c~d w~.?~h b:l.~,c~wM
~~nd~wn ~~,e ~ic;~Luz'~;~, encl. ~r.r'a.t~cen ~.r~ mos~~ ~.i.vely ~'a;~hion, Who?~h~;r~ young
ox' a).d 'you w~J.J. a:l~ray~ ~~:l~~cl:l.y r'ecacl t',h?i~ book-
S~in~~.
Jon Sw~on ~~an~ Sonnenl;,~~ e~, Non~c~ci~ Ju~~er>,~1.er:l..c'k~na.~sc ~u~ Zs
),~tind (Days o:f.' Sun Sh~.n~, 1~~,~r~ni' e }~oyr~~nod I~~~pr,:r~'ienceS i.n S'r,elr;,71d, )
1?lerder I~.tila:l.~.shers, ~~~~c;:~bur~ ~.91.a~- '1'hes~ co:Ll.ec~ed s~t~,o~'~.es saz'e zYewrn~
mender./ so F'ax~~ as ~inc~; ~'~'s'~ C~~:~~''~ ~.s concc:r'ned, ainr~e they ~~re wc~.:L
~,clal.~ted 'to a ch~ldt s rncn~~a:l.i~y. 13u~,, s~Lar~~,n~ can .laa~ae ).23, ?~he
cha~~~ers 'r~u~.ce wa.th ~.ralax'r~l~~~.b:l.e adven~ur'es, provaltr; ~, rnan~.e. ~~o be e,
Su~e~~ man and demor~s~r'cc~~c laa~~~ c17.~.).~l~~~en's bao~s e:~~ou:l.d nod be wr~.~~Len,
~~~~e,r11C l~lur).ey; "~h~,c;lc~,c~~;ant s J~~~,onau~Ls~ A Sd~e oJ:' ~~he l~n~~a~cw
~~.c ~,~~e~l~ack,u ~~n~~us anal l~abex~~tsori, Syd.rlcy, London ~.91.~~, ~L~~ pa~;es~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-00039800020017001
7-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
r~'lz~ pr"~~~r~?G v~~un~c~ ~~r~~~~~M ~h~ ~u~uA~.~~ ?~G~?~~,~~~~ wr~~~an ~~?z~
off' ~~~~~1~~,~~ant ~ a~~~~.i~~.on~ I~~,s ~rx~~~~ ~.c~~c~~r~h;i,p c~~~~,~,~~~~s, ~h~
u~l~~~c~r~~ cou~~{~;a ?i' ~I.~. trio uari~~.c~.~~r~.r~~~ o' ,~~~ e~parl~.~. ?r~ c1 ~~a
~'~~,~~ ~~~~ cap;' ~~c~mp:~.~~ry ~'~~,:1,pYr~h~,p ~vc~~r~~;~ma ~~hc~ t~zh~~,r~dMa~:' d~~;t;~~9
off` ~ha wa,~.r~ x~~~r~ox~s~~,a~~ ~1n~~~~^c~~~.~ ~ '~'h~ ~~u~h~r~, ~ar~~ ~toQl~ ~ar~x~~t ~n
~~i~ ~,~p~da.~a, an as ~~ lal~ica~,~~.~.,a,~~~~hcr~, a.y ,~,ra ~x~~:~:l.~r~'la ~i~"~cr~v~cx~ o~~' x1a~Lure'
min ~lc~ ana,rn~~,s~ '~'h~~~ ~.~ uric; Qa' ~~~ea maa~L a.x~~tr~~~~~,n~ ~;val~~ ?~~: ~1~~
p~aJ..~~,r~ x~~~;~.~ar,s '~h~~~; ~ h~v~ ~~~~~c~l~
f~le:L71~u~ ~'c~l~r~s
T~~,c~hrx~~d ~L~ k~yx~~d; T:l.ic~~cr~s~;~d?4 ern Su~~po1,. ~'r~~.~hn~.ss~~ ~~~~,~h~r~~~~ld
n~~~.r~~r~ 2. 1;:~t~~~d,i~~:i.un Burn scachs~L~n ~r~cl~~~a.l, (fin .~la.rp:l,~.ne "a'own ozti
_,._............................~..........,.._.,....._....._....,..,.r........., __....._..........~,
~l~h~ ~ou~~h l~o~.c, `~;xl~~~x~a.~ncc~, o' n>.ncl ~h ~a.c~~ o ~' ~
.~ ~~ ~ Nu~~or ~a '~h~ nay'
p'~~~na '~r~.~ Y
f 'k~ooN;. on '.fir ~~.~nd.
us~ian off' ~h~.S ch~'rm~.~n~ ~~,~, ~~u~;l.e~
oanc,~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
d Renaud: ~e~ G~ac~sx~ (Tha ~lac~l~ex~) ~di~:~or~s du G~x~~w
An xe
ha~~e~ ~g~~ a? P&gee~ ,~~ i1~~~~'~xa~io~le ~ Tae
;~on~ Publ~.~he~'~, i~ouc ~
~,a1,ex hoto~;xa~ahs a7~or~e g~.ve hie ~~ Pagp boo~,e'~ an
magn~.~~.cen~ gl p
? ~rex the ~ex~ dea~.~.ng w;lth scien~~.:E~.o rQeeaxcla
espoca~a~. value ~ ~lowe ~
.and. use~ul~noa~ o~ g~.ac~.ers ~,s cleax~y and
an ~~e orig~.n f motion
r~.~'ten so ~ha~ ~,t ~.~ a plea~uxe to ~'o11ow ~Y~a
comprehensi.b~.y w ,
tra~.ns o~ ~hou~h~~
~~ elmu~ Jahn a
W~ Je 1~tOOne~r ~r~h~Cuxrsn~, ~,P;~ults~ a~- '~ucson Ma(~n.~?,,
(~bs erva~;o~,193 ~9~? 2 ,
~, I~~nge and S. ~-~ ~iorbus~l; ' Comic Ra results dram ~luan~
June 1938 '~o Deco ~.9~b (keseaxches o.f' the
c a ~ o Ole servatary I eru,.~,.,,.~.,~...
trim. Ma ~nctism, Va:l., IX and Vol. ~ X~:V, V arxd
impartment o.~ '~erres ~
V and 1~2 ages ~'ubliskred in the Publications
3r~~ pages, and p
~~ ne ie Tns'~itu~ion of'Washington No 17~, Washington' U. C~
a~ the t,ar g
l ~ and 198) 'T'hese tyro publications make ava~.~.able ~.ang~per~.o
99
~~ nt resu~.ts, in each case extendi.n~ over an entire sur~spot
m~asureme
cle ;Car two geopYlysa. cal phenomena ~'ar w~~ich in general only
cy ~
s oradic obscrvationa~ series are ava:i,~.able~ The
very shat, p
t~.sr~ pbs~rvatory at Tucson, ,~,ri~ana (US) where the
Ter~~estr.~a~. Magee
- .? urgent obsexvat~.ans were made is s~,tuated at 3~ degreea earth
earth c
11 de roes West longitude, and "j'~4 meters above sea.
l at~.tude ~ 1 g
G h sical C,bservatary of k~uancayo ~.s situatad ~.n
level.. The eap ~'
' ' es at 12 de tees south lat~.tude' 75 degrees west
~~he peruv~,an And g
0 meters abaVe st~a~-level ~ each va~.ume con~a~.ns
~.ang~.tude~ and 3,3~
a detaJ.led set a~' tables which give hourly abserva~
predarn~.nantl;y
? ~~nd mc~nthl means amnn~ other th~,n~s ` rt'h~ numerous
t~.ons ~ da~.ly y
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
tabs. ?~ ~o~ a valuab~.e basic mmt~~1~. fi or appropr~.ate g~?phys~,ca~
inv~s~~.lgat~.ons. A shox~ int~oduc~ory to~ct w~.th exp~ana~~ox~y i~,~,us~
tra~ic~ns pxeoedes a~1. obsexvs~~Lional materia~.~ but a d~.seus~~.on of
the resulta from ea~th~cuxxent measur~m~ants is given o~~.y ira ~'o~.~
urae TX. Volume ~f.V contains the combined values as a supplement
~~ dail~,y, month~.y and yeaxly mans .w off' si~~u,~.taneous measuxcments
of cosmic radiation from 4c~~ober ~q3~ to lleeeraber lgl~b at the
Terrestrial. Niagnet~.s~n (?bservatbry at l~odhavn (ar.,~aroximatel~y 6q dew
~;reea north, ~3?~ degrees weat) in Greenland.
Macl~t
l~. k3ock., k'. ~urmeiste.~ and ~'. ~x~^u1~~,~: Ma~~.sche~ Red chi
~v~asung x.93 a. Ted ~ (Tabe:l].en) (1~lagnetic Survey af' the
Reich 1q3~. 0, Fart ~! 'fables) Abadlgn. Gsophysikal, inst. Potsdam,
Na ~ (l~N A pamphlet, ~3 pages. P~~ice 6.00 Ul~~ Publishexs Akademie
Verlag, Perlin 1q~8) r1.'~~e complete xesults of the terrestrial magw
netisni survey off' the German Reich of the years 193~~~35 are pres-
ented in a uniform manner, with tY~e help off' the German ~tesearch
Counc~.l. 'the survey is ~~~~ased on extremely carefully made meas?~
urements of the deel.in~tion, horizontal intensity and inc:~inatian
by the authax and N. ~~~ich at ~~2 stations. ~'allow7.,ng an a.ntmM
ductory text (pages 3~8} the fc~llawing .terns are given in five
detailed tables; the position a~" the stat3,ong the~.x magnet~.c ele-
merit s (including the derived intensity magnitudes X, Y. ~ and '~) x
the stat~,on values of the normal field 1g3~.0? the deviations from
the normal. field (~-r~l.ues and. vectcxs af' the perturbations} as well
as the mean va~.ues ~'nr 18~ groups a~' ~ sta~~.ons each e The farmu~.~,s
~'or the normal. field ~.q3~r 0 (series devela~men~ In terms of geQ-
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
o end ~,nclud~,n~ tvxtn~ o~ the
titudv and '~an~~,`~ude up '~
~xaph~.ca~. ~a ch e~.emont~ are even vn
separately coanputad fox as
.second o:^dc~') ~ ust be ~~,v~n thv au~
xt~ Thar~k~ end xvc?~~t~.?n m
pale ~ o~ thc~ to
~ the Geophysical lnst~.tute
ec~~.a1~.Y Pro~pssox R? dock o
tha~'~ ~ esp ~,pdu~g(~, under
b~.icat~.on wh~?ch was ~~ ~,as'~ p
o.~ Potsdam~~ fox th~.s pu
c~.usion ~~ ~.~ to be Doped
~~~ic~t c ~,rcums'~ances ~ ~n con
the mast d~ tr.a~. ma~nc~'~~.sm suxv'eY o~
s ava~.~.ab~.e part o;~' the ter~'es
that thy. ~ th a po rt~.an cones
~.~.~, soon be supplemented bJ
the ~e~.cl1 0~' 193 ~ ~ w
~a~ ~p~
~, ~~;
'~f
',~ ~n ,.
tain~.n~ the maps
Macht
~; dte~.~. der kun~t (The Axc~
V~.talls ~antonbur~: Arlct1s r
.. T~ublisher. ' Uiis seldom ~
off' the Futu~^~) ku~ue i~ 13age~. ~
ta.c, Conta.nent cxlexal map ~ G1oth~
~,s w~.th 77 p ~c'~us~es and one ~
3~~ pales, 61~ plat e temperate zone have
~~ ~.'he ~,nhab~.tan'~s o~ th
bound. Pr:~ce ~.~ COQ ~ _~.ke realm at' tt~e
~ the myster~,aus, ~a:~xy l
a~.ways been attradtPd . h and th~.s re~
h Ern h erns. sph ere a ~' the e ar ~ ~
eternal 3.ce an the nor ~ e last two de-
h exemplary he~ism~ ~.n th
g~.azi is the scene o~ muc ntr~nse~.y mavcd to
rth olax re~~.ons ktave so i
cades ~ however, the. no p urVe o:~' the
merest that an over-alb. s Y
,the center o~ general
e ~.ons become absolutely neCess~'
future x.mpo~'tanee at these r ~ nbur
great
re'o~.c~.n~ that V~.ta:l.~s ~,~snte
It ~s thexe~axti causa for ~ fashion,
ary?
and car:~~~.ed ~.t .out in master ~'
~,;~sumed th~.s thankful task tit w~~,~.ch
ok abau~ the Arch-c was the resin
~ e~:ce~.lent~ madcl ba
~.nf orrnat~an ~,n a cJ.ear-cut
autstand~.n~ and compr~hens~.va
~,~,v es al ar
modern ~rab~.ems a~ the north p
d ~,~.vely pxesen'~at~an a~ .the plan
~' one ~.nterested ~n p
~~ar the specl~l~'~ and. anY
ward ~ s~.c~ t a~.l modern palax'
book ~s a trca;~ur~whause abau
reses,rch th~~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
probl~ms~ ~pAC~.a~ thanks must be g~,ver~ th? pub~,ish~.n~ h~ur~~ o.~
August ~a~e~, ~usse~.da~^~~ .has brought out this book at a reasan~
ab~.a price and ~,n an attxac~~:~v~ mr~lceMup. '~ha phatogxaphs axe very
vF~ry ~.mpx4ss:~ve and axe ?Lechn~iaa~,:~y vexy wed.]. repraducad and ~'o~a
a va~.uab~.e addition to the 'tent. 'phis baolc ~,s vary use~u~. as a rn~
~'erence work, since its appendix con?tr~ins extensive nu~neric~l.
material. an geagraphica:l and histaxica~ facts, a bib~.io~;raphy and
a person and sub~ectMmatter index. The reviewer can recommend
11is ~in~'ormata.ve book mast warmly to ~.~. interested
1~uths
Gott~'ra.ed Weiss. 1~s arl~tische~Jahr (7'he Arctic Yeax)~
one W~.nter in Northe~s~~ Gxeenland, x'ublisher, Geaxg Wcs~tex~nanri,
Braunschweig lq~.q, ~;?~ i~ hard to decide who deserves the higher
tribute far this excellent book; the author ~'or his impressive
pres~nta?tian a~' the polar scenery and ~'or the gripping repart9.ng
a~' e~cperiences, or Welter Kubbernuss ~'or ?~~e attractive illus-
trations, or the publisher ~'or the excel~.ent production, ~,et
us thank a:ll of them ~'or tl~~is book. wlrich success~'ul:ly ?rries to
bring closer ?ta us one a~' tl~e harshest a.andscapes on earth. It
is the First complete report on a polar undertaking by the navy
wc;ather sez}vice during World War. ll.
achmelkop~'
Wexler Schaub; We]~ (`'pscb Flight). As~tranomical and
Physical ~+'uz~ddmcntals (A study in ce~.estia7. machana.cs) . Publishers A
~''erdinand l~t~emmler, Bonn lq~.q, q3 pages, Price 6.~~ D~~ paper
bound. Tl~~ well la~awn ~straname~ presents 'a paper which deals
with the eondi?~inns on which possa.ble space ~].~.~h~ m~.ght layer be
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
ba~~d~ ~~axt~~n~ w~~h ~xav~,~~r ar~d ~,~~ eon~uQ~~ ~~ d~a~~ w~~~ pxo~~
~~m~ such ms an ar~h,;1,1'~c, moan wtl~.a~~ have a~.r~;~d~ advar~aGC~ ~.n~o
~ hax~ a~ rt~a~~, ~-~~~,~~n bu'L a~x~~ v~x~r o~`~c~~~ m~~xapxaa~n~ad ~.n '~~ie
~1~~ p
`~kaa ~+~ oxfi~ancc~ o~ ~h~ a~.x anv~l.op~ ~'ox ~~.~a on ~thv cax~h
px~c~s p
xa enetxa~~.on o~ au~c;x space a7.sa axe discua~~d~ A~
and ~ ~u~tu p
'that pa~,nt as~tror~vm~.c;sal, ~'ac~ts name, tc~ the; ~'uxegxatiu~d~ ~'ol~.ow~.ng a
desce~, t~.an off` the. rc~cka~ a~tid, ~.~~~ opera ~~.an~ ~'~~~ text bc~comQs
p
c~~ania~;lc ~,n dea~.iz~~ w~~th ~,he "neutral. po~,ra~;" betwcGn the Aax~th
~u~.~tE,
and ~tkic moon or with ~th,c~ sun as contxol1..n~ body. The d~.~~cusa~.an
rema~.ns strict~.y wi.tha.r>, sca.enti~'ic 1.~.mits~ ~'ax those who er~~oy
f,ormu:i.a~: there ~.s a utmur~axy in ~.he appendi~~? ~~hc, f1,uent and c1.Fax
langu,a~e makc,s ~.he study off' tlln booklet a ples.sure~ ~~ was quite
esaer~~tia~. t~laa~t a qu,alif'a.ed person sl.ou~.d write, about tie ma~~c~rM
ial coi7~tai.rlecl in tYa~ ~baok~
Schir~dl.ex
Fritz Hel.a C,raissmayr: l~iassc saekulare Klimaw de um
1)~a and dos ~1~a~a.s~Lxri,]_~9. 7..~.n ~en~rea,eurU~ ('1'he Grew
~~~
Secular Gli.matic Gharx~e of around 1.g1~0 and the Catas~;rophic year
l.gl~7 in Central Europe), ~Zeparts of ?the Ge~n;an weather service in
floe US zone, Vo:l. ~.0, ~ar~ K~.sain~bri, ~.~~.9, 3~ pales. if we mcn~-
~tiun t~~is mana~rdph hwre it iu because ~.~, cante;~.ns a ~.ot a~' ob~
servd~ions made in ~~he Arctic and the Subarc~tir. 1:n ~additian
h athr~r facts discussed in the paper arad as yet without an adequw
to
ate physical. e~p:l.ariatiaz~ will. bc; of ~~n~ral. a.n~ter~st~
Scha..ndler
Achtan ~'a?ies a Ar~:t~.eCY~e ~a~den Arctic ~iun~tw a Yub~.~.shers,
' v,tt art l~~E~, lr~ l.q~~ the banish pain~,E;r and polar explorer
~~ ~ s
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
Ach~.on ~~'r~,e~ pub~.;~shc~ his d,iaxy notes made dur~,ng the Danmark ex?
ed~.ti~an undex? Myl~.~~s~~r~.chsen 1~~G~li'~D, ~rld~r ~l?p ~titlo of ~~Ark~
p
t~.sche Ja~;ter'~? ~r~ ~~lis book the publisr~ing house of ~nge7.horn
present~a an exc?rpt i'~~om his work? Ws expc~r:lenco tiara big game
hunting ~'or walru,sses a~~d braars witr~ a~.l its dii'f~.cul~~,ies, i~~s
setbacks arid, its bit~t~erness d~.ctated by the instinct for. selfi'w
prAS+~~~vat~,Un ? ~3ut ~~h? painter a7. sa depicts the valor wonders of
th,c Arctic which remain unforgettable i:C saen arlcQ, the ~~ou~;h
st~~ug~;le for era.stEnce of pJ.ar~ts and sm,al.l animt~ls who survive
thL co~.d and darkness off' the polar wintEr in ardor to en jay ~.ife
3.n tYle short arctl.c sumraez"f ~'11e basa.c Lane d~" thc~ boalc ~.s set
by-'the heraa,c poem abou~r, a sma1~. group of courageous men who in
ord~;r to a~r~~e the sc~.ence de~'y the canctar~t thr~;at o~ death,
overcome tr~;menduus hardsk~ips and to the end keep ~'~~~.~ wit~i one
another ~.n unahak~tble devata.an.
Arnold Court; Metearo~.aga.ca]. Data far x~a.t'h,~.e Amera.ca ~~~.
Month~.y ~~iea~~her R~;vx.ew j Supplentrant Na I~f~, ~asha.ns~~tan ~.9~.~? A val.y
Irma of lea pales presents the deta~.~.ed metearal.ag~.ca~. rests of
the "U~ Anta~'ct~.c ~~peditiaxi ~.?~9w~.~'Z~~.n in tab~.es artd a.n graphs?
'~'ha obs~;rv~~txans were mr~r~e at th.~ west base a~' the ex~~edi~~i.on at
~.93~/l~l prov~.de ~.nte~est~.ng cor~par~aans w~.th meteora~.ag~.ca1 candi+~
ti,on, dur~.ng the prev~.au~ antarct~.c expadf:ta.,ans d 'fhe aera~.og~,c~,
'~$ degrees, ~.3U m~.nu~es ~sou~hlat~tud~;, ~,b~ degrees yU ma.nutee west
long~.tude (east cos.st a~' the ~o~s lea, just sau~,h of the ~he~.f
ice rr9.er~ y close to th,e ma3.n d~;pat af' the two Byrd expeda.~ians
of ~.9~$ and 1q,3~ and a~.sa to "~'ramh~im". 't'he resu~.ts obta,~.ned Ira
abser~r~;t~.ons by t~~e U~ ex,~cd~i.~idn of ~.~.~~/~~, have. a sp eCa.a~. sign~.w
fiance becs,use rad3.asonde s.scents were made far the ~'~.rst ~~xnE
duxing arl ant~rct3~c winter (tempera~~ure and pressure highMa~.~~.w
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170017-4
? ~ki6 st~~a'Lasp~aex~} ~ Thea? pxaduced
~,~,~~u.d~ maaauxaman'~s up ~,n~o
r?sults, ak~ave a7.7- t~~s ten~paxax'Y ads'"
sevexa~. neti~ and ~e~pccted
t0~ hsxq houlldaxy (tx'opppause) dux':~n~
appsaxanc~ off' th~~ ~,owex' s~,xa p
norm~~y oozy pxonouncea ~xaund
tl~ e youth ern w~,ntex'~ Ab avc~ tM a
rci~eased a1mo:3t un~.~ormly .~ w~. shout
~,r~vexs~.on tb ~, tcmpexatvxa ;l,r
..w ~ to tie hti~hast po~.nt o~ assent
ad.d~t~.ana1. ~.nvexs~.on 1r~yexs p
~~ ort xc xeserit~ a vatiuab].e contrlbu~
(~,~~M~.6 ~i~,ome~,exs~ ~ rl,ha,s xop p
tarcti,c~ wh~.c~~ ~s st~.~.l ~.ncomp~-e~~~
ta,an ?~o th,e c~.~.mato~.o~y o~ trig: An
COMMUNxCAT10N~
th? Advancemec-t o~ the Arch~Ve??~"
~'hE: A5SOC7.at:lA~,.
....
,, Wi1he].rnynestras~E 24.
I'olax Res a.El
u ~~ , ubli,shEd ser~,annually~
~~~e1 pe~i.ac~.cal "Rala~x I~;searcx~ A
~ociation ~'or txlo Advancement off' tl~e
]:t is the organ af. the A$,~ tha.s
., , ch, Applias,t~,on- ~'or membership ~.n
Arc~a~.ves ~ox~ ~'a~, az Rcs ear ,, , , at Kiel.,
' ' on should be ar~dressed to tie o~~~co
advance~mcnt assaca.ata. d ment of
r 28 ~ 1"lemb ~;rsrl~.p dues are up ~ ?~he ~1~ ~
W~~.halma.n~,str as~e ~ ' vidua~.s and 10 ~ 00
and are at leas?~ 3.c~0 DM ~'or a.ndi
~,he ~,n,da.va.dual
c , ,all ~ According; to a dec~.sian o~
DM ~'ar ~udical paxsans ,~F,mianr~ y
~a.strict 1C, da~t~d 12 ~pxil
The Y~7.nance Bureau 'hiel~lVorth ~ C~t~
a ub].ic body and ?~a~Mexempt, :that ~.s,
~,g~,g, the a , SUC~.at~OTl 1.5 p ducted
' 1~utior~s to tY~e assacia~,ian can be de
dues .and other cantr~. ? n As a tax
con?~r~.butars ~'xom thei~~ incame~
by mr~nb ers arld other' ha. dues m.ay
' eca.a~. cas~;s exemption i'xarn all members p
exempt~.on ~n sp
'.ve trip p~;r ?odical. k'olax~ ~~csearch free
be ~rsnted. Members rECe~ additional
e is .also paid. As a mem,bex you have
a~ Charge s ~'o~,ta~ , brs,r at
~n in~Grmat~.on serv'ic.e~ a' l~`~e ~,~. 1
prx.vile~es such as
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.. ~ r~umbn~n~ off' p~,gs~ ~"~~
Q~'~+&l~1'~ ~A'~q; ~.~m~? C~'~~T'~~q ~Y~
T,mp
.. ~~0 0 ~' ~h ~ cu~x~ ~r~~ v~~um~ ~T
~a 1g~~ va~,w~~ ~,nt~o YZUrnb~~~ 1~ ~
o~ ~r
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