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SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

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CIA-RDP82-00141R000100020001-1
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March 14, 1958
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G I Rr Uf~C~.~S~ I ~I ED? ~C I EI~T I ~' x C X NFaRMRT ~~Ot~ ., - ~ Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-00141 R00011~~'Z0~'M'1??~' ~ ~ 1 1 ~ p ~; 4 I~`ARCN ~.9~8 ~ '' GG {{,,JJ" 1 ~?/ p ~ ~ 1 OF 2 t _: , ` _ 4. ,, .. - _ ,:. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Z RECORL COPY SCIENTIFIC INFORMATIOI'~ REPORT ,~ Number 2 Prepare) Ly Foreign Documents Division CENTRAL INTELLIGCNCE AGENCY 2430 E. St., N. W., Washington 25, D.C. 14 ~IJllarch Ig58 ~' ~ , A~{~rnved F._n.r Release ~ aaginainQ _ IA-RDP82-001 ~'1 R~0'CO'6020001-~ ,~~ ~= 1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 PLEASE NOTE This report presents unevaluated information extracted from publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China. The information selected is intended to indicate current scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is dis- seminated as an aid to United States Government research. SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT Page I. Astronomy 1 II. Biology 5 III. Chemistry 1~ IV. Earth. Sciences 43 V. Electronics 49 '1II. Engineering 59 VII. Mathematics 62 VIII. Medicine 63 IX. Metallurgy g2 X. Physics 99 XI. Miscellaneous ? n NOTE: Items in this report are numbered consecutively. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA ~2DP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 I. ASTRONOMY The Solar System ~ 1. Sun Spots Studies "Large-Scale Motions in Layer Below the Photosphere of the Sun," by V. Ye. Stepanov and M. A. Klyakotko, Izv, Krymsk. astrof iz, observ., 1956, 16, 80-99 (from Referativnyy Zhur- nal -- Astronomiva i GeodeziYa, No l0, Oct 57, Abstract No 8233) From 1917 to 1934, 123 nonrecurrent spots from the Greenwich Ob- servatory catalog were used for analysis. Attention was paid to the differential effect of rotation; motion along the group axis produced by mutual interaction of the group; latitudinal or meridional drift the magnitude of which equa]s Oo.05 daily and large-scale motions with mean quadratic magnitude of ~' 38 m~sec. The results of studies did not solve the question whether the large- scale motions are elements of turbulence or of circulation, similar to that detected by R. S. Gnevysheva (Astron. Zh., 1941, 18, No 1, 26). "Photometry of Solar Spots," by Ya. Ye. Mergentaler, Izv, ~Crymsk, astrofiz. observ. , 1956, 16, 207-208 (from Refera- tivnyy Zhurnal -- Astronomiya i Geodeziya, No 10, Oct 57, ''Abstract No 23 Preparations are being made for observations of a possible relation of photometric profiles of Solar spots to the phase of the 11-year cycle and to magnetic fields. For this purpose the Wroclaw Observatory is pre- paring the 30-c:m horizontal reflector (focal length 11 meters, diameter of Sun's image 10 cm, and with additional optics 0.5 meters.) A photo- electric a.p?paratus is being assembled. "A Short Remark on Solar Spots," by L. Dezho, Izv, Krymsk, a.Gtrnf'i~~- n'haPrv,, 1956. 16, 208-209. (from Referativnvv Zhurnal -- Astronomiva i eodeziya. No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No 8235) The ratio of penumbra area P to the shadow area U is investigated. P~U is assumed to be an important characteristic of spots. Sharp maxima occur in the velocity distribution of P~U variations depending.on growth or decrease of U. A conclusion is reached that the width of the penumbra is not proportional to the diameter of the shadow. This phenomenon of so-called eastern excess should be viewed from a new standpoint, because it cannot depend on the character of the spot development only. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-~tDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 2. Moon Shadow Observation During Solar Eclipse "Observations of the Edge of the Lunar Shadow from An Airplane During the Total Eclipse of the Sun 30 June 1954," by V. T. Ter-Oganezov, Byul, Vses, astron, -geod. o-va. 1957, No 20, 9-11 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Astronomiya i Geodeziya No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No O1 These observations facilitate corrections of the Lunar orbit ele- ments. They were carried out near the shore of the Baltic sea near the city of Liyepaya. The observations were carried out from two hydroplanes flying toward the shadow along its edges at an altitude of 3,000 meters. The approaching Lunar shadow could be seen from the seaside 30 seconds before the passage over the plane. The boundary of the shadow and the penumbra covered a zone of 200 to 300 meters and could be well deter- mined. It was established that the shadow shifted one kilometer north- ward with respect to the ephemerid which corresponds to l.2 seconds late at a shift along the latitude and 0.8 seconds along the longitude. The writer suggests continued use of this method during future eclipses. Astronomical Optics 3. Telescope Objective Design "Design of aDouble-Mirror Astronomic Objective With Four Reflectors," by L. V. Romanova,.Raschet i Issledovaniye v O~tichesk. Priborostr (Design and Investigation in Optical 'Instrument Building Leningrad, Leningrad State University, 1956, pp 18-30 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Astronomiya i Geodeziya, No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No 3 2 Adouble-mirror astronomic objective is designed. The light is twice reflected by each mirror (by the main concave and the secondary convex); it traverses a double-lens afocal correction system and gathers in the rear focal plane. The objective is corrected for the spherical aberration and coma. Parameters for an objective with afocal length of 2,400 mm and aperture ratio of 1 s 6 are computed. The diameters of the large and the small mirrors are respectively 400 and 200 mm, and the distance between them 380.8 mm. Graphs of residual aberration are pre- sented. The vignette of the centrA.l part of the beam is projected by the secondary mirror on the objective. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 4. Interference filter System "Double Interference Light Filters," by K. D. Sinel'nikov, I. N. Shklyarevskiy, and S. I. Damashka, Uch, zap, Kharkovsk, un-ta, 1955, 64, 145-146 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- As- tronomiya i Geodeziya, No 10, Oc-'~ 57, Abstract No 0 A complicated double filter is described. It consists of an inter- ference fi7.'~er transparent in visible light for one small band, and a silvered glass plate attached to it in such a way as to form a wedge- shaped air gap. The rib of the wedge is set parallel to the slit of the spectrograph. The combined filter is illuminated by a parallel pencil of white light and the obtained interference picture is projected on the slit of the spectrograph by means of an achromatic lens. By moving the interference plates it is possible to chose such a thickness of the wedge as to malce a line of equal chromatic order coincide with the maximum of the passing zone of a single interference filter. The replacement of the silver coating by a multilayer of dielectric and the use of powerful sources of light improves considerably the light power of the equipment. Theoretical Astronomy 5. Triaxial Ellipsoid Libration Point Stability "Concerning the Stability of Points of Libration in the Vi- cinity of a Rotating Gravitating Ellipsoid," by V. K.' Aba1a- kin, Byul, In-ta teor, astron. AN SSSR, 1957, 6, No 8, 543- 549 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Astronomiya i Geodeziya No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No 79 In vicinity of a gravitating triaxial ellipsoid rotating around one of the axes there are points of relative equilibrium -- the points of lib ration, located on the extensions of the axes of an equatorial section. The problem of stability of these points is solved by means of characteristic indexes in first approximation. It was found that the points of libration located on the extension of the minor axis of the, equatorial cross section are stable in first approximation; the points of libration located on the extension of the major axis of the e quatorial,cross section are unstable. In addition three families of periodic solutions were found in the vicinity of points of libration. -3- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 6. Expansion in Spherical Functions for Gravity Potential "The Potential of Terrestrial Attraction," by T. D. Zhongol- ovich, Byul, Tn-ta teor, astron, AN SSSR, 1957, 6, No 8, 505- 523 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Astronomi i Geodeziya No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No 7972 In a previous work by the author (Tr, Tn-ta teor, astron., 1952, 3) on the basis of many measurements of gravity (.round 26,000 points) the expansion of gravity acceleration on the terrestrial surface was obtained in spherical functions up to the eighth order. This expansion of gravity acceleration is used for the computation of the expansion coefficients of the potential of terrestrial gravity in spherical functions, while in the expansion of the potential all terms of the second order relative to ob- lateness are retained. The expansion series are given in the abstract, but are considered by the author to be only tentative. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Microbiology 7. Effects of Beta-Emitters on the Multiplication and Size of Tubercle Bacteria "The Effect of Beta-Emitters o:: ?he Developmrnt ~f Tubercle Bacteria," by Ye. N. Sokurova, Institute of ~Kicrobiology, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Mikrobiolca va. Vol 26, No 4, Jul/Aug 57, pp 4~E4-449 The addition of small amounts of a mixture of beta-emitters (solu- tion of uranium-235 fragments stored for about a year) to the nutrient media of tubercle bacteria resulted in an increase of the bacterial bio- mass. Tubercle bacteria are more susceptible to beta-radiations when cul- tivated on agar than whey. cultivated in liquid nutrient media. Maximum stimulation exerted by beta radioactivity amounts to 1-2 millicuries per liter of nutrient media in agar cultures, as compared with 5 millicuries in liquid cultures. Prolonged cultivation of bacteria in the presence of oeta-emitters indicates that the stimulating effect is limited to the first days of cultivation. The authors think that the stimulation of bacterial development by beta-emitters is linked, first of all,~to the acceleration of cell divi- sion, and hence to the decreased average size of the cell. Inhibition of bacterial development by radiation is usually accompanied by increased average size of cell. 8. Vitamin B12 Formation by Cultures of Actinomyces- "Formation of Vitamin B12 by Cultures of Actinomyces -- Pro- ducers of Antibiotics," by Ye. I. 5urikova and L. A. Popova, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Antibiotics (VNIIA); Moscow, Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 26, No ~+, Ju1~Aug 57, PP 432-437 Actinomyces, besides forming antibiotics, possess the capacity to synthesize other important and valuable substances, among which is vitamin B12? In the present research two cultures of actinomyces were used, i.e., Actinomyces globisporus streptomycini of strain LS-1 and Actinomyces aureo- faciens of strain LS-536. -5- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 The author draws the following conclusions: 1. In the presence of cobalt salts (0.5-1.3 gamma~ml) vitamin B12 is formed by cultures of Act. aureofaciens through the biosynthesis of biomycin (aureomycin), and by Act. globisporus streptomycini through the biosynthesis of streptomycin. 2. Optimum concenCration of cobalt nitrate stimulating the process of biosynthesis of the vitamin and not affecting the formation of the antibiotics is 0.05 mg ~ for biomycin and 0.10-0.15 mg ~ for the bio- synthesis of .^treptomycin. 3. The vitamin B12 obtained from the culture fluid proved i;o 'be the genuine vitamin B12 when assayed by chromatographic analysis and by specific hemopoietic tests. 4. The vitamin B1? precursor, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol, does not stimulate vitamin B12 biosynthesis under analogous experimental con- ditions. 5? The formation of vitamin B12 through the biosynthesis of biomy- cin and streptomycin proceeds parallel to the accumulation of the anti- b iotics. It is therefore possible to produce antibiotics and vitamin B12 simultaneously in the course of fermentation. 6. Vitamin E12 is the product of intracellular synthesis and dif- fuses into the medium because of changes i,n the permeability of cell membranes. 9? Czechoslovaks Academy Conference on Protection of Industrial Products Against Biological Damage "Protection of Industrial Products Against Biological Damage," by Emma Vintrova, Prague, yestnilt Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved, No 7/8, Sep 57, pP 35~~--3~5 On 7 and 8 May 1957, the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences held a con- ference in Liblice on the subject of "Protection of Industrial Products Against Biological Damage," i.e., against damage by bacteria, mold, etc, under the auspices of the Institute of Biology and the Secretariat for the State Research. The author briefly lists various contributors to the conference and the six points of the adopted resolution: (1) the coordination o~ basic and applied research with the Institute of Biology of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences performing basic research and the "G. V. Akimov" Re- search Institute for the Protection of Materials performing applied Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 research; (2) the inclusion into a unif ied state plan for research on the problem of "corrosion and natural conditions," which includes bio- logical corrosion as one of the pro'olems of standard economic signif i- cance, and the formation of a coordination group between. the Secretariat of the State Research Plan and ?the Czechosl.,vak Academy of Sciences; (3) concentration of research activity on questions connected with water installations, equipment buried in the ground, and the protection of principal export products; (~+) the expansion of present research in metals and inorganic materials and the further development of research in the field of protection of wood, plastic materials (also glues and resins), hides, ?textiles, insulation materials, lacquers, and packaging mate_tal; (5) the further development of research on materials which are harmful to biological agents (pesticides) and not injurious to health; and (6) the improvement of the forms of scientif is and technical coopera- tion between the USSR and the People's Democracies. Radiobiology 1C). Hygienic Evaluation of Radioactive Strontium as a Contaminant "Hygienic Evaluation of Radioactive Strontium as a Factor in Con?~amination of the External Environment," by A. N. Marey Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiolor~iva, Vol 2, No 5, Sep~Oct 57, pp a9-95 The author discusses the law of migration of radioactive strontium (Sr9~) in the air, open kater reservoirs, soil, plants, animals, and man. ~iarious biological cycles for Sr9o migration are reviewed. The significance of sedimentation of Sr90 in various bodies of water, and migration to plankton, fish, and then to people, especially when these are dependent on sea food, are analyzed. Milk and vegetables are de- scribed as the chief source for contamination (cooked food loses much of its Sr9~ through cook:i..:,g) . -7- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 The author recommends that measures be talten to stop further con- tamination of the external environment with radioactive strontium and that a more thorough approach be adopted to the quantitative evaluation of the possible effects of radioactive strontium on the health of man and animals. 11. Indirect Protective Effect o_f carbon Monoxide Against Ionizing Radiation "The Influence of X Rays on Fiemopoietic Organs of Animals Pro- tected by Carbon Monoxide," by N. F. Barakina; Moscow, Dok ad Akademii Nault SSSR, Vol 114, No 2, 11 May 57, pp 285-288 This research was aimed at studying the effects of ionizing radie? tion en hemopoietic organs when an organism is protected by carbon mon- oxide ai;d. at determining the degree of radiosensitivity of various cel- lularelements of the myeloid and lymphoid series. Full-grown albino mice of both sexes were irradiated by lethal doses of 700, 1,000, and 5,000 r. Control animals were not protected, but ex- perimental ones were placed in an atmosphere co.itaining 0.25-0.5~, by volume, carbon monoxide. Results indicate that orgy 2.~ of the controls subjected to 700 r survived. as compared. with 87~ in the protected animals, and none of the controls sub,j ected to 1,000 r survived, as compared to 35~ survival of the animals protectea by carbon monoxide. All animals, controls and experimental, subjected to j,000 r perished. The follo*.aing is the order for decreasing radio-sensitivity of various elements: basophile erythroblasts, hemocytoblasts, promyelo- cytes, polychromatophile erythroblasts, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, nor- moblasts, mature leukocytes, and megakaryocytes. Destructive changes were evident in the bone marrow of control ani- mals subjected to 700 and 1,000 r within an hour, as compared witY~ after '~!? hours in the experimental ones. Restoration processes started sooner in the protected animals than in the controls. The author thinks that the average duration of the life of irradiated an.mals coincides with the period at which the number of cellulax elements oi' the bone marrow and of the spleen is at its minimum. In unprotected animals that period arrived on the 8th day, at which time the number of cellular elements was 7~ of the original; in cases of experimental an:t- mals signs of restoration were evident before this period set in. ~~ie author concludes that the protective effect of CO is an indirect one, and is due to the fact that at the moment of irradiation the organism develops a hypoxic condition owing to the formation of signif icant quan- tities of carboxyhemoglobin. - 8 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 12. Irradiation Deranges Salt-Water Function of Adrenal Cortex "Certain Data on the Functional Condition of Adrenal Cortex Under Radiation Effects," by Ye. B. Pavlova a;ld A. Ye. Rabkina, Division of Morphology (chief, Prof Ye. I. Tarakanoy) and F~a- diation Laboratory. (chief, D. E. Grodzn~~nskiy), All-Union In- stitute of Experimental Endocrinology (director, Prof Ye. A. Vas~~ultova): Moscow, Problemy Endokrinologii i Gormonoterapii, Vol 3, No ~+, Jul~Aug 57, pP 3-9 The p~~s~pose of this research was to study the functional condition of the adrenal cor~;ex in animals irradiated by minimum lethal doses of general X-ray irra~'iation. Water inge:~tion in 125 rats was used to as- say adrenal functional activity-. By comparing results of normal and irradiated animals, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Animals subjected to water ingestion 2 days after irradiation exhibit water retention and reduced diuresis, (2) reduced diuresis continues during the third and fourth days after irradia- tion, and (3) the administration of 5 mg ~f des~~xycor'ticosterone acetate enhances diuresis but does not fully normalize it. The authors conclude that irradiation deranges the se.1t-water func- tion of adrenal cortex. 13. Histotoxic Hypoxia Prom CO and }:CN Proved Devoid of Protective Ef- fects Against Ionizing Radiation - "Cony;erning the Absence of Protective Influence of His1-,otoxtc Hypoxia During the Action of Ionizing Radiation," by E. Xa. Grayevskiy and M. M. Konstantinova, Institu~~~ of Animal Mor- phology imeni A. N. Severts~v, Academy of Sciences USSR: Mos- cow Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 11~, No 2, 11 May 57, PP 2 9-292 The aim of this research was to clarify the contradictory results of the protective effects of b.istotoxic hypoxia on irradiation reactions of organisms . Tests were conducted on E. coli cultares in meat-peptone agar, ~,ih- ~jected to doses of 500-g00 r~min, and total doses varied between cne and ~Okr. E. coli bacteria were placed in 1500 M KCN solution, one hour. before and all during irradiation, and other bacteria wire placed in an atmosphere of 95/ CO f'or 5-10 minutes and all during irradiation. :Ad- ditional similar tests using CO and KCN were conducted on albino mice. - 9- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Results indicate that neither CO nor KCN change the radiosensitivity of E. coli, nor do they exert any favorable effect on its multiplication rate. Judging from these results and also by reviewing the theory, it is difficult to anticipate any protective effects of histotoxic hypoxia in radiation sickness. In histotoxic hypoxia, contrary t~ anoxic, cir- culatory, and anemic hypoxia, available oxygen is not decreased, but on the contrary it is even increased. The latter situation may explain the tendency toward increased injurious effects of irradiation under the effects of CO and KCN which were evident in these experiments, although one should not exclude the possibility of summaticn effects. The authors conclude that oxidative processes proceeding in an or- ganism after irradiation must follow some path other than the normal bio- logical oxidative processes. 14. Applications of Ionizing Radiation in Production of Bacterial Prepa- rations "Application of Ionizing Radiation in the Production of Bac- terial Preparations," by V. L. Troitskiy, Institute of Epide- miology and Microbiology imeni N. F. Gamaley, Academy of Medi- cal Sciences U5SR: Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiva Vol 2, No 5, Sep/Oct 57, pp 80-88 Experimental data obtained indicate the possibility of using radio- active irradiation in the industrial production of bacterial preparations. The source of this irradiation was an experimental gamma-irrs,diator which consisted of a set of preparations of radioactive cobalt (Co~O), with a total actiz:.ty of 5,000 c (8,000 gm equivalent of Ra). The following methods of a~~plication of irradiation in the produc- tion of bacterial preparations were suggested: (1) preparations of killed corpuscular and chemical vaccines (antigenic complexes), (2) cold sterilization of vaccines and anatoxins, (3) cold sterilization of nu- tritive media, and (4) cold sterilization of wastes of bacterial indus- try, thus making these wastes harmless. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 15? Conference on Radiobiology Held at Moscow State University "Intervuz Conference on Ra~liobiology," by V. I. Korogodin and P. G. Polilcarpov; Moscow, Meditsinslcaya Radiologiya, Vol 2, No 3, May~Jun 57, pp 91-95 The a~zt.hors describe an intervuz conference (~~uz -- higher educa- tional institution) held 25-28 rebruary 1957 at the Moscow ;;t ate Univer- sity to discuss problems related to biochemical and physicoc'aemical ef- fects of radiation. The conf erence Baas held to attract the attention of periphera:; higher educational :institutions to research in radiation b~~ exchange of research information and coordination of scien?oific research work. More than F300 delegates from various institutions and organiza- tions of the Soviet Union were present. The opening addrees was presented by Prof B. N. Tarusov, chief off: the Chair of Biophysics, Moscow State University. The author defined the general status and the prospects for the development of radiation bio- physics due to increasing application of atomic energy in various fields. Among the topics reviewed were the study of the mechanism of radiobiologic reactions, protective effects of various agents, establishment of safe dose, establishment of the target theory, study of the formation of aqueous-phase radicals with greatest biological effectiveness, and the theory of indi??ect reaction. Prof A. M. Kuzin (Institute of Biophysics) reported on theories of radiation biochemistry. Evidence was presented of the presents of chain reactions i.+ nucleoproteins, nucleic acids, etc., leading to the formation of radiitoxins at various ..stages of radiation injury. Prof M. N. Meye~~l' (Inst~tute of Microbiology) reported on the effects of ionizing radiation on various ce'11 structures. His reRUlts indicate t:~at the mitochondria and nucleoproteins are most sensitive to t'rie effects of ionizing radiation. N. P. Dubinin, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR, reported on ionizing radiation and heredity. He stressed the fact that the new branch of science, i.e., radiation genetics, requires the train- ing of personnel adequately prepared in the fields of genetics, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Great interest was demonstrated in a group of reports by Ye. V. Bur- lakova, V. G. Dzantiyev, K. I. Zhuravlev, G. B. Sergeyev, and _'rof N. M. Emanuel' on the sttb,ject of effects of irradiation of fats and chain oxida- tion reactions in lipids during the development of radiation injuries. It was suggested that the effect of ionizing radiation is partly connected with the disturbance of the natural inhibitors of oxidation. Two types of chain reactions are described. - 11 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 A number of reports were devoted to kinetics of radiation. sequelae. V. I. Korogodin (Moscow State University) talked on postradiation changes in yeast. Yu. A. Kriger (Moscow State University), together with Ye. S. Yelkh- ovska, reported on research conducted on the physicochemical properties and the structure of erythrocytes after gamma radiation. The problems of blood coagulation, autolysis, and hemorrhage were discussed in many reports. Prof B. A. Ku.drynshov and his co-workers reported on the mechanism of hemorrhagic syndrome in radiation injuries caused by external radia- tion and also by the administration (internally) of radioactive isotopes. It was shown that the chief cause of disturbed blood coagulation was the insufficiency of prothrombokinase in irradiated animals. V. N. Benevolenskiy discussed hemolysis arisin~z in tissues of ani- mals irradiated by ionizing radiation. It Lras shown that hemolysis of irradiated tissues was similar to hemolysis during autolysis of liver of unirradiated animals. L. L. Khamayde produced evidence that the hemolytic activity of mice liver after the introduction of solutions of uranium fission products ap- peared signif scantly sooner and was more intense than the hemolysis caused by introducing an analogous dose of radioactive cesium. Prof M. V. Kirzon and M. G. Pshennikova (Moscow Statp University) pre- sented research, details on the effects of X rays on nerve-muscle prepara- tions in frogs., The authors admit the possibility of the existence of non- impulse 3,nfluences radiating through the interneural synapses of the central nervous system. A. F. Ivanitskay-a (Institute of Animal Morphology) reported on the ef- fect of ionizing radiation on hemopoietic organs, The author demonstrated his tissL:e culture studies by microfilms. E. G. Lomovska and F. B. Shapiro report;:a on the means of protecting, from ionizing radiation of embryos at various stages of pregnancy. The conference adjourned after hearing a number of reports on the use of ionizing radiation in the Soviet economy. - 12 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 16. Uptake by Plants of Radioactive Fission Products and Their Accumula- ti~n in Crops Following Application of Lime, Humus, and Futash F'erLilizera "Entrance Into Plants of Radioactive Fission Products and Their Accumulation in Crops Following the Addition to the Soil of Lime, Compost, and Potassium Fertilizers," by I. V. Gulyakin, Doctor of Biological Sciences, and Ye. V. Yudintseva, Candidate of Bio- logical Sciences; Moscow, Izvestiya Timir azevskoy Sel'skolchozya- ~ratvennoy Altademii, iJo 2, 1957, pp 121-1 0 Various tests on the uptake of radioactive fission products by plants and their accumulation ir.. the crops with the addition of lime, humus, and potash to the soil indicate the following: (1) the accumulation in pl+~nts of fission products decreases on the addition of lime and humus to sod- podzol soil; (2) the accumulation in crops of fission products is greatly decreased by increased doses of lime and by combining lime and humus; (3) potash applied to soil decreases uptake by plants of fission products, especially of radioactive cesium; lime decreases the secure ..ation of radio- active strontium in plants; (4) under the tffect of lime and humus, the accumulation of fission products is decreased more in crops of the legume family than in crops of the grass family; and (5) fission products of Sr90 + y9o entering into plants from the soil are not ir, a condition of radioactive equilibrium; more radioactive strontium is accumulated than yttrium; lime and potash do not affect the equ9.librium condition of Sr90 -~- Y90 in plants . [For additional information on radiobiology, see Stem No 79.] - 13 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Anal ical Chemistry [See Item Nu 9.] Fuel Chemistry and Technology 17. USSR Work on Chain Rea.ct'ions, ?the Ki~?.etics of Combustion and [See Iten, No 32. ] Corrosion, Protection From Corrosion CPYRGHT Lxplosionc, and the Initiation of Oxidation Reactions Wit the Aid of Gase~7us Com;~ounds and Penetrating Radiation "Principal Trends '.n the vevelopment of Soviet Chemical Sci- ence," by I. L. Knunyants; Moscow, Khitnicheskaya Nauka; Pro- myshlennost,+, Voi 2, No 5, Nov 57y PP 53 -5 9 Among the achievements of physical chemists in interpreting chemi- cal processes, the theory of branched chain reactions is undoubtedly one of the most important advances made in our time. The creation of th:ts theory, which nas been thoroughly confirmed by experimental results, made it possible not only to discover relationships pertaining to complex chemi- cal phenomena, but also to find ways of controlling these phenomena. The development of this theory is to the credit of Academician N. N. Semenov. The ideas in regard to chain reactions caused by the formation of inter- mediate active centers which later become carriers of chains were very imperfect and limited prior to the work done by Semerov. Investigations by Bodenstein and Nernst, who discovered the first nonbranched chain reaction, namely that between hydrogen and chlorine, were limited only to this particular reaction. There were no attempts to formulate a theory which is generally applicable and consequently the work in question cannot be regarded as a fczw~ilation of a chain theory of chemical processes. As distinguished from Bodenstein and Nernst, who considered that in sore cases after the reaction of an active center with a molecule of thy: initial substance a new active particle with identical properties is re- generated, Semenov and his pupils proved convincingly that there are chain processes in which subsequent to the reaction of an active center with the molecule of the initial substance, several active particles rather than one are formed. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT On the basis of the extensive experimental data accumulated by Semenov and his school, a theory of branched and nonbranched chain reac- tions was developed. Further elaboration of work on the subject dem- onstrated that the mechanism of the majority of reactions which take place in the gas phase, and also of a large proportion of liquid phase reactions, is of the chain type and based on the presence of fx?ee atoms and radicals. The theory of chain reactions forms the scientific basis for many technological processes which are of great importance in industry; for instance, the synthesis of rubber, the production of synthetic fibers and plastics, the cracking of petroleum, the oxidation of hydrocarbons, halogenation reactio:s, etc. In adc?~?tion to developing the theory of branched chains, Semenov and his school introduced concepts in regard to the disappearance of radicals which propagate the chains. This phenomena is due to the terminatio:! of chains at the walls of reacti~::~ ti?essels and within the volume of the ~re- acting mixture. The breaking of chains at the wal..ls of the reaction ves- sel makes it possible to understand the existelce of the so-called lower limit and of the critical diameter of the vessel. These are concepts which have been introduced by Semenov ~n the 'basib of phenomena that were observed in the investigation of the i~iteraction between phosphorus vapor and oxygen. From this standpoint, research on the e~'ect ci'metal rods introduced into reaction .essels is of great interest. These rods have an effect on the chain combustion of hydrogen which is in complete accordance with the concepts in regard to the termination of chains. In speaking about the most important trends of work done by Semenov and members of his school, the theory of slow branched chain reactions which they formulated must be pointed out specifically, i.e., the so- called chain reactions with degenerate branchings. This theory is of exceptional practical importance in a number of processes, specifically in the important process of the oxidation of hydrocarbons. The theory of thermal ignition whicr. was also developed by Semenov must be particularly emphasized. This theory explains the transition from a slow reaction to an explosion in those numerous cases Tahen the ignition is not due to the chain nature of the process, but is brought about by a progressive increase in the temperature of the system caused by the exothermic character of the reaction. On the basis of ~chis theory Y. B. Zel'dovich and D. A. Frank-Kamenetskiy developed at the Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR, theories pertaining to the spread of flames and the detonation of gases. These theories make it pos- sible to solve problems connected with the application of these phenomena in the industry. 15 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT Speaking of Semenov's school, the ma,~or importance of the new field of science created by it must be mentioned, namely, the chemistry of free radicals. One of Semenov's pupils, V. N. Kondra,t'yev, Corresponding Mem- ber Academy of Sciences USSR, heads work on the investigation of free radicals and of their quantitative characteristics. To understand the actual mechanism of complex chemical processes in every detail, one must mRSter methods which make it possible to identify active intermediate compounds, primarily free radicals. In the middle 1930x, V. N. Kondrat'yev developed a very ingenious method of linear ab- sorption spectra which enabled him to raise the sensitivity of the spectro- scopic method by one order of magnitude. With the aid of this method, he could detect the OH radical in individual zones of different oxida~tior processes and flames and also measure the concentration of this radical. These investigations showed that the concentration of OH radicals pre;~ent during combustion may exceed the equilibrium concentration by factors amounting to millions. This finding is the most direct and convincing proof of the basic concepts of the modern theory of chair, processes created. by Semenov and his collaborators. In subsequent work done by V. N. Kondrat'yev, L. I. Avramenko, and M. S. Ziskin, the interactions of OH radicals with different molecules were investigated and the velocity constants of these reactions measured. In lgl~4-1846, Kondrat'yev developed a new method for detecting in- creased concentrations cf hydrogen atoms iri rarefied flames. This method is based on the employment of the selectivity effECt involved in the re- combination of hydrogen atoms at some surfaces. The results obtained in the research in ques~ior. wert~ in quantitative agreement with theoretical calculations carried out on the basis of tha chain theory. The concentra- tions of atoms in raref icd flames proved to be equivalent to pressures amounting to sev~ra,l millimeters of mercury. The mass-spectrometric inves~ibation of elementary processev and in- termediate products, which was begun by Kondrat'yev in 1923 and was furi;her developed in Kondrat'yev's laboratory before World War II by Eltenton, :is being continued at present by one of Kondrat'yev's pupils, i.e., V. T,. Ta~'- roze. Tal'roze together with his collaborators establashe:~. that there is practically no true energy of activation in reactions between ,ions and molecules. It was demonstrated in the work in question that the en2r~ry which is evolved in an elementary ionic-molecular process originally l~e- mains tied up in the fcrm of energy of excitation of particles of the prod- ucts. These phenomena are essential for the undezstandin.g of the mechanism of a number of reactions in whist. ions participate, particularly reactions in radiation chemistry. As a result cf work that has been done in this field, a new mass-spectrometric method has been developec:l for the determir_- ation of the energy characteristics of molecules and a direct method has baen found for the first time by means of which one can determine the of - ~'iri.ty of saturated molecules to protons. - 16 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT In the most recent work done by Tal'roze the development has been initiated of a method proposed by him for obtaining mass-spectra of com- plex molecules devoid of splinter ions. Th~Ls is achieved by recharging. The method in question opens up new pose ib~,lities for the mass-spectro- metric analysis of mixtures of organic substances, particularly as far as the determination of free radicals is concerned. Research done by N. M. Emanuel? ha,s played an important role in the experimental confirmation of some of the main precepts of the chain theory and also in the development of new principles for oui~'crolling chain chemi cal reaction~~. Together with Semenov, Emanuel' developer? a kinetic method for the investigation of intermediate products of branc:ed chain reactions without isolating these products or determining their chemical nature. By using the kinetic method, the chain theory of the induction ~~eriod was experimentally proven for the first time in 1940. It was shown that dur- ing the induction period a process of the accumulation of active inter- mediate products takes place. Subsequentl.v in Emanuel?s work a confirmation was found for one oz the prrinclpal conclusions of the chain theory, i.e., that large concentra- tions of active centers consisting of free atoms and radicals arise during the course of branched chain reactions. It was established that during the slowbranchedchain reaction ~' the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, up to 20~, of the initial hydrogen sulfide are oxidized with the formation of the b iradical sulfur monoxide (SO). Special experiments which included ad- dition of sulfur monoxide synthesized in an electric discharge proved that SO is the principal intermediate product of the oxidation of hydro- gen sulfide. The data obtained in the work described together with the results of Kondrat'yev's spectroscopic work proved that there are con- centrations exceeding the equilibrium concentration of free ator~ts and radicals 3n the zone of rarefied flames during chain ignition. The re- sults obtained made it possible to interpret both rapid and slow branched chain processes from the same point of view. Since the work done by Academician A. N. Bakh on the role played by peroxides in processes of slow oxidation, the reaction of the oxidation of aldehydes attracted the attention of investigators because of the f or- mation of high concentrations of intermediate hydroperoxides in it. In investigating the kinetics of the oxidation of acetaldehyde, N. M. Emanuel? discovered the pronounced step-wise (stage) character of the process. In the first stage, there is oxidation of aldehyde with molecular oxygen to a hydroperoxide, whereupon oxidation with oxygen ceases, notwithstanding the presence in the system of acetaldehyde that is capable of being ox- idized, In the second stage, there is oxidation of the acetaldehyde with hydroperoxide without participation of molecular oxygen. This change in the chemical mechanism during the course of the reaction, whicY: is sur- prising in the light of commonly held ideas on the subject, made it pos- sible to advance a concept in regard to macroscopic stages which are sep- arated in time and to propose new methods .for the control of processes of chemical transformation. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA R~~82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT A sharp transition from the slow oxidation of aldehydes to explo- sion at a lower temperature was discovered. This transition takes place as a result of the cooling of tb.e reaction mixture and its reheating, whereupon the temperature of spontaneous ignition drops by more than 1000. It was found that this phenomenon is due to the existence of two isomeric forms of hydroperoxides of aliphatic acyls which undergo re- versible mutual transformation when the temperature is changed. Tn the course of the investigation of the oxidation of propane in the presence of HBr acting as a catalyst new phenomena pertaining to limits were discovered. The process of the formation of the final prod- uct of the reaction, viz. acetone, terminates long before the initial substances (propane and oxygen) have been used up. It was established that at the initial moment of the reaction a rapid, self-inhibiting re- action between propane, oxygen, and HBr takes place, which leads to the formation of small quantities of an intermediate substance (erJa, H$r0). This intermediate sixbstance Shen decomposes slowly, generating radicals (e.g., OH and Br) ~~rhich initiate chains of great or small lengths that lead to the formation of acetone. The process of the formation of acetone during the reaction ceases when the intermediate substance has been used up completely, although the initial substances mQ.y be present in the system in adequate quanti- ties. This step-wise course of complex chain reactions involving macro- scopic stages, which arises ir.. the presence of homogeneous catalysts, was confirmed in many other cases (e.g., the oxidation of ethane in the presence of hydrogen bromide, the oxidation of propane in the presence of nitrogen oxides or of NOC1, etc.). The macroscopic stages are clearly distinguishable in processes of the oxidation of liquid hydrocarbons when this oxidation is initiated by the addition of salts of cations having a variable valency. Together with work on noncatalyzed reactions of the oxidation of hydrocarbons, the investigations in question represent a substantial contribution to the formulation of a scientific basis for the oxidative conversion of petroleum hydrocarbons. Macroscopic stages are the sum total of elementary processes which lead to the forr:~ation of molecular intermediate products or final prod- ucts. These stages are more readily susceptible to investigation than the elemen~,ar; processes. The existence of macroscopic stages separated in time makes it possible to conduct many processes under conditions that change during the course of the reaction as one macroscopic stage merges into another. The application of the principle in question makes it possible to carry out effectively a number of reactions. Uf great interest is the proposal in regard to the artificial creation of macro- scopic initiating stages during the early period of the development of slow branched chain reactions. - 18 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT Taking advantage of the remarkable property of branched chain mech- anisms to undergo spontaneous propagation, N. M. Emanuel' proposed the new principle of initiating chain reactions of the oxidation of liquid hydrocarbons and other organic subs+ances by the short-lived action of gaseous initiators (N 02, 03, C12, HBr, etc.) or of penetrating radiation. When this method is applied, the initiating effect is not exerted during the whole course of the reaction, but only during the initial period of its development. The branched chain process must only be pushed: it advances further spontaneously as a result of chain branching. The prin- ciple of initiation with gaseous substances was suc~:easfully applied in stimulating processes of the oxidation of n-decane, n-hexadecane, n-butane, paraffin wax, cyclohexane, benzene, diphenyl ethane, ethyl benzene, and other h,~rdrocarbons in the liquid phase. Of particular importance is the discovery of the possibility of oxidizing liquefied n-butane at tempera- tures and pressures close to the critical. In this type of oxidation, there is a high degree of conversion of the butane into acetic and methyl ethyl ketone. Similarly, by using gas initiation, it was possible to demonstrate the possibility of the liquid phase oxidation of benz~nne into phenol at temperatures within the range of 250-270? (i.e., in the vicinity of the critical temperature). The stimulating action exerted by radiation (gamma radiation) on oxidation was demonstrated on the example of the oxidation of paraffin ws,x . Thus, the problem in regard to the transfer of many gaseous phase oxidations from high temperat~xre gas-phase oxidation (which results in a high degree of combustion that is useless frozr. the standpoint of the production of valuable chemical products) to mild low-temperature oxida- tion based on the employment of gas initiation or of a brief exposure to penetrating radiation has become urgent. Application of the new principle of influencing oxidation processes and controlling their course has al- ready yielded results that are of importance from the practical stand- point. The principles and methods in question are not restricted to branched chain reactions (sped ifically oxidation reactions of the branched chain type). Their application must lead to valuable results as far as nonbranched chain processes and reactions of the radical type are con- cerned. .. i g _ Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 l8. Combustion of Droplets of Fuel in a Turbulent Stream "Turbulent Aiffuaion and the Burning of Atomiaed Fuel in a Stream," by V. Ya. Basevich, Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal I'izicheskoy Khimii, Vol 31, No 7, Jul 57, pp 1619-1627 The nature ~f heat and mass transfer 'to ?:.he reaction zone of a burning droplet of fuel in a turbulent stream is subjected to theoretical treatment. The conclusion is made that the rate of combustion of the droplet is li'btle dependent on the type of transfer (molecular diffusion and heat conductivity or turbulent exchange). The ratios between the rates of combustion of drop- lets and of vaporized fuel in a stream of atomized liqu3.d fuel are considered for different types of diffusion. On the basis of the treatment gi;~en to the problem the assumption in regard to molecular diffusior.~ of substance to the burning droplet in a turbulent stream is found to be invalid. The con- clusion is reached that the ramie of combustion of a previously vaporized portion of the fuel stream, forming a combustionless fuel-air mixture, may be explained only by turbulent diff~zsion of the fuel vapors to the burning droplets. 19. A t'hotometric Method for the Determination of the Degree of Dispersion of T,iquid Fuel in Fuel-Air fixtures "A Photometric Method for the Determination of the Number and Dimensions of Droplets of Dispersed Fuel in a Stream," by V. Ya. Basevich, Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta No 6, Nov~ec>"7, pp 81.-91 The process of combustion of a fuel suspended in the form of droplets in the air is substantially determined by the degree of dispersion of the fuel. ?i'hf~ most common methods for estimating the quality of dispersion are based on examination of traces made by the droplets and on measurement of the dimensions of solid spheres formed as a result of the in,~ection of paraffin wax. These methods are not suitable for determining the number and dimensions of droplets immediately in front of the combustion zone, if some evaporation has taken place. In this case, the microphotographic method, which requires a lot of work and does not assure direct observation d~a.ring the experitt~ent, mP.y be applied. A direct method is described by means of which one may check quantita- tively anti characterize the state of the liquid phase in fuel-air mixtures at any point in front of a fla?~~ne both as far as the number of droplets and their dimensions are concerned. This method is based on reflection of light during she flight of a droplet through a light bundle and recording of light impulees with the aid of a photolelectronic multiplier and a cathode ray osc-!ilograph or a counter arrangement, Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 [SI~i Note: According to a photograph and caption in the 3 January 1958 issue oi' Pr?omyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, G. Yekimov, an as- pirant in one of the laboratories of the Chair of Heat Physics at Lenin- grad Polytechnic Institute imeni M. I. Kalinin is engaged in the study of Duel combustion in ,jet engines by studying the physics of combustion of a single droplet of fuel.] 20. Effect of Pressure on the Flame-Out in a Stream "Concerning the Effect of Pressure on the Lower Concentration Limit of Flame-Out in a Stream," by M. A. Peshkin; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizichesko Khimii, Vol 31, No 12, Dec 57, pp 2~757- ?75 On the basis of theoretical considerations it is concluded that the extension of the lower concentration limit of flame-out toward poorer mixtures at increased pressures, which is observed experimentally and occurs in the combustion chambers of gas turbines and het eng?tnes, can be explained starting with elementary concepts pertaining to the Thermal mechanism of ignition of the fresh mixture by combustion products. The ~'elationship underlying the phenomenon in question can be elcpressed by the equation ~~ CP P ;.. where ~~ is the coefficient of air excess in the combustible mixture, P the pressure, and n an index which varies depending on the design of the nozzle, ?the shape of the combustion chamber, and other factors. Flame-out occurs when the mixture becomes poorer and r,( increases, so that the temperature of the combustion products drops with the result that the quantity of heat transmitted by them reaches a definite minimum at which further ignition oP the fresh mixture becomes impossible. [For additional information on fuel chemistry and technology, see Item No 42.] - 21 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Industrial Chemistry 21. Industrial Processes for the Conversion of Natural Gas, Production of Hydrogen and Ammonia, and Petrochemical Synthesis With the Use of Oxygen "Forty Yeara of the Production of Inorganic Fertilizers; T. The Nitrogen Fertiliser Industry," by L. A. Kostandov; Moscow, Khimi- cheskaya Promyshlennost', No 7, Oct-Nov 57, pp 422-426 As a result of the discovery of extensive natural gas occurrences in North Caucasus, on the Middle Volga and in the Trans-Volga region, in the Urals, and in a number of other re,3ions, natural gas will become the most important raw material of the nitrogen industry within the next few years. In connection with the development of processes for the conversion of gas, including casing-head asp, it became possible for the synthetic ammonia industry to follow tre gas pipelines as they are extended into regions where ammonia and pi~oduct;i of t~:~ conversion of ammonia are con- sumed. This is of gt^eat ~i~crtance in the USSR because of the large ter- ritory of the country. The use of na~,ural ?:s leads to a considerable reduction in the cost of ammonia., a reduction of the capital investme~lt per unit of capacity, and an increast: in the productivity of labor. The 3 .portance of acetylene as a starting material for the produc- tion of :synthetic organic products is generally known. The combined use of natural gas for the production of both a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture and of acetylene leads to a further reduction in the cost of ammonia and will make it possible to lower considerably the capital investment per unit of capacity as far as the production of both ammonia and acetylene is con- cerned. At the State Institute of Applied Chemistry a method has been de- veloped fir the low-temperature oxidation of the hydrocarbons of casing- head gases with oxygen to aldehydes and methanol followed by a converaion of the residual gases into a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture for the production of ammonia. The application of oxygen is characteristic for the processes of gas conversion. As a result there will be a considerable surplus of nitrogen at nitrogen product plants. One of the most advantageous ways of utiliz- ing large quantities of nitrogen is washing the gas with liquid nitrogen. If this process is applied, one may dispense with the construction of purification departments in which carbon monoxide is eliminated from the gas under a pressure of 120-300 atmospheres. Construction of these de- partments requires a large capital investment and the cost of operating -22- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 them is high. Washing of the gas with liquid nitrogen assures the pro- duction of a pure gas and thus simplifies and improves its co:~version into ammonia. The process in question is being applied at the Chirchik Combine . One of the tasks of investigators will be finding ways to lower the cost of hydrogen. One must take into consideration tha?t?~ the conversion of methane requires the creation of several additional sequences of tech- nological processes involving the conversion o:E carbon monoxide with the formation of C02 and after this purification of the gas from C02 and from the residual, unconverted carbon monoxide. One must find new methods for the conversion of gases so that a max- imum yield of hydrogen is achieved, new possibilities of the production of hydrogen are developed, and the capital investment is r~:duced. The synthesis of ammonia is conducted in the USSR nitrogen industry under different pressures ranging from 300 atmospheres to 700 atmospheres. High-pressure processes play o:.1y a small part in the synthesis of ammonia and are not very promising as far as their future application is concerned. Subsequent development of ammonia synthesis at a medium pressure (325 at- mospheres) is foreseen. During more than ~+0 years there have been no radical changes in the industrial synthesis ~f ammonia as far as the technology of the process and the equipment used are concerned. Development of a process for the synthesis of ammonia at low pressures with the application of ultrasound waves or of some other form of energy would be of definite interest. Re- search and experimental work on the subject are being conducted at present. 22. Production of Hydrogen and of Ammonia From Natural Gas Rather Than Cracking Gas Recommended "On Ways of the Development of Petrochemistry," by P. A. Smir- nov, State Planning Institute of Petroleum Plants (Giprenefte- zavod); Moscow, Khimiya i Tekhnologj~Ta Top ova i Masel, No 6, Jun 57, PP '12-16 The by-product gases of modern petroleum conversion plants contain a considerable amount of hydrogen sulfide, because sulfur-containing crudes from eastern regions are converted in the majority of cases. For that reason one may organize at these plants a production of sulfur or of sul- furic acid derived from the hydrogen sulf ide that is obtained by the pur- ification of plant gases or originates from the desulfurizing hydrogena- tion of diesel fuel. - 23 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 In connection with the desulfurization of diesel fuels by hydrogena- tion until the residual sulfur content h~ss ;peen brought down to the 0.2~ required by the standard, one must organize at petroleum conversion plants a production of hydrogen in excess of the quantity r'urnished by catalytic reforming. The additional quantity of hydrogen can be obtained either by separating it from the hydro~;era-methane fraction or by converting this fraction. One of the characteristics of the material balance s,t USSR petroleum conversion plants will be the absence of any portions oi' the Y~ydro~n-methane fraction that are available for conversion, so that the production of am- monia and of fertilizers a~i: these plants will be out of the question. This must be realized by designers of plants, although the production of ammonia at petroleum conversion plants is still frequently advocated. T1::. production of hydrogen as a commodity appears advisable to a riinor extent only wherever purification. of diesel fuel from sulfur is carried out within the limits set by the availability of waste gas de- rived from catalytic reforming, or nonsulfurous crudes are converted. In the first case the purification of diesel fuels cannot be brought to a point where the residual content of sulfur amounts to 0.2~. In view of the fact that the demands of the chemical branches of production for hydrogen and methane conflict with the improvement of the quality of diesel fuel, these demands must be set aside as incompatible with the needs of the fuel industry. In the productior of ammomia and fertilizers one must be guided by the principle of using casing-head and natura:'. gas. The demand for many chemical products including ammonia, nitric acid,, methanol and other car- b inols, acetylene, acrylonitrile, and acetaldehyfie can be satisfied in this manner. It is best to organize the production of ammonia and of the other products mentioned in localities to which casing-head gas or natural gas can be supplied through pipelines and at which sources of power and construction facilities are already available. -2~+- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 23. Enrichment of Germoxii, ern i+n IIeavyy Coal-Tar By-Product of Coking "C,ermarlium in 'Fusses'," by N. P. Diyev and V. I. Davydov; Moscow, Zhurnal PrilsJ.adncy IChimii, Vol 30, No 11, Nov 57, pp .L685-ter-' The distillation of "fusses" (by-products of coke-chemical produc- tion which consist of a mixture of finely divided coke and coal tttr that :is carried over into the gas conduits) established that there is a signi- ficant enrichment of germanium in the fraction boiling at 200-400?. Nuclear Chemistry and Technology 24. The Solubilities of Uranyl and Thorium 3elenites Determined "On Uranyl end Thorium Selenites," by Ye. I. Ktylov and V. G. Chukhlants~v, Ural Polytechnic Institute imeni S. M. Kirov; (Sverdlovsk), Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol 12, No 4, Jul-Aug 57, PP 451- 5 The pH range was deter~dned in which uranyl and thorium selenites pre- cipitate from sulfuric acid and nitric acid solutions. The solubility products ~f these two aelenites at 20? were determined and fo~a.nd to be 3.8 X 10- 1 nnc? 1.35 X 10-20, respectively. 25. Oxalate Complexes of Trivalent Pluton3.um "Investigation of the Conditions of Formation and Stability of Oxalate Complex Compounds of Pu (III) in Aqueous Solutions," by A. D. Gelman, N. N. Matorina, and A. I. Moskvin, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, DoJ~.Lady Alcademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 117, No 1, 1 Nov 57, pp 88-91 The co~position and dissociation constants o:~ the ions [Pu(C204)2]-, [Pu(C204)2] ', and [Pu(C204)4]5- were determined. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 -~5- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 26. Reduction of Neptunium to a Trivalent State With Rongalite "Concerning the Problem of the Preparation of Trivalent Neptunium," by A. D. Gelman and M. P. Mefod'yeva, Insti- tute of Physical Chemistry, Acade~r~y of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Dok~lady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 117, No 2, 11 Nov 57, pp 225- 226 The conditions under which tetravalent neptunium is reduced to tri- valent neptunium by rongalite were investigated. Spectrophotometric identification of the valency states of neptunium and spec:trophotometric measurement of the degree of reduction by means of an S3I'-~F apparatus showed that the reduction proceeds mere completely in hydrochloric acid solu- tions than nitric acid solutions and also that addition of hydrazine or reduction in a nitrogen atmosphere increases the corgpleteness of the re- duction. 27. USSR Work on the Use of Luminescence Methods and of Other Ph sical Methods of Analysis in Geochemical Invests ,ations "Methods of Geochemical Investigation Abroad," by V. V. Shcherbina; Moscow, ?apiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva, Vol 86, No 2, Apr 57, pp 2g -300 (SIH Note: Although this article reviews developments outside of the USSR, comparisons are drawn between work done in that country and work done elsewhere, so that a considerable amount of information is also given on USSR work in the field of geochemical methods of investigation. According to a footnote in the Russian periodical, papers in the field of geochemistry and related fields published in the periodical literature as well as reports given at the 20th International Geological Congress in 1956 and the Geneva Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy in 1955 were used :n com- piling the article. The author of the article participated in the Geneva Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy.] Spectrochemical analysis rind. X~~y analysis are af' 3mport~ee t~easse th~r enable one to cli.stirguish with'.certair~ty between elements which have very similar chemical properties (e. g., rare earths, niobium and tantalum, rubidium and cesium) and also to determine elements the presence of which is masked by much larger amounts of other elements close to them in chemical pro- perties (e. g., gallium in aluminum minerals, rhenium in molybdenites, germanium in silicates, and hafnium in zircons). These methods are used extensivel;~ at USSR research institutes and laboratories. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 - 26 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Luminescence methods are used extensively in the determination of small quantities of uranium. This type of application was demonstrated at a U5 exhibit in Geneva. They are also employed in the investigation of bitumens. The application of luminescence methods has reached a high level of development in the USSR: a luminescence microscope and luminescence spec- troscope have been designed and methods of this type to be used in the in- vestigation of bitumens have been developed (V. G. Me]ltov and V. N. Florov- ska,ya) . In addition to optical procedures one should consider the spectro- photometric method, which makes it possible to determine in solutions, when accompanied by other substances, the element which is of interest. The determination is made on the basis of absorption spectra which cover not only the visible range, but extend into the ultraviolet and even the infrared region. Originally this method was used for the determination of rare-earth elements. It is also applied at present for the determina- tion of other elements which are difficult to separate or which cannot be determined easily by chemical methods. The spectrophotometric method is used in the USSR by A. P. Vinogradov and I. P. Alimarin (Sovremennyye Metody Analiza [Present-Day Methods of Analysis], 1956) for the determination of beryllium (with a precision reaching ~0.5~ at sensitivities down to 0.25 micrograms), titanium (with a precision of +0.5~ at 60-80 micrograms of Ti), zirconium and hafnium (wi+h a precision reaching 2~), niobium, tantalum, rare earths, and some other elements. Polarographic methods, which can be applied under field conditions, are of particular value for the simultaneous determination of several elements in mixtures or of elements the chemical determination of which presents difficulties (e. g., gallium, scandium, rhenium, niobium and the raze-earth elements). The method of oscillographic polargraphy, which is more sensitive and more highly selective than classical polarography, has been developed to a considerable extent in the USSR. Work on the subject is being done at ttia Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 - 27 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 28. Ths Geochemistry of Uranium "Concerning the forms in Which Uranium Occurs in Rocks," by V. T. Gerasimovskiy; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, V'ol 3, No 12, Dec 57, Pp 525-529 The problem in regard to the forms in which uranium occurs in rocks is of importance for the clarification of the conditions under which uranium deposits originate. This problem was first treated in work done by V, Tp Vernadskiy.. Extensive investigations done during recent yearts by USSP, and foreign scientists confirmed Vernadskiy's ideas on the subject and estab- lished with greater certainty that ura.~ium occurs in roclts in the follow- ing forms: (1) u:?ard~.un minerals, (2) isomorphous admixtures of uranium contained in the crystal lattices of nonuranium minerals, and (3) dis- pers~d uranium adsorbed on minerals and roclcs (or absorbed by them) or disso].~red in water contained :in the rocks. 2g. The Teci:nological Status of the Production of Extremely Pure Metals in the USSR "Metals and Semiconductor Elements of FLi.gh i'uri?cy," by Prof N. N. Murach, Moscow Institute of Nonferrous Metals and CTold imeni M. T. Kalinin, Priroda, Vol 1a6, No 12, Dec 57, pp 21-26 The significance of metals of high purity for nuclear technology, elec- tronics, high-speed aviation, and rocket techniques is pointed out. The ap- plications of metals of a high degree of purity in nuclear technology and as semiconductor'matErials are discussed in detail. The cross sections of the capture of thermal electrons by gadolinium,,s~xnarium, cadmium, boron, _ lithium) silver, cobalt, manganese, natural uranium, vanadium, nickel, copper, iron, calcium, and aluminum are listed together with the permis- sible liL?d.ts of concentration of these elements (with the exception of uranium) in uranium to be used as nuclear fuel. '(Table 3, p 23, based on data published by G.?Wirts in Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde, Vcl 47; No 5, 1956, pp 281-288). The status of the production of pure metals and c~her elements of a high degree of purity in the USSR is illustrated as follows in the table reproduced below: CPYRGHT Table 1+ (p 2~+) . Characterization of the Development of the Prodt~.ction and Degrees of Purity (in ~) of Some Nonferrous and Rare Metals in the USSR Produced Industrially Al Ge Au Cu H~ Pb 99.996 99.99 99.99 99.993 99.999 99.992 99:?99 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 -28- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT Produced on a, Semi-Industrial Scale W Bi Mo Ni Pt Ti Zn 99.99 99.95 99.99 99.99 99.99 99.98 99.99 Produced on a Laboratory Scale and Large Laboratory Scale Ba V Cd La M~'i Nb Sn Ta Ce Zr 99.9 99.9 99.99 99.93 99.98 99.98 99.99 99.2+ 99.98 99.98 Technological Methods of Production Are in the Development Stage Ba V Bi Ga In 99--98 99.98 99.99 99.99 99.99 La Re Pb Sr Sb 99.98 99.98 99.996 99.99 99.99 Cd Co Si Li 99.993 99.98 99.99 99.99 T1 Ta Te Co 99.99 99.98 99.99 99.98 It is stated that the construction of reaction engines (,jet and rocket engines) requires refractory alloys that are stable at temperatures of 900- 1,200? C: these alloys can be obtained only by using metals of high purity, including rare metals. The fact that metals which were formerly considered brittle (e. g., manganese, chromium, and vanadium) become ductile when they are sufficiently pure is pointed out. As an example of practical app].ica- ti~ns of the ductility of pure metals work on manganese in the US is mentioned (reference is apparently made to experimental work done at the U5 Bureau of Mines). The opinion is expressed that rolled chromium sheets wi11 be ava3.l- able soon. A~s far as vanadium is concerned, it is stated that, in view of the availability of huge deposits of'?Sran~,~ in the USSR, the possibil- ities of using this relatively lightweight (sp. gravity 5.8) and high- melting (m. pt. = 1,700? C) metal are particularly attractive. The last section of the article (pp 2~+-26) deals with methods for the purification of metals. In this section distillation, solvent extraetion~ ~crrexcha~. chromatography, thermal decomposition of iodides, and zone melting are discussed. The relative advantages and disadvantages of these methods are pointed out and specific applications (e. g., industrial pro- duction of zirconium frcm zirconium iodide in the US) mentioned. [For additional information on nuclear chemistry and technology, see Items No ~;, and ~+3. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 - 2g - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Organic Chemistry 30. Dia]1ty:Lamldes of__Triaroxyphosphazosulfonic Acids Smthesized "Dialkylamides of Triaroxyphosphazosutfonic Acids arul Aromatic Esi:ers of N,N-Dia]lcysulfamide-N' -phosphoric Acids," by A. V. Kirsanov and Z. D. Nekrasova, Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Ins stitute, Moscow, Zhurnal ObshcY~ey Khimii, Vol 27, No l2, Dec 57, PP 3241-3248 The authors describe the preparation of a number of dia].kylamides of t.riaroxyphosphazosulfonic acids and diaryl esters of N,N~-83a]ltylsulfamida- N'-phosphoric acids. The diemethyl and diethyl amides of triaroxyphosphazo- su:'.fo:.ic acids were prepared by the action of trichlorophospha,zosulfor~.c acid di.~.nethylamide and trichlorophosphazosu].fonic acid di'ethylamide on sodium arylates: R2NS02N'=PCl3 + 3 NaOAr--~ 3NaCl + R2PTSO~I~T=P(OAr)3. 31. nano-Substituted. Dialkylphosphites "Concerning Cyano-Substituted Dialkylphosphites," by Gil'm Kamay,~ Ye: V. Kuznetsov, and R. K. Valetdinov, Kazan Chemicotechnological CPYRGHT Institute imeni S. M. Kirov; MU6COw, Dokladv Akademii N~.k SS-~ X67,. 116, No 6, 1957 PP 965-968 "Acid cyano-substituted esters of phosphorous acid have still not been describe3 in the literature. There is no doubt that introduction of a cyano group into a molecule of a dialkylphosphite should drastically change its properties. It is with these purposes in mind that we investigated the reactions between equimolec~alar quantities of certain d-cyanohydrins and phosphorus trichlorid.e. We learned that the given reaction occurs with the formation of a mixture of products, namely: the acid chlorides of Q-cyanoalkyb-, di-d-cyanoalkylphosphorous acids and tri-o(-cyanoa]lsyl- phosphites. The formation of these substances can be explained with the following, consecutively occurring Reactions: R -c.-oH + Pcl3-;~ R-c-oPCl3 + xcl CN CN Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 -30- ~~~or Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 R~ 2 R -~-oPCl ~ 3 PC1 P + R-C-oPCl3 CN ~, R-C-O`I Pfi R-C-oPCl3 CN.~3 CI N R-C-O / PCl+R-C-OPCl ~ CN The mast interesting fact in this complex system of reactions is that the formed tri-a-cyanoalkylphosphite does not hinder transformation into di- d-cyanoalkylpho~phorous acid by the well,=known Arbuzov rearrangement even under such severe conditions as high temperature, high concentration. of reagents, and unbound hyr?rogen chloride [1] [numbers in brackets refer to appended bibliography]. As a result of many fractional distillations of the d-cy~~nohydrin-phosphorous trichloride reaction mixture, we suc- ceeded in separating the following d-cyano-subs~~ituted phosphites and their acid chbrides (Table 1) (below]. "The isolated acid chlorides of d-cyanoalkyl- and. di -aC-cyanoalkyl- phosphorous acids are colorless liquids that smoke in mois-~ air. "Next, we studied the saponification of di-cL-cyanoalkylphosphorous acid chlorides under various conditions. As a result of the experiments, we established that saponification of the acid chlorides with precise ,amounts of water in an ether medium and in the presence of pyridine takes place with the formation of acid cyano-substituted esters of phosphorous CN R-C-O PCl tHOH+CSHSN x- I-o P+PCl3 ~~cN 3 R~ R-~-O~ POH-I-C5H5N.HC.~.. T_n this manner the following di-a-cyanoalkylphosphorous acids were prepared (Table 2). The isolated di-cC-cyanoall~ylphosphorous acids are colorless ' liquids with a faint odor. In contrast to ordinary c?.ialkylphosphorous acids, their dicyanosubsituted analogs behave in a manner similar to that of phosphorus trichloridz derivatives. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 -31- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT "When equimolecular quantities of di-a-cyanoallcylphosphite are mixed with cuprous chloride, a characteribtic rise in temsperature is noticed. Further heating is ll.5? completeYy melts the cuprous chloride and a vit- rious noncrystallizing mass is farmed. "There acids react with phenyl azide ]3berating nitrogen. Thus, when l.~?3 grams of di-~~c-cyanoisoprop~~l phosphite reacts with 0.70 gram of phenyl azide in an ether solution, a faint evolution of nitrogen bubbles is observed. After~~? days, crystals in the form of long needles a~peared. Later, the crystals were filtered out and dried. N,elting point 87 On the basis of nitrogen and. phosphorus analysis, the substance has the follow- ing structure: bxNC6H5 PNHC H U. 6 5 0 Here it should be noted that di-d-cyanoalkylphosphites, containing secondary radicals, react with phenyl azide much mere energetically and evolve nitrogen. "While stud ring the structure of phosphorous acid and its esters, A. Ye. Arbuzov in 1,950 came to the conclusion that all of its middle esters are built on trivalent phosphorus, while phosphorous acid itself and its acid esters contain pentavalent phosphorus [2]. Etiren at that time, A. Ye. Ar- buzov expressed the opinion that it was possible that phosphorous acid and its acid esters exist in tautomeric form. P / `~ \ P-OH RO / `H ~- RO / I II According to his opinion, structure I has the free farm of phosphorous acid. In solution, it can exist in tautomeric farm II [3]. Physicochemical in- vestigations [l+-6] in recent years brilliantly confirmed. A. Ye. Arbuzov's conclusions made over 50 years age on the pentavaleney c~i' phosphorus in ac,~id esters of phosphorous acid and on the probability of their tautomer- ism. "The chemical properties of di-~-cyanoalkylphosphites indicate that apparently the tautomeric equilibriuru is siii.fted to the side of the tri- valent form of phosphorus. Thus the position of she tautomeric equili- brium of acid esters of phosphorous acid depends also on the nature of the Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 -32- CPYved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 radicals, as M. Kabachnik stated earlier [7]. The presence of di-~.- ::yanoalkyl radicals in the acid esters of phosphorous acid studied by us help in shifting the tautomeric equilibrium to the trivalent phosphorus side. "Next, we established that di-d-cyanoalkylphosphorous acids with sec- ondary cyano-containing radicals also develop properties of mixed esters of phosphorous acid. On heating they readily undergo intermolecular re- arrangem?nt, excha.nging a hydroxyl group for a corresponding radical: 2 (R- IHO)2 POH ~ (R- IHO)3 P+ R-iHOP02H2 CN COQ CN However, di-~-cyanoisopropylphosphorotis acid, containing a tertiary radical, practically does not display this property. Boiling Point in d20 n20 ~ ? ' "~ " " Formula C mm H 4 D a. cu a~eT - ~ouna ' CH3-iH0 PC12 6'r-68/11 1.3359 1.4805 36.13 36.59 CN (CH3-CHO)2PC1 140-:142/10 I`N 1.1844 1.4575 x+6.21 47.2 (CH3-ixo)3P 152-154/2 1.1188 1.4470 56.29 57.55 3~C~vPCl3 78-80/11 ~ 1.2760 1.4773 x?75 41.20 C$3 ~ CN CH 139-140/11 1.1417 1.4557 55??+4 55.65 3 ~- `-o Pcl CH3 CN 2 CH3 153-154/4 1.0749 1.4462 70.14 40.21 C - 0 P cH3 ~ CN ~ - 33 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT Boiling Point in d20 n20 ~ F.-~ cC ~mn H' 4 D c a e oun CH3-cH2ixoPCi2 78-79/8 1.2868 1.4800 40.75 41.05 CN . (CH3-CH2 d~0,)2 152-155/11 1.1470 1.4612 55.44 56.06 :pc x (CH3-CH2~H0)3P 162-164/2 1.0810 1.4515 70.14 70.62 cN cH3-~H-ciao Pc12 83-84/8 1.24io 1.4780 45.36 45.60 c$3 cN (cH3-~H-c~o~ec1 - c~3,cN 127-128/3 1.1089 1.4620 64.68 65.oy (cH~-~H-c~o}~ 163-164/2 1.0475 1.454; 83.99 84,14 cH3.. cN cx3-cx2-.cx2- o 92-94/10 1.2295 1.4765 45.36 45.90 i PCI2 CN (cH -cg2 -CH2- 138-140/3 1.1176 1.4630 64.68 64.71 CH0~2PC1 CN (cHg-cH2cH2 ~- 168-16y/2 1.0433 1.4530 83.99 84.26 cHO 3P I CN cH,-cH-cH~-cxo Pci 95-96/10 1.2020 1.4770 49.98 50.29 CH3 CN Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 -34- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT Boiling Point in d20 n~ Nan Forrmtla ?C mm H ~ D Calculated Found (CH3- H-CH2-C HO)2 PCl 138-140/l 1.0808 1.4623 73.81 73.84 CH3- IH H3 C -CH2-CIH N O)3P 182-185/2 1.0138 1.4550 97.85 98.24 CH3 CN ,o Pc12 - 124-125/10 1.2818 1.5118 52.40 52.91 ~~/ ~CN I~ C~~?-1 Pct 203-207/10 1.1810 1.5050 78.75 78.94 CND \ 2 ~ ~0 1 ~ ~-! ~CN ~ P melting 75? ~ 3 point Boiling Point in g20 n20 ~~- Formula ?C mm H 4 D Calculated Found (CH3-iH0)~POH 112-115/0.2 1.1605 1.4400 41.71+ 42.11 CN ~CH~ C-0 POH 118-120% .2 1.1128 1.4420 51.85 51.35 CH3/ CN 2 CH -CH-CHO 3 ~ \ PoH CH3 CN 2 123-121+/0.2 1.0903 1.4460 61.08 59.68 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : ~I~F;,DP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT Soiling Point in ? d2Q n~ MRD Formula C mm H 4 D Calculated Found ._ (cx -c -cx2 ~ 134-135/0.2 1.0846- 1.4486 61.08 ___~ 60.32 cxo~2P CN (cH3-ix-Cx2 133-135/0.1 1.0529 1.4505 70.32 69.45 CH GHO) ZPO~ clcx2-cx2 0 115-117/0.5 1.2864 1.4622 45.63 44.67 'yox "Bibliography . "l. Y~.. V. Kuznetsov, R. K. Valetdinov, Tr. Ka.zansk.~K~3.m~Tekhno~.. Inst. imen3. S. M. Kirov, No 21, 167 (1956) . ?, "2. ..A. Ye. Arbuzov, 0 5troyenii Fosforistoy Kislot~r :~ ye re Proizvod- nykh (On the Structure of Phosphorous Acid and Its Derivatives ,Selected Works, Academy of Sciences USSR, 1952, page 41. "3. A. Ye. Arbuzov, ibid; pages 462-465. "4. A. Ye. Arbuzov, M. I. Batuyev, V. 5. Binogradova; Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 54, 603 (1846). - 237? "5 A. Ye. Arbuzov, P.,I. Rakov, .Izv. AN SSSR, Otd. Khim. Nauk, 1g50, "6. A. Ye. Arbuzov, V. S. Vinogradova, Izv..AN 5SSR; Utd. Khim. Nauk, 1g46, 617. "7. M. I, Kabachnik, Sbornik. Kh~mi i ~emeneni Fosforor aniche- skikh Soyedineniy Trudy Pervo~y Konferentsii Chemistry and Application of Organophosphorus Compounds `Works of the First Conference]); Izv. AN SssR, 1957, Page 37? Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA31~DP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Radiation Chemistry 32. Effects of Radiation on E^cplosive Substances "The Effect of Irradiation With X Rays on the Thermal De- composition of Barium Azide," by B. V. Yerofeyev and V. V. Sv!.ridov, Sbornik Nauchnykh Rabot, Institut Khtmiil AN BSSR (~~ollection of Scient~.fic Pub]3.cations, Institute of Chemistry, J,~~cademy of Sciences Belorussian SSR) No~S. (1), 1956, pp L13-12~ CPYRGHTfrom Referati Zhurnal--Khimi , No 17, 10 Sep 57, Abstract No 5710 by L. Berezkina "The effect on the kinetics of the thermal. decomposition of BN( at 11~+-146? and 126? of preliminary irradiation for oi:e hour with X rays was investigated. The duration of the exposure of the compound .to X rays was varied from 0.5 sec to 50 hours. Reduction of the length of the induction period (p'~C) and acceleration of the reaction were observed, in aLl cases after irradiation. The dependence between o'~C and the duration t of exposure to radiation way: found to correspond to the equation a~ = 60.0+13.8 1g t at values of t between 3 seconds and one hour. The effect-, of the radiation was found to be weaker for moist BN6 and to be reduced in time after termina- tion of the irradiation. It was established that the total energy of the thermal decomposition of baritun azide diminishes after irradiation.? Radiochemistry 33? Kpplications of Radioactive Isotopes in Production Control, the Pro- duction of Inorganic Substances of a High Degree of Purity, Work on Nuclear Fuels and Splinter Elements, Etc. "Problems of Analytical Chemistry at the All-Union Scientific Technical Conference on the Application of Radioactive and Stable Isotopes and of Radiation in the National Economy and Science," by Yu. A. Zolotov and l~u. V. Yakovlev; Moscow, Zhurnal Anali- CPYRGF~Tcheskt~y I~iimii, Vol .12, No ~+, Jul-Aug 57, PP 570-571 "This c~~ni'erence, which was held at Moscow ~+-l2 April 1957, was or- ganized by the Academy of Sciences USSR and the Chief Administration on the Utilization of Nuclear Energy, Council of Ministers USSE3. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 - 37 - CPYRGHTFor Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 "The application of radioactive and stable isotopes in the solution of theoretical and practical problems of analytical chemistry was dis- cussed at meetings of the Section of AnalyL?ical Chemistry and Production Control and ?to some extent at meetings of the Section of Radiochemistry. A sufficient amount of attention wa,s paid to all principal aspects of the utilization of radioactive isotopes in analytical chemistry: their ap- plication in work on general problems and the practical application of such methods of present-day analytical chemistry as precipitation and coprecipitz. lion, chron~a,to~rraphic separation, extraction, and spectro- chemical ~.nalysib; in the development and perfection of new methods of analysis based on the measurement of the intensity of radiation, radio- artivation analysis, isotope dilution9 and radiometric titration; and fi:~ally in the solution of problems of an appl3,ed nature pertaining to the analysis of definite substances. A total of 12 reports was presented on a~,ll of these problems, "Some theorc~~~ica1 problems pertaining to the purification of sub- stances by crystallization and precipitation and also examples of.tl~ prep- aration of inorganic substances of high purity with the aid of radio- active tracers were discussed in a report by G, I. Gorshteyn and G. V. Abramova All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Reagents and the "Krasnyy Khimik" [Red Chemist] Plant). The authors of this report pre- sented data on the purification of reagents from nonisomorphous and is- morphous impurities. In the case of nonisomorphous impurities the con- centration of the principal substances in the mother liquor is of primary importance; the lowered solubility of the salt of the macrocomponent contributes to a considerable degree to the elimination of imp~.~rities from tie substance being purified. The applicability of the linear law of the distribution of isomorphous microcomponents (Khlopin?s Law) was experimentally confirmed for aqueous salt solution systems of new types. Furthermore, it was established that the magnitude of the coefficient of distribution in many cases remains constant after transition from micro- concentrations to rather extensive ranges of macroconcentrations in salt systems. The fact that the properties of the macrocomponent exert a ' ~.ficant influence on the character of tY,a distribution of the micro- ~~~aponent was also pointed out by V. Io Grebenshchikova (Radium Institute ~f the Academy of Sciences USSR), who participated in a discussion. "V. R. Klol:maxi (Radium. Institutf; of the Academy of Sciences USSR) reported results of. an inve,;tigatio;~ concerning the 'behavior of small quantities of substance as far as distribution between a melt and a solid phase is concerned. M. S, Merkulova (Moscow State University) reported on the investigation of t?he mechanism of introduction of ions of bivalent metals into the lattice of salts which crystallize in the same system of sodium chloride. I< G, Shafran (All-Union Scientific. Research Institute of reagents) presented a communication on the sub- ject of the application of tracer atoms in the development of chemical methods for the analysis of impurities in reagents of lZi.gh purity. This cormm~n;cation was presented during a discussion period Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA31~DP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT "M. M. Senyavj.n (Insti?Lute o;f Geochemistry and Allalytieal Chemistry, Academy o:k' Sciences USSR) gave a paper on the applications of radioactive isotopes :in chrom~.tography and the significance of this method. The ap- plicatioxl of radioactive :isotopes made it po~,cible ?to clarify a number of theoretical aspects of chxomatographic separation (i;he dependence of the absorbed quantity of substance on its concentration, etc.) and furthermore has facilitated to a considerable extent observation of the course of chro- matographic separation. Senyavin?s report also reported results of in- vestigations on the separation of pure cesium, the separation of sodiuxu from potassium, and the determination of yttrium in mixtures of rare earth elerients. In the last-mentioned separation an original combination of ion-exchange separation with a method of isotope dilution was applied. "A rap;nt by A. K. Lavrukhina and F. I, Pavlotskaya (Institute of Geo- chemistry and Ana.lytj.cal Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR) presented results of. worlc on the chromatographic separation of promethium from a mixture of uranium fission products. I. A. Korshunov (Gor'kiy State Uni- versity) told during the discussion about the chromatographic separation of radioactive iron from radioactive cobalt. In the Section of Radio- chemistry, T. V. Zimalcov, A. G. Bykov, and I. A. Usacheva (Ministry of Chemical Industry) gave a paper on a new method for the analysis of some solutions containing products of the fission of uranium. This method is based on the capacity of charged ions to migrate under the action of an electric?current along a. paper strip moistened with the e.lectro- lyte~, the method in question was designated as radioelectrochromatog- raphy by the authors of the paper. "Extraction methods are now being applied to a significant extent in practical work done by analytical chemists and radiochemists. An extensive report on extr~.:ction processes and their importance in the isolation and purification of radioactive isotopes was made by V. M. Vdovenko Radium Institute of the Academy of. Sciences USSR). Vdovenko emphasized the im- portance of theoretica,1 pxoblems pertaining to extration (e. g.: those which have a bearing on the mechanism of the extraction, the selection of appropriate conditicn~, the eff eetiveneas of the sal~;ing-out action, etc.) and furthermore described in general terms a number of frequently applied procedures including the masking of extraneous ions, re-extraction utilization of. several valencies of the same element, etc. A. V. Niko- layev and P1. M. Sinitsin presented a paper on the specific characteristics of x-uthenium exhibited during the extraction of this element with tributyl phosphate. "The applicatic,.l cf tracer atoms made it possible to solve a number of important problems in the field of spectral analysis. One of the cardi- nal problems of spectral analysis is the investigation of a number of factors (the total composition, the effect of the the thira component, etc. ) on the course c:f the process of evaporation of ei.emer~ts from samples and on the excita?cion of ato~-as in the plasma. of the ati~c. Employment of Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIS--RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT radioactive tracers, as has bean shown in a report by 1;. Ye. Vaynshteyn (Instittute of Geo~:hemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Aciulemy of Sciences USSR), enables one to study the course oi' these px?ocess~.s individually ? and in this maruier to select the conditions under which the analysis can be conducted so that the results are most precise. The application of radioactive isotopes is also of great importance in the development of spectral methods of analysis for the test~.ng of materials of high purity. The report cited data on the degree of extraction of impurities during physical enrichment by evaporation combined with subsequent condensation of these impurities on a cooled electrode. A considerable amount of at- tention in Vaynshteyn?s re~ort was paid to a method for the determination of uran3.um by adding the U 35 isotope. This method, which has been devel- oped in the USSR, brings the precision of the determination to 1-2~. "New methods for the quantitative determination of elements based on the intensity of radiation em:t.tted by radioisotopes were described in a nu;nber of papers ~as well as in statements made during the discussions. "Reports by I. P. Alimarin and Yu. V. Yakolev (Institute of Geo- chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Acade~pr of Sciences USSR) and 0. Ye. Zvyagintsev and A. I. Ku.lalc (Chezni.cotechno].ogical Institute imeni V. I. Mendeleyev)~de~1t with one of the most sensitive methods of analytical chemistry, namely, radioactivation analysis, Which malsES it possible +o determine as many as 6b elements when these are present in quantities amounting to 10"7 - 10'~ grams. The first ox the two reports mentioned, which was of the review type,, discussed the basic principles and advantages of the method and furthermore described work done by the authors of the report on the determination of Cu, Sb As, and rare earth elements con- tained in amounts of the order of 10-~~ in metall~.c bismuth. The second report discussed results of t?he analysis of refined silver and cathodic nickel for Au, Pt, Pd, and Tr9 and also of the determination of Cu, As, Te, Ni, and, Co in antimony of high purity as well as of Co; Cu, Te, As, and Sb in gold. The content of the elements determined varied between 5 x 10-3 and 5 x 10-8. "A. Kh. Breger (Physicochemical Institute imeni Karpov), who partici- pated in the discussion, told about the results of the determination of oxygen in metals by a radioactivation method based on the (~f , n) reaction carried out in a betatron. The sensitivity of this method can 'ae 'brought to 0.010. "I. Ye. Zimakov (State Institute of Nonferrous Metals) told during the discussion about a new vaxiant of the me';hod of isotope dilution, wl?:ich eliminates determinations of the specific activity of the sub- stances that have been isolated and brings the sensitivity of the method to 10-6 - 10-7 ~. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT "A paper by I. N. Gibalo (Moscow State University) and T. A. Sirotina (Scientific Research Irzs?titute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR) on the subject of radiometric ti?trations des- cribed new methods for the determination of Be and Zr by titration with phosphate centainin;; P32 and of Tl by titration with iodide, chromate, phosp~$~otungstic acid, or tetraphenylboron sodium with the application of T1 V. S. Chernyy (1Char'lcov State University) pointed out during the discussion that nonaqueous solvents can be used in radiometric titra- ?tions . "V. B. Gaydadymov (Scientific Research Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR) presented a paper on the possible applications of a method based on the reflection of beta particles. The author of the report illustrated this method on the example of the analysis of mixtures of Nb and Ta, Zr and HF, Mo and W, and also of the determination of Pb in glasses. "Several communications dealt with the application of radioactive tracers in the solution of problems of applied analytical chemistry. Employment of radioactive tracer atoms in the development of new and check- ing of old methods for the separation and determination of elements was discussed in a paper by M. I. Troitskaya, Ye. N. Artemovay and A. M. Zarayskiy (State Institute of Nonferrous Metals). The investigations carried out by the authors of this paper referred to the completeness of separation of microgram quantities of a number of elements by various methods. Tn the course of the work described sufficiently rapid methods were developed for the determination of zinc in nickel, cobalt, and cad- mium, and necessary modifications were introduced into the formerly ap- plied methods for the determination of arsenic and phosphorus in nickel and copper and of indium in fly dusts of the lead-zinc production. "Ye. N. Nanobashvili (Institute of Chemistry, [Academy of Sciences] Georgian SSR) told about the application of 535 in the quantitative determination of a number of elements by precipitation in the form of sulfides. A comm~,n;cation by S. I. Tarabayev (Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR) dealt with the determination by means of tracer atoms of the bound water in some crystal hydrates. "The conference demostrated that radioactive isotopes are being used extensively and successfully in the USSR for the solution of theoretical and practical problems in analytical chemistry." Safety Engineering and Sanitation [See Item No 77.] Approved For Release 1999/09/08 -G~4141~DP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Miscellaneous 3~+. New Electrochemical Institute Organized Under the Academy of Sciences. USSR "I~oblems of the Institute of Electrochemistry," by Academician A. N. b'rumkin, Moscow, Veatnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 10, Oct 57, pp 99-iol An Institute of Electrochemistry (Institut E1~ktrokhimii) has been opened under the Academy of Sciences USSR. It is located in Moscow and is subordinate to the Department of Chemical Sciences of the Academy of Sciences USSR. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : Ch4~tD~P82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 ZV. >;ARTH SCTENC ~' Geodes~Y 35? Seasonal influence on Aerial Photo Results "Selection of a Favorable Time for an Aerial Photo Survey of Desert Landscapes of Sorth Central Asia," by B. V. Vinogradov, Tr. 'Labor. aerometodov AN SSSR, 1955, 5, 157-171 (from Re- ferativn Zhurnal--Astronomi a i Geodezi a, No 9, Sep 57, Abstract No 7 95 Materials from an aerial photo survey of western Turkmenia processed by the Laboratory of Aeromethods, Academy of Sciences USSR, at various times during 1952 and 1953 were analyzed for various types of weather changes and the favorable time for pictures chosen. There are no con- spicuous seasonal changes in the case of stone deserts. Argil deserts, on the contrary, exhibit sharp seasonal changes. Their geochemical differences are best stud3;ed during summertime; geomorphologic, hydrologic, and geological differences are most visible during the spring. An aerial survey of sand deserts yields. best results during springtime, when their grass. and bush areas underline their relief. Saline deserts show their salt deposits best during humid months (May-June and October-November). 36. Aerial Photo Qualit~r "Photographic Quality and Measurement Properties of Aerial Photo- . graphs," by 0. A. Gerasimova, Tr. Tsentr. n.-i. in-ta eod. aeros'yeinlci i lsarto r., 1955, No 107, 95-13 from Referativny~ Zhurnal--Astronomi a i. Geodeziya, No g, Sep 57, Abstract No 7698 The shape of boundary curves play an important role in the accuracy of :measurements, while the sharpness of boundary curves depends on the exposure and developing. A conclusion is reached that physical blurring is less than the computed one, because it is a function of the geometrical blurring and of the linear dimensions along the direction of the blurring, the photographic sensitivity of the material, and the reflecting ability of the ob,~ect. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : Cla-I~~P82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 37. Aerial Photo Detail Worlt " "Microphotometric Characteristics of Images of Some Desert Plants on 1:5,000 Aerial Photos," by B. V. Vinogradov, Tr. Labor. Aerometodov AN 6SSR, 1956, 5, 1g6-203 (from Referativn~~ Zhurnal--Astronomiya i Geodezi No 9, Sep 57, Abstract No 7 99 In 1953 sample areas with various ,plant g??oups were mapped on a scale of 1:100 and 1:250 in western Turkmenia. The microphotometering was. accomp- lished using a photoelectric microphotometer MF-2. The,best microphotometric characteristics were obtained for brushwood, the various species of which exhibited variou^ types of microphotometric cuxves: 38. Aerial Sterec~photography With Two Film T es "Combined Aerial Survey and the Peculiarities of Its Inter- pretation," by V, S. Moiseyev, Tr. Vsea. zaoehn. lesotelthn. in- ta, 1856, No 2, 2bl-2o'7 (from Referativn Zhurnal-- Astronomi a 3 Geodeziya, No 9, Sep 57, Abstract No ,.7717 The application of orthochromatic, panchromatic, infrachromatic, color, and spectrozonal aerial photos is disc~.i,^,aed, with regard to interpretation of forest areas. It is suggested tha~Lfor stereo pairs pictures on different types of fi],m be used, e:: g., panchromatic and infrachromatic or orthochro- matic with color, etc. The obtained sterec~.m~:e7.combinea qualities of both types of pictures and shows contrast in reproduction of details. Combined aerial photography is done by means of.a double aerial camera, consisting of two cameras with different type. cf i"films. The cameras operate suc- cessively, photographing the area on the two films through a frame with the usual longitudinal overlapping. 39? Vertical Gravity Gradient in N~ountain Areas "The Vertical Gradient of Gravity," by B. L. Ochapovskiy, 0. M. Raspapov, and A. D. Sytinakiy. Uch. zap. LGU, 1956, No 210, 11~+- 133 (from Re:cerativn Zhurnal--Astronomi a i Geodezi a, No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No 509 Methods and formulas for computing the vertical gradient and its ano- malies(Z?~J are presented. Tt is shown that in the case of mountain chains the horizontal gradient V Q (its anormal part) is numerically equal to the anomaly of the vertical gradient /, ~I. T;~e computation of the ma~. tude ~n9 for a model of a ~~~iountain chain showed that the spatial distribution of this fnagnitude ~:s rather variable and varies in wide l~.mits. Th.e magnitu$~ ~ ,~ Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-~D"P82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 is computed according to formulas of Mallon and MolodensY.iy for several points of the high moui,tain section of the Caucasus. The highest value of Q y was found to be +176 E. With the modern knowledge of the Lbropean part of USSR, such computa- tions of the magnitude L1 ~ are practically possible by means of intergrat- ing within a radius of 1W km. The error of L~ ~ determination is o E' the order of a few etvesh (5 - 10 E). 40. Instrument Error Considerations "Ex?rors in Results of Measurements," by K. K. Aglintsev, Tr. Vses. n.-i. in-ta metrologii, 1954, No 24, 5-7 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Astronomiya i Geodeziya, No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No 522 The classical theory of processing measurements determines the mean error of the result based on the law of normal distribution by Gauss which does not take under consideration the reso~ving power of the instrument, i.e., the minimum value the instrument is able to take. This minimum value is intro- duced into t formula, and the mean error ~?~ is determined by the formula ? = n + a ,where 2a is the graduation of the instrument possible to read, ~. the discrepancy of the mean result, and n the number of observations. At n sufficiently large~.~ = a, which leads to the conclusion that the in- crease of observations cannot lower the error below the resolving ,power of the instrument. . 41. A. Ye. Solomatin, Soviet geodesist, Dies "A. ~'e. 5olomatin" (unsigned article), Moscow, ~ioskovskaya CPYRGHT Pravda, 31 Dec 57, p 4 A. Ye. Solomatin, a well-known Soviet topographer and geodesist, died at the age of 56 on 3G December 1857. Solomatin had been editor of the newspaper Geodezist; the newspaper is a publication of an unidentified es- tablishment. Solomatin was also deput~t director of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial F'.iu~~~graphy, and Cartography, and deputy chief for political affairs of the Moscow Aerogeodetic Enterprise. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA~F~1P-82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Geo ogy 1+2. Ural Deposits Of Aluminum, Magnesium, Titanium and Beryllium Geolo i a i Polezn a Tsko a e a Urals (Geology and Useful Minerals of the Urals , by Prof A. A. Malakhov, Doctor of Geo- logical - Mineralogical Sciences; Moscow, Znaniye, 1957, Seriya VIII, No 32, 2g pp The pamphlet presents the following information on the four "winged metals," aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and beryllium. The author states that these are objects of careful attention on the part of geologists, and that the metals are used mainly in aircraft cons?truction.' Large deposits of bauxites, which are excellent aluminum ores, are located in the Urals. A group of such deposits, known under the name "Krasnaya Shapochlta" (Little Red Hat), is found orgy the eastei?n slope of the Northern Urals. Geologists have recently established the presence of a belt of bauxite deposits of the Devonian period running along the eastern slope of the Urals. In addition to Devonian bauxites, bauxites of the Cretaceous period are known which are located in the vicinity of Kamensk. Cretaceous bauxites have also been found in large quantities in the Turgay depression near the location of iron-ore deposits. Bauxites are also found in other regions of the Urals. Ma~esium is lighter than aluminum. It is used in aircraft as an alloy with aluminum, zinc and other metals. The principal raw materials for the production of magnesium metals are magnesite, carnallite, and sea-water brines rich in magnesium salts. Magnesites, as states above, are found in the largest Satkinsk deposit, but magnesiuun metal is not extracted from these magnesites. Carnalli.te deposits are found at Solikamsk, in the central section of the Western Urals. Carnallite occurs here in thick beds of rock salt and potassium salts. In connection with the development of jet aircraft construction, industry has set up new requirements for the "winged metals." Such metals must not only be li,ht, but must also possess high mechanical and corrosion-. resistant properties and considerable strength. Titanium and its alloys have such properties. Titanium is used not only in aircraft building, but also in shipbuilding, and is a component of hard alloys, is used in polish- ing, etc. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA=R~P82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 At present intensive prospecting is under way to locate deposits of titanium dioxide (rutile) which is the best ore for the production of ti- tanium metal. There are reasons to believe that this type of ore will be found in metamorphic formations of the Central and Southern Urals. Beryllium is the lightest of al.l. "Yri.nged metai.s." It is extracted from the mineral beryl which is found in pegrnatitic veins in the Urals. Pure beryi.s, occurring in green or other colors, are semiprecious stone. Beryllium ore consists of beryl stones mixed with impurities.. Beryll3t?m is also used at present in the preparation of certain alloys. ~3. Popular Booklet on Prospecting fox Boron Deposits Published Gde i Kak Iskat' Mestorozhdeni a Bora (Where and How to Look for Deposits of Boron , by V. V. Mel'nitskiy, State Scientific Pe- search Institute of Mined Chemical Raw Materials., Ministry of . Chemical Industry USSR; Goslchimizdat, Moscow, 1957, 34 pP This booklet, of which 2,500 copies have been published, is subdivided into six chapters. The first three chapters contain general information on the applications of boron and its compounds, the distribution of boron in nature, and the principal minerals which contain boron. The fourth chap- ter gives a brief description of the types or' boron deposits. The last two chapters give general information on prospecting for boron deposits. The booklet is designed for a wide range of natural scientists (geo- logists, geographers, students specializing in geological sciences, persons who have a good knowledge of a particular region, and students in upper classes of schools. The following information is given in the introduction. Boron and its compounds are used extensively in the most diverse fields of industry and agriculture and also in medicine, Boron is used in metal- lurgy as a component of various alloys, including boron steel. Boron steel is employed in the machine-building industry and in special types of pro- duction. Metallic boron is used in the construction of clifferent instruments, specifically instruments for the measurement of high temperatures. Boron combined with carbon (uglerodistyy bor) is used as a substitute for hard alloys. _L.7_ Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT Metal borides are used to advantage in various fields of technology. Some borides are distinguished by their refractory properties, great hard- ness, and high corrosion resistance; they are used for these reasons as material for the construction of parts of rocket and ,het engines. Some compounds of this class are used at installations for the transformation of the energy of sunlight into electrical energy and also in the production of nuclear power. Compounds of boron with hydrogen (boranes) can apparently be used as efficient reaction engine (rocket) fuels. Boron is of i~portance in agriculture: boron compounds are used as trace element fertilizers for various industrial, cereal, and vegetable crops. During the next few years, the requirements for boron compounds to be used in agriculture wall comprise no less than one half of the total demand for boron in the national economy. Because of the increasing demand for boron and boron derivatives, the directives of the 20th Congress of the CPSU specify a 1+0-1+5~ increase in the supply of boron minerals during the operation of the Sixth rive-Year Plan. Under the circumstances more attention must be paid to prospecting for new deposits of boron minerals The section dealing with procedures to be followed in prospecting; for boron minerals discusses geological and chemical methods only: no information on radiometric procedures ,is given. This section is concluded with the sta~ement that persons who have discovered deposits of boron minerals will receive rewards. All persons who have discovered such de- posits are urged to notify the State Scientific Research Institute of Mined Chemical Raw Materials, 259 Oktyabr?skiy Prospekt, Lyubertsy, Nbskov- skaya Oblast, and possibly also inform the Division of Mineral Resources of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Conservation or the local territo= rial geological administration (pp 25-28). A bibliography consisting of eight references, all. of them Lr'SSR, follows the text of the booklet. The table of contents follows. 1. Introduction 2. ~ General Information on Boron 3. Minerals Containing Boron 1+. Deposits of Boron Raw Material 15 5? Where and .How to Look for Deposits of Boron 22 6. Methods of Searching for Boron Deposits 25 Bibliography 29 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIAO-F~?882-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 V. ELECTRONICS Components 44. New Soviet Industrial Photoelectron Multi Tiers "New Industrial Types of Photoelectron Multipliers," by L. G. Leyteyzen, A. G. Berkovskiy, I. Ya. Breydo, B.. M. Glukhovskiy, 0. S. Korol'kova, and Ye. I. Tarasova; Moscow, Izvestiya Akad~~ emii;. Nauk, Seriya Fizicheskaya, No 12, Dec 57, pp 1653-1659 At present the photoelectron multipliers of the authors' design described in the article are either in the preparatory stage or in actual production. The production of a special multiplier for scintillation spectrome- ters FEU-29 was recently begun. The amplitude resolution of this multi- plier was checked with the aid of NaI(Tl) crystal and the Cs137. This type of multiplier will be very useful for geological prospecting. To further improve the device a series of experiments were conducted with dynodes made of various alloys. Another type of photoelectron multiplier, designated FEU-24, with a cathode diameter from 70 to 80 mm is now produced on a laboratory scale and is planned for series production in the immediate future. This device contains two cathode-ray tubes, one illuminating and one receiving, both synchronized with the raster scan. This l~+-pin base multiplier has 13 dynodes with an over-all length of 235 mm. The average static parameters are as follows: integral sensitivity of the cathode about 37 microamp lumen-l, "blue" sensitivity of 7 microamp~lumen-l. The cathode thermionic current is about 5.10-15 amp~cm2. The FEU-19 and FEU-33 photomultipliers were developed for investi- gation in the field of nuclear physics. The measurement conducted at the Physics Institute imeni Lebedev -- of the Academy of Sciences USSR dis- closed high time transit of the FEU-19. The FEU-19 experimental models with accelerating grids attained amplification of an order of 108 at a potential of 3 kv. The experimental model bismuth-silver-caesium multiplier FEU-29 was designed for operation in the red region of the visible spectrum. The FEU-29 multiplier has 11 amplification stages. Its integral sensitivity is about 50 microamp lumen-l, amplification of the order 10-5 to 10-6 at a potential of 1,500 v. -~+9- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Computers and Akt~mation ~+5? Soviet All-Semiconductor AnalogL Com ter "The first in the World," by Ye. Radzivilov; Moscow, lzver;tiy , CPYRGHT 26 Jars 58 At the close of 1957 the associates of the Scientific Research Insti- tute of Computer Machine Building designed the small-size, ftizlly tran- sistorized "MN-10" analog computer, the first of its kind in the world. The "MN-10" weighs oi11y ~5 kg and is about half the size of the similar, tube computer, "t!~Il~1-7." The power requirement of the MN-10" is only 200 w, and the life of such a computer is several tens of thou- sands of hours. With the aid of the "MN-10" higher mathematics equations, for example, the common nonlinear differential equations up to the 6th order, can b~: solved. For more complex problems several such machines are connected for operation in parallel. The operations of summing, multiplying, integra- ting, and others are performed with great speed.. Calculation of 30 vari- ants cf the flight tra,je~~tory of a plane would require only 2-3 days. This machine can be utilized for the control of manufacturing proc- essee:. ~~. Automation System With Inductive Transducer "New Electronic Bridge Circuit With Induction Transducer, by Yu. G. I~ochinev; Moscow, Priborostroyeniye, No 12, Dec 57, pp 5 -9 -- An electronic bridge with induction transducer is used in control and automation systems when the transformation on no^electric values into electric functions is difficult owing to the technological peculiarities of the process in question. The new automatic control system incorporates a phasing bridge and converts t%~e nonelectric values of the controlled process into compara- tively large displacements of the moving element of a transducer. The first experimental model of such a device w~~s bi;.ilt utilizing for its basic component a standard electronic bridge EMD~232. The electronic amplifier has two selector stages, one of which is intended for the sup- pression of the harmonics. - 0 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RD 82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 The characteristics of the device are as follows: sensitivity for the maximum values, 0.1y6; response, f~ sec; error due to the fluctuation of supply voltage, ~ l~. The over-all demensions of the dayice are 295 'uy 205 by 130 mm. The transmission line between the transducer and the control instruments can be over 100 m, provided the line is ~~ell shielded from interferences. ~+7 . Le.rgest Soviet Analogy Co;uputer, ' Integre;l-1' CPYRGHT "The Largest Mathematical MachinQ," by s~~. N. RP3zivilov; Mos- cow, Priborostroyen~e, No 12, Dec 57, pp 2$-29 "At Kiev State University imeni T. G. Shevchenko the largest ~.athe- matical machine in the Soviet Union, a powerful differential analyzer of 2~+ integrators designated as 'Integral-1,' was put into operation. "The design of this machine was,raade at the Moscow Design Bureau of Instrument Building and Automation Equipment under the direction of A. A. Bednyakov, chief designer. "The powerful differential analyzer of 2+ integrators belongs to a class of mathematical machinen of continuous action. It is intended for automatic solution of complex systems of ordinary differential equations encountered in various fields of modern science and engineering. "These unique mathematical machines comprise a huge combination of various dev3.ces of electromechanical type. Some of these devices perform complex mathe:~:.tical operations, as integration multiplication, functional transformation, etc., and the others assure automatic adjustment and oper- ation of the machine. "The machine occupies an area of 250 m2, weighs more than 25 tons, and consumes 100 kw of power. "The machine has 200 servomechanisms with opez?ating speed up to 1,000 rpm. The setting of the machine for the solution of problems and the control for the cors?ectness of the setting is done automatically from the perforated tapes and control desk by an automatic system containing up to 3;500 various relays and 185 servomotors. "Tine electronic part of the machine contains 1,200 radio tubes. The length of all the connecting wiring is over 100 1Qn. "The procedure for problem solution, which would require several months with a manually operated calculating machine, can be carried out on the new machine automatically and will require on the average not more than one hour. The setting of the machine for the solution and the - 51 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT control of the correctness of setting will require about 30 minutes, de- pending un the complexity of the problem. The solution is obtained with sufficient accuracy for most of the problems encountered in various fields of modern engineering. An interesting peculiarity of the machine is that i?` can solve up to four problems simultaneously, while the solution of each of trem is carried out in one of the four sections comprising the machine. In case of complicated problems all the sections solve the same problem, receiving the commands from the control desk, which unifies the ~*hole machine. "'!`he differential analyzer is a i~ttlly automatized mathematical ma- cYiine; the machine stops automatically after the solution of the problem. The results of the solution are recorded automatically during the course of tl~,r;~ solution ox" the problem in two forms -- tables and grPphs. "The machine is universal. Besides the solution of systems of ordi- nary differenti;~l equations, it can be used for the solution of special equations, as transcendental, algebraic, and differential with boundary conditions. "After the final adjustment, conducted by Kiev State University, the machine succPSSfully solved all the control problems. At this time it worked infallibly, and no irregularities were observed." Instruments and Equipment ~8. High-Resolution Radio-Frequency Mass >:~ectrometer "Radio-Frequency Mass Spectrometer With Increased Resolving Power," by M. Ya. Shcherbakov, Ye. F. Doil'nitsyn, and A. I. Trubetskoy, West Siberian Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR; No?~c~~ibirsk,, Izvesti Vostochn kh Filialov Akademii Nauk SSSR, No g, `3ep 57, pp 9 -101 A group of associates of the Labor^+,ory for the Absolute Geological Age of 1;'~e West Siberian Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR are working no~* on the problem of designing a high-resolution radio-frequency mass spE.:~rometer suitable for analysis of gases in a wide mass range. A mass spectrometer of 100 resolving power should overcome the preQ- ent difficulties ir. determining tb.e absolute age of geological formations. Two types of high-i?esolution mass spectrometers were developed; a radio- frequency mass spectrometer tuned to the second maximum and a mass spec- trometer utilizing a pulsed ion E~c:~urce. It was shown that the resolving power of a mass spectrometer can be improved by increasing the length of the analyzer and by adding auxiliary grids. - 52 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 The erper:Lmant has revealed that the resolving power of a high- frequency mass spectrometer can be greatly improved without complicating much of ita cons?tructl.on. 49a. Multichannel Amplitude Analyzer "Multichannel Amplitude Ana].y~:er With Potentioscope Recording," by G. P. Me1'nikov, L. I. Ar~temenkov, and Yu. M. Golubev; Mos- cow, Pribory i Tekhnika Rksperimenta, No 6, Nov~Dec 57, pp 57-66 The cathode-ray tube analyzer ELA-1 is a multichannel amplitude ana- lyzer utilizing a new method of recording thi? result of analysis on a storage-type cathode-ray tube. The first ELA-1 model operates on 64 channels and the econd model operates on v4, 128, and 256 channels with a capacity of 26~+, 232, and 216 pulses per channel, respectively. The dead time of the recording unit is about 25 microsec. The analyzing unit utilizes the principle of ampl3tude- time transformation of the pulse with a dead time of 1.5 microsec per channel. The amplitude spectrum is displayed on the screen of a cathode- ray tube. The total number of tubes incorporated in the device is 170. The principal feature of the new device is its high speed of record- ing of the results of the analysis. The cathode-ray tubes of this ana- lyzer can be replaced with ferrite cores. The analyzer is built with the following blocks: input block, transformation block, control block, deflection block, cathode-ray tubes block, plate and. filament power supply block, and the high-voltage block. 'i'he amplitude of the output signals is up to 120 v; channel width can be adjusted within ~.;c~e limits of 0.1-1.0 v; maximum impu-t is about 10~ of ran~:omly distributed pulses per sec. mhe resolution time for pulse co- incidence is less than 0.5 microsec. The analyzer NLA-1 wss used for spectrum measurement in a number of physical experiments. Th~~ energy spectrum of gamma-radiation at an aver- age input of 104 pulses pei? sec was examined. A further improvement in the ELA-1 model will permit the construction of an analyzer having only 50 tubes, operating on 300 channels, and pos- sessing a practically unlimited pulse-input capacity. -53- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 49b. Thickness Ga e for Plating on FerromaA,metics "Electromagnetic Thickness Gage With Compensation Circuit," by P. A. Gol'dring, Engineer; Moscow, Pribory i Stendy, Tema 9, No P-56-531, 10 PP The author describes his design for a thickness gage which facili- tates accurate ( to ~ ~. micron ) m?asurement of zinc, cadmium, copper, oxide, paint, varnish, or other coatJ.ngs on ferromagnetic items in any preestablished range of thi.clcnesses . Circui+, diagrams, a parts list, and a description and photographs o.?. the instrument and its operation are given. The instrument is ~~alibrated using control specimens made of pol- ished Armco iron electroplated under rigid control. Repeated calibra- tion, construction of a mean-value curve, and plottir_g of points on the instrument scale are recommended. The gage can be used to measure coating thickness during the plating process and provides a high degree of accuracy regardless of the item size. Measurements at two or three points on an item being plated takes about ~+0 sec, facilitating control during accelerated galvanic processes. The author states that the instrument has been built by "a plant" and that its application has eliminated plating flaws on ferromagnetic parts, promoted anode saving, and ~~ne away with losses occasioned by the need for plating adjustment when thickness measurements were made by the drop method. Magnetic, Dielectric, Semiconductor Materials CPYRGHT 50. Hungarians Report on Soviet Sern~3.conductor Research "Use of Transistors in Military Technology" (unsigned arti- cle); Budapest, Radiotekhnika, Vol VIII, No 10, Dec 57, PP 295-296 CPYRGHT Concerning the thermoelectric effect of semiconductors the article says, Thus, a Leningrad research group under the leadership of Acade- mi cianr~,~g~~-~~-J which uses the heat from an oil lamp and powers a battery radio receiver, The power source consumes half a kilogram of oil. nor 8 hours of oper- ation. Th.e development o.f thermoelectric generators is now under way for use as the power supply in 5-watt short-~aave transceivers." - 54 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT Concernin~Ft~~Tof semiconductors for measurin tem era ~ s.rticle says, nor exam e a t a was w u?~e a enin ~.ame er o m crone an as platinum and nicltel contacts pressed in glass. This thermistor measu.^~es between -70 and 4250 degrees centigrade." 51. Evaporation of Barium From the Surface of Metals "Evaporation of Barium From the Surface of Certain Metals," by P. M. Marchuk, Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronilca, No'12, Dec 5 (, pp 11+79-190 The problem of studying ?the process of evaporation of monoatomic barium films from the polycrystalline surface of pure tungsten, tungsten coated w9.th rhenium, carbide-coated tungsten, and platinum-coated tung- sten is of great importance because the Ba-W cathodes are now widely used in the electron-vacuum industry. The c:?:periment consisted in spraying the vaporized barium on the cold filament and heating the filament to the desired temperature. The change of electron emission from the filament was observed as a function of the amount of barium evaporated from the surface of the filament. All measurements were conducted with tubes of similar design. The tubes were built of three partso diode with cylindrical plate, the barium- coated filament, and an ionizing manometer. The plate and the shield rings wire made of tantalum sheet; the diameter of the plate was 20 mm. The filament length varied from l2U to 11+0 mm and its diameter from 89 to 100 microns. The source of barium was in the form of a thin-walled tantalum tube filled with a mixture of barium beryllate and tantalum powder. A stream of vaiorized barium was initiated by heating the tantalum tube with an electric current. The experiment has disclosed that the evaporation of barium was least from the surface of platinum-coated tungsten filament. 52. USSR Account of Czechoslovak Conference on Single Cr stals "Thirrd Czechoslovak Conference on Single Crystals," by N. N. Sheftal', Doctor of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences; Moscow, CPYRGHT Vestr,~ik Akademii Nauk 5SSR, Vol 27, No 11, Nov 57, pp 133-134 "A delegation ~f scientific workers from the Academy of Sciences USSR consisting of V. P. Butuzov, Ye. D. Dukova, L, V. Bryatova, G, F~ Dobrzhanskiy, and id. N. Sheftal' p;~rticipated in the Third CzecY? iovak State Conference on Single Crystals. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDF~82=001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT "The conference was held at the end of June and beginning of July 1957 in the ancient picturesque town of Turnov, situated at a distance of 100 kilometers from Prague. Turnov has been famous fora long time because of the cutting of precious stones done there. In 1936 a special laboratory was founded at Turnov for the evaluation and testing of pre- cious stones. This laboratory was later reorganized into the Turnov Institute for the Investigation of Mir.,erals. At present this institute is becoming a center of work on ti:~ growing, treatment, and investigation of the physical properties not only of precious stones, but also of diverse single crystals which have technical applications. "The papers given at plenary sessions of the conference and at sectional meetings on the growing of crystals (theoretical and experi- mental investigations), the growing of crystals (technology), equipment, piezoelectricity, and the treatment of crystals have demonstrated that significant advances have been made by Czechoslovak scientists in re- search on single crystals. "Of great interest from the scientific point of view is the work by Ja. Kaspar on the growing of crystals of carbonates beginning with cal- cite and ending with nickel carbonate (11 compounds altogether). Some of these crystals are found in nature as well-defined minerals, others ens isomorphous admixtures, while still others are not found at a11. "Excellent results were obtained by Engr C. Bartu at the Chair of Mineralogy of the Higher Chemical School at Prague in work on the synthe- sis from melts by Verneuil's method of transparent rutile, transparent crystals of scheelite with a diameter up to 20 millimeters, and crystals of scandium oxide (melting point, 2,300?) 35 millimeters long and 4 mm wide. Successful experimental work is being conducted on the synthesis by Verneuil's method of crystals of CdW04 (a compound which has a lumi- nescence superior to that of scheelite) and of crystals of chrysoberyl. The effects of numerous artificially introduced impurities on the lumi- nescence properties of scheelite are being investigated. "Extensive research by I. 5mid on the further development of avail- able methods for growing crystals of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in aqueous solutions culminated in an industrial method for the production of these crystals. Smid is also engaged in experimental work on the synthesis of quartz from hydrothermal solutions. All these investi- gations, in connection with which detailed work is done on the morphology -56- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT of the crystals and processes of their gro~rL?h, have led to significant results. There is a rapid development of the synthesis of optical single crystals, specifically alkali metal iodides, from large quantities of molten material (J. Ekstein) "Work has been begun on the growin of WO crystals in the gas phase (I. Hanzlik), of single crystals of 3.5~ SiFe ~rom melts (F. Sostak), and of crystals of polonium amalgam (I. Kaurzimskiy and E, Filcakova). In almost all the work mentioned, the effects of the conditions under which the crystals glow on the physical characteristics of the crystals are subjected to investigation. "Much attention was paid at the conference to equipment, particu- larly equipment for the growing of crystals. Precise methods for regu- lating the temperature under laboratory conditions within the range from 0.1? to 1,000? were developed by Czechoslovak scientists (V. Vanicek). Of interest are a laboratory method for the production of highly re- fractory parts of equipment from an aluminum oxide powder in combination with a sodium silicate binder, work on the development of sealing com- pounds which protect the heater elements in furnaces from the action of corrosive reagents when used together with corrosion-proof casings of steel or nickel that has been saturated with aluminum by diffusion (J. Ekstein and P. Grebner), and work on the replacement of metals in crystallization equipment with resistant nonmetallic materials (V. Sip). "Communications that are of value from the theoretical and practical standpoint were presented in the section of piezoelectricity, e.g., a paper on the mathematical theory of the correlation between longitudinal and transverse vibrations of anisitropic rods (A. Arfelbek) and another on the application of piezoelectric procedures in the determination of the strength of packaging used in transportation (;4. Cermak). "As far as problems pertaining to the working of crystals are con- cerned, the following reports were presented in addition to I, Kotliar's introd~?..ctory report: a paper on the orientation 'by means of an X-ray spectrograph of crystal plates with a precision reaching ].' (I. Scholz), a paper describing experiments on the production of Ahrens polarization prisms (Z. Dragonevsky), a report on the production of technically pure quartz glass from vein quartz (P. V~dner),~and a paper on the production and treatment of quartz fibers (F. Vitak). "Great interest was elicited by reports of USSR scientists on equip- ment for syntheses at superhigh pressures, problems pertaining to the solubility of quartz, the effect of supersaturation and temperature on the form of crystals, the spiral growth of crystals, and industrial meth- ods for growing piezoelectric crystals, -57- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT "The participants in the conference thoroughly inspected the insti- tute at Turnov and also the Higher Technical School at Librec. At Prague, the USSR delegation paid a visit to Prof J. Kaspar's institute (chair) at the Higher Chemical School, visited the excellent mineralogical museum, and inspected the excellent collections of material used in the teaching of crystallography and mineralogy. "The work done together at th.e conference contributed to a further reinforcement of friendly professional contacts between Soviet and Czech- oslovak scientists." IFOr additional information on magnetic, dielectric, semiconductor materials, see Items No 23 and 29.] _ 5g Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 VI. ENGINEERING Mechanical Engineering j3. Scientific Seminar on I'neumohydraulic Automation "Scientific Seminar o~ Pneumotiydraulic Automation," by A. I. Semikova; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 12, Dec 57, pp 118-1150 The Laboratory of Pneumohydraulic Automation (Laboratoriya Pnevmo- gidravlicheskoy Avtomatiki) of the Institute of Automatics and Tele- mechanica, Academy of Sciences USSR, organized on 28-2~ May 1957 a seminar on pneumohydraulic automation. The seminar was led by Prof ? M. A. Ayzerman, Doctor of Technical Sciences and head of the laboratory. Some 175 persona attended and heard 24 reports. 5~. Shock Absorption at Greater Accelerated Motion "Shock Absorption at Greatly Accelerated Motion," by A. Yu. Is'~linskiy, Institute of Mathematics, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, Prykladna Mekhanika, No 2, Apr-Jun 57, Pp 131-139 The author presents the following information, To preserve apparatus transported at a great acceleration, various shock absorbers are used.' A rather simple investigation deMOnbtrates that in many cases shock absorption may be inadequate, and that moreover it may sometimes lead to a deterioration of the conditions for the func- tioning of the apparatus mounted on bodies moving at great accelerations. The latter conclusion is valid if the braking distance of the body carry- ing the apparatus exceeds the maximum possible shift of the apparatus before the impact of the apparatus against the spring suppor~cs. Thus we are led to a conclusion, paradoxical at first glance, that the best thing to do in such cases is to attain as rigid as possible a fastening of the apparatus to the carrying body without any shock ab- sorbers. The condition is different when the braking distance is short, as in the case when boxes containing apparatus fall on a rigid base during careless transportation. -59- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 In such cases, as well as in those involving vibration, a correct calculation of shock absorption is quite suitable. To prove this principle it .Ls necessary to estimate the value of the relative acceleration w (t) of the apparatus with regard to the body on which. it is mounted. This estimate is given by the formula, w (t) C ?2 tl (1) where S is the maximum'~possible shift of shock absorption and tl is the braking time, which can be estimated by means of the inequality 2sl tl ~ x - 1~1 where the coefficient 7c depends on two parameters: ~, the ratio of the full length sl of the braking distance to the shortest distance sm at the given maximum acceleration ate,,, and ~ is 'she ratio of the initial to the final velocity of the moving body. Inequalities (1) and (2) lead to inequality w (t)om ~~~x which essentially solves the problem;, since the force acting on the apparatus by ',.he shock absorber is expressed by the formula 2 A ma (t) _mdx dt2 Electrical Engineering 55. USSR Building Huge Solar Electric Plant in Armenian SSR CPYRGHT "Electric Power Plant Using Solar Enez~gy" (unsigned article), Bucharest, Pentru Apararea PatrLei, Jan 58, p 2~+ A great electric power generating plant, to be powered by a solar furnace, will shortly be put in operation on the shores of a lake [un- identifiec.] in the Armenian SSR. The furnance constructed of 1,293 large mirrors arranged in a circle one kilometer in diameter, will direct the rays of the sun on a boiler in the center of the circle at a height of 40 meters. The steam generated in this boiler will be able to operate a 1.2-million-kilowatt turbine [sic]. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : Cla-P~~P82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Miscellaneous 56. USSR Plans Atomic Aircraft ? "Atomic Airplane" (unsigned article), Bucharest, Pentru CPYRGHTApararea Patriei, .fan 58, p 24 CPYRGHT Soviet aeronautical and atomic scientists, are currently planning a commercial aircraft which will use atomic power, the article states. The plane will be equipped with turbocompressor engines of [a total of.] more than 100,000 horsepower and will? be able to carry 80-100 tons at a speed of over 1,250 kilometers per hour. Initially, while the motors are being tested, the plane will fly without a pilot, being radio- controlled. Pending the development of a lighter-weight radiation shield than is currently available, it is planned that the atomic motors will be placed in the rear of the fuselage and that the passengers will be carried in the front section. 57. Artis?~f's Sketches of an Atomic and a Vertical Take-Off Aircraft Appear in Danish Newspaper [Sketch] Copenhagen, Berlingske Tidende, 20 Jan 58, p 1 C PYRG HT The caption reads: ~"Statements in various Soviet ,journals give the mpress on hat the USSR, , or ng on a esign o an atomic-powered airplane. According to the magazine Young Engineer, a professor named Pokrovskiy is?supposed to have designed a passenger plane like that appearing at the top of the picture. It is supposed to have room for about 200 passengers. At the bottom are seen two other sketches [sic] which have been made at the Zagi research institute. The idea is that the craft should take off vertically and?thus not need a runway." [SIR Note: Although the caption mentions three sketches, there are actually only two in the photograph, the upper one being an atomic- powered airplane and the lower one, a vertical take-off airplane. The "Zagi research institute" mentioned is apparently TsAGI (Central Aero- hydrodynamics Institute imeni N. Ye. Zhukovskiy).] 58. Czechoslovak Academy Member Is 60 Years 01d "Corresponding Member of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences :s CPYRGHT60 Years Old" (unsigned article), Prague, Prace, 12 Jan SAS, p 1+ App Dr Nngr Alois Myslivec, Corresponding Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and professor of Mechanics of Soils and Construction Foundations of the Czech Advanced Technical School, celebrated his 60th birthday on 11 January 1958. His participation 'in the Construction of highways, railroads, bridges, tunnels, dams, and canals is well-known and significant. ---- ?-- ?-- -? - ----- -- - - ----- - ------- - - . Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 59? Representation of Functions of Several Variables by Functions of a Single Variable Shown "On Representation of Continuous Functions of Several Vari- ables in the Form of a Superposition of Continuous Functions of a Single Variable and Addition," by A. N. Kolmogorov Academician, Moscow, Doklad Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 11~E, No 5, Jun 57, pp 953-95 The article presents a brief exposition of the proof of the follow- CPYRGHT ing theorem: "For any integer n~ 2, there exist continuous real functions y1p~(x), defined on the unit line segment E1 ~ [0,1], such that each continuous real function f(xl,...,xn), defined on the n-dimensional unit cube En, may be represented in the form q f(xl, ...,xn) = ,~' /~q [ ~ 1 1f J p~(x~) ] , 9, p where the functions xq(y) are real and continuous." ~, Construction of the functions ~ pq and Xq is discussed. 60. Czechoslovak Academician and State Prize Laureate Is 50 Years Old "Life Jubilee of State Prize Laureate Docent A. Svoboda," by M. V., Prague, Slaboproudy okzor, No 9, Sep 57, p 6~+0 Docent Dr'Engr Antonin Svoboda, director of the Institute of Mathe- matical Machinery of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and State Prize holder, was 50 years old on l~+ October 1957. The article gives a general description of his past achievements as the founder of Czechoslovak efforts in the field of mathematical machines and notes his effort in the construction of "SAPO." - 62 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Hematology 61. Important Results in Development of Soviet Hematology " Mayor Results in the Development oP Soviet Hematology," by Prof A. A. Bagdasa=ov, Active Member, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, ~~ .ematolo ii i Perelivaniva I{rovi. Vol 2, No 5, Sep Oct 57, pp 3-10 Mayor results in the field of hematology in the USSR include develop- ments on the problem of leukosis. According to the classification devel- oped by the Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, all clinical forms of leukosis are regardel as reticulosis in ?he broad sense of the word. Various types of anemias (iron-deficient, hemolytic, hemor- rhagic, aplastic, hypoplastic, radiation, etc,) and methods for their therapy are reviewed. The problem of iriimuno-hematology, cytotoxins, pathogenesis of radiation sickness, etc., are briefly analyzed. Experiments of special interest include ex,??erimental neurosis and its connection with the activation of erythropoiet:ic function, and bone marrow condition. The author finds convincing evidence for nerve regulation of the blood system and the possibility of increasing the effectiveness of drug therapy of anemias by bringing about changes in the central nervous system. 62. Short Incubation of Donor's Ervthrocvtes With Reci cent's Serum Increases Reliability in Determining Plood Compatibility in Transfusions ___ "The Significance of Isoimmune Antibodies and the Prophylaxis of Isoantigenic Incompatibility in Blood Transfusions," by M, I. Dudnik, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Kiev Scientific Research Institute of Blood Transfusion and Emergency Surgery; Kiev, Novyy Khirurgicheskiv Arkhiv, No ~+ (208), Ju1~Aug 57, pp 59-63 The author reviews the mechanism of blood compatibility and proposes a new and simpler method for avoiding post transfusion reactions. Two drops of the recipient's serum placed in a dry Petri dish are mixed wit~l one drop of donor's erythrocytes mixed with his own serum and with standard serum. This mixture is carefully shaken at room temperature for 3 minutes, and blood-group compatibility is deterrlined. Then the Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RD-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Petri? dishes are lowered into a warm water bath, ~+0-42?, for 10 minutes and the compatibility for isoimmu.-~e antibodies is determined. This is the beat temperature to reveal the presence of isoimmune antibodi~ms. Again the Petri dish is shaken carefully and well. Results obtained after this second procedure are more reliable in determining the compatibility and incompatibility of the blood of donor and recipient during blood transfusions. 63. Purulent and Inflammatory Processes May Have Therapeutic Influxice on the Course of Leukosis "The Influence of Infections on the Clinical Course of Leukosis," by Prof D. M. Abdulayev, A, M. Akhundova, Candidate of Medical Sciences; and 0, Kh. Ter-Mkrtycheva, Candidate of Medical Sciences; Clinicohematology Depart- ment dix?ector, Prof D. M, Abdulayev, honored worker of science), Azerbaydzhan Scientific Research Institute of Blood Transfusion; Baku, Azerba dzhansk:Ly Meditsinskiy Zhurnal, No 5, May 57, p'i.~ 5??- 2 The author analyzes the clinical course of leukosis in ~'.'ive patients who, in addition to leukosis, had infectious and purulent processes, such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, chronic lymphadenosis, subleukemic lymphade- nosis, etc. Results indicate that there is evidence of remission under the in- fluence of purulent and inflammatory processes if the foci of mature blood and macrophages are preserved. 6~. Chinese Native Filter Paper Tested for Use in Medical Research "T''o Application of Domestic Paper in th E ctrophoresis of Human Plasma," by? sic Shou-hsman (~ .~j~ )and Lin Kuo-hao (~~ ~~ ~ ) ~ Chinese Peoples Liberatior -may Acad~~;t~y of Medical Sciences; Peiping, Chun -hua-I-n,3ueh Tsa- chih (Na~;ional Medical Journal of China , Vol 3, No 11, 1957, pp~51-856 In an attempt to resolve the difficulty posed by the ~;hortage of im- ported filter paper, "Tung-chieh atandard Qualitative Filter PaperP? thereinafter called Manchuria paper], manufactured by the Tung_chieh Paper P1aLt (in Fu-shun), and two types of huuan paper produced in Shanghai were tested for their applicability in the paper electrophoresis of human - 64 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 ? CPYRGHT plasma and compared with Whatman No 1 Filter Paper manufacture 'n the US. The materials and methods used in and the results of the experiments are presented in detail, The homemade electrophoretic apparatus used wu3 a modification of that devised by W, Grassman and others. The domestic papers were pretreated with 10 p~;rcent acetic acid. It was found that the Manchuria paper excelled Whatman No 1 Filter Paper in wet ~atrength and absorption of plasma proteins, but the latter was superior an compactness and uniformity. Although the domestic papers separated human plasma into five distinct zones, the electro- phoretic patterns were not so clear as that produced on Whatman paper. Used in quantitative electrophoretic analysis of human plasma, the Manchuria paper showed a greater degree of error than the Whatman paper. The authors conclude that the Manchur a aper ma be used saLis- factorily for clinical analyses, but that ~ha~man No 1 Filter Paper' serves better for research purposes,: ~ ~ , 65. Chinese Report Nc:w Method ~.n Electro heretic Analysis of human Plasma 11Microdetermination of Cholesterol and Phosphatides in ::arum Lipoproteins " by i Ch{yen-chaff (~ ~ ) and Lin Kuo- hao (~~ I~' ~ u ); Feiping, Chun -hua Ivhsueh Tsa-chih (National Medical Journal of China , Vol 3, No ].'l, 1957 This paper presents a "new" method developed by the authors for she electrophoretic isolation of serum lipoproteins and concurrent :~easurement of lipoprotein cholesterol and phosphatides. The authors? summary followso "1. This article presents an improved method. for the microdetermina- tion of cholesterol and phosphatides in human serum lipoproteins. Accord- ing to this method, 0,20-0.25 cubic centimeter of ae~^um is isolated by paper electrophoresis and the same strips of paper are used to detFrmine the content of phosphatides and cholesterol in alpha and beta zones, "2. Factors in the satisfactory isolation of serum lipoproteins by paper electrophoresis are discussed briefly. p3e..The ferric chloride reaction of cholesterol was used to deter- mine the cholesterol eluted on filter paper. The color reaction obtained by this method is five times as effectiTre as Liebermann's reaction, and the results are comparable to those obtF~ined by the Schoenheimer-Sperxy quantitative method for cholesterol, Yc>ungburg?s proced~ire was followed in the determination of phosphatide in the eluent, but ferrous Sulfate instead of phosphomolybdate was used as the reducing agent, - 65 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT " 4. When the same serum specimen was used ten times to determine the amount of cholesterol and phosphatides in alpha and beta lipoproteins, the results were approximately the same, The average recovery of cholesterol and phosphatide from filter paper was 98.4' 1.8 and 95~9'~ 2.2 percent, respectively. "5. Domestic filter paper manufactured in Fu-shun was used experi- mentally as a substitute for Whatman paper with unsatisfactory initial results." [SIR Note: Another article in this issue of the ,journal established Lin Kuo-hao as an affiliate of the Chinese People' a Liberation Army Academy of Medical Sciences,] Immunology and Therapeutics 66. Anniversary Sessio?l of the Institute 'of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni ?~V:?..~'.? ~Garnaleya "Session of the Institute imeni Gamaleya," by F. Barinskiy, Candidate of Medical Sciences; Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 6 (1650), 21 Jan 58, p 1+ Some 20 reports were given at the anniversai,?y session of the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni N. F, Gamaleya, Academy of Sciences USSR. They discussed 10 years of the institute's activities, The follow- ing reports were given: Prof S, N, Muromtsev, or. results of the work of the institute for the past 10 years; Prof V, D, Timakov, on the research in the field of variability of microorganisms; Prof P, A, Petrishcheva, Corresponding Member of Academy of Medical Sciences, on the problems of the natural foci of the diseases of man; Prof T, Ye. Boldyrev, on the activities of the Epidemiology Division of the institute in the field of the epidemiology of enteric infectious diseases; Prof L, A, Zit?ber, Active Member of Acadergy of Medical Sciences US~~R, on the etiology and immunology of malignant new growths; Prof Kh. :~h. Planel'yesy Corresponding Member of Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, "The Problems of Infectious Pathology and Experimental Chemicotherapy?P; M, S. ~aicharova, P, V, Pavlov, and N, I. Apanashchenko, on the search for effective preparations for specific pro- phylaxis against acute infections of children; Professors P, A, Vershilova, A. 2. Togu^ova, b', G, Olsuf'yev, and M, A, Morozov, on the problem oP live vaccines; Prof M, A, Morozov, on the methods of virusoscopy and their use in microbiology; Prof M, K, Yatsimirskaya-Krontovskaya, on the problem - 66 e Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 of rickattsiosis anti she prophylaxis of rickettsial infections; Prof G. V. Vygodch~,kov on the fundamental principles of active i~nununization oP combined preparations; .Prof V, L, Troitskiy, on the influence of ionized radiation on infections and immunity; K, Ye. Doli.nov, on dry biological preparations; N, V. Ploakirev, on dry bacteriological media; and Yu. I. Milenushkin, R. I. Belkin, and A, A, Yefremenko of the Cabinet of the History of Microbiology and Epidemiology, on the results of the work of the cabinet. Other speakers included I. N. Vinogradov, V. A. Blagoveshchens;tiy, A. V. Beylinsov, N. I. Kovalev, V, D. Gekker, and I. M. Lyampert. E7. Series of Articles Reviews Influences Exerted by Cytotoxins in Modern Medicine _Tsitotoksin Sovremenno Meditsine (Cytotoxins in Modern Medicine , Kiev, 195 from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiva, No 9, 1G MaY 57, pP x+50- !}5? ) The following is information on a series of articles from the above collection as given in abstracts from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiva. An article entitled, "The Influence of Antireticu.lar Cyt~toxic Serum (ACS) on the Protein and Nitrogen Composition of the Blood,1? by I, V. Savitskiy, on pages 69-71 of the collection (Abstract No 38702) states that small doses of ACS administered following hemorrhage stimulate the reger_eration of fibrinogen, aid in the restoration of erythrocytes, and increase the albumin fraction and stabilize it. A second article entitled, 1t The Influence of ACS on the Relationship Between the Protein Fractions of the Blood of Normal and Cancerous Rabbits, by A. S. Boyko, on pages 72-~83 of the collection (Abstract No 38703), states that shifts in the albumin-globulin ratio (A~G) of normal and cancerous rabbits arise following the a~,hninistration of small amounts of ACS (0.007 ml) and that these shifts and fluctuations appear earlier in normal rabbits than in cancerous ones. Another article entitled, 1'General and Tissue Reactions as Results of Increased Uoses of ACS," by Yu. A. Spasokukotskiy, on pages ~9-55 of the collection (Abstr~:ct No 38705), rites that, in experiments on dogs and rabbits, it has been o:~tabli.shed that intravenous administrations of large doses of ACS (0,15-1.5 ::i~kg) cause a sh~Lrp shock reaction. The clinical picture o:f this cytotoxic reaction is a.alogous to that of anaphylactic shock, - 67 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 A fourth article entitled, "The Mechanism of the Effect of Large Doses of ACS In T:1+,ravenous and Intra-Arterial Administrations," by Ye. G. Morgun, on pages 56-62 of the collection (Ibstract No 3870h), remarks that the administration of large desES of ACS (0.2-1 ml~kg) to dogs caused shock and that the administrations of the beta-globulin fraction of ACS also wE~re accompanied wtth the onset of shock; and 5 minutes after the administration of the serum or its fraction, spasms occurred terminating in death in about 7696 of the cases, Another article entitled, "The Stimulating Influence of Myelo- cytotoxic Serum on Hemopoiesis," by r', A. Fedorov and b'. E. Faynshteyn,' on pages 246-253 of the collection (Abstract No 38716), presents evidence that tl~e changes in the myelogram following the administration of myelo- cytotoxic serum :.ndicate a speeding up of the maturation of the cells of the erythroblast and leukoblast series. "The Protective Function of I;ymphadenoicl Tissue ar,?? the Influence of Arr~ilymphe,:ytic Serum in Infections," by N. D, Yudina, on pages 237-21+5 of the collection (Abstract No 38718), states that stimulating doses of antilymphocytic serum were administered to rats suffering from Bartonella anemia. The administration of antilymphucytic serum caused hyperplasia of lymph nodes in rats suffering from infectious anemia. Internal Medicine 68. Brucellosis From Ticks The Problem of Brucellosis Infection From Ornithodorus lahorensis Ticks," by M. M. Rementsova, N, F, Zenkova, and N, F, Khrushcheva, 'rru Institute Krayevo~r Pato- :Logii, Akademiya Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR Works of the Institute of Regional Pathology, Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR), Vol 2, No 3, 1956, pp 37-39 (from Refer- ativn Zhurnal -- Biolo~i~a, No 17, 10 Sep 57, Abstract CPYRGHTNO 7 4 51, by M. V. Pospelova-Shtrom) "0. lahorensis ticks infected in the laboratory with brucellosis (Br. mellitensis) by feeding on guinea pigs and kept at 1+-6? C, preserved the Brucella in their organisms for 27 months. At the end of this time, a m.~n who was feeding infected ticks on a fresh guinea pig was infected while changing, with his bare hands, filter paper impregnated with fluid excreted from the ti~:ks. '"he guinea pig was infected through this process, Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : ~~-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT but growth of seedings from its organs was slow, and sero-allergic re- actions were absent. Only successive passages of the culture restored its virulence and agglutinogenic properties. The man became rather seriously i11. Fluid excreted from O.lahorensis ticks can serve as a factor in the transmission of brucellosis to humans and animals." 69. Four,Decades of Soviet Research on Plague "Four Decades of Work by Soviet Scientists in the Field of Plague Research," by N, N, Zhukov-Verezhnikov and G. N~ Lenskaya, Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo ii E idemiolo ii i Ymmunobiologii, Vol 2 , No 11, Nov 57, pp -91 This article surveys Soviet work on plague during the past ~0 years. It deals with endemicity of the disease, prophylactic measures, studies of the pathogen, and mechanisms of its action on human and ani:ne,1 organ- isms; reservoirs, and extermination of rodents, particularly si~,rslik~, The author notes that the first successful eradication of plague in a large focus took place in Astrakhanskaya Oblast and that susliks were 'later exterminated by various methods in other parts of the USSR (1933-1941). Among studies of different forms of plague, pulmonary plague has been of particular interest. The author mentions that Soviet aid was given to China and India during 1911 epidemics in those countries. He traces expansion of facilities for study and therapy of plague, beginning with the only large laboratories in existence before 1917 (at Kronshtadt and Astrakhan) and the Saratov Institute, opened in 1919, after which a net- work of antiplague stations and hospitals was set up, The modifiability and dissociation of B, pestis are d.iscuesed. A series of conclusions drawn from the results of research on the plague and rodent pseudotuberculosis pathogens are given which substantiate the assumption that these organisms are separate and distinct but gene- alogically related. The author notes that pseudotube+~^ulosis strains obtained by Bezsonova and Lenskaya from aging strains of B, pestis have not undergone reverse modification in 20 years, He reports investigation of methods of culturing B, pestis and notes that antiplague bacteriophage was first isolated in the USSR by Pokrovskaya, at which time it was also found that when both B, pestis and its bacteriophage were present in the same rodent organism, B, pestis could not be cultured on synthetic media, -69- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Extensive studies of the antigenic structure of B. pestis which have facilitated the development of live vaccines are discussed. Pokrovskaya, it is reported, has also investigated pathogenesis and immunogenesis in plague by the cytomorphological method, The follow- ing four live antiplague vaccines which have been tested during the past 30 years are described briefly:Zhirar (EV) Otten; Pokrovskaya (AMP), and ZVR. Animal experimentation revealed that the EV strain produced the most satisfactory results and was therefore employed for mass inoculations. In 191+1+, the "1-17" vaccine, a bivalent vaccine consisting of both con- tinental and oceanic strains, was found to be as effective as the EV strain. Some attention is devoted to attenuation of vaccine strains by X rays, im- provement of vaccination methods, and possibilities for obtaining new live vaccines, The question of clinical treatment and new methods of therapy for plague is considered, Much of the credit for clinical description and diagnostic procedures is given to Rudnev, It is pointed out that only the bubonic and cutaneous forms of plague had been treated with some degree of success before 191+5, at which time Zhukov-Verezhnikov, Ivanovskiy, Uroda, and Fadeyeva proposed a new plan of therapy for pulmonary plague, i.e., consistently positive results were obtained from the intramuscular administration of sulfapyridine, which has been ad,juvenated by methylene blue, combined with antiplague serum. Streptomycin, first used for ex- perimental plague in laboratory ~~nimals in 191+7, afforded favorable results in human plague patients in 191+8 and constituted a significant advance in pulmonary plague therapy, In connection with the epizootology of plague in various species of rodents, the interepidemic preservation of the pathogen is attributed largely to fleas, The work of Ye, N, Pavlovskiy is considered the theo- retical basis of decontamination of focio A number of works on the epida~- miology and epizootology of plague are referenced. Achievements in the ecological-geographical investigation of natural foci are discussed. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 70. Experimental Work on Salmonelloses "Experimental Investigation of Gaertner's Salmonellosis in Mice After Oral Infection," by M. Smirnova, Kishech- nyye Infektsii. VoPros Bakteriolo ii Immunolo ii i I~liniki Bryushnogo Tifa i Dizenterii, Intestinal Infec- tions, Problems of Bacteriology, Immunology, and the Clinical Treatment of Typhoid and Dysentery), Leningrad, Medgiz, 1956, pp 68-72 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 1~, 10 Sep 57, l~bstract No 73107, by M. Ya. CPYRGI~arskayaj' "Mice were infected orally with washings of a one-day agar culture of Gaertner's bacillus (PG; Dublin variant) in physiological solution in doses of o*~e billion and ZO million microbial cells. During the first 2 days after infection, PG was seeded only from the intestinal contents, the walls of the colon, and the mesenteric and submaxillary lymph nodes. Microorgan~.sms were observed in the liver and spleen from the 3d to the ~+th day, The majority of the mice infected with the large dose of the culture died 5-6 days following infection (at the height of general infection),~but many of the animals infected with the smaller dose remained alive. Abunds,nce of PG seedings from internal organs decreased on the 19th-22d day, and PG were observed in small quantities in the mesenteric and submaxillary lymph nodes in several mice on the 26th day after infection. The mice that survived infection were free from PG by the ~+Oth day, Morphological changes in their organs underwent reverse development, The infection process in mice was similar in nature to the typhous form of salmonelloses in the human." "Experimental Investigation of Gaertner's Salmonellos:is in Mice Following Intraduodenal Infection," by A, M. .Smirnovzl, Kishechnyye Infektsii, Vonrosy Bakteriologii, Immunolobii i Kliniki Bryushnogo Tifa i Dizenterii (Intestinal Infections, Problems of Bacteriology, Immu- nology, a.nd the Clinical Treatment of Typhoid and Dysen- tery), Leningrad, Medgfz, 1956, pp 73-75 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Biolo i a, No 17, 10 Sep 57, Abstract N! o CPYRGH~10 ~ by M, Ya. Boyarskaya) "Two experiments were performed on ~+4 mice with different doses of Gaertner's bacillus (5 and 500 million), A culture was introduced into the duodenal lumen with a syringe. The mice became ill within different periods of time after infection, During the first 2 days following infection. with a small dose, bacilli were seeded from the intestinal contents, the wall of the colon, and the mesenteric lymph - 71 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT nodes, and microorganisms appeared in the blood and in all internal organs on the 3d day. Abundant seeding from the internal organs continued until the 9th day -- the last day of the experiment. The mice died from the 5th day after infection on following generalization of the infection process. On bacteriological investigation of mice infected with a large dose, Gaertr~er's bacilli were observed in the internal organs on the first day, and their numbers had increased considerably by the 3d day. The mice were sluggish and died from the first day of infection; changes were observed not only in the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes, but also in Peyer's patches. Facility of seeding the bacilli and mor- phological changes in the submaxillary lymph nodes were observed only upon oral infection, and did not appear upon intraduodenal infection." "Experimental Investigation of Gaertner's Salmonellosis in Rats," by A, M, Smirnova, K_ishechnyye Infektsii. Vo rosy Bakteriolo ii Immunolo ii i Kliniki Br ushno o Tif i Dizenterii Intestinal Infections. Problems of Bacteriology, Immunology, and the Clinical Treatment of Typhoid and Dysentery ), Leningrad, Medgiz, 1956, pp 76-80 (from Refer- ativniy Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 17, 10 Sep 57, Abstract CPYRGH~f 73109' by M. Ya. Boyarskaya) "A one-day agar culture of Gaertner's bacillus was fed to 12 rats with white bread in the first series of experiments, and the same culture was introduced intraduodenally with a syringe to 30 rats under ether anesthesia. No observable external manifestations of disease were noted for 12 days .following oral infection, but the development of a general infection process and penetration of Gaertner's bacilli through the membrane of the oral cavity and the pharynx into the submaxillary lymph nodes appeared bacteriologic~:tly and histologically. General infection, proceeding without external manifestations, terminated with complete recovery in 2 weeks after parenteral infection. Gaertner's salmonellosis in rats is distinguished by a cyclic course. The infection? course in rats infected orally and intraduodenally is manifested mor- phologically by the development of a gx'anulomatous reaction in Pet'er's patches and in the mesenteric lymph nodes. The character of the infection process in rats infected parenterally with Gaertner's bacillus can be compared with the typhous form of salmonellosis in the human," - 72 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 7 1. Hungary to Establish Institute of Gerontology CPYRGHT "An Aged Man Is Not An Old Man," by Andras Turi, Budapest, Esti?Hirlap, 20 Sep 57, p 3 The hospital on Benczur Street, Budapest, which is under the direction of Dr Miklos Gondos is to become Hungary's first institute of gerontology. Today, the hospital treats mainly aged patients sent there suffering from incurable cancer The hospital has been successfully treating these patients with blood transfusions combined with doses of Domagh-type E-39. The hospital has also achieved considerable success in the treatment of aged patients who are physically incapacitated. The two drugs used in these cases are vasolastin and novocain. Vasolastin has proved effec- tive against cardiac and circulatory disturbances, while novocain in- hibits the aging of cells. Paralyzed limbs are reactivated, and the tinnitus which accompanies arteriosclerosis disappears. Pharmacology and Toxicology 72. Investigation of the Toxic Effect of a New Insecticide ~~ Toxicological and Hygienic Characteristics of a New Insec- ticide -- chlorten," by Go A. Voytenko, Institute of Labor Hygiene and pccupational Diseases, Moscow, Gigiyena Truda i Professionalnyye Zabolivaniya, No ~;?, Jul-Aug 57, 51-53 The author states that the purpose of tY~is investigation was to determine the toxicological effect of chlorten on warm-blooded animals and to establish the sanitary hygiene requirements necessary for agri- cultural workers who may come in contact with this insecticide during the course of their work in the fields. Two samples of chlorten (sample No 1 was obtained from NIUIKh in 195+ and contained 65.5 chlorine, sample No 2 was obtained in 1956 and contained 6~+.5~ chlorine) were used in experiments on white mice, rats, rabbits, and cats. The experimental data showed that internal adminis- tration and external application to the skin produced approximately the same toxicity in the animals as DDT or hexsochlorocycloliexane; however, introduction into the respiratory organs made it move toxic than the two afore-mentioned insectisideso The same results, the author added, were not obtained from both samples, thus indicating that the production of chlorten has not been standardizedo Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-F~~P82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 In Pield tests, whEre chlorten in various concentrations was sprayed fron an sirplare, a hand spray, and other apparatuses, it was found to persist for 2 hours. In connection with this, three cats which were exposed to a 0.002 mg~l chlorten aerosol, died in 18 to ~+5 days. Agricultural workers, the author concludes, should use extreme caution when working with chlorten and should take special care to protect the respiratory tract? 73. First All-Union Conference on the Hygiene and Toxicology of Insectofungicides ----?-- "The All Union Conference on the Hygiene and Toxicology of Tnsectofungicides," by A, B, Fratkin, A gronomist-Entomologist, Moscow, Lashchita Rasteni of Vreditle i Bolezney, No 5, CPYRG-Oct 1957, pp o_ 1 "Between 25 and 29 Jame 1957, in Kiev the first A11-Union Scientific conference on the Hygiene and Toxicology of Insectofungicides was convened under the auspices of the Ministry of Health USSR, More than 250 rep- resentatives from scientific research institutes, public health, agri- culture, the chemical industry, the civilian air fleet, and other organi- zations took part. "Opening the conference, L. I, Medvedev, chairman of the committee for the control of agricultural chemical poisons of the Main State Sanitary Inspectorate of the USSR, presented a report on the results and tasks of scientific investigations involving the hygienic and toxological evaluation of insectifungicides, Prof N. V. Lazarev (from the Leningrad Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases) presented a report on problems In hygiene and their connection with the task of searching for new insectofungicides and herbicides, Prof N. N, Melnikov (NIUIF) presented a report on the present state and tasks of scientific research in searching for chemical substances for the protection of plants and for the fight against weeds. P. V. Sazonov (VIZ~R) presented a report on the present status of and prospects for the development of chemical methods for protecting plants in the US:iR. D. M Paykin and P, N, Galakhov (VIZR) presented reports on the results and tasks of the work on new chemical poisons for agriculture. "In addition to these, series of reports were heard at the conference concerning the toxicology of chemical poisons in agricultural; labor hygiene during their utilization; hygienic evaluation of food products _ 7~ _ Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT obtained from p1.1nts treated with insectofungicides; the clinical picture and therapy of the toxic effects of chemical poisons; and new methods for toxicological in~vestigetiun of insectofungicides, including methods of utilizing tracer atoms, etc? "According? to the material presented in the reports, it is clear that the following substances were subjected to toxicological and hygienic evaluations organochlorine insecticides (DDT, hexachlorane, chlorinated turpines, chlorothen, polychlorpinen, and others), compounds of the diene synthesis (chlorodan, hepthachlor, aldrin, dialdrin and others), the organochlorine acaricide (ether sulfonate), organophosphorus chemical poisons (thiophos metaphor, carbophos, mercaptophos?, octamethyl, metacystox preparations M-81, M-82, and others), organic fungicides (mordant seed material), mercury compounds (granizan), copper compounds (copper trich- lorphenylate), chlorine (hexachlorobenzol); the herbicides, 2,~+-D, IFK (isopropylphenylcarbamate), and certain other preparations. "Especially intensive research was conducted on two basic groups -- organophosphorus and organochlorine tnsecticideso The work of S, G, Serebryanaya, Ye< Aa Antonovich (Ukrainian Food Institute), and others indicated that such organochlorine insecticides as nDT 9nd hexachlorane possess apparent cumulative properties and, when sprayed on warm-blooded organisms, can produce chronic toxic resultso In connection with this, the maximum permissible amount of these preparations?'for food products was determinede For example, with fruits, since the utilization of DDT in the form of a mineral-oil emulsion leaves a large amount of residue, it is very important, in orchards (after flowering), to utilise a sus- pension of DDT (instead of an emulsion, thereby lowering the residue of DDT on the fruit to permissible limitso Investigations also showed i;hat the gamma isomer of hexachlorane possesses less toxic cumulative properties than hexachlorane itself, As opposed to orgai,.ochlorine insecticides, phosphorus compounds, phosphorus containing poisonous chemicals, are more toxic to warm-blooded animals and are more dangerous to handled However, if they fall on the exterior or e~~ter a plant, they are quickly de- compos~~d and transformed into nontoxic productse On the basis of his ,studies involving the connection between the structure of the organo- .phosphorus poisons and their toxicity, Yu, So Kagan (Kiev Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases) reported that chemical poisons, such as metaphor, carbophos, metacystox and M-81 and M-82 compounds are less toxic to warm-blooded animals than, for example, diaphos and mercaptophoso 1'The investigation of the mechanism of the action of mercury, organo- phosphorus chemical poisons, and arsenic containing insecticides on warm- blooded animals permitted developmeu~ of antidotal compounds (unithiol, pentaphane, and others )o At the conference, the chemical industry was sharply criticized for failing to mass produce the gamma isomer of hexa- chlorane and organophosphorus chemical poisons (except thiophos) in the Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CtA7~YDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT face of an acute need fer these preparations in agriculture. In addition to this, shortages were noted in thF production of the followings grano- zan, mercuran, copper trichlorpherolate, and the herbicide 2,1+-D. Produc- tion of the new fungicides hexachlorbenzol,TM'.PD, and others, and the her- bicides, 2M-4 Kh, IFK, and others has not even been organized. "In a resolution the conference acknowledged that it would be neces- sary to petition the Ministry of Public Health USSR for the establishment of la~uratories which would work on the toxicology and hygiene of chemical pois,~ns, r:long with a petition for newer equipment and apparatuses, and the r.onstruction of special laboratories for developing methods of detect- ing ~,ma11 quantities of chemical poisons in the air and in food products. Me:~tion was also made of the importance of increasing the sanitary super- vision of the correct handling of chemical poisons, of the mass production of protective material for indi?riduals, and of the release of insecticides and fungicides in small packages for wide sale to the public. "The realization of these resolutions will permit the chemical method of protecting plants to rise to a higher plane>", 71+. Rauwolfia From India Grown in the USSR "A Valuable Medical Plant," Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, CPYRGan 58, p 1 "Batumi. At the experimental section of the Kobulet zonal station of the A11-Union Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, the firs~t? Rauwolfia fruits, the seeds of which were obtained from Bombay early 1~ast summer, have ripened. This valuable medicinal plant grows well iri the subtropic climate of ~^.dzhar. Rauwolfia was firs*. described by a medical doctor and traveler, Roland Rauwolf, in 1958 and was subsequently named after him. The Indians utilized this plant medicinally on snake and scorpion. bites. They also planted Rauwolfia around their homes; snakes avoid ii.;S thin stalks and shiny leaves. In addition, they obtained a medicine fro?:! this plant which had a sedative and sleep-producing effect. Not long a,go it was discovered that an effective substance against ~ypertonia could be obtained from the roots of Rauwolfia, This substance was extracted in 1952 by Swedish scientists and called serpasil. In our country, a preparation called reserpin is obtained from Rauwolfia and is used against high blood pressure." Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-I~~P82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 75. New Soviet Antimyasthenia Drutt Sent to Norwa " Galantamin, Khrushchev's Medicine for Myasthenia," (un- CPYRGed article), Oslo, Aftenposten, 21E Jan 58 Ampules of the new drug Galantamin, developed in the USSR and employed in cases of myasthenia, have been received at the National Hospital (Rikshospitalet), Oslo. Prof Sigvald Refsum of the National Hospital states that, according to information accompanying the drug, Galantamin has the same effect on the disease as drugs hitherto used in the treatment of myasthenia. On a request directed to Party Secretary Khrushchev, the drug was sent to Norway for the treatment of a patient in the town of Sarrsborg. _ 77 _ Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Fh~iology 76. Pancreaticocytotoxic Seru*n Prololgs Muscle Chronaxie "Change of Muscle Chronaxie in Dogs Unuer the Effect of Pancreaticocytotoxic Serum," by A. V. Malchan'ko and Ye. M. Pyatltin, Tr. Mosk. Ve,t. Akad. (Works o~ Moscow Vet- erinary Academy , 195 , No 15, 377?-381 (:prom Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 10, 2.5 May 57, Aostract No +3077, p ~'~- Muscle chronaxie was studied on dogs. Pancreaticocytotoxic serum was administered subcutaneously, in an exnerimen?t, to dogs in 0.3-m1 quantities, given twice with a 3-3ay interval. Control dogs received similar doses of normal ser~~m. Under the influence of two doses of pancreaticocytotoxic serum, mus- cle chronaxie was significantly urolonged, and this prolonged chronaxie was sustained for a month. No change in muscle chronaxie was observed in control dogs. The authors conclude that changes .in chronaxie under these experi- mental conditions point to the effect o:r pancreaticocytotoxic serum on the central nervous system. Public Health, F.ygiene, and Sanitation 77. New Apparatus fez? utura in P,ir Polution "Apparatus for Tnves~:igating Air Dust," by Yu. Ye. K1yu'~.in, Novosibirsk Institute of Transport Engineers Moscow, Zavodskaya Labore,toriya, No 12, 1957, 1515 1;16 CPYRG`~- "In the sedimentation method of investigE~tion, dust catching is ordinarily conducted on glass discs.~~laced in the atmosphere under invpa- tigation. The discs are first cove~ed w~_~,>~ a sticky substance? For this purpose, Liesengang's 2ppa..?atus or its modifications as developed at the Institute of General and ;;ouununai. Tlygiene in ?9~+6 are used. However, even the latest model lies some %leficiencies . " For the investigation of atmospheric ~.~ust, tyre authors propose a technically improved apparatus consisting oi' ~, Tr_JV;inrz p~,ri; or wind vane, star wheel with spokeG; adapter, and supports. 78 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 A sleeve with two vanes moves on ball bearings on a vertical shaft so that the vanes can be set to any desired angle and secured with a set screw. Two adapters are fastened to rods one above the sleeve, the other opposite the vane on the siQeve. These are used to mount glasses 20 x 20 mm and ~0 x ~+0 mm. The adapter connecting pieces have stop screws with which they can be fixed on the horizontal rod (opposite the vane) face up, and on the vertical rod with the face side toward the air stream. The sleeve with the vanes and adapters fastened to rods rests on the upper part of a support shaft and can rotate freely in a horizon- tal plane. '.t'herefore, the movable part of the apparatus adjusts itself to the direction of the wind. like a wind vane. A sprocket with eight radical spokes serves to orient the apparatus. It can be set with a set screw so that the spoke with a painted tip points north. 78. Soviet Research on the Biological Effects of Eloise "Noises and 'Noise llisease,"' by Prof Ye. Andreyeva- Galanina, Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 95, 26 Nov 57, CPYRGHT p 3 "Noise is a by-product of modern technology and is encountered not only in industrial plants, but also on the stxeets of all cities. Con- stant exposure to noise enhances the possibility for developing neura- sthenia and functional disturbances in the nervous sys~"em9 particularly in the higher branches of the nervous system. Results of an exhaustive research by T. A. 0?lova, the Moscotir hygienist, prove that point. "Control of noise, therefore, is a communal hygiene problem. This problem, however, cannot be properly solved without the paxt:~,cipation of engineers and physicists trained in acoustics. "The problem of noise ccntrol was, for many years, approached from the viewpoint of its effec+,s on the organ of hearing. "It w~~uld be unfair to censure such an approach. The level of t;nreshold c>f audibili; y afforc:~s an ob~e~~tive indication of the effect of no~.se cn the cochlear analysor. Even now only such an approach can establ',sh noise pathology, although additional examinations ma.y be necessa 'y before a diagnosis of 'noise disease' can be reached. "Fatigue of the organ of hearing depends on the intensity of noise and the iturati,~n of its action. Noise of various spectral consistency has its ~~wn 'ciitical intensity.' In other words, there is a minimum amount of loudness which may not lead to depression in the sensitivity of the auditory ~ralysor. This may serve t,~mporarily as a starting point for medical standG~x?dization of noises . Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RD~~-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHIf "Changes in the central nervous system occur in association with the changes in the auditory analysor. It has been demonstrated that e].eclric activity in the brain undergoes changes both in poople and ani- mals if they have been exposed to noise of great intensity. Researchers have called attention to the fact that intensity of noise and duration of exposure to it is reflected. in the depressions on an electrc::~cephalo- gram and in the appearance of an asthenic condition. Disarrangement of the rhythm of the curves was observed in rabbits exposed to extrapowerful sounds. ~'pasms and confused movements, w9.tY., fatal results, were observed in mice. The frequency of confusion and spasms is directly dependent on the intensity of noise. All noises of high intensity, between 120 and 130 decibels, appeared to be dangerous. Noises of intensity bett~en g0 and 100 decibels, depending on their spectral composition, may lead to functional disturbances of cortical dynamics. The fact that symptoms appear much sooner in the nervous system than in the or~;a.?t of hearing must not be overlooked. "Noise affects mental activity and may cause fatigue, headache, insomnia, and fear sensations. Exposure to noit~~e for a long period of time at work may result in loss of she power of concentration. There is no doubt that noise affects the entire organism, not the organs of hearing alone. "A number of researchers have demonstrated that noise may cause a fall in blood pressure. In some instancesy development of arrhythmia, changes in the tonus of the coronary vessels,, and manifestat9.on of an anginal group of symptoms were noted. Noise affects the func- tions oi:' the endocrine glands. Hyperfunction of the suprarenal giancls and increase in the number of eos inophils in the anterior lobe. a:C the pituitary body may be due to noise. The role of endocrine glands in the processes that take place in the osseous tissue is well known. The function of the adrenal cortex becomes disrupted and secretion of the corticotrophic hormone i~r altered. The amino acid content in the labyrinth liquid decreases leading to a change in the microphonic ef~- fect of the cochlea. The motor activity of the stomach and the intes- tines, as well as secretions in them;, become abnormal as a result; of no;.a e . "Noise, therefore, produces reactions i~,i the entire organism and in many of its organs and sys}ems . Furthermore, any disturbance that may take place depends on the intensity of noise, its spectral charac- teristics, and the duration of its action. Noises of high frequency lead to rapid development of a pathologic condition. There are defi-~ nite groups of symptoms which ^orrespond to this condition. Just, as 'vibration disease? is caused by vibration'noise disease' is caused by noise. Its syr^,ptomatology consists primarily of disruption of the motility of cortical p*.~cesses and distr. rbanee of vegetat~ivF functions . the functions of analysors, and secretic7~s of the endo~^rine and other glands . Attention of hygienists and nc:ct: ~a,tional pathologists must be directed toward clarifying t~.he forms and symptoms of 'noise disease.' Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIAB-o DP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT "I?t is well known that the noise :factor is not so apparent in some industries as it is in others.. Tt is connected. with mechanical oscilla- tions, t,~c~ frequencies of which may be lower or higher than sound. Ultrasonic vibrations and vibrations that are transmitted through solid conductors or through the air belong to these oscillations. Until re~- cently these three groups of. frequencies were considered mechanical oscil- lations, distinct from one another.. This wa..; a mistake and must be corrected. Examples of combined action of noise and vibration are numer- ous. Examples of a connect;Ion between noise and vibration are: breaking up hard coal into small pieces, operating a pneumatic drill, a.nd working with multifrequency vibrators (particularly when used in condensing con- crete or performing other indust~ria~. operations). Biological reactions to those two factors are analogous. It is very possible: that they mu- tua]l.y intensify one another because of their common characteristics. "A large number of publications have appeared in the past few years discussy.ng the effects of previoLS7.y unheard of ultrasonic oscillations a.nd the: sources of their origin. The possible influence of ultrasound on the organism was denies for a long time But now, since a method of detection of ultrasound has been de~;aloped, such a view seems to be groundless. "MEtny apparatuses, including those found in industrial establish- ments, are sources of inaudible sounds. These pieces of, equipment have been widely used in detecting defects in meta,7.s and other matc~ria::.. There are frequent instances when a,t lE.~st t?wo raxiges of sound fr~quen~?~ cie:~ coexist: sonic and ultrasonic. "Recent sc^ientifie resea,reh bears out the fact tha?~:; ultrasound is of great hygienic significance. Ultrasonic: oscillations having a .fre- quency of 80,000 cycles damages both tissues and bones; a freguen~:y of one million cVC].es can destroy the deep struc:t;ures located on the bor- ders of the cranium qr.~.u the Jura. mater. Intensive ultrasound produ.c?es pathologic changes in the organic; cubst.r.ata, of tissues, causes a de.r.:~-ease in the function of thy. anterior lobe of the pituitary body,, and disa:. so~?~ sister some amino aci~~ leading to changes in immunobiologic:al propert,ie o.f proteins . However, more has been learned about effect of ultrr~ ound on the organs of hearing than :i.ts effect on any other organ.. Fro^:es:~ee that take place in the organs of hearing d.ue to sounds tha7? canno~r, ba heard are similar to those whit.h arise a.s t?esult of high frFgueLicy n.oise.s? Differences do Fxist, iVothir~g has been found in the lit~e:ra.ture: to show that o+~osclerosis can develop be.ca,use of noise,, but enough mate.r.ial has been found to prove chat Yntensive ultrasound may cause it.. - 81 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT "In the light of all this, a survey conducted of the New York City pop- ulatirn by A~~.canetarsp~cia'L~s~tB deserves attention. Tt was found that there was a considerable decrease i.n auditory sensitivity among residents of the city of New Yorls. The Amrricizn physicians concluded that this was due to conditions created by an increase in the ultraso.xnd background in that city. "~11 efforts to control noises must be expanded rnd increased. There are a number of mechanical devices in use which alleviate the harmful effects of noise. Acoustic engineers have already accumulated some experience in that field. Medical efforts consist mainly in pro- tecting the organ.4 of hearing. The time is ripe ~to legalize and enforce some preventive measures. P' `, periods must be made compulsory for workers in factories and slio, ,and facilities must 1 .provided where those workers car. rest in soundproof rooms . Lunch periods must also be spent in rooms where the walls and ceilings are made of soundproof material. "In any case, if i;, is in,~possible to reduce noise, noise-excluding ear muffs should be used. Soviet industry has not yet started to manu- facture them. "It is regrettable that no practical method to protect organs of hearing has been decided on. Professional selection of workers and preventive medical examinatio:,4 have :aot yet been introduced, although it is more or less evident that emplo;vment ~f a certain type of people in noisy industrial establishments is not advisable. "Individuals must undergc preventive medical examinations conducted by otolaryngologists, ne~aropathologists, and therapeutists once or twice a year. It is desirable that audiometric examinations be made available. "The time has long since arrived to inaugurate measures protecting h,.unar:s from the harmful effects of both audible and inaudible sounds and the vibrations encountered both in industrial establishments and else- where." Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 79. Soviet Conference on the Biological Action of Ultraviolet Radia- tion Scheduled for May 195 ? "Conference on the Biological Action of Ultraviolet Radiation," (unsigned article); Moscow, Gigiyena i CPYR ' taxi a, No 12, Dec 57, p 80 The Academy of Sciences USSR, the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni V. T. Lenin, and the Ministry of Health RSFSR will convolte in Leningrad from 27 to 30 May 1958, a conference on the biological action of ultraviolet radiation. The :>rogram will consist of problems concerning the study of the mechanism and laws governing the biological action of ultraviolet radia- tion, ultraviolet solar radiation and its prophylactic and therapeutic uses, new artificial sources of ultraviolet -radiation, ultraviolet ir- radiation of humans and agricultural animals in order to supplement ultraviolet deficiency, therapeutic use of ultraviolet irradiation, and the measurement of ultraviolet radiation. An exhibit of new sources of ultraviolet radiation, irradiation equipment, measuring instruments, and photographs of existing and func - tioning installations will be shown. Reports will be accepted no later that 15 April 1958 and should be addressed to Moscow, 8-71, B. Kaluzhska,ya, 33, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences USSR; or Leningrad, P-101, ul. Mira, D. 6/0, Insti- tute of Radiation Hygiene. Radiology 80. Clinical Picture and Treatment oi' Chronic Radiation Sickness .Analyzed "Clinical Picture and Treatment of Chy~nic Radiation Sickness," by P. M. Kireyev; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiol?- o~iya;., Vol 2, No 5, Sep/Oct 57, pp 72-79 The author presents a rather detailed description of first, second, and third stages of chronic radiation sickness with regard to changes in the peripheral blood system and secretory and motor functions of various endocrine glands and systems. Treatments are recommended for each of the three stages of chronic radiation sickness; these include whole blood, and erythrocytemass trans - fusions, high caloric diet, large doses of antibiotics, vitamins, and symptomatic means of therapy. - 83 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 81. Decrease in Free Cholesterol and Ascorbic Acid Earl Symptoms of Ionizing Radiation Tn uries "Choles~texol and Ascorbic Acid Cor,.tent of Ract Adrenal Cortex Following Effects of Ionizing Radiation," by K. A. Tret' yaltova (Moscow) , A11-Union Institute of Experi - mental Endocrinology (director, Prof Ye. A. Vasyukova), Moscow, Problem Endokrino7.o ii i Gormonotera ii, Vol 3, No 3, May Jun 57, pP 72-7 The purpose of the present research was to clarify certain discrep- ancies in literature concerning the period and the extent of changes in the chemical composition of the adrenal cortex. White rats were sub- jected to total irradiation by 700 r of x rays. These animals were sac- rificed at various periods after irradiation. Results indicate that fall in cholesterol content was evident one hour after irradiation (-33.60, although the greatest fall (-39.3`0 occurred 5 hours after irradiation. There was a slight rise in this content ( ~0.8y6) 72 hours after irradiation. The level, fall, a:ld rise in ascorbic acid content varied with seasons (spring and summer), but the greatest decrease was evident one hour after irradiation; i.e., the level of ascorbic acid was 3.98 mg/g adrenal cortical tissue, as compared with 5.37 mg/g in the controls, in spring; and 3.30 mg/g as compared with ~+.~+6 mg/g in the controls, during summer. Ascorbic acid level then gradually rose toward normal. The author concludes that the decreased content of free cholesterol and ascorbic acid in the adrenal cortex is connected with changes in the functional condition of the adrenals and is an early inc.',ex, although not a specific one, of the effects of ionizing radiation a;~ an organism. 82. Reliable Apparatus for Monitoring Protection From Gamma Radiation Described "Apparatus for Monitoring Protection From Gamma Radiation (HB-DKZ)," by V. A. Petrov; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Rad:iolo- giya, Vol 2, No 3, May/Jun 57, P 85 An apparatus simpler and more reliable than the regular DKZ type is described, and its photograph and cross section accompany the arti- cle. It contains no dry cells. It consists of (l) an outer casing wh:;.ch serves as its ionizing chamber, (2) a crossbar attached to a wires electrometer whose movements can be traced in a microscope of small magnification, (3) a microscope whose projecting tube is well insulated, ~+ a projecting charging point, (5) a small window t.o admit light, and ~63 a small mirror located at the base of the apparatus to reflect the light into the microscope tube. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 The volume of the ionizing chamber is about 3 liters, and the elec- trometric system and the connecting electrodes measure about 40 cm. When the filament moves one division, the potential decreases 10 V. Due to the high potential of this system, constant high tension is guaranteed. It is possible to measure dose rates starting with one micro r/sec and higher. 83. Conference Held in Moscow, November 1956, Discusses Sequelae Attrib- uted to Ionizing Radiation "Conference on Sequelae of Injuries Caused by the Effects of Ionizing Radiation," by Z. M. Karelina; Moscow, Med- itsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 2, No 3, May/Jun 57, pp-SZ-Bg A conference was held in Moscow, 20-21 November 1956, on the subject of Sequelae of injuries caused by ionizing radiation. The following are some of the 23 reports heard. M. S. Lapteva-Popova, Doctor of Medical Sciences, reported on changes progressing in the blood due to chronic effects of small doses of X rays. Research was conducted on dogs subjected to daily doses of 5 and 10 r. Four periods of chronic radiation sickness are described: first, characterized by lability of hemopoiesis; second, by a cer- tain inhibition of hemopoietic functions; third,~by a temporary adapta- tion of hemopoietic processes; and fourth, by profound pathological changes in circulation. V. V. Sokolov reported that fast neutrons cause microcytosis in erythrocytes. Analogous data were reported by each of I. K. Petrovich, !,. A. Kanarevska, and S. Yu. Posherstnik on changes in peripraral ~.,lood due to the administration of various doses of radioactive subsi,;ances (Sr89, Sr90, Po~-0, Rn, and 8Th), and the products of uraaiium fission. Changes occurred in the number of leukocytes, erthrocytes, reticul~~cy+es, and thrombocytes. In 16 months the number of leukocytes was 5u~ of the orig- inal. S. M. Mikhaylovich reported on protein and lipid metabolism in dog, under the effect of intravenous administrations of radiothorium in ab- solutely lethal doses. His findings included decreased blood cholesterol and increased urine protein. R. Ye. Libenzon talked on decreasir}g amounts of nucleic acids in various organs of dogs irradiated by Co - 85 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 A. P. Noviltova reported on two forms of chronic radiation sickness (complicated and uncomplicated resulting from peroral administration of uranium fission products. L. L. Vannikov presented material on changes in the glia cells of dogs' brain, at remote periods after the onset of acute radiation sick- ness. V. V. Shikhodyrov reported on changes (destructive and regenera - tive)in loose connective tissue in chronic radiation sickness follow- ing single and repeated small doses of fast neutrons and administration of Sr89 and po210, Ye. J. Erleksova reviewed her studies of changes in organisms, at remote periods after injuries by radiothorium administered intravenously (0.001-0.0005 mjllicuries/kg body weight). Destructive changes were re- ported in the liver, heart, kidneys, lymph nodes, etc. N. N. Litvinov reported on histological changes leading t~ bone sarcoma, due to the effects of Sr90 and Y91. N. Ye. Trusova; S. P. Voskresenskiy, A. P. Novikova, and T. A. Ivanova reported ~n the effects of ionizing radiation on sex glands and on offspring. V. S. Kushneva analyzed inj~~ries caused to animals (rats) by the combined effect of silicon dioxide and radium. L. 1~ Burykina's re~or?i; on the effects of administering orally 0.2 microcurie per kg of Sr 9 to dogs pointed out that ionizing radiation results ir. inhibition of leukopoiesis, persistent absolute lymphopenia, decreased absolute number of bone ma~?row cells, and increased permeabil- ity of skin capillaries. Ye. N. Klimova reported on chronic effects of uranium fission (1 x 10-9 to 1 x 10-10 c/kg) products. These included genera] exhaustion, broncho-ectopic diseases, general underdevelopment, decreased resistance leading to susceptibility to infections, etc. A. I. Osipovskiy gave proof of anomalies of development of offspring irradiated by gamma rays (198, 360, and 520 r). N. S. Boyko reported on changes in electropotentials in the stomach of offspring of dogs subjected to injuries by products of uranium fis - sion. The electromotive force was one half that of the control isolated stomach. 36 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 The conference adjourned with the clear understanding that accumulat- ing experimental data indicate significant biological effects at remote ~~Eriods after the onset of injuries caused by ionizing radiation. These injuries-become evident in the offspring also. 8~. Two Radioactive Cobalt Machines Set up in the USSR CPYRGHT "Joining the Service", by NI. Deshin; MOFCOW, Meditsin- skiy Rabotnik, 3? Dec 57, p 1+ "A Department of Teleradium Therapy was opened in the Tul'skaya, Oblast Oncelogical Dispensary. Here, in a special instaLl.ation, two gamma-apparatuses were set up for the therapy of neoplasms by radio- active cobal?L? . " Surgery 85 ? ComaPlex Method Combining Gang'Lis~n-Blockin Narcotic and Neuro- plegic Agents Produces Hypothel,mia Body Temperature 3-7 C ".Application of Chemical Hypotherm~.a During Surgery.," by Prof G. P. ZaytRPv, Chair of General Surgery (head, Prof G. Ps ZFA,ytsev) of Pediatric Faculty of Second Moscow Medical Institute; Kiev, Novyy Khirurgicheskiy Arkhiv, No ~+ (208) , Jul /Aug 57, PP 51-55 -~?- The author describes a c~~mplex method Pmploying narcotic, ganglion- blocking, neuroplegic, hypoten,~ive, and relaxing agents to arrive at true hypothermia (body temperature at 3-7oC). Under such conditions, arterial blood pressure decreases 'to 70/35 to 50/25, and oxygen require- ments and metabolism in gene-a7. are very :Low. The author lists chemical substances causing hypotYsF~rmia and classi- fied them with regard to their pharmacological effects and clinical symp- toms into four groups; i.e., antiadrenalin, antiaaety].choline, ~tihistamine, and curare-like. A number of Soviet preparation! are mentioned. Details for using chemical hypothermia as a method of anesthesia a:^e presented, and 56 operations using chemical hypothermia prove its s~iperiority over other prevalent i~,cthods of a~testhesia. "''1e med:'.c;al history of a pai~ient e2 years cold and her opera;,ion usin~ chemical hypothermia are reviewed. -87- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Veterinary Medicine 86. International Conference on Tuberculosis in Cattle Held in Czecho- slovakia , "Conference on Tuberculosis in Cattle" (unsigned article), CPYRGF-k~'ague, Zemedelske Noviny, 12 Dec 57, p 3 A 2-da,y conference on tuberculosis in cattle openeci in Prague on 11 December 1957. Among those attending were Prof Dr J. Brill, Warsaw; Prof Dr E. V. Goerttler, East Germany; Academician R. Maninger, Budapest; and Prof Fr N. Plum, Copenhagen. At the conference papers were read co.~cerning the incidence of?tuber- culosis in cattle thxoughout the world and the procedures which would be necessary for its complete eradication. Military Medicine R7. Czechoslovak Military Medical Academy Engaged in Research on Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction "Facts About the VI.~A" (unsigned article), Hradec Kralove, CPYRG hoden., 1+ oct 57~ P 3 The Hradec Kralove Kra,j Committee of the KSC (Communist Paxty of Czechoslovakia), claims that the VLA (Voienska lekarsks, akademie J. Ev. Purkyne, she "J. Ev. Purkyne" Military Medical Academy) in Hradec Kralove conducts research along three main ~.ines, including defense against weapons of mass destruction, surgery, and study of the higher nervous system. - 88 -~ Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Miscellaneous CPYRGH 88. Scientific Council of the Ministry of health in the USSh "Scientific Council of the Republic Ministry" (unsigned article), Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabo+nilc, No 7, 24 Jan 58, p 1 CPYRGHT The Scientific Council of the Ministry of Health of the un9.c:z re ub- lics is a sc en - c cons a ive and operational organ t:~rouhh w:aich e m~.nYS ry p ans , organizes , a-~ coor ina es s c en Z c wog k . Its Pun! ~ -- tions include the study of progressive experiments, the active support of medical i:znovatcrs, the wide popularization and introduction into practice of contemporary methods of prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treat- ment. The Scien#;ific Council is also charged with the direction of the activities of scientific societies and medical publications." After the reorganization ~f the ministries of health in which all the vuzes (higher educational institutions) and most of the scientific research institutes have come u~:der the direction of the mit~~stries~ the .scientific councils now have e~Ten more responsibilit;tes. They are, in ac!.dition to the above, charged with i;he supervision oi' researchl work done by institutes subordinate to the ministries. 8y. New Medical Periodical To Be Published in USSR "Kazan Medical Journal" (unsigned article), Moscow, Med- itsinskiy Rabof.;~ik, No 6, 21 Jan 58, p i. CPYRGftT Ka,zanskiy NIeditsinskiy Zhurnal, a long-e:;tablished medical period- ical will once again be published. Tt is to 'oe the organ of the Ministry of Health Tatar ASSR and of the Cou~icil of Scientific Medical Societies. The periodical had been discontinued after being published for 85 years, It will contain scientific article4 in the fie7.d of therapeutics, surgery, hygiene, etc. - ~9 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 g0. China Moves to Drs:w Up New Medical Research Programs "On Reviewing she Execution of the 1957 All-China Med?tcal Res;~:~xch Plan and formulating the 1958 and Second Five-Year Medical Research Plans," unsigned article, Peiping, Chung-hua I~-hsueh Tsa-chah (Na- tional Medical Journal of China , Vol 3, No 11, 1957 pp 937-93a This news item reporl:s action taken by the central government of the People's Republic of China to ensure tl.at the national plan will be ready by the beginning of 1958 to guide medical scientists in their re- search activities of the year. A summary of the article follows: Pursuant to r~ recent directive of the State Council's Planning Com- mittee for Sc9.:.ntific Development, the Medical Davison of this committee has organized five subdivisions to investigate the fulfillment of the 1957 national plan for medical research. These subdivisions will review tY.e state of Chinese rese~;.rcr: an Western and Chinese traditional medicine wyth respect to five key areas of concern, namely, schistosomiasis, Japanese B encepha.lat.Ls, dysentery, s ilicosas, and cardiovascular diseases.. Thot;e medical researches which do not fit under any of the afore-mentie~ied areas of concern ~ ill be reviewed by pe~~sons appointed by the agencies which conducted the studies. Written repor~cs should be submitted before 20 September 1957 to the State Counc1's Planning Committee for :~caen- tafic Development, whose business office is located in the offices of the Commal:tee on Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Peiping. The purpose of this investigation is to ensure the successful execu- tion of the 1957 plan and to collect data for use in formulating and re- vising the medical rese~.rch programs fc~r 1958 and the Second Five-Year Plan. Steps in drawing up the J y58 plan have been mapped. oi:t. A docu- mr... enti-sled "Rough Draft of 1958 and Second Five-Year, Plans for Re- search in Medical Sciences" was dra:F'ted by the Committee ~.:n Medical Research of the Ministr;- of I:ealth; and in September 1957, Copies were issued to l"hana's 38 me.dica'.. colleges, as well as t : a;~l federa:i., pro- vincial, an~3 municipal organization[ whi;;h engage in medac~, research and/or the treatmznt r~.nd prevention of d~..:~ea.se. Each organization ~.s to select its own future research topics; ga~r:ing due conside~atian to the information c~:~tr~,:ined in this rough arQ.ft, to the extent to ~;?:hich :i't} was able to carry ~~.a its 1857 plan, and +o prevailing local co~zdi- tions. Their propos~sci research topics will be entered on ''Scientific. research Topic Cards'' designed. es~~ecially for that purpose. Each com- pleted card i^ to be discussed. bye the scien?;ific committee of the - ,0 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 originating unit, approved ry the controlling agency for that unit, eaid submitted before 1 October 1957 to the Medics]. Division of the State Council's P1.anning Committee for Scientific Development. The Medical Division will prerare a report from the data on the cards received. There are well-defined requirements for a research topic which may ,,~ incorporsted into the national Z~lan. Tn general, such topic must either be related to the five talks of national scientific development and have great theoretical and practical significance, or be unrelated but ha?:*e some theoretical an;,. practical s ignii icance . Tn addition, each must sa'~isf'y onF; of the following conditions: (1) be concrete and clear in its conten';; (2) be fees ible with respect i;o method, personnel, mate- riel, and bas.tc conditions required, and attainable with respect to bas is completi.~n or initiation in 195E; (3) research topics which are repeaters must be backed by scientific theory 'and evidence of practica- bility; and (~+) contributing to the advancement of Chinese native rried- icine, praeti~~Pl in content, and attainable with respect to ba;;ic completion or ,.nitiation in 1958. Research topics deali:~g with Chinese characteristics, China's geographic location, or the specialties of Chinese scientists will be given due consideration as to their possible place in the national plan. - '91 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 IX. METALLURGY Ferrous Metallur~r 91. New Tsoto?pe Laboratory at University "Radioisotope Laboratory in Miskolc" (unsigned txticl.), Buda- CPYRGI-~~t, Ujitok Lap~a, 20 Dec 57, p 11 A radioisotope laboratc,ry has been established a;c the Department of Ferrous Metallurgy of the Technical L=1iver~ity of Her~,yy Industry, Mislcolc. The radiation meter and most of the ether instruments havF already ax- rived. A large part of the equipment was made availably ay the :Lsotope Utilizing Committee of the National Atomic Ener~}r Commission (Orszagos Atomenergia Bizottsag isotopalka~na,;asi szakbizottsag). The experiments which are to be conducten at t~~c: ].abora+.ory will en- sure conti>~u.ty of t3v~F?1 1~roduction. 1`? . 3exrous Metals . t~.r? Metals 93 ? Soviets Cast Rhenium Meta], on Experim,~nta~`.i. Sctu.e Mechanical Propertie3 of Cast Rheni. um, " by Ye . '-:. ~? ;-i t skier and M. A. Tylkina, Tr~ud,Y. Inst? tuts Metalltr.~gii in~zr~i ~,. .A. Ba~_ kov, No 1, 1957, PP 15~-1~1 ----"- CPYRGF~''e article reads as follows: "Rhenium belongs to the little investigated rare metals. The liter- ature in general describes its chemical properties, methods o~ _,xtraction from the ore, and the production of its sa,],ts and metallic pc,wdes~. Data on the mechanical properties of rhenium were published only recently. :Cn 1955-1956 works were published concerning the physics]. and mechanical prop- erties of rhenium obtained in compact form by the powder metallurgy method. In the present work, performed in 1951+, efforts *aere made to establ~isi~ the possibility of obtaining compact [solid] rhenium by mee,rls of casting and to study the effect of temperature on mechanic~.l properties (hardness acid ductility at compression). At present the authors are continuing the in- vestigation of the structure and properties oi' rhenium alloys with molyb- denum and other high melting metals (titanium, zirconiiur-, chromium, cobalt, manganese, and n:ickel). - 92 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT "From 50 to 100 gr of an initial sample oi' powdered rhenium (metal- lic) was compres~;,;,L into briquettes 20 mm in diameter and 10-15 mm high. The briquettes wire either melted directly or were sintered [first] at l,?00 C for 1-2 hours in vacuum. `.Chia was '.o assure degasification and sufficient strengthening, th,;s permitting handling without special pre- caution. The melting of unsintered briquettes was complicated by the evolution of gases durinh; heating and melting; therefore, their tirelimi- nary sintering should be considered a necessity. The melting of bri- quettes was conducted irz an a:rc furnace with a tungsten negative elec- trode in the depressions of the water-cooled copper bottom of the fu:r- z~ace in an argon atmosphere at a pressure: 200 mm Hg. "Before the melting of the rhenium, a sample of titanium is melted, which serv:~s in this case as a gas absorber and purifies the argon. "The temperature of the cathode spot was approximately x,000?C, and the melting of the briquettes took place rather fast (voltage 30-35~v, do current 600-700 a).. For the purpose oi' thorough melting of the whole sample it was turned over in i*s melting depression and remelted again. Rhenium melts easily and posse-:sses sufficient fluidity and does not re- quire more than two or three remeltings. The surface of the cast rhenium is shiny, specular and resem'ules. i~~ its outer appearance; cast platinum. ~~'igure 1 shows a sample of cast rheniwn magnified 2.5 times. 'L'he samples of oast rhenium were subjected to spectroscopic analysis to determine whether the sampleE~ were contaminated by tungsten from the electrode. Table 1 shows data of the analysis of the initial rhenium powder and two cast rhenium samples, of which sample No 2 was melted more carefully. Table 1. Spectral Analysis of Cast Rhenium Samples No 1 No 2 Powder of Sample Sample Elements Initial Cast Cast ~.lna.]-yzed ~i;.ienium Rrenium Rhenium -93- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT No 1 No 2 Powder of Sample Sample Elements Initial Cast Cast Analyzed Rhenium Rhenium Rhenium Cu ~ { Wet~.k traces Si ~ ~ { Ca ~~ ~~ ~! ~ ~{ Ti _ _ Na ,~ _ _ contains 0.1 to 1.0~, ~ contains 0.01 or 1F:ss "As teen t~?om Table 1 the contamination of rhenium by tungstan is very slight, and is absent altogether in sample No 1. The appearance of titanium can be expl.~ned by the mechanical entry in the form of droplets during its melting as a gas absorber. The quantity of other impurities present in tze initial powder (Na, Al, Fe, Cu, ;~2n, Ni) is reduced in the cast rhenium, so that at high temperatures there occurs a partial refine- ment of rhenium. "Fe-!? the sake of comparit.on, tramples of ?rhenium metal were obtained by the powder metallurgy me~hod. Tne powder was pressed at a specific pressure c~' ^~ 3 ton~can2 into briquettes was sub j~ected to in-step sintering in vacuu~. at slow heu:;ino uF to 1,200bC and holc,~ing for 2 hours, and then subjected to sintering; at 2,000?C for 3-~+ hours. The specific weight of the sintered rher~;.um under these conditions was 1~3 gr~cm3 (porosity l~~) . '!.'he density of the sintered r3ample was obviously too low. The microstruc- ture of rher_ium was revealEd by etching with concerat~~ated nitric acid. ''Figure 2 a. shows the microstructure of cast rhenium, magnified 100 timee, which has a coarse crystalline structure, t~~hile the grains have 7~olyr;onal shape . "It should be noted that the specific conditions of ;.asti.ng and coo] "ng (cooled copper bottom) result in the formation of a :!~:terogeneous mass, with respect t~ the size of the grains for various portions of the casting. The sintered rhenium has small gr~zi.n str?.zcture and is porous. 9~+ Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999209/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R0001000~~b (1 =1~4 . MRRCH 1~~~ , ,. 2~ Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT nThe hardness of rhenium was determined in ?~he temperature, range from -191E? ico +1,150? with a special device. Tests at high temperatures were conduct;:d in a stream of argon. The temperature of -191E? was ob- tained by a cooling of the samples in liquid n3.trogen. Iiaxdness was detex7nined by impression of "pobedit" indenter (cone) at 200-Icg load, and for 1,,000? and 1,150? at 100-kg load for 30 sec. The results of ?the test are ahown in Tr~ole 2 and Figu~.;.~e 3. Table 2. Effect of Temperature on the Hardness of Rhenium Tem eratuxe Hardness ?C~ ~Hk ? kg/~2) -19~ ~+oo r20 27~ Temperature Hardness (oC) H lsg /r.-,in2 ) X800 20~. ~l, 000 1~1+ r~1~150 13~+ _....:. 200 ~+oo Goo 800 1, o00 ~., 200 ~ -200 0 Temperature, ?C Figure 3. Effect of Temperature or. the Hardness of Rhenium - 95 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT ~~The ductility of rhenium was determined by compression at room temper- ature and at 1,000?. A special shape wa,s not imparted ?L-o the test speci- mens, but half pieces of the cast samples were sub;Jected to prei~sin~;. These test specimens had the shape of semicircles with an area of 160 mm2 and were 6.5 mm thick. The compression of the test pieces was conducted at room tem- perature by the method of static compression on a 35-ton pre~~s. Compression at 1,000? was done on a vertical press. The samples were heated in ?L-he ar- gon atmosphere and were quickly transferred to the anvil of the press. The coarse crystalline structur,~ of the cast rhenium is detrimental to its duc- tility. The fracture follows the grain boundaries. The amount of contrac- tion during compression at 20? is 25q~ to 30~; the compressive strength is more than 200 lcg~mm At 1,000? the contraction in compression was 60~ (a crack visible on the side surface). "F`igure 2 b shows -the microstructure of the sample compressed at 1,000?C. A strong fracturing of grains and their ?plastic flow are visible. Rhenium has ~~ high tendency 'toward wok hardening. The hardness of deformed rhenium rises to X00-520 lcg~mm , i.e., cold work hardening reaches ^' 80~. "By means of microstructural and X-ray methods it was established that the temperature for the beginning of recrystallization of cold deformed rhenium is approximately 1,500?0. Figure 2 c shows the microstructure of a sample recrystallized at 1,550 . "Conclusion' "The work conducted established the poss9:nility of obtaining cast rhenium. The values for its hardness at variou~t temperatures from -19~+ to ~1 150? and for its ductility, by the method of compression at 20? and 1,000b, were obtained. The high degree of worlr hardening; of pure rhen:;.am was established. The beginning temperature of recrystallization of rhenium is approximately 1,500?." 93? Soviet Scientist Discusses Ideal ICBM Nose Cone Materials "These Are the Meta,l.s of the Intercontinental Rocket," by V. Par- fenov, Rome, L'Unita, 27 Nov 57 The special qualities demanded of the materials making up an ICBM -- refractory and heat-resistant -- and some of the materials being used both in the nose cone and interiorly are described by Parfenov, Soviet scientist. Among these he mentions tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, chromium, gold., columbium, and rhenium. Of tY~esz, .he sativs that rhenium is "tY,e ideal metal." However, he cites its high cost and the difficulty of extraction as a ;~ro- hibition to its widespread use. Columbium is another metal which has aroused "great iaterest.'~ -g6- Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Inasmuch as the problem of material for missile nose cones cannot be completely solved by refractory and heat-resistant metals, the epoch of rare metals (exotic metals) wi11. soon be a thing of the past and the age of heat-resistant ceramics and metaLloceramica will begin. T~`v'en these have their failing in that they are friable and not able to withstand the vibra,tiona and impacts of particles and s,tmospheric dusts they will en- counter. This difficulty is met, he states, by alloying t'he oxides with other materials. Breif mention i8 also made of the materials used in motors, combus- tion chambers, fuel tanks, lines, valves, and no~zlea. [For additional information on ferrous metallurgy, See Item No 29.] _~111oys 9~+. Stability of Titanium Boride--Niobium Boride Alloys to Oxidation in the Aar "Tnvestigation of the Stability of Titanium Boride - Niobium ' Boride Alloys to Oxidation," by V. S. Neshpor and G. V. Samso- nov; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 30, No 11, Nov 57, pp 158-1588 Tnvestigation of the stability of metal-like compounds of transition metals to oxidation at high temperatures is of importance, because these compounds retain their hardness up to very high temperatures (of the order of 1,500-2,000?) and can be used as refractory materials. Investigation of TiB2-NbB2 alloys in the range of 0-100 TiB2 at the temperatures ~+50- 1,000? showed that the alloy having the composition 50 mol ~ (37.t~:~o by weight) of TiB2 exhibits the highest resistance to oxidation in t'he air. This resistance was determined on the basis of the increase in?weight due to formation of oxides: the alloy of the composition indicated showed the least increase in weight. 95? Stability to Oxidation of A11oys Containing the Intermetallic Com- pounds NiAl "Investigation of the Oxidation of Alloys Containing the Inter- metallic Compound NiA1," by Ye. I. Mozzhulthin, L. Kh. Plvovarov, and Ya. S. iJmasislciy, Moscow Steel Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 30, No 11, Nov 57, pp 1593-1599 The compound NiA1 is homogeneous in an extensive range of concentra- tions and has the highest melting point within the system of nickel- aluminum alloys; it is therefore of definite interest from the standpoint _97_ Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 of applications in reiractory alloys. The refractory qualities of sing].e- phase alloys consisting only of NiA7. and of two-phase alloys consisting of NiAl ~ Ni qA]. were investigated. These alloys were compared with electro- lytic Ni ~.nd CoAl. The following results were obtained: It was established that the nature of the oxidation of NiAl depends on the composition of the alloys. When an excess of Al atoms is present, a dense oxide film is formed. Tn the presence of an excess of Ni atoms there is separation of the Ni Al phase with the result that the protective effect of the film is impaire~ and oxidation accelerated. The same re- lationships with regard to oxidation apply to NiAl powders the particles of which are covered with an oxide film. When the protective effect of the film on powders is no longer exerted because of damage to the film, the rate of oxidation of the powder decreases rapidly in time because of reduction of the surface of the particles. The compound CoAl oxidizes more readily than the compound NiA].. 98 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Nuclear Physics g6. 301utions Given for Magnetohydro c Equations for Gas DiscY~arge Plasma - "On the Problem of Pulsations of a Plasma Column," by A. G. Ku- likovakiy, Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Dolclady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 1t4, No 5, Jun 57, pp 984-987 CPYRGIF~cTcerpts from the article foLl.ow. "The problem of pulsations of a plasma column arose in connection with experiments on high-current gas discharges (L. A. Artsimovich and others, Atrnnnaya Energiya; No 3, 1956). An approximate solution of this problem was given by M. A. Leontovich and S. M. Osovets (~.oc. cit.). A certain class of exact solutions for the equations of magnetohydrodynamics is proposed here. The class includes, in particular, periodic solutions. "We shall consider one-dimensional axially symmetric motion of an un- bounded gas with infinite conductivity. The well-known equations of mag- netohydrodynamtcs are written as follows in Lagrangian coordinates: ~t ~ ar err r ~~ r e ~ ro fro ~r r ' P = Po ~ ~ A 0 r is the moving coordinate of the particle; r.'? Pa, po, and H? are, re- spectively, the coordinate, density, preasrre, and magnetic field inter-, sity of a particle. The magnetic lines of force are assumed to be closed, concentric circles. "The first equation expresses particle acceleration; the second, ~th.ird, and fourth represent the laws of conservation of mass, entropy, and magnetic flux. A11 solutions here are found with uniform deformation, i.e., such that 99 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT where ? is independent of r. Therefore, L- i.e., velocity is a linear function of the radius.... "The solution is given by the formulas p ~ po,~ 2; P = Po~U2~~ = H o ~2, where p, i s an arbitrary (ro - ~ J po r' `3r? _ 8~B r? o r3 r? 0 ~? f ~~ A, B, N, and M are arbitrary constants...." An interpretation of the equations for different values of the con- stants is given. "The solution obtained here is easily generalized to the case Wien the magnetic lines of force are helical. In this case, the term - ~H 2 must be added to the right-hand side of the first differential Q equation. Hz is the component of the magnetic field, parallel to the axis of symmetry and H in the equation wi11 denote the component of the magnetic field, perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. "The following two formulas must then be added to the five solution equations already given: xZ r, = 8nD (~, ro ~o OJ D and L are arbitrary constants...." ~cpressions for (~G in both cases are also given. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : ~~~?RUP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 97. Equations Given for Gas-Discharge Plasma With Consideration of Gravitation "Oscillations of an Infinite Gas Cylinder With Self-Gravi- tation in a Magnetic Field," by I. M. Yaborskaya, Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Dokladv Akad- ~mi1,: Nauk SSSR, Vol 1.1~+, No 5, Jun 5?, pp 988-990 The one-dimensional, unsteady-state motion of a gas, "such as occurs in problems of the motion of cosmic masses under the influence of magnetic fields," is considered. It is assumed that the electrical conductivity of the gas is so great that the magnetic lines of force may prF,ctically be considered "frozen" in the medium. The radial motion of a gas with cylin- drical. symmetry under the influence of Newtonian gravitation and internal magnetic fields is also considered. The velocity is assumed to be depend- ent on the distance from the axis of s,~mm~etry. A solution to the differential equations for the system is discussed for various values of the parameters. 98. Chemical Method Given for Measuring Si30 (p,~~)Si3i Reaction "Radiochemical Investigation of 5330 (p,n ~)Si31 Reaction," by S. Sekerskiy and A. K. Lavrukhina, Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I. Vernad~kiy, Academy of Sciences USSR, and Institute of Nuclear Research Polish Academy of Sci- ences; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol L1.7, No 1, Nov 57, pp 61-6~+ A radiochemical method for detecting a Si30(p, TT1~)Si3i reaction is described. The relation between the formation cross section of Si3i and the energy of the bombarding particles was studied in. the 120-660 Mev range to prove the existence of the above, reaction. CPYRGI~ fO~-O~~ description of the method is given. A 60-80 mg sample of spectra~l.y pure powdered silicon wrapped in two layers of aluminum was irradiated for 1-2 hours in the internal beam of the synchrocyclotron of the LaborB,tory of Nuclear Problems of the Joint Insitute of Nuclear Research. The silicon was then dissolved on a 3M solution of NaOH and put through a paper filter to separate the silicon particles that Bid not go into solution. 2M HCl and several milligrams of BeCl2 and D4gCl2 were added to c'tie filtrate, which was then evaporated until dry. The residue was ~reated with concentrated NCl, washed three or Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT four times with the same acid, then dissolved in a 3M solution of NaOH. After the addition of Be and Mg salts, all operations were repeated twice. On the last time, concentrated H2S0~, was used in the evaporation. The Si02 precipitate was separated and baked at 900o for ~+5 minutes and weighed. The chemical yield of silicon was 20~. The separation required ~+ hours . The activity of the silicon was measured over ?_~ hours at intervals of l-2~~hours. The decay curve was then plotted. Silicon beta-radiation that was absorbed in the aluminum was also measured and found to be 1.~7 Mev. The Si31 formation cross sections were calculated. The energy of the proton beam was determined on th basis of the activity of Na formed in the reaction Al~7(p,3pn)Na2~. The Si31 cross sections for various proton energies are given in a table. The effect on the results oP reactions with deuterons and neu- trons is discussed. It is noted that the above method was not successful in studying the (p,-R f) reaction in heavier nuclei such as germanium and bismuth. 99? Conversion Spectrum of Hoi6o Analyzed "Conversion Spectrum of Ho160," by ye. P. Grigor'yev, Corres- pondin~; Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR; and B. S. Dahel- ~pov, A. V.. Zolotavin, B. Kratsik, B. K. Preobrazhenskiy, and I. S. YaY~chevskiy,~Physica Institute, Leningrad State Uni- versity imen3. A. A. Zhdanov; Moscow, Dokla 'Akademii Naul~ SSSR, Vol 117, No 1, Nov 57, pp 53-5 The conversion spectrum from the g,160~ Ho 160 x,160 transition was studied. Adouble-focusing spectrometer was used to conduct measure- ments with a 3~ relative half width of the lines. It is noted tha~ the conversion spectrum is the same in both frac- tions, i.e., the E~- 0 frac~ion does not give conversion electrons; all electrons belong to the Hol 0 fraction. The following observations on the results are made. The 60-kev transition lines LI { LII LIII, M, and N were ob- served in Ho1.60. The relative intensities of the lines was determined as LI : LII : LIII M N c 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.x+7 0.1 by resolving them into their components. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 The ratio LI : LII : LIII~was determined as 0.2 .: 1.1 1.0 for the 861+-kev transition. The line Ee 99.3 kev was identified as the L-line of a 107-kev transition. A K-conversion line of the transition was found. The 298-kev conversion line in the K she11 was a narrow doublet with Q E1 kev. The K-conversion lines oi' the 310, 361, and 391+-}:ev transitions; and K- and L-lines of the 1+07 kev transition; and the L-l~Cne of the 511+ kev transition were observed. K-lines of the 755 and 765-kev transitions were observed between the strong K- and L-conversion lines of the 730-kev transitions. Comrersion lines corresponding to 880 and 967-kev transitions were doublets with a p E equal 7 and 3 kev. Fourteer_ lines and 11 different transitions were found in the hard region of the conversion spectrum. 100. Relation Between Shower-Particle Production ana Atomic Number Studied "Relation Between .''~ru.ssion Frequency of Shower Particles and the Atomic Nvmber of the Disintegrated Nucleus," by Zh. S. Takibayev, Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 111+, No 5, Jun 57, pp 980-983 Aluminum and tungsten screens embedded in thick photor~raphic emulsions were exposed at 28 krn for several hours. The probability for the formation of shower particles was observed to be more than twice as great in plates with the tungsten than in those with aluminum. Tt is noted that fast 7?-mesons are generated in tungsten nuclei with a greater probability than in aluminum, but that the probabilities for ~ -meson. generation do not de- pend as strongly on the atomic number of the disintegrated nucleus as do those for the generation of shower particles. 101. Neutron Yield From Various Radon Sources Measured Neutron Yield From Rn~B, Rn~C, Rn~CaF2, Rn~Mg, Rn{Al, Rn~Si, Rn~Si02, and Rn~Grani.te Sources," by G. V. Gorshkov and V. I. Matvl.yenko, Radium Institute imeni. V. G. Khlopin, Academy of Sci- ences USSR, Moscow, Dokl.ady Akademii Nauk,SSSR, Vol 116, No 2, ~P 57, PP ~--212 - l03 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 The neutron yield and other characteristics of radon neutron-sources were studied. The sources were cylindrical in r~nape, 20 mm in diameter, and ~+0 mm in length. The number of neutrons way determined in two ways: with an aL1-wave boron counter and by readings frem the density distribu- tion of slow neutrons in a water tank. Results are shown in a table giving neutron yield relative to a Rn~Be source, relaxation length, and neutron enerar. 102. Hungarian Nuclear Physicists Travel to Belgrade "Hungarian Nuclear Physicists Leave for Belgrade" (unsigned ar- CPYRGHT title) Budapest, Nepszabads 21 Nov 57, p 8 Pal Lenard, deputy director o:r the Central Physics Research Institute (Kozponti F`izikai Kutato Intezet), is in charge of an eight-member dele- gation which left for Belgrade on 20 November 1957 to examine Yugoslav nu- clear physics research as conducted in the Boris Kidric Institute. The delegation wi]1 spend 10 days in Yugoslavia. Atomic and Molecular sits 103. E~cuation for Diffusion of Plasma Particles Given "On the Diffusion of Charged Particles in a Homogeneous Electro- magnetic F`i.eld," by Kh. R. Khristov, Sophia State University and Moscow State University imeni. M. V. Lomonosov; i~?oscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 116, No 2, Sep 57, pp z1.3-216 The introductory paragraphs follow. CPYRGHT "In recent works we considered diffusion oi' molecules, r~eutr~~ns and shower particles. We wrote the equations and gave approximations for the probabilities V..(s, g, u, t, r, v)dr dv that a particle of type i with po- sition Band ve~t~city u at time '3 creates at time t a particle of type ~ with radius vector between r and r ~ dr and with velocity between v and v ~ dv. Using this notation, we shall wri-t~; the equation for the function V and-give a method for the approximate so:.utior~ of the equation when the particles whose diffusion we are seeking are charged and in a homogeneous and unchanging medium which is in a homogeneous electromagnetic field. "We shall assume that the particles are identical and that, in adui- tic~n to being scattered in co1.7.isions with molecules of the medium, they aliso are absorbed and. generate new particles. Tt is further assumed that the motion of each particle between collisions is ai'fected only by the ex- ternal electromagnetic field and not by the fields of other particles. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : Cla-~P82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT "Such a process occurs, for example, in a weakly ionized plasma in a stationary state, where ions of a given type collide with one another and with other ions and gas molecules and not on1.y are scattered bu.t recombine and generate new ions through impact ionization." It is noted that the diffusion expression and method of solution are applicable to nonstationary as well as stationary processes in an ionized medium and can be used to calculate the transfer coefficients of the me- dium. 10~+. Hungarian Atomic Research "The Situation in Hungarian Atom3.c Research," by Dr Marlt KLinko and Otto 0ltvanyi; Budapest, U it~lt La~,ja, 20 Dec 57, pp 10-11 Dr Lagos Janossy, professor, renowned expert on cosmic radiation, says that the 2-megawatt Hungarian reactor will. probably be ready to operate on a trial basis during the second half of 1958? It will. be used to make in- vestigations in neutron physics and radiation chemistry and to prepare radioactive isotopes. The third function of the reactor will be to promote the training of physicists and engineers who will participate in the construction of the atomic power plant which is to be built later. As a resul~~ of the help of the USSR, Hungary will. soon be able to make atomic energy available to its e conom~ . The Central Physics Research Institute, owing to its cooperation with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research near Dubna, has had access in its investigations to the 680- and the 10,000-iMev synchrocyclotrons of the latter institute. These irnrestigations were concerned primarily with the evaluation of (photographic) plats which had been irradiated by the syn- chrophasotron, and study of high-energy nuclear interaction. The Central Physics Research Institute will also take a ve~^y active part i1 the inves- tigation now being conducted in Dubna by means of the bubble chamber tech- ni que. The Central Physics Research Institute currently has a staff of 120 physicists, some of whom are doing research in nuclear physics. Academician Dr Sandor Szalay, director of the Nuclear Research Insti- tute ~f the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, says that the most interesting work done at the institute was that of C,yul:a Csikay, who con- structed a Wilson-type cloud chamber which operates on low-pressure hydro- gen. With the aid of the cloud chamber, Csikay was able to photograph the decomposition of the isotope of heli;am--6. Cat~zful measurements also made it possible to calculate the iu~pulse, i. e., mass and speed, of the neutrino which was disr;harged from the helium atom together with the electron. - 105 - Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 The institute has completed most of itd wont in the field of uranium geochemistry and medicine and will now concentrate on the physical inves- tigation of the fundamental atomic nucleus and on the practical uses of atomic power in Hungary. For this purpose, the institute will construct, entirely from its own resources, a small, homogeneous boiling water re- actor. Szalay and Denes Berenyi, a colleague, recently made calculations concerning the possibility of harnessing the energy produced by the fusion of the heavy isotope of hydrogen into helium. The results of the calcula- tions were negative. 105. Activities at Czechoslovak Atomic Reactor CPYRGHT "The First Success in Rez-Husinec," (unsigned article), Prague, i?race 2 Nov 57, p 3 The first Czechoslovak atomic reactor will soon be turned ovEr to the Czechoslovak Academy ore Sciences (Ceskoslovenska Aka~.emia Ved). As of 1 November 1957, the reactor had completed about 170 hours of operation The most varied samples have been successfully irradiated in the E~:tperimental channels. These samples are needed by the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Ustav ~ader:ia fysilsy) for further research. Samples of rare earths were tested througYl the nuclear spectroscope, and the charac- ter:;.stics of plastic materials under radiation and the effect of gamma, radiation in the sterilization of foodstuffs (edible fats, butter, grease, rape oil, and sunflower oil) and gelatine were tested. There is even prep- aration of experiments with test animals. Theoretical Physics 106. General Expression for All Problems on Diffusion of Radiation in a Semi-Infini+,e Medium Given ? "Diffusion of Radiation in a St__~-Infinite N.edium," by V. V. Sobolev; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 116, No 1, Sep CPYRGI-~~~ pp ~5-~+8 "The problem of diffusion of radiation in a semi-infinite medium is met in astrophysics in studying steli,ar and planet atmospheres and in geophysi~:s in studying water basins. Particular cases of this problem Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-~t~2-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT are usually considered individually. 4ie shall show in this article that the solution of all problems on the diffusion of radiation in a semi- infinite medium where the distribution of radiation sources is different may be expressed by the same function. This function depends only on the optical dept;z . "We shall assume that radiation spattering is isotropic in the me- dium, whereupon the probability of quantum survival in an elementary scattering act is equal to ~ To determine the radiation field in a given medium, it is necessary only to solve the following integral equa- tion for a function B (~) 0 (l) where g ('L') is the distribution function of the radiation sources. If B ('C') is known, then the radiation intensity at an optical depth 2' and at an angle 1~ to the normal is given by I(T'~ "U) = ~ B(Z"~) e-~T-~sec'~seca9 d `r (~ C n~2) (2) T ' I('f"~ ~) - O J B(~') e- ('r - T )sec'9 sec ~1/ d 2` (~ 7 T-~2) "The formal solution of (1) has the. form where f' (~",T) is the resolvent kernel Thia may be determined by the equation which yields for T' ] ~ (3) (5) ... l (~ (~~ 0 ) is denoted by (~ ('[`). 107 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT GO J = (9) e-mT" 1 - --- 20 ~ ( l ) 1 { T~}1 1'he inverse of the Laplace transform yielde the following asymptotic formula for (1~ ('r) for large ~C -~ 1 1--~- k = 1. ~t gl - k '~ C~ ('L') is given by the integral equation 1 for ~ ('r ) ... . Applying the Laplace transform ~: "From (10) it is possible to obtain exact and approximate formulas Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 CPYRGHT "Tr,us the def.ermination of the radiation field in a semi-infin~.te medium for arbitrary radiation soaxces reducett to findin the ~'unc?tion C~ (~C ). If this function is lcnown, then formula (6~ gives the resolvent lcernel ~"' ('t~ , 'j' ), formula (~) give~t the function B( 't' ), and formulas (2) and (3) give ?the radiation intensity I(~ , ~) . ~' Three particular cases with different r( T-) are discussed. Radiophysics 107. New _Tnstitute of Radio hysics and Electronics Opened in Siberian Branch of Acader-~y of Sciences USSR "Siberian Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics," by Yu. B. Rumer, Doctor of Physicomathematical Sciences, and G. V. Kz'ivoshchekov, Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 10, Oct 57, pp 108-110 An Institute of Fadiophysics and Electronics (Tnsti?tut Radiofizilsi i Elektroniki) has been opened under the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR. The institute was organized on the basis of the Divi- sion of TechnicFil. Physics (Otdel Telchnicheskoy FYzilci) of the hest Si- berian Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR. Luminescence [See ItE:n No 27. J Approved For Release 1999/09/08 - ~~-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 xI. Mrsc~? ~ous 108. Vacancies Available_for Active and Corres ndin Members of Si- herian Br~ancla of Academy of Sciences USSR "From the Academy of Sciences USSR" (unsigned article), Moscow, CPYRGHT Izvesti,ya, 28 Jan 58, p 1+ Vacancies for the position of Active and Corresponding Members of the Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences USSR, in the following fields P,se given: mathematics -- two Active and ?L-wo Corresponding Members; pY~ysics -- one Act?tve and three Corresponding Members; chemistry -- no Active and six Corresponding Members; geology and geography -- three Active anal ten Corresponding Members; biology -- no Active and one Corresponding idember; mechanics -- tyro Active and two Corresponding Members; automatics -- no Active and one Corresponding Member; electrical engineering -- no Active and two Corresponding Members; heat Engineering -- no Active and one.Cor- responding Member; mining and mPtallur,~ -- no Active and two Correspond- ing Members; economics and statistics -- ~no Active and two Corresponding Members. All sponsoring orgaa:izat:ions must have data on their candidates sent to the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow, Leninskiy pros- pekt, 11+, no later than 15 March 1958. 10y. Czechoslovak Academicians in Hungar~r "Foreign Scientists Arrived in Hungary for Study Tour" (unsigned CPYRGicle), Budapest, N_ ?nSZabadsar~, 12 Pic 57, p 1 Dionyz I:Lkovic, Corresponcling Member of the Czeehoslovalc Academy of Sciences, and Viliam Thurzo, Corresponding Member of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, arrived in Hungary for a study tour. 110. Czechoslovak Scientists Visiti # Poland "Delegation of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in w~arsaw" (tus- aigned article), Warsaw, Trybuna Ludu~ 11 Der. 57, p 2 On 10 December 1957, a delegation of the presidium of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences arrived in Warsaw. The delegation included Prof Vilem Laufb2rger, deputy chairman of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences; Prof Andr2j Siraelcy, cheirman of the Slovak Academy of Scier^es; and Engr Milo- slay Svoboda, representative of the foreign department of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. This delegation has started talks with representatives of the Polish Academy of Sciences to establish a plan,for scientific coopera- tion in 1958 between the interested academies. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CId~RDP82-001418000100020001-1 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1 17.1. Hungarian Academician in USSR "Trips Abroad by Academicians" (unsigned article), Budapest, CPYR'~~~'zabadsag, 27 Nov 57, p 5 Laszlo L~dey, Academician, left for Moscow to attend a scientific con- ference. 112, Hungarian Academician in Poland "Trips Abroad by Academicians" (unsigned article), Budapest, Ne?c- CF~~~bad~ 27 DTov 57, P 5 Kezso Bogner, Academician, went on a study tour to Poland. 713. Soviet_Professor Visits Hu arian Central ysics Research Institute "News" (unsigned article), Budapest, 1VeBszabadsaa. 5 Dec 57, p 8 CPYRGHT M. A. Markov, Soviet professor, visited the Central Physics Research . Institute (:tozponti Fizikai Kutato Intezet) where he lectured on problems related to particle research. 11~. Soviet Scientist Ends Visit to S],ovalcia n ^ ~\~~r NeTs" (unsigned article), Bratislava, Praca, 30 Nov 57, p 2 Prof N. S. Arzhanikov, Soviet scientist, who was in Slovakia by invi= tation of the Czechoslovak Society for the Furthering of Scientific and Po- 1.ttical Tnf~rmation, left Slovakia on 28 November 1;57. Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100020001-1
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