JPRS ID: 8905 WORLDWIDE REPORT LAW OF THE SEA

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020007-0
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• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 7
• Content Type: REPORTS

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' ~4si7

S NOVEM~ER i9T9 NO. 204i i OF 2
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JPR~ 74517
5 Navember 1979 -
/ �
~~ear East North Africa Re ort
p
No. 2041
~
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMA~"ION SERVICE
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I
sos~i-,o~
REPORT DO('UMENTA710N i~ REPORT NO. 2. 3. NeciDicnt's Acc~ssion No.
PACE JPRS 7 4517
4. Title �nd Subtitlc 5. Roport Date
NEAIt L'AS'I'/NORTH AFRICA REPORT, No. 2041 5 November 1979
6.
7. Author(s) B. PeAorminQ Organiration Rcpt. Nu.
- 9. peAorming Organi:ation Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
Joint Yublications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Road 11. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No.
_ Arli.ngton, Tlirginia 22201 tc~ _
- cc~
12. Sponsoring Organi:atlun Name e~d Address 13. Type of RepoR 3 Poriod Covcred
~ As above
i~.
15. SuOP~ementary Notes
16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words)
This serial report contains information on socioeconomic, government, political,
and technical d~velopments in the countries of the Near East and North Africa.
17. Doc:iment Analysis a. Descriptors ' ~
Pol-itical Science Inter-Arab Affairs Libya __Sultanate
Sociology x North African x Mauritania of Oman
� Economics Affairs x Morocco Syria
Culture (Social x Afghanistan People's Demo- Tunisia
_ Sciences) X Algeria cratic Republic United Arab
F,thnology Bahrain of Yemen Emirates -
Geography X Egypt Persian Gulf x Western Sahar.a "
Techological X Iran Area Yemen Arab
Military Sciences X Iraq Qatar Republic
Israel Saudi Arabia -
~ X Jordan Spanish North
Kuwait Africa
X Lebanon x Sudan .
b. Identifiers/Open Ended Terms
c. COSATI ficid/Group SD, 5C, 5K, 15
I8. l~v~ilahility State~nent 19. Seeurity Class (This Repo~t) 21. No. of Pages
- t(nl-im~ tecl rlvailability UNCLASSiFIF.D
S n 1 d b~ iv T I S ~3D.
~ 20. Securily Class (This Page) ~ 22. f~rico
Sprint,i icl.d, Virgi.nia 22161. UNCLASSIFIED
(!:eeA~:SI-Z39.Ic> See Insfruetiont on Reverse OPTIONAI. FOHM 27'! f~-~7~
(formcily N11S-35)
Department ol Gommerte
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JPR5 74517
5 November 1979
NEAR EAST/NORTH AFRICA REPORT
No~ 2041
- CONTENTS PAGE
NORTH AFRICAN AFFAIRS
Events Connected With Sa,hara Problem Related ~
(Huda al-Husayni; AL-HAWADITH, 21 Sep 79) ~
Peaceful Solution to Sahara Problem Proposed _
(AL-MUSTAQBAL, 22 SeP 79~ 7
Social Problems Afflict North Africa
(Editoz�ial; LE MONDE, 16-17 Sep 79) 10
AFGHANISTAN
Briefs
Meetings With Yugoslavs 12
' Amin Receives French Ambassador 12
Amin Receives Pa,kistan Ambassador 12
Amin Receives Iraqi Ambassa~:r 12
Finance A~inister Returns Frorn ~elgrade 12
Greeting Message to DPRK 13
Rally To Support Amin 13
Amin Receives Indonesian Ambassador 13
Amin's El.ection Support 13
Official E~ids GDR Visit 14
AI,GF~RIA -
Return of Oppositionists Urged
(LE MOVDE, 16-17 SeA 79) 15
AlgeriaTS Pc~litical, Economic Situation Discussed
(Huda al-Husayni; AL-HAWADITH, 5 Oct 79) 16
- - a - [III - NE & A - 121)
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CO'.VTENTS ( Contents ) ) ~~e
EG:fPr
Minister of Planning Discusses Plans for Future -
('Abd-al-Razzaq 'Abd-al-Majid Interview; AL-AHRAM,
17 aug 79) 20 .
Supreme Constitutional Court Law Promulgated
(AL-JARIDAH AL-RASMIYAH, 6 SeP 79) 29
Details on Universities' Guards Units Given
(Rif' at Fayad; AI~AR AL-YAWMy 13 Oct 79 ) . . . . . . . . . 49 `
_ Preliminary Report on Establishing Military Medical
- Academy
(AL-AHRAM, lo oct 79) 51
IRAN
- Ayatollah Nuri Criticizes Government Bureaucracy
(KEYHAN, 20 SeA 79) 53
Nation's Ftiiture Economic, Social Policies Spelled Out -
(KEYHAN, 22 SeP 79) 56 -
in~ive To Make Nation Self-Sufficient in Agriculture
Pr~posed
(KEYAAN, 20 Sep 79) 63
~ Arak Governor Accuses Komitehs of Terrorism
(Editorial Report) 66
Seminar on Economic Problems Discusses Smuggled Funds
(KEYHAN, 22 SeP 79) 67
Experts Discuss Thorough Arabic Schooling
(KEYHAN, 20 SeP 79~ 70
Housing Minister Explains Policies to Seminar
(KE,'YHAN, 20 SeP 79~ 74
Briefs
Death Threat to Arak Governor 77
IRAQ
Delays in Constructing Housing Complexes Fxplained
(Za~im al-Ta~i; AL-JUMHURIYAH, 27 Aug 79).......... 78
- b - -
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~ C0!VTENTS (Continucd) Page
E~tablishment of Integrated Automobile Industry Planned
(AL-THAWRAH, 28 AuG 79) 82
JORDAN
Briefs
New Industries 83
- Phosphate Exports 83
- Foreign Trade 83
Oil Refinery Expanded 83
- Bank Deposits 83
Water Project 83
National Water Plan 8~+
Technical Training ~enter 84
- L~BANON
'MONDAY MORNING' Interview With Raymond Edde
(Raymond Edde Interview; MONDAY MORNIlVG, 4-18 Oct 79) 86
Interview With Ibrahim Qulaylat
(Ibrahim Qulaylat Interview; AL-HAWA.DITA, 21 Sep 79). 94
Finance Minister~ Explains Attempts To Bolster Revenues
(Ali al-Khalil Interview; MONDP.Y MORNIlVG,
22-28 oct 79) lol
~ MAURITANI'A
- Ould Heydalla Seeking Clea.rer-Cut Support From France
(Paul Balta; LE MONDE, 18 Sep 79) 106
MOROCCO
Governor Named for New Province of Ifrane
- (MAROC SOIR, 19 SeP 79) 108
~ Informat ion on Installation of Governor of Ifrane
(MAROC SOIR, 20 SeP 79~ 109
Briefs
Denial of UNEM President 111
SIIt~AN
- Opposition Leader Says Revolution Against Numayri Imminent
(Husayn 'Uthman Mansur Interview; AL BA'TH,
2, 6 SeP 79) 112
- c -
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COiVTENTS (Continued) ~ge
WESTERN SAHARA
Ei~ht Reporters Confirm Serious Moroccan Defeat
. (Daniel Junqua; LE MONDE, 19 Sep 79) 123
Report of Emergency Plan for Oued Eddahab
(Alem Az?am; L'OPINION, 20 Sep 79) 125
- d -
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NORTH AFRICAN AFFAIRS
EVENTS CONNECTLD WITH SAHARA PROBLEM RELATED
London AL-HAWADITH in Arabic 21 &ep 79 pp 22, 23
[Article by Huda al-Husayni: "Morocco and Algeria Face to Face: the Mili-
tary and the Political Balance Shift and the Conciliation Approaches"]
[Text] Algerian President Chadli Bendjedid has so far attended two summit
confErenr_es outside Algeria since he succeeded Boumedienne to the presi-
dency. These conferences are: the African Summit Conference in Monrovia,
the capital of Liberia, and the Summit Conference of Non-Aligned Nations in
Havana, the capital of Cuba. At both�conferences the Algerian president re-
mained quiet like a sphinx; he did not utter a single word.
Observers disagree about explaining this silence on the part of Algeria's
president. There are those who say that Chadli has nothing to say, but the
more likely explanation for his eilence is that the Algerian president does
not want to say anything that would further compl.icate the situation with
Morocco.
A meeting was to have taken place between the Algerian president and the
king of Morocco at the Monrovia Summit. But this meeting did not take place
because it was resented by Libyan President Mu'a~ar al-Qadhdhafi. When
al-Qadhdhafi found out about the proposed meeting, he sQnt a Polisario
division equipped with heavy weapons and rockets, and it attacked the city
of Tan-Tan. It was this operation that f~iled the meeting between Chadli
and Hassan. The Algerians feared that Libya may control the Polisario, and
they would thus lose this card. They wanted to show that they were the only
ones who were responsible for the Polisario in apite of the fact that Libya
was supporting them againat Morocco. To affirm their control over the Po-
lisario, the Algerians sent a force of Bedouin fighters who occupied the
Lebouira area for 2 days. A fierce battle with Moroccan troops took place
~ there, and King Hassan decided after this battle not to go to Monrovia and
not to meet with Chadli.
Thie time the Algerian president was not the only one who was silent. His -
silence was shared by Libyan President Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi. In the speech
' he delivered on the lOth anniversary of the f.irat of September Revolution ir_
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whictx he commended Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the Arab Gulf states, the Libyan
presi.dent did not close].y or remotely touch upon the problem of the Sahara.
Arab delegations who were participating in the Libyan festivities on that
day interpreted this as an indication of a significant change in the Libyan
poaition because, according to one of the Arab ambassadors in Tripoli,
"Libya had begun to recognize the danger of the game after al-Sadat declared
his determination to send military aid to Morocco."
Has the balance begun to shift in Morocco's favor?
Tunisian circles respond to this question by saying that the Moroccan situa-
, tion has improved militarily and internationally and that Morocco has become
leas isolated that it was previously. It was for this reason that Tunisian
President Habib Bourguiba thought that the time was appropriate for him to
intervene personally in an attempt to bring King Hassan and the Algerian
- president together in a meeting in Tunisia for the purpose of establishing
a quick solution to the problem. The fact that the Moroccan king accepted
the Tunisian invitation immediately indicates a relatively stronger negotia-
ting position that differs from the position that forced him to boycott the
Monrovia Conference.
But Algeria's retic~nce about the Tunisian invitation makes the proposed
meeting unl~ikely at the present time. Although Moroccan circles are incli-
ned to believe that the Algerian president's response to meet King Hassan in
Tunisia was "a man's response" to the Moroccan monarch's refusal to attend
the Monrovia meeting, French diplomatic circles think that a meeting is still
possible. They emphasize that this meeting will take place in Paris, and,
according to them, it will be sponsored by French President Giscard d'Estaing
"because the broad features of the French plan to settle the dispute have
succeeded."
What are the broad features of the French plan?
The rrench plan, as it is viewed by sources close to the Quai D'orsay (the
= Miniatry of Foreign Affairs), is based on removing Mauritania from the
struggle and on neutralizing Libya. The struggle would thus become a bi-
lateral struggle between Morocco and Algeria, and it could be solved in a
- meeting between Hassan and Chadli. The French think that the possibility for
a solution does exist "because the major powers do not want North Africa to
explode, at least not at this stage."
The French describe their plan as "intelligent and long-winded." As the
aforementioned sources atate, "The plan servea the interests of Morocco with-
out hurting either Algeria or French interests in Algeria."
It is the opinion of the French sources that the developments which led to
Mauritania's withdrawal from the Sahara after the Algiers Agreement between
the present Mauritanian government and the Polisario did at the same time
bring about an improvement in the Moroccan military position for the follow-
ing considerations:
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~ First:, Morocco was comp~lled to defend Mauritania and both the northern and
` southern parts of the Western Sahara in the past. Moroccan troops were
scattered from Tindouf on the Algerian bordera to Mauritania and along
~ the ~ahara. The fact that the troops were spread out throughout this vast
terrain was a reason for the dissolution of the Moroccan army and the source
for its exhaustion. Bet Mauritania's withdrawal from the struggle did re-
lieve the Moroccan troops aomewhat of the responsibility for defending Mauri-
_ tania in accordance with the 1976 Mutual Defense Treaty between the two
countries. The circle of operations for the Moroccan army shrank so that
the army was protecting specific and well-known borders where its presence
had become heavy in materiel and numbere.
Second, a U. S. position that is more supportive of Moracco than that of the
past has emerged. The Americane decidecl to supply Morocco with modern wea-
pons to strengthen it. This decision followed a strong political campaign
that was led by a numb~r of influential congreasmen and was embraced by for-
mer Minister of Energy James Schlessinger. Morocco benefited from the U. S.
political campaign that grew after the fall of the Shah in Iran and, after
that, of Somoza in Nicaragua. Charges inside the country and abroad that
- Washi.ngton "was abandoning its friends" were becoming more emphatic. -
Third, al-S adat made a surprise announcement on the eve of the Conference of _
Non-Aligned Nations in Havana that he was ready to assist Morocco militarily
in spite of King Hassan's position against the Camp David Accords and his
adherence to the Baghdad Summit resolutions. Egypt did in fact Rend Morocco -
weapons and transport airplanes (18 Hercules C-130 airplaraes were aent).
The French b elieve that it was the Americans who encouraged al-Sadat to =
take this position. They thus killed three birds with one stone. By doing
so th.ey strengthened Morocco's military position; they reduced al-Sadat's _
~ isolation f rom the Arabs; and they aroused the fears of Algeria and Libya `
about the possibility that the Egyptian-Israeli alliance may enter as a party _
against them to keep them from intruding into the struggle to a harmfu], de-
gree.
It seems that al-Sadat's initiative was effective becauae, accordir.g to a -
statement made by a Palestinian official, Yasir 'Arafat, the chairman of the
Executive Committee of the PLO quickly became interested in the matter "so
, that the organization would not lose Morocco's support." Abu 'Am~ar aent
his political adviser Hani al-Hasan from Havana to Itabat where he met for two
hours with King Hassan. [After the meeting] al-Hasan m~de a statement sup-
porting the Moroccan position. The Palestinir~n official told AL-HAWADITH, -
"This posit ion that Abu 'A~nar has taken ia due to the fact that entering -
_ into any confrontation with Morocco, ~ahose people stand united behind the
king on the question of the Sahara, would signify pushing Morocco to align
itself with al-Sadat',a camp. But the liberation organization ie concerned
about keeping the Moroccan position committed to the Raghdad Summit and
supportive of the liberation organization wirhout reservations."
- 3 . ~
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Palestinian interest in the question of the Sahara is not new. In 1974 dur-
ing t.he final session of the Arab Summit Conference in Rabat, the king spoke _
about his determinatior~ to liberate the Sahara from the Spanish people, [and
- he said this] in the presence of the late Algerian President Houari Boume- _
dienne. When the king turned over the floor to Yasir 'Arafat, he joked
with him and said, "And now a word fi�om Brother Ab u'Ammar, who is called
~'asir 'Arafat." Abu 'Ammar expressed his support for the king's efforts to
liberate the Sahara, and he said, "We have no hor~~s or money to offer you,
but we are willing to place our experience in guerilla warfare at the dis-
posa]. of King Hassan to liberate the Sahara from the Spanish people." Five _
years after this incident, the situation was turned upside down: thp Span-
ish people, who had given up the Sahara to Morocco, recognized the Polisario,
and suddenly Yasir 'Arafat was in Madrid.
- When King Hassan was boycotting the Monrovia Summit, it sc happened that
the "Jerusalem Committee" was meeting in Morocco. This colianittee had grown
out af the conference of the Ministers o� Foreign Affairs of the Islamic
Countries that was convened in the city of Fes. vAbd-al-Muhsin Abu Mayzar
was representing the PLO at that meeting. During the meeting Abu Mayzer
becanie indisposed and was taken to the hospital where the Moroccan Minister _
of Foreign Affairs M'Hamed Boucetta vieited him. While in the hospital the =
Palestinian representative proposed to Boucetta an idea that he phraaed in
the form of a question. Abu Mayzar told Boucetta, "Why don't you give A1-
geria a moral victory and recognize the Polisario? After you do this a meet-
- ing can be held in which all the parties concerned in the struggle af the Sa-
hara can participate aryd you would investigate the matters of the area."
Bouc~tta left the hospital and went immediately to the royal palace where he
infor.med the king of this idea, and the king approved of it. Abu Mayzar
thought that he had succeeded in his mission, and he sent a cable to Yasir
'Ara!'at and at the same time notified Syrian officials. Syrian action was
�aster than Palestinian action. The Syrian president, through his ambassador
- in Morocco sent a letter to Hassan telling him, "Is it true that you are will-
ing to meet with the Polisario? If what we have heard is true, thia is a
significant turning point." King Hassan sent a handwritten letter in which
he said that he was willing to meet with the Polis ario to advise those who _
` are from the Sahara to go back to their mother country and to advise those _
from Mauritania to go back to their country.
Morocco adhered to this position, and even at the Havana Conference Prime
Minister Maati Bouabid delivered a speech in which he said, "Why did we
not hear of something called the Polisario during the Spanish occupation of
the Sahara? Not even in the Conference of Non-Aligned Countries that was
held in Algeria in 1973, did either Algeria or any of the other countries
make mention of anything called the Polisario. Ever since 1963 a,t the Uni-
ted Nationa it was Morocco who was the spokesman for the Sahara, and there
was no other voice from the countries, f.rom the organizations or from the
parties claiming otherwise." -
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~ Then Bouabid said, "The Sahara extends from the Atlantic Ocean (the Western
Sahaz'a) to the Red Sea (thP Eastern Sahara). Why isn't Morocco allowed to
have its stretch of the Sahara while Algeria and Libya are allowed to have
theirs? Accordingly, if you wanted to raise the question of the Sahara, it
must comprise the entire area frAm the ocean to the Red Sea."
- And now, what is the balance of profit and loss on the geographical and poli- _
tical scenes?
King Hassan has so far lost Mauritania, and he has given up Tindouf to A1-
gpria. He cannot under any circumstances lose the Sahara since he has tied -
- his future and the future of his throne to it. On the international scene
he has won the support of the United States and has regained the support =
of France--King Hassan made three secret visits to the French capital re-
cently. He has accepted military support from Egypt without losing [the
~upport of] the PLO.
But what remains [for reckoning] is the Soviet Union with whose weapons the
Polisario is fighting. What is the Soviet Union's positionl What is King
Hassan's position on the Soviet Union? Will the king exert pressure on the
Sovi~.ts because their bloc in Havana took a stand against Morocco in the
question of the Sahara?
The rioroccans are saying that their king will not allow the Soviets to take
_ phosphate and fish from him and then take a stand against him on the Sahara.
But the Moroccans add to this that the Russian~ did recognize that the Sa-
hara was Moroccan territory when they signed the fishing agreement with
Morocco. The agreement does mention that the Soviets have the right to
- fish in Moroccan waters that extend from Tang3ers to al-Dakhilah, which is
locared in the southern section of the Sahara, the section that Mauritania
gave up and Morocco annexed to its territory. "There is an explicit Soviet
recognition in this agreement that the entire Sahara is Moroccan. The fact
that the Russians are taking phosphate from the Sahara and fish from the sea
~ signif ies that tney also recognize the land and the coast lines as Moroccan."
This is what the Moroccans are saying about the Soviets.
What are the expectations after these developments?
French sources are sCating that if Algeria were to carry out operations now
against Morocco, these operations would take place inside vital Moroccan
territory, and this would cause Morocco to carry out operations inside A1-
gerian territory. Incidents of this kind have in fact occurred inside A1- ~
geria as a kind of Moroccan warning (See the "Arab Findings" in the last is- _
sue af AL-HAWADITH).
These sources add that Algeria is now experiencing a difficult period of `
transition and that the direct Egyptian interference will make it fearful _
of Egypt's direct interference in the matter of the Sahara via Morocco.
In the end Algeria will accept a formula for a di~ect understa.iding with
Morocco.
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Rut if an Algerian-Moroccan agreement were to take place, on this basis, what
~ would be the future of the Polisario?
So far, there is no definitive answer to this question. But the whispers
that are being heard in Moroccan and European diplomatic ci~cles indicate
that Mauritania will become the lot of the Polisario.
8592 -
CSO: 4402 _
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NORTH AFRICAN AF'FAIRS ~
PEACEFUL SOLUTION TO SAHAi~'~ PROBLEM PROPOSED
Paris AL-MUSTAQBAL in Arabic 22 Sep 79 p 18
[Article: "AL-MUSTAQBAL Publishes Details of Peaceful P1an To Solve the
Crisis of the Sahara Between Morocco and Algeria; Sahara State To Be Es-
tablished in Rio de Oro; Saguia E1 Hamra To Be Annexed by Morocco; Algeria -
To Be Given an Outlet to the Atlantic; Area Reaourcee To Be Put to Profit-
able Use with Libyan Funds and French Technology"]
[Text] Following the proclamatio~,n of the Peace Agreement between Mauritania ~
and the Polisario Front in Algeria last August 5, relations between Morocco
and the weak party in the struggle for the Sahara, Mauritania, deteriorated
' to the point that some people believed that the Arab Maghreb was on the verge
of a certain war between Algeria and Morocco and that that=aar may engulf
other Arab and international parties. Thie wae especially because Morocco
had ~nnounced immediately [after the Peace Agreement] that Tiris Ei-Gharbia
(the Mauritanian part of the Sahara) was Moroccan territory and had raised
the Moroccan flag on that area. This increased the intranaigeace of the
positions of both Algeria and Mauritania.
But those who have seccet information in Algeria and Morocco are certain _
that both countries are avoiding war because of difficult domestic and eco-
nomic conditiona. The undeclared four-years' war between the two countries
has exhausted them to a large extent. In addition, [the outcome of] a crip-
pling war on the shifting and vast sands of the Sahara is not at all cer-
tain for any one of the two partiea.
If a military solution is considered to be unlikely by the two partiea that
are directly concerned, it is not acclaimed by the remaining Arab and inter-
natianal parties. The United States of America and the Soviet Union are
quite intereated in preserving their economic interests in the area. It
seem~ that Washington is supporting Moro~co politically, but ite economic
interests are more closely tied with Algeria because 80 percent of Algeria's
~ basic re~ources, natural gas, is monopolized by U. S. companies. At the
same time the Soviet Union needs phosphate from Morocco even though it ap-
pears to be politically on the side of Algeria.
; .
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- Hence~, military warfare has been replaced by diplomatic warfare in the Arab
Maghreb. On this scene it seems that Algeria had scored a number of vic-
tories by virtue of the fact that a large number of African and nonaligned
natic~ns had recognized the Po?,isario Front. This made Morocco feel that is
was ieolated diplomatically on the international ecene.
But this situation did not prevent a number of Arab countries, beginning
with Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Jordan snd also including Tunista and the PLO, from
uffering to mediate between the contending part3.es in order to find a solu-
tion that would please everybody. Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba sent a
- message to King Hassan II and President Chadli 2 weeks ago and invited each
- one of them to a meeting that would be held to solve the problem of the Sa-
hara peacefully. Algeria ob~ected to the invitation, affirming that the
dispute was "between Morocco and the Polisario Front." King Hassan II, how-
ever, personally welcomed the Tunisian initiative. The mc:st recent media-
tion attempts [in this area] were those that were carried out by Mr Yasir
~ 'Arafat, chairman of the PLO, a few days ago during a visit he made to A1-
giers and Rabat. Because of the moral weight 'Arafat has on the Arab scene,
the two capitals prefer~ed that there be no discussion in the media about -
the kind of inediation that took place or the extent of its success. But an -
informed source in Algiers told AL-MUSTAQBAL that 'Arafat's mediation was
an extension of other Arab me~iiation efforts, and that he was careful during
this mediation not to have the question of the Sahara dispute affect Arab
solidarity.
The same informed source emphasized that there was nA possibi.lity for war
between Morocco and Algeria and that that had been the case ever since the
problem of the Sahara surfaced during the Green March that Morocco carried
out i.n November 1975 and in the course of the Tripartite Madrid Agreement
that followed. This is the agreement which Spain recently abrogated when it _
recognized the Polisario Front as the representative of the people of the
Sahara.
The i.nformed source added, "There is a peaceful solution to the problem; it
was devised ever since that date by several. parties, and it is now simmeri,ng
on the back burner. The purpose of the diplomatic war that is being waged
now is only to give this peaceful solution the final form that would please
all the parties, that is, a no-win no~loae formula."
AL-MUSTAQBAL was able to obtain the broad outlines of the plan for a peace-
ful solution to the Sahara crisis in the Arab Maghreb. They may be summari-
zed as follows:
First, a referendum is to be held i.n the Western Sahara under the eupervision
of the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity and in the pres-
ence of representatives of all the concerned parties. This referendum is to
include two parts:
- 1. A referendum in the Tiris E~1-Gharbia area (Rio de Oro) whose outcome,
by virtue of the tribal relations that exist between this area and North
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Mauri.tania, would be the establiahment of a Sahara state under ~he Iead2r-
ship of the Polisario Front. This state would proclaim itself a federal
republic with Mauritania.
2. A referendum in the area of Saguia E1 Hamra (the Moroccan part of the
_ Sahara) whose outcome, by virtue of the tribal relations that also exist
between this area and South Morocco, would be the endorsement of the pres- _
ent situation, that is, the proclamation of the final return of the area to
Moroccan sovereignty.
- Second, the implementation of a huge economic pro~ect from which all parties
concerned would benefit is to be undertaken. This project consists of the
joint utilization of the mineral resources that are in the area, that is,
the phosphate of Sagui E1 Hamra, the iron of Tiris E1-Gharbia and the mines
of the Algerian Tindeuf area that have been closed and unutilized since the
Algerian-Moroccan border dispute in 1963. The backbone of this huge project
would be French technology, Libyan finances, and Algerian, Moroccan and
Mauritanian labor, especially the thousands of im~m.igrant workers who will be
laid off by France in the ner.t 3 years. -
Thirc~, Algeria is to get an outlet to the Atlantic Ocean for the purpose of
exporting some of its resources, and especially for building natural gas
pipe].ines from the Algerian Sahara so it can export the g~~ to the markets
in Narth America.
This peaceful plan to solve the problem of the Sahara is now getting the
blessing of almost all the parties. Only the final touches remain before it
can be presented to those concerned with the matter. AL-MUSTAQBAL has -
learned that only one party has not yet given its final approval to the
plan, and that is, Algeria. Algeria is waiting for the emergency confer-
ence of the Front Liberation Party to be convened. This conference is ex- -
pected to convene next November. The conference will make a decision about
all the issues that are pending in Algeria and especially those of develop-
ment, and of Arab and internatj.onal foreign politics. AL-MUSTAQBAL has also
learned that the year 1980 will witness the onset of the implementation of
the proposed peaceful solution for the area of Arab Maghreb in its entirety.
From now on and until such a date, Arab, African and world-~~ide diplomatic
mediations and actions to complete the script of a solution will be revealed
so that the creation of this solution would be sound.
8592
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NORTH AFRICAN AFFAIRS ,
SOCIAL PROBLEMS AFFLICT NORTH AFRICA
Paris LE MONDE in French 16-17 Sep 79 pp 1, 2
[Editorial: "The Parasites of the Maghreb"j
[Te:tt] Algeria which, during the past decade, gave the impression of
hav:ing mastered its development, is now facing some social problems in
its turn, following Morocco and Tunisia. For 2 years strikes have
multiplied in several sectors even though the press avoids talking about
them. In the large cities, particularly in Algiers, the quality of life
and the environment have been downgraded continuously over the years:
ovexcrowded living quarters, water shortages, sparsely-stocked markets
and feelings of insecurity in some sections. In a sharp reaction to this
existing state of affairs the authorities have, for the past 2 weeks,
engaged in a batCle against the "social scourges and parasitism," particularly
_ in Che capitaZ city.
In imitation of the lack of vigor prevalent in a number of Third World
countries the Algerian rulers have generally pursued a policy of voluntarism,
which has often given spectacular results in a good many areas. For
- instance Algeria, independent since 1962, has twice as many children in
school--more than three million of them--than Morocco, which has the same
number of inhabitants--18 million--but regained its sovereignty already
in 1956. Algeria has assured ita economic takE~off as well at a rapid pace. _
But the results obtained have been at the expcnse and to the detrimenC of
agriculture and of some social sectors. Are free medical care and social
security, unknown in most of the neighboring countries, and intensive
schooling, sufficient canpensr:~tion for the rural exodus, for the overpopu-
lation of the cities and for the fact that young people in increasing
" numbers hang around the streets and engage in "illegal activities" when
opportunity arises? �
The "parasites" denounced and tracked down by the authorities did not fall
from the sky, however; they are the result of a development process put
into effect by the state. It .is also shocking to see then the same atate
having them run down with rubber truncheon blows in a capital city that
seems to be "in a state of siege" at certain hours. Commenting on this
"operation of purification" in the capital, M. Mohamed Yahyaoui, the co-
ordinator of the FLN, explained that "the objective is to contribute to the
education of the citizen."
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, One may ask why the state doesn't make better use of its media of information
' to assure the civic discipline of its citizens, in particular those of
rur~il arigin, who have invaded the cities and are ignorant of the restraints
that: living in them imposes.
Faced with problems which tney do not succeed in mastering some governments
resort only too often to premature flight or to repression. For instance,
beyond crystallizing national sentiment on the Western Saharan affair
the "Green March" organized in 1975 was a way for Morocco that pezmitted -
- the postponement, though not prevention, of outbreak of a grave economic
and social crisis then developing in the cou.ntry. Similarly in
March of 1978, barely 2 months after the blooiv revolt in Tunis, the
Tunisian parliament rediscovered a 1966 project to track down its own
"parasites." The law adopted provided that Every citizen between the
ages of 18-30, unable to prove either emplo�yment or enrollment in school
or in a vocation training eatat~lishment, would be compelled to spend an
indeterminate period in a"civilian service."
The "slips" that occurred in the internal planning of the different -
countries of North Africa are the more regrettable as they are added
to the regional tensions and conflicts, of which that over the Western
Sahara is the most serious because it has blocked a building up of the
- Maghreb that started 10 years ago and was a development that oould have set -
an example in the midst of an Arab world shaken periodically by the
conflict with Israel.
929:1
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AFGHANISTAN
~ -
BRIEFS
MEETINGS WITH YUGOSLAVS--Abdul Ka.rim Misaq, minister of finance and chief -
- of the Afghan delegation at the board of governors conference of the World
Bank and International Monetary Fund, which is being held in Belgrade, had
discussions yesterday on topics of mutual interest with the deputy prime
minister [as heard, presumably vice president of federal executive council]
of Yugoslavia and the minister of commerce [as heard] of that country. He
also met with the vice president of the World Bank and discussed World
Bank loans and grants for a number of development pro~ects in Afghanistan.
[Text] [Kabul Domestic Service in Dari 1600 GMT 4 Oct 79 GF]
AMIN RECEIVES FRENCH AMBASSADOR--The information office of the ministry of
foreign a�fairs reports that Hafizollah Amin, secretary general of the Cen-
tral Committee of the People's Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and prime
minister, received HE Georges Perruche, French ambassador in Kabul, at the
People's House at 1330 this afternoon. [Text] [Kabul Domestic Service in
Dari 1600 GMT 4 Oct 79 G~'] '
AMIN RECEIVES PAKISTAN ANIBASSADOR--At 1330 this afternoon, Hafizollah Amin,
secretary general of the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party
of Afghanistan, president of the Revolutionary Council and prime minister,
received HE Riaz Piracha, ambassador of Pakistan in Kabul, for a farewell
meeting. The term of mission of the above ambassador in Afghanistan has
come to an end. [Text] [Kabul Domestic Service in Dari 1600 GMT 6 Oct 79 GF]
AMIN RECEIVES IRAQI AMBASSADOR--Hafizollah Amin, secretary general of the
Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, president
of the R~volutionary Council and prime minister, received a courtesy call
at the People's House at 1400 hours this afternoon from Iraqi Ambassador
Fathi Husayn al-'Ali. [Text] [Kabul Domestic Service in Dari 1600 GMT 9 Oct
79 ~F]
FINANCE MINISTER RETURNS FROM BELGRADE--Abdul Karim Misaq, Politburo member
of the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
and minisCer of finance, who headed the Afghan delegation to the World Bank
and International Monetary Fund annual conference in Belgrade, returned home
today. He stated upon his arrival that the bank officials pledged coopera-
tion and expansion with regard to pro~ecta in Afghanistan. While in Belgrade,
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the Afghan delegation had meetings with the delegations from Laos and
ViEtnam and discussed topics of mutual interest. Abdul iCarim Misaq also
attended a banquet given by the Iranian minister of finance and discussed
the mattera of mutual interest to Afghanistan and Iran with him. [Text]
[Kabul Domestic Service in Dari 1600 GMT 9 Oct 79 GF]
GREETING MESSAGE TO DPRK--A congratulatory message has been communicated on
behalf of the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghani-
_ stan addressed to the Central Co~ittee of the Workers' Party of Korea in
Pyongyang, the capital of that country, on the occasion of the anniversary
of the establishment of the Korean Workers' Party. [Text] [Kabul Radio in
Dari to Europe 19~0 GMT 10 Oct 79 LD]
RAI~LY TO SUPPORT AMIN--In support of the resolution by the extraordinary
plenum of the Central Committee of 16 September 1979, rallies and marches
arF staged daily by various Khalqi organizationa supporting the appoint-
ment of Hafizollah Amin as secretary general of the Central Committee of
th~ People's Democratic Party of Afghaniatan, preaident of the Revolutionary
Council and prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Among
others, participants in these rallies and marches included the preliminary
party organization of the ministry of planning and the family planning of-
fice of the same ministry. Mohammad Sediq 'Alemyar, minister of planning,
_ delivered a lengthy speech addressed to participants and said: "From now
on, under the slogan of "immunity, legality and ~ustice," our toiling people
will be able to lead their own honorable lives and defend courageously the
fruits of revolution until their last breath." [Text] [Kabul Domestic Ser-
vice in Dari 1600 GMT 8 Oct 79 GF]
AMIN RECEIVES INDONESIAN AMBASSADOR--Hafizollah Amin, secretary general of �
the Central Co~ittee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan,
president of the Revolutionary Council and prime minister, received a
countesy call at 1400 today at the People's House from Abour-Rahman
[Gonadedia], Indonesian ambassador in Kabul. [Text] [Kabul Domestic Ser-
vice in Dari 1600 GMT 8 Oct 79 GF]
AMIN'S ELECTION SUPPORT--The resolution of the 16 September extraordinary
plenum of the Central Committee of the People~s Democratic Party of Afghani-
stan, on the election of Hafizollah Amin, heroic commander of the Great Sawr
_ Revolution, as secretary general of the Central Committee of the People's
Democratic Party of Afghanistan, president of the Revolutionary Council and
~rime minister of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, as well as the
appointment of the members of the commiasiqn for drafting the constitution
were today supported by thousands of our noble people at Grand Khalqi meet-
ings, and rallies in the capital and provinces. At a grand meeting held for
- his purpose by commerce ministry officials at that ministry, 'Abdoloqoddua
' Ghorbandi, commerce minister, made a pasaionate speech, saying: We are
dutybound to provide guaranteed conditions in order that the people may
en~oy a constructive life imbued with happinesa and enthusiasm in the light ~
of immunity, legality and ~ustice. And I give you the news that our con-
stitution will be the moet democratic constitution that has hitherto existed
_ in the world. [Excerpt] [Kabu1 Domestic Service in Pashto 1530 GMT 7 Oct
79 LDJ
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OFFICIAL ENDS GDR VISIT--Prof Mahmud Suma, member of the Politburo of the
Centi~al Co~nitee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and the
- minister of higher and vocational education, who had gone to the German
Democratic Republic to participate in the 30ti? anniversary of the establish- _
ment of the German Democratic Republic, left that country for Afghanistan
the day before yesterday, At Berlin airport the deputy prime minister and
- the ministry of technology and sciences of that country, and Fath Gol Momand,
the ambassador, and members of the Afghan Embassy in Berlin, were present t~ bid
farewell to Professor Suma and the delegation accompanying him. [Text] [Kabul
in English to Europe 1900 GMT 10 Oct 79 LD]
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ALGERI~
RET[1RN OF OPPOSITIONISTS URG~D
Paris LE MONDE in French 16-17 Sep 79 p 2
- [Text] M. Mohamed Boudiaf, Algerian oppositionist and
founder of the PRS (Party of the Socialist Revolution)
in 1962, now living at Kenitra in Morocco, hae written
to ua concerning some adjustmenta in an article he cites
(LA MONDE 31 August) and we extract here some of his principal
. points:
I have taken a clear position to the Western Sahara conflict in my declaration
of ~1 December and reiterate the conclusion: "I am convinced of being
listened to when I raise a cry of alarm directed at Algerian men and
women, be they inside or outside the country, to oppose with a11 their
might the disastrous involvement which could lead us to a fratricidal
conirontation."
In L�aking that position I merely defended one of the ideas for which I
have foughC for 39 years: to have friendship, cooperation, solidarity and
peac:e among the people of north Africa. I am also fixtnly convinced that
as long as people presently in power continue to ignore that objective our
region will remain divided and unable to resist in the battles for influence
that are now racking the African Continent. If, for defending such ideas,
I ani being accused of "compromising" with Hassan II or any other chief of
state, that is a tremendous confusion of values....
Concerni.ng what the newspapers qualify as overture and which consists
of Lhe offer of s ane "acts ~f clemency" and permission of retuxn to
Algiers to certain oppoeitionists, as sign of a fresh beginning, I believe
that the only freedom of choice offered to oppoaitioniats who want to
return to their country is to live in obscurity and silence, with the
possibility to integrate with the cohorts of opportuniats and beggars
that populate the avenues of power since the firat day of independence.
GivFn such conditions there are atill some Algerians who will decline
and I have the honor to be one of them:
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ALGERIA
ALGERU' ~ POLITICAL, ECONOMIC STTUATION DISCt~SID
London AL-HAWADITH in Arabic 5 oct 79 p 24
[Articla by Huda al-Hwsayni: "They Released. Ben Bella For 'Publicity~' So He
Aakad to Make the Pilgriasge to Mecca!"]
[Text~ Former Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella's request for peraission to
go to Mecca to perform the a~eligioua duty of pilgria~ge haa confused the A1-
gerian government. The Algerian leadership held a series of ineetings to dis-
cuss the matter, especially ~ron the $tudpoint o~ political ropercussions on
the domestic acene in case Ben Bell,a leavea the country and makea embarrasaing
$tatesenta~ or refuaes to r~turn to Algeria.
In Pa.ria, a former comz~~de of Ben Bella asid that the foraer gresident asde
his request because he actually xants to perform the pilgrime~ge. At the aa~e
time, he xants to notify da~esitic and Axsb public opinion that his relsase
iaas a"publicity" release ar~d nothing ~are~ because he atill doea not en3oy
freedoa!
Ben Bell~'s friend aaya that swie viaitors to Ben Bslla say that he aeene to
- be zealous froe tt?e religioue st~ndpoint and speaka with obvioua religioua
exuberance, be it in practicing religioua ceraaonies or in baing ebaorbed in
Ialsmic concepts.
AL-HAWAD~1'H asked Ben Bella'a friend fchsther the fos~sr Algerian preeident
intends to resuse political activity in caae he ia really releaaed arrd gaina
hia full freedos. He aaid that Ben Eells is not thinking of that at poceaent,
but hia flsial dsciaion dspenda on the political md~uat~rits taking plsce dur-
ing the sil~nt stswggle for poxer betxeen President Chadli Bsnd~edid and Party
Leader I~Aha~ed Salah rahiaoui.
The aunit of pc~er in Algeria naM baa txo diatinct head8 in a delicate bal-
aace, eince both a~ thei are trying to get ahu~d cautioualy at the sxpenss of
ths ather, be it on the dowstic oac ~hs forsign ls~rel. Prssidsnt Chadli'e
relstiona xith France are lmo~m to b~ v~ry goed, ard ~uch better thaa they
xere ~mcing the ti~ oi the lat~ Pr~aident Houari Bow~sdiene. He ie trying
to ~xp4nd thess relatia~e an the h~iropean level. Pre~ident Ch~dli'a announce-
~snt of his acceptance oi an in~itatias? to visit Belgiu~~ ths aeat o~ the
~uropsan Conon Karket, coaes undsr tl~is h~a~di~.
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~
.
_ Bu~ the doasatic scene ia still aoTO iaportant, and is gorrerned o~ the one
tsan3 b~r ~ dalicate balancs of poli~ical fc~ces, and on the othsr har~d by an
unatabls econo~ic aad. politic~I ~ituatiou. ThersfQre, the Alg~erisna call ~he
present etage through xhich thsir country ie gssaing a"tranaition ~tage,"
even though st present thsy think it unliksly that For~er Preaident Ak~ed Ben
Bella xill return to play a funda~ental role, op~rating on the basis af r.
fsmous Algerian ~eaxise "ilhoevRr loavea poxer doem not return ~o it." Hoxever~
thay are saying that Ben Bella i~ a special case, becsuse it would be logical
for him to return to play the role of savior ia case tha balance :a disturbed
and the situs~tion exglodea.
� The significance of the preaent balaace ia that it involves an obviou~a rivalry
Tietween the argy and the civilisn organizations~ even though Yahiaoui haa an
extanaion xithin the araed forces in viex of the fact that for a a long time
he xas head of' the "Chercel" xat college, Kh~ere a large nusber of officers
gra,3uated w~der him, ar~d even though the nex preaide~~ xho gaiaed his position
xith arqy support~ is trying to create his oim bases in the adoinistration and
the party.
But the econonic ancl sxial situation ia the pressing, urgent element ~ s~s the
Algerians thessalves say. Algeria is $till econoaical],y bound by the plans
of the psat ten years, led by Belaid Abdeaeelu, xho bas~d Algerian economic
policy on giving priority to heavy iudustry, be it in the petrocheaical or the
iron and steel sector~ xhich put agriculture in second place. Becarase of the
imbalanee xhich xcurred as a reBUlt of that~ Boueediene took a per~onal in-
terest in agriculture through agrari4r? refort~ nationali~ation of land, and
- its utilization aither through individual sxploitation or according to the
sociali~t cooperative s~CStem.
The policy folloxed by Belaid led to extensive expenditLirea on big industrial
pro~ects, xhich burdened Algeria xith debte in excess of Lhe pzroduction cap~-
city. Sinilarly, agrarian refo~n~ as it xas carried out, haa~rered agricul-
tural production to a great extent. Also, the nethod folloxed by Belaid in
industrialization xas that of iiiternatioaal bidding for constructing plants
equipped xith the largest machinery to the s~l~est tools (Turn-k~ey Pro~ects
xhich the Algerian xorkers and technicians could not conprehend. The required
auccess has not been achieved~ since noxadays the plants in Algeria are xork-
- ing at no more than one-third their production capacity. As for th~ xeaknesa
in agriculture, it has reached the point xhere most basic foodetuffs are im-
ported from abroad. Spot shortages of theae goods in the markets haa become
a recur~ing phenooenon, causing a growing xave oY popular complaint. The mas-
kets are not etocked in an org8.ni~ed oanner, and they are unable to meet in-
crea.sed consuaer deaand.
, The other atrangling crisis is the houaing crisia, for recent statietic8 shox
that there is an average of eight per8ons to a 12-square meter rooa. This
situation arose as a result of the high ~ate of emigr~tion from the country-
side to the cities, and because of the ir~flux of Lucge groups of Bedouina
into ma~or settled areas. eapecial]y the capital city ~ Algiers, Increasing
the severity of this crisis ie the high birth r~te, since the year~y incresse
in births is eatinated at 3.6 percent~ the higheat rate in the Third ilorld.
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Th~.s general camplaining has obvious political repercus~sions, eapecial]y aince
it is still accompanied by acts of represaion. the stifling of freedoms, the ~
- incrsase in the efficiency of the security and intelligence agenciee~ and the
_ daprivation of politica.l righta for ar~y diasenting voice. At one time or an-
other thia has led to popular outbreak$ nat curbsd to this day. Thia aw~mer
s number of labor uniona launched lon~ ~trikea, ao~etisea acconpsnisd by acts
of violence, xhether by the atriking ~orkers or by the authorities. The
student ar~d xorker strikes becaae critical during the final da~ys of Bounedien8,
but the late president xas able to contain and encircle then, xhile he hisael~ _
- conducted direct negotistions xith labor and $tudent sectors. d~ing the pop-
ular organ3zation conference$ in which there appeared clandestine, organi~ed.
trenda.
Then there is the strong, influ~ential clasa of businessaen, xhich includes ,ore
than 1,600 aillionaires constituting a huge financial aad economic force having
diverse relations xith the authorities and the administratian~ xhether through
business ~tranaactions and brokerages ar through bribery, in addition to their
relations xith foreign forces and eapecial],y the big aulti-national coapsnies.
This cl.sss' sole political scale is'its interasts, and therefore it supparta _
xhatever situation ensures ita intereets. Alg~erian circles in Puia aay that
the millionaire class is at preaent on the side of President Cha~dli, in viex
- of his leaninga toxazds ths Weat~ aAd in viex of' ~heir relatione xith the een-
ior officera and xar vetsrana xho lef't politics snd took up comsercia2 sctiv-
ities but xho a~ill hsve their roats ard, pcaitiona ad influence in the ~av~rn-
~ent. Moreaver, they fear the lsftiet~ aftentiaes radical propagaid~ the xavsa _
ol xhich Yahiaoui is riding inaide the party organi~s?tion.
Aa oppoaed to Ber~d~edid'a relatione xith ~aace a~nd the Ye.st, Salah Yahiaoui
ia establiahing sanifold re],atioba xith Arsb sad Ielsaic sta:~,aa, sapecially
Libya. Recently he took an Arab tour xhlch included Syria, ~ra~q and 3aud1
Arabia. In addition there are his fira relation8 xith the Sov~et Unioa.
Yahiaoui has a keen intellect srd is deeply cultured. He lmoxs Arabic veryr
xell and apeal~s it xith eloquent easee He is vsry capable in organi~ation and
planning.
The foreign proble~ bea~ring heavily on the Algsrian situation is the Wegtern
Sahara. proble~ and the possibility of the outbreak of xar betxeen Algeria and
Morocco. Thia problea's difficulty for the t~?o sides is that they inherited
it from Bow~ediene, but both of thas are trying to turn it to their account,
sometiaes in the direction of solving it snd ather tises by complicating it.
While the popular base i.n Morocco is atar~ding slongside King Has~an in the
_ 3aha~ra problea, the popular base in Algeria ia nat eager for ~?ar. Therefore. _
ths Alg+erian government has nox becone aora inclined to salve the problem
through Tunisian and Franch msdiation. AL-HAMADITH has learned fzos 8ourcea
close to Tunisian Foreign Minister Mohaaed Fitouri, xho visited Algeria and
Morocco and met xith Pres3rdent Chadli aad King Haasan~ that direct co~acta
betxeen the txo governments have been going on secretlyr far txo months.
The~e soureea aay that the Algerian president xas reassured by King Hassan'a
statements at his last prsss conference~ xhen he announced his final aurrender
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to Algeria in the Tindouf region~ aitd his xillingnesa to give Algeria an out- -
let to the Atl.q.nti~. .
These sourcea believa that the bargaining point is nox phoephate, the only topic
uhich the Moroccan king did not touch on in his press conference.
Another reason impelling Algeria to negatiate and reach a solution is the in-
crea;sing financial burden it is incurring fron supporting Polisario~ since
Algeria nox spends $6 million a d~y on the Sahara war, in addition to expenses _
POr improved equipment for the Algarian az~y as a grecaution against posaible
xar xith Morocco. Bvt Algeria's caution ari$ea from its fear of the compli-
cations Which Libya poses to it by its adoption of Polisari Therefore, it
xould prefer the solution to be acceptable to all the concerned parties.
8559
CSQs tf402 .
r
,1 ,
'
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EGXPT
MINISTER OF PLANNING DISCUSSES PLANS FOR FUTURE
Cairo AL-AHRAM in Arabic 17 Aug 79 p 5
[Interview with Minister of Planning Dr 'Abd-al-Razzaq 'Abd-al-Majid by
Ibrahim Nafi': "Minister of Planning Asked: Are We Still in the Stage
of Listing Problems and Planning Solutions, Or Have We Reached the Stage
of Application"? date and place not given] -
[Text] This week Dr 'Abd-al-Razzaq 'Abd-al-Majid, minister of planning,
explains his ideas about and hopes ~or the economic and financial situation
in Egypt, and the priorities and tactics connected with it.
Actually, th e basic impression which we received from him from the talks _
which have been discussed on this page for 3 weeks is great optimism
about our future.
Today we go into the causes and details of this optimism, which we
iqunediately say must be connected with work and efforts which must not
be stopped for even one 3ay. Let us hear from the minister of planning. ~
[Question] What are the priorities of the next plan, and on what basis are
these priorities defined?
' [Answer] To begin we must reach agreement on a series of points which can
~ define a plan of priorities for us. They are:
1. There are som e who believe that p riorities must be defined according
_ to the problems which we face, meaning that food security, housing and
construction, for example, are major problems in society whose treatment
must be reflected radically in the form of a greater share of investments
for these priorities. However, this does not mean that if we set a priority
- for food securityy housing and construction the other secto rs will get a _
lesser share of these investments, because investment in the housing
operation is an invE~stment in building cem~nt factoriea, and building
cement factories requires investments in the mines and quarries sectors
and consequently require:~ investments in the transportation and communicntions
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= sectors to transport these commodities. All of this requires financi~g
from abroad, and this requires exporting as much as we can in the way of
tourism and petroleum. This means that investments are required in all
sectors in order to serve ane sector which has priority.
If we want priorities, we must--and this is most important--ri..,~ove all
factors influencing the sector and concentrate on the sector itself. There
is no economic activity which can be carried out successfully if it takes
place in a vacuum. We must take the whole picture into consideration.
The objection which says that there are no defined priorities is unsound,
because priorities are indeed defined and well-known, as we said, and they
_ are food security, housing and the development of education, but in order
for us to realize these priorities we must work in all fields of economic
and social activity so that we can meet them.
2. Investments are not the standard by which we measure priorities.
3. These are severe limits before us. Income is limited, and there are
open projects. We are still being drained of this income to a great extent.
If our investments wer~ 2.5 billion pounds a year, and open projects which
are based on prioriti.es agreed upon before 1973, over which we have no
authority, require about 1.5 billion pounds to complete, then this freedom
of movement remains granted only w ith respect to the difference between the
two, or 1 billion dollars. This means that if we open new projects which
go along with the new national priorities, then our freedom of movement -
is only within the limits of the free sum.
The �inal point in the field of priorities is, taking food security for
- an example: is it realized in Qazu al Sahara'? Is it realized in al-Wadi
al-Jadid, and in al-Farafirah, and in al-Wahat al-Kharijah, etc.? Or on
_ the shores of Lake Nasir, or in the north of the Delta, or in al-Salihf~yah,
or the east of the Delta or the west of the Delta? Naturally we cannot
- follow all of these paths and reclaim all of these areas.
[Question] Have th~re been adequate scientific studies prior to the prepara-
~ tion of the plan?
[Answer] The basis for adequate studies is finding scientific apparatus _
to study projects, and such apparatus is almost nonexistent, either because
it was never present, or because it is weaky or because it is not linked
with a way to prepare the plan. There is variety in this apparatus. There
is the Industrialization Authority which prepares independent industrial
projects completely separate from the Agriculture Authority or pro~ects
for agriculture, com~letely independent from construction planning, completely
independent from the Ministry of Reconstruction, which is complete independent
from the Ministry of Land Reclamation. Each operation in society plans
projects independent from the others. In reconstruction, which means
creating a new society, there is the capacity and the resultant labor
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required for reclamation of land, industrialization, railroads, communications, _
utilities, etc. What apparatus brings together all of these different ar.eas
- and coordinates among all of these agencies?
Frankly, in the preceding cabinet of Dr Mustafa Khalil there was a Ministry
_ of Reconstruction for this purpose, but there was no comm?ittee for
reconstruction in this ministry.
I am speaking as minister of planning. I tell you quite frankly that a
multitude of planning agencies in society leads to innumerable problems
when we want to move. People are tired of defining problema, analyzing
problems and classifying and describing problema. It is my true feeling
as I visit the governorates that the people are famfliar with theae problema
and are more sensitive to them than many of the designated officials. It
is interesting that we left the stage of problei:~s and enumerated them in
15 volumes in 1977. I challenge anyone to uncover a problem which is
not found in the volumes of the 1977 plan, where all of the problems
are placed in a framework.
We Want To Apply Solutions
We have gone beyond this stage and 'have begun to draw up solutions.
Solutions have been devised for most of these problems, from price support
to "castor" [subsidized flannel-like material used for clothing], from
extracting soybeans to the manner of fumigating cotton to the operation of
converting cotton waete and everyday garbage. We have found the solutions,
but what we want to do now is to apply these solutions. I do not want to
talk about the solutions; I want to talk about applying the soJ.utinna.
Our mental attitude is still unable to apply these solutions. The apparatus
w ithin whose framework we are working is unable to put theae solutiona
into effect. We want to move, but the apparatua which we are using is not
ready for the investment operation. We have heard true stories about 10 _
hospitals on which construction was started in 1970, but they are still
unfinished. We have also heard about water projects started in the 60's
and not completed, and machinery still in its crates. Why? Because credits
are shortsighted. This year we take 10 piasters, next year 2 million, then
none, and so on according to political, economic and social conditions.
I am not laying blame for theae conditions, nor am I blaming those in _
charge of financing. However, if we all decided that we would work on a
specific project, then it would be a crime if it were not given complete
i financing to complete it. The solution which we have come up with is the
investment bank. This sol.uti on is written in the form of a republican
~ resolution, but we have not applied the solutions. When we talk about ~
; the public sector and its weakness and say that it must be stabilized,
~ reorganized, and given qualifications, we have set down basic conditions,
; defined them and given them high priority, as the World Bank is conducting
; studies of qualifications.
I
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_ Also, a percentage of income from petroleum will be allocated for development -
in Iran, Mexico and Indonesia just as we do. As the result of the existence
of a single ~reasury we take what is there, and what is there is subject
to political and social considerations which have a direct effect on
development.
I warn that these considerations are the object of price support, and this
is what hampers our ability to obtain sufficient investments to enable us
to confront the priorities which we have actually agreed upon. It is not
true to say that the priorities are unknown. We all know that our priorities
are concentrated on utilities, housing, and basic structure such as sewers,
water, electricity, food and clothing security, and the development of
education, and we have reached the point that when we set these priorities
we should set percentages so that these percentages will not change when
_ the minister of planning or minister of finance changes. There is always
disagreement between the two, centered on the fact that one wants to
increase investments and the other wanta to reduce the budget deficit.
~ If we agreed on a percentage for icrv estment and reached agreement with the
~ minister of finance on it, the matter would be ended.
[Question] Has the public sector become a base for economic enterprise?
[Answer] We always say that the public sector is the economic base which
we need constantly, and the time has cane for us to face the problem of -
confidence. What has the public sector done for the Egyptian people?
There is no bread in the morning for breakfast; there is no white cheese.
Areas of agrarian reform are not used to grow beans; homes are not built
because the cement factories are deteriorating and their production is
dropping.
What then has the public sector done? If the role of the public sector
is still a socialist tool to serve the masses, then it has failed in this.
If the role of the public sector is to produce fans, televisions,
refrigerators, etc, for the middle class and upper middle ~1?SS. thP*+
has succeeded in that.
If the role of the public sector is to provide a heavy industrial base,
such as the steel industry, then it has failed, not because it is unable
but because the technology needed for these industries requires great
~ speed, and consequently the publi.c sector cannot handle it without
constant participation and production.
Do we use the public sector as a tool for distribution to ensure social
justice and to distribute the national income, meaning that commodities
are sold at less than cost, and this is considered a grant presented to
poor people?
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Is a cola plant useful because it is a tool to redistribute income and we
permit it with a loss so that the citizens can drink a glass of sicola _
for less than cost? Is this logical, or is it logical to build plants
- for "castor" in order to clothe the poor, or do we use the agrarian reform
plants rather than growing graF~s in Jiyanklis and planting beans and -
lentils for the masses? In order to have enough beans we would need
58,000 feddans, 60,000 feddans, 70,000 feddans, and for lentils 10,000 feddans.
This year the growing of beans expanded a little due to the increase which
the government established in the price of beans. What I want ta say is _
ttiat what we need to increase the production of beans and Lentils is tc.~ns
~ of thousands of feddans, not hundreds of tho~~sands.
The public sector has a great role, but in different types of projects
from those we now have. I do not want a plant for wood for manufactured
~ furniture'. The cooperative society in Damietta is already manufacturing
it on a high-quality level.
[Question] Is all of this a problem for the public sector, or are these
problems which you have imposed on it?
~[Answer] It is true that we have bound the public sector in red tape
through which it cannot move. For example, the pricing of commodities
is fixed, or is about to be fixed. Middlemen have entered because fixed .
p rices are not in keeping with a society with inflation, and consequently
there is the role of the middlemen. All of the soap, "castor," meat, all
- supported commodities produced or distributed by the public sector go
through middlemen.
How Do You Guide the Public Sector? -
If we really wanted to give freedom and guidance to the public sector we
would have to let it act without restriction, but it cannot act no matter
how much we diminish restrictions and offer incentives and encouragement
because it is unable to determine efficiency. It is unable to separate
what is not persistent or not required to enable it to move. It cannot
change prices and cannot even change its type of production. For example,
it is now difficult to sell yarn and easy to se~l cotton craps. These
scraps are exported at very low prices, or less than the prices of supported
cotton. What the German mill is doing is finding cotton which has been
processed once, twice and three times until it has reached the stage of
yarn which has some defect. It is reprocessed immediately, spun and woven
until it becomes an excellent type of fine yarn.
Sixteen Percent of National Income for Support -
! When support was 200 million pounds we were irritated, but we accepted it.
However, when it reaches 1.2 billion pounds the matter has come to the
; point where we cannot keep silent about it. This year support of bread,
, wheat and top-quality flour, 500 million this year, has raised the price _
~
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of w}ieat 100 dollars a ton now. Thus, it is expected that if prices continue
at this level, support of a loaf of bread will reach at least 1.1 billion
pounds, in addition to the price of other support commodities. We have
about 1.6 billion in support a year. This is not proper, because it is
unreasonable that 16 percent of the national income should be directed
to~iard support.
[Question] What do you see for the public sector after the certainty of
the lack of cooperation between the complete economic organization, the
failure of specific organizations and the failure of the retail councils? -
[Answer] You know how the former system of retail organizations was applied.
- For example, take cotton fr.om well-known ginneries. In order to apply
this system they separated the ginnery from the oil press and from the soap
factory. All of that is an integral unit, but the ginnery is assigned to =
the Ministry of Trade, the oil to Light Industry, etc. o
We are aiming zt local government and the regional planning areas, and we -
want integration among the governorates and we would like to create
industries which complement existing industries. This in fact represents
the role of the private sector. We want to see the public sector in a
complete picture; that is, we take a complete group of industries in a
complete area. For example, we take the Aswan area, which grows sugar cane
and processes it, manufactures grained wood and paper, has potential
in phosphate plants, etc.
All of these industries require complementary and common areas, and also
all of these industries must be analyzed on the general level. We are
thinking of regional planning not on the governorate basis but on the
basis of a group of governorates representing similarity, integration _
- and serving one another. If a group of existing campanies were to belong
to a holding company, as is intended, that would have to be on a
geographic level, for geography has an important role.
[Question] How can we achieve cabinet supervision? Or do the ministers
accept that?
[Answer] Cabinet supervision is not desirable, except for ownership, as
long as the goals have been determined. I believe that we agree in that.
We must really follow this solution and not intervene. We discussed
administration of the goals, and we all agree tliat we must let the units
operate and check to see that the goals are achieved. Fenalties and rewards
must be in earnest. Ownership of the public sector is one thing and _
- administration of it another. Administration has been left to the operating
units.
We want to organize the operation, we must concentrate on the apparatus
which is able to fulfill the goals. Frankly, what is lacking is boldness
in applying solutions. The important thing is the name of the apparatus
which takes you where you want to go.
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There are not enough projects when we talk about attacking the problems
of food, housing and basic construction.
[Question] We want to speak precisely. What are the projects w hich can
be set up next year?
[Answer] The projects which have been studied are listed with the planning
agency and can be identified by name.
What we want to do is to set directions and complete coordination among
all sectors so that planning can take place and consequently can be
established everywhere and in every project. There are pro,jects ready,
and this argument from which we suffered from 1973 to 1976 has ended, ~he
p rojects are ready, and we went to Paris last year with prepared projects.
- A surprise occurred at the meeting of the investment group, wher e there
were many projects. Several projects were studied, and many were presented.
There are two problems, The first is that I do not want to open new
projects because they may actually lend themselves to the privat e aector
and ~ZOt the role of the government.
The second problem is the problem of finance. Foreign financing of varioua
types has been granted for the projects which we set up, and sometimes
projects contzacted for have not been included in the plan rior in the
priorities, at a time when projects in the plan cannot find financing.
I ask for funds for projects approved by the World Bank and inco rporated
in the plan, and there are no loans for them. I have also said that there
have been financing and several loans for projects without economic
advantage which have not been studied and are not incorporated in the plan,
which will lead to cancellation of a large number of loans.
When there is a project to be set up and this requires domestic financing
and foreign financing, there is a ministry to plan the projects, a ministry
for domestic finance and a ministry for foreign finance. I see no logic
in ttiis. There must be integration of domestic and foreign finance.
The important thing is that there are projects, but unfortunatel y they
receive shoddy treatment. [Word illegible] true that the powers given to
the local government make me warn that~we are headed toward what ie called
the capitalist system in the state. Each governorate wants to have a farm
to produce meat, a slaughterhouse, a plant to convert garbage to fertilizer,
~isheries, and a farm to fatten calves and poultry, and each gov e rnorate
w ants not only these but other tourism projects. ~
[Question] We have set specific priorities. The financing is insufficient,
whether local or foreign. What pro~ects will the public sector or the
government set up, which projects will the private sector initiat e, and
which will be allocated to the common sector?
~
~
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[Answer] Basic structure is the function of ti~e govcrnment, first. If _
something remains--we try to supply high-quality services to the citizens,
especially housi.ng, developing education, health (which we have neglected
for a long time), then food, food security. How do we achieve food
securi.ty? Food security will require that w~ have at least a two yearr~'
stockpile of grain. That has priority for me. If wheat were available
in the silc,s, I would permit land to be cultivated in order to produce
wheat. When we say electricity, for it is one of the major utilities,
the answer to your question would be the same, only I differ with you in
_ the question itself. You have neit'her local nor foreign income. We have
forgotten the use of local income. Because of this I believe that support
must receive radical treatment to force us to use it and the people to
accept this, because we cannot accept the standard of living which the
officials are enjoying. Guiding the distribution of domestic income can
increase it, according to a very good speech by the minister of finance
last week. But can it really be accepted? Indeed, about 5 million pounds
were taken in this year from general revenue and real estate:
We can also reconsider implementation of the agricultural crop plan. We
reduced the acreage planted in cotton and increased the profit, because
the peasant planted cotton on choice land. Last year we achieved the
- highest profit in Egypt's history, and this year we hope the return will
be good. This operation has a great effect on the operation to determine
- income, because producing 10 tons of soy beans and oil at home costs
one-tenth of its cost abroad. Thus the price supports are rediced, and -
ability to obtain foreign financing improves. Thus far we have about 5
billion dollars which have not been used, and we spend annually 2 billion
dollars.
[Question] What you mean is that the government cannot and must not set
up all of ~he projects which we would like to do quickly. Do you agree with
- a policy of more development and more production?
[Answer] Naturally I approve of more opportunity and more development.
You can walk along any street where the private sector is putting up a
building and see that the floors are used as soon as they are completed
without considering finishing off the whole building.
We must do the same thing. We must say that we must consider implementing -
all water, electricity, road and sewer operations. We begin by building
a new city, for example. That means a big expenditure without any profit.
If we want to build, then capital must replenish itself and circulate.
Capital in Egypt must circulate much more than it now does, because as
long as the volume of financing is limited it helps to have greater
concentration of circulation in order to compensate for or cover needs. -
For example, I tell Sa'd Ma 'mun, governor of Cairo, that if there were 10
million pounds in the budget for housing then he could reach agreement with
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the '~anks (the housing bank and the real estate bank) to deposit this sum
as security, and he would borrow 100 million pounds on it and carry out
his projects with this money. However, this operation cannot be implemented
in the government as long as investment requires payment entirely in cash.
The investment bank ~an handle this operation.
We now would like development banks in private sector development positions
to finance land reclamation, construction and housing. This is a good idea,
but these small banks must have a"mother bank" to supply them, as is the
case with the national bank and the commercial banks. The National
Investment Bank is the apparatus which can make the development banks an
actual fact.
My optimism increased after my visits to the governorates, because I felt
that there are possibilities for working on the role of the private sector
and the method of financing its role in development. We also want to
organize the public sector, and we are determined to set up projects very
quickly so that construction of a hospital will not be delayed for 7 years. _
7587
CSO: 4802
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EGYPT
SUPREME CONSTITUTIONAL COURT LAW PROMULGATED
Cairo AL-JARIDAH AL-RASMIYAH [Official Gazette] in Arabic No 36, 6 Sep 79
pp 530-38
~ [Article: "Law No 48 of 1979 Promulgating Supreme Constitutional Court Law"]
[Text] In the name of the people,
The President of the Republic,
The People's Assembly having approved the following law, we have promul-
gated it:
Article One
The provisions of the attached law concerning the Supreme Constitutional
Court shall be implemented.
Article Ttao
All r.ases and appeals presently before the Supreme Court and falling under
the ~urisdiction of the Supreme Constitutional Court in accordance with the
attached law shall be referred to the latter court in their present state
and without fees upon th~ formation of this court.
The appeals before the Supreme Court for suspension of rulings by the exist-
ing ~udiciary bodies ahall also be referred to the Supreme Constitutional
Court in their preaent state and without fees so that this court_ may issue
its decision on these cases in accordance with the provisions o� law No 81
of 1969 promulgating the Supreme Court law and law No 66 of 1970 promulgat-
ing the law concerning the procedures and fees of this court.
Article Three
The provisiona of art~.cles 15 and 16 of the attached law shall apply to the
lawsuits regarding the refutations, disputations, salarie~, pensions and simi-
lar matters concerning the Supreme Court members. The Constitutional Supreme
Court alone shall settle such lawsuits and appeals.
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~
Article Four
The Supreme Constitutional Court shall be represented in the judiciary bod-
ies by its chairman. In case of the chairman's absence, the court ehall be
represented by its most senior member.
Article Five
_ Taking into cognizance the provisions of the third and fourth paragraphs of
article five of the attached law, the first formation of the Supreme Con-
stitutional Court shall be issued by a decree from the president of the re-
public and shall provide for appointment of the court chairman and of its
members from among individuals meeting the conditions stipulated by the at-
tached law, after conaultation with the Higher Council of the Judiciary Bod-
ies insofar ae the members are concerned.
The court members shall take the oath stipulated in article six of the at-
tached law before the president of the republic.
Article Six
The members of the Supreme Court and members of the State Commission of
Counselors [hay'at mufawwadi al-dawlahJ who are not included in the forma-
tion of the Supreme Constitutional Court shall return by law to the authori-
tiea in which they had worked before their appointment to the Supreme Court
- and shall retain their seniority, their grades, salaries and allowances in a
peroonal capacity.
Article Seven
Immediately upon its formation, all workers of the administrP*_ive, clerical
and other sections attached to the Supreme Court shall be transferred to
the Supreme Constitutional Court.
All the financial allocations included in this year's budget for the Supreme
Court ahall also be transferred to the Conetitutional Supreme Court.
Article Eight
' The former chairman and membera of the Supreme Court, and their families,
whose service in the Supreme Court has ended shall benefit from the aervices
, of the fund stipulated in axticle 18 of the attached law and under the condi-
tions spelled out by this law.
Article Nine
- Without violating the provisions of article two of the promulgating 1aw, the
Supreme Court law issued by law No 81 of 1969, the law concerning the proced-
ures and fees of this court issued by law No 66 of 1970 and law No 89 of 1976
30
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concerning some grovisions pertaining to the Supreme Court shall be abol-
ished. Every provision conflicting with the provisions of the attached law
shall also be abolished immediately upon formation of the Supreme Constitu-
tional Law. -
Article Ten
This law shall be published in the OFFICIAL GAZETTE and shall go into effect
2 weeks after its publication.
This law shall be sealed with the seal of the state and shall be implemented
as one of its laws.
Issued at the Presidential Office on 29 August 1979. _
Husni Mubarak
Supreme Constitution Court Law ~
Chapter One
- Court Organization
Section One
- Court Structure
Article One -
The Supreme Constitutional Court is an independent ~udiciary body in the
Arab Republic of Egypt, headquartered in Cairo.
Article ~ao
In implementing the provisions of this law, the word "court" is intended to
mean the Supreme Conatitutional Court and the phrase "court member" is in-
tended to designate the court chairman and members, unless a provision to
the contrary is preaent.
- Article Three
The court shall consist of a chairman and of a sufficient number of inembers.
Its rulinga and decisions shall be issued by seven members and its sessions
shall be chaired by its chairman or by its most senior member. When the
chairmanship position is vacant, when the chairman is absent or when the
chairman is prevented by any reason from being present, all his powers
shall be taken by the most senior member, then the second most senior and
so forth down the line.
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Article Four
Any individual appointed memb er of the court is required to poesess the gen-
eral qualifications required for appointment to a~udgeship in accordsnce
with the provisions of the ~udiciary authority law. He is also required not
to be leas than 45 years old.
The member shall b e selected from among the following groups:
- A. The present members of the Supreme Court,
B. The present and former members of the judiciary authoritiea who have ser-
ved in the position of counselor or in a similar position 5 auccessive years
at least.
C. Current and former law professors in the Egyptian universities who have -
- served a period of at least 8 years in the position of professor.
D. Lawyers working before the Appellate Court and the Higher Administrative
Couxt for a period of 10 successive years at least. -
Article Five
The court chairman shall be appointed by a decree from the president of the
republic.
The member shall b e appointed by a decree from the president of the republic,
after consultation with the Higher Council of Judiciary Bodies, from among
two individuals: One nominated by the court's General Assembly and the
other by the court chairman.
- At least two thirds the court members shall be from among members of the
judiciary bodies.
The appointment decree shall determine the member's taak and his aeniority -
in the court.
Article Six
Before assuming their duties, the court chairman and members shall take the
following oath:
"I swear by the almighty God to observe the constitution and the law and to
~udge justly." .
The court chairman shall take the oath before the president of the republic.
The members shall take the oath before the court's General Assembly.
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Section Two
Court's Gener.al Assembly
Article Seven -
The court's General Aesembly shall consist of all of its membera.
� The assembly meetings shall be attended by the chairman of the Commisaion
of Counselors or by the commission's most senior member who shall have a
counted vote on matters pertaining to the commission.
Article Eight
7n addition to what is stipulated in this law, the General Assembly shall
?.ave the power to consider matrtQrs pertaining to the court's organization,
to its internal affairs, to the distribution of work among its members and
to all matters concerning these memb ers.
The assembly may delegate some of its powers to the court cha~rman or to a
commnittee consisting of its members..
The assembly's ~pinion must be taken on bills concerning the court.
Article Nine
The General Assembly shall meet at the invitation of the court chairman or
at the request of one third its members. Its meeting shall not have a _
quorum without the presence of the ma3ority of its members.
The assembly shall be chaired by the court chairman or by whoever represents
him.
' Its voting shall be public unless it decides to have it secret.
The assembly shall iasue its decisions by an abaolute ma~ority of those
present. If the votes are equal, then the side with the chairman's vote
shall prevail, unless the voting is secret in which case the prop.eal shall
be considered re~ected.
The minutes of the General Assembly works shall be kept in a record signed
by the court chairman and by the court's general secretary.
Article T~~n
The Provisional Affaira Committee shall t~e formed on a decision from the
General Assembly under the chairmanship of the court chairman and with the
membership of two or more members. This com~nittee shall assume the General
- Assembly's powers on urgent matters during the court's j udiciary holiday.
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~ ~
Section Three
- r-
Members' Righta and Duties
~ Article 11
The court memb ers cannot be dismissed or transferred to other poaitions
without their approval.
Article 12
The salaries and allowances of the court chairman and members shali be
determined in accordance with the list atta~hed to this law.
However, if the mamber occupies before his appointment to the court a posi-
tion with higher salary and allowances than those set by this list, he shall _
retain personally the salary and allowances earned in the previous position.
Othexwise, no member shall be given special peraonal salary and allowances
or be treated exceptionally in any manner.
Article 13 -
The court memb ers may only be delegated or loaned for legal works in the in-
ternational organizations or fore~gn countries or to carry out scientific
tasks.
Article 14
The rules applying to the retirement of the Appellate Court counselors shall
apply to the court members.
Article 15
Regarding the unsuitability, removal, reject~ion and disputation of a mem-
ber, the rules applying to the Appellate Court counselors shall also apply
to the court taembers . -
The Supreme Constitutional Court shall decide with all its memb era, exclud-
ing the aforementioned member and any other member who may be excused, the
appe~l re~ecting and disputing this member. Conaideration in the number of
members present sha11 be given to order of seniority so that the most ~unior
- members may be excluded.
_ A rejectios~ or disputation of all the court members or of a number of them
that brings down the number of the remaining members to less than seven _
, shall not be accepted.
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Article 16
The court alone, to the exclusion of all other authorities, shall have the
power to decide on the requests pertaining to the salaries, awards and pen-
sions concerning the court members or their beneficiaries.
The court shall also have the exclusive powers to decide the requests for ~
cancellation of final administrative decisions concerning any of the members'
affairs, as well as the compansation demands emanating from such decisions.
In an exception to the provisions of Article 34, the requests referred to
in the two abovementioned paragraphs shall be si.gned by those submitting
them.
Taking into cognizance the provisions of articles 35 to 45, the rules applied
to the Appellate Court counselors shall be appl~.ed in regard to these de-
mands in cases for which no provisions are present in this law.
Article 17
The operative rules concerning vacations in the judiciary authority law
shall apply to the vacations of the court members.
The court's General Assembly shall assume the powers of the Higher Council _
of the Judiciary Bodies in this regard.
The court chairman shall assume the powers of the minister of justice.
- Article 18
A fund with a legal status shall be set up in the court. The state shall
allocate for this fund the resources necessary to finance th~ Health and So-
cial Services Agency of the court members, its Counsel~rs Commission and _
their families.
The righte and commitments of the fund set up in accordance with article
seven of law No 79 of 1976 concerning a number of rules pertaining to the
Supreme Court shall revert to this fund.
An individual benefiting from this fund may not benefit from the Health
and Social Services Fund of the members of the ~udiciary authorities.
A decision from the court chairman shall be issued, with the approval of -
the General Assembly, to organize thp fund, its management and its rules of
_ spending.
" Article 19
If a cQUrt member is accused of anything that may undermine confidence or
esteem or may seriously hamper the duties and requirements of his position,
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the court chairman shall refer the matter to the court's Provisional Affaira
~ Committee.
, If th e committee decides, after summoning the member to hear his atatements,
that there is cause for proceeding with measures, it shall delegate one of
its membera or a committee consiating of them to conduct an inveatigation. _
The member referred for investigation shall be considered on compulsory leave
with full pay as of the date of this decision.
On completion, the investigation shall be presented to the General Assembly
convened in the form of a disciplinary committee, excluding the members par-
ticipating in the investigation or the accueation, to issue--after hearing _
and examining the member's defense--its sentence of not guilty or of retir-
ing the member as of the date of the issuance of the sentence. The court de-
cision shall be final and not sub~ect to appeal in any way.
Article 20
The court's General Assembly sha11 assume the powers stipulated in article~.
- 95 and 96 of the judiciary authority law and the powers of the disciplin~~:y
council stipulated in article 97 of the said law.
With the exception of the stipulations stated in this part of the law, all
- the guarantees, privileges, rights and duties determined for the Appellate
Court counselors in accordance with the judiciary authority law shall apply -
to the court members.
Section Four
Co~ission of Counselors [hay'at al-mufawwadin]
Article 21
The court's Coffinission of Counselors shall consist of a chairman a~d a suf-
ficient number of counaelors and assistant counselors.
When the chairman is absent, his place shall be assumed by the most senior
of the commission members. The commi.ssion chairman shall organize the co~
mission's work and supervise the commission.
- The salaries and allowances of the commission chairman and members shall be
' set in accordance with the list attached to this law.
Article 22
The qualifications stipulated in article four of this law for appointment
to the court membership shall also be demanded of the individual appointed
to the commission chairmanship.
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The qualifications demanded for appointment to the position of counselor or
assistant counsel.or in the comanission shall be the qualifications stipulated
in the ~udiciary author~ty law for the appointment of their counterparts in _
the appellate courts and for the appointment of chairmen of the courts of
first instances.
The commission chairman and members shall be: appointed by a decree issued by
the president of the republic on the nomination of the court chairman, after
consultation with the General Assembly.
Appointment to the position of commission chairman and counselor shall come
by way of promotion from the position immediately below this position. -
However, individuals with the qualifications stipulated in paragraph one
and two of this article may be appointed to the position directly.
Tt?e court chairman ma.y delegate members of the judiciary authorities to work
in the Co~ission of Counselors if they meet the provisions of paragraph
four after he takes the opinion of the General Assembly and acts in accord-
ance with the procedures stipulated by the law of the authority in which the
appointees work.
Article 23
Immediately before assuming their duties, the chairman and members of the _
Commission of Counselors shall take the following oath:
"I swear by the almighty God to observe the constitution and the law and to
perform my work sincerely and truthfully."
The oath ehall be taken before the court's General Assembly.
Article 24
The chairman and members of the Commission of Counselors cannot be dis-
missed and they may not be transferred to other positions without their ap- `
proval.
~ Insofar as their guarantees, rights, duties, retirement and vacations and
the disputes pertaining Co their promotions, salaries, compensations and pen-
sions--for themselves and for their beneficiaries--are concerned, the rules
set for the court members shall also apply to them. -
The stipulation of article 13 of this law shall not apply to tihe commission
" members.
Chapter Two
Jurisdictions and Procedure~
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Section One
Jurisdictions
- Article 25 _
li The Supreme ConsCitutional Court shall, to the exclusion of all othere, have
the following powers:
First, ~udiciary control over the constitutionality of the lawa and the
- regulations.
Sec~nd, settle dieputea of ~urisdiction by appointing the ~uridiciary author- _
ity concerned or the authorities with the ~udiciary power if a lawsuit on a
certain issue is raised before two ~udiciary authoritiea and if one of the
two authorities refuses to dismiss the case or if both authorities refuse
to consider the case.
- Third, settle any dispute arising over two final and conflicting rulings,
one of which is issued by a~udiciary authority or an authority with ~udiciary
j ~urisdiction and the other issued by another authority.
~ Article 26
The Supreme Constitution~l Court shall interpret the laws promulgated by the -
legislative authority and the decreea by law iseued by the president of the -
republic in accordance with the provisions of the constitution should dis-
agreement ariae in the implementati.on and ahould the disagreement be eigni-
ficant enough to require a uniform interpretation.
Article 27
In all cases, the court may rule that any proviaion in any law or regulation
presented to it on the occasion of ite exercise of its ~urisdiction and con- -
nected with a dispute referred to the court is unconetitutional after fol-
lowing the procedures set for preparation of the conatitutional lawsuita.
Section ~ao
Procedurea -
i
~ Article 28
I Excluding what ia stipulated in this section, the referral decisione, law- _
~ suits and requests submitted to the court shall be sub~ect to the proviaions
of the code of civil and commercial procedurea, provided that they are not
in violation of the nature and ~uriadiction of the court and the conditiona -
set for it.
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Article 29
The court stiall exercise ~udiciary control over the constitutionality of the
laws and regulations in the following manner:
A. While conaidering a lawsuit, if a court or a judiciary authority concerned ~
deems that a law provision or a regulation perti.nent to settling the dispute
is unconstitutional, it shall suspend the suit and shall refer the papers
without fees to the Supreme Constitutional Court to settle the constitutional
question.
B. If a disputant contests in the course of a lawsuit before a court or an
authority with ~udiciary ~urisdiction the unconstit~tionality of a provision
in a law or a regulation necessary for settling the dispute and if the court
or the authority considers that the contest is serious, it shall postpone its
hearing of the case and shall set for the contestant a period of no more
than three months to bring a lawsuit on the issue before the Supreme Consti-
tutional Court. If the lawsuit is not raised in time, the challenge shall
be considered as non-existent.
Article 30
The decision on referral to the Supreme Constitutional Court or the lawsuit
paper [sahifah] referred to this court in accordance wiCh the provisions of
the preceding article must include the text of the legal provision whose con-
stitutionality is contested, the constitutional provision allegedly contra- -
vened and the aspects of violation.
Article 31
Any side concerned may ask the Supreme Constitutional Court to appoint the
judiciary authority with the jurisdiction to consider the case referred to
in paragraph two of article 25.
The requesC must point out the sub3ect of disputation, the viewpoints of the
~udiciary authorities that have examined the dispute and the measures that
each has taken in connection with the disputation.
Submission of the request shall result in suspending the lawsuits pertaining
to it until a final decision is made on the dispute.
Article 32
Any side concerned may ask the Supreme Constitutional Court to settle a
dispute concerning the implementation of two final and contradictory rulings
in the case referred to in provision three of article 25.
The requeat must point out the existing dispute concerning implementation
and the aspects of contradiction between the two rulings.
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The court chairman may order, at the request of the contestants concerned,
auspension of implementation of one or both rulinga until a decision ie made
on the disputation.
Article 33
The request for interpretation ahall be aubmitted by the minister of Justice
at the request of the prime minister, the People's Assembly speaker or the
Higher Council of the Judiciary Bodies.
The requeat for interpretation must point out the legislative provision to be
interpreted, the conflict it has created in implementation and the degree of
ite significance that requires that the provision be interpreted so that it
may be implemented uniformly.
Article 3~+
The requests and lawsuit papers submitted to the Supreme ConstituCional Court
must be signed by an acceptable lawyer who can appear before the court or by
a member of the Government Lawsuits Department with the grade of counaelor at
least. The request atipulated in articles 31 and 32 ahall be aubmitted
_ with an official copy of the two rulings over which the diaputation or the
- conflict has arisen, otherwiae the request shall be unaccepCable.
The registration section shall record in a special register set for the pur-
pose the referral decisions reaching the court and the lawsuits and requests _
presented to it on the day of arrival or submission.
- The registration section shall notify through the clerical section the peo-
ple concerned with the abovementioned decisions, suita or requeats within
15 days of the abovementioned date.
The government shall be considered a party concerned in regard to the con-
stitutional lawsuits.
Article 36 [sicj
The office of the lawyer who signs the lawsuit or request shall be considered
a place [an address] selected by the plaintiff and the office of the lawyer
acting on behalf of the defendant shall be considered a place [an addrese]
selected by the latter for notification, unless each of the two aides deeig-
nates a place through which he can be notified.
Article 37
Any party notified of a referral decieion or of a lawsuit shall depoait in
the c.ourt's registration aection within a period of 15 days of the notifi-
~ cation a memorandum containing his observations and coupled with documents.
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The opponent may anawer this memorandum and the documents within the 15 days
following the end of the period set in the preceding paragraph. _
If the opponent uses his right to reply, then the first party shall have the
right to make a rebuttal within the next 15 days.
Article 38
The registration section may not accept after the dates set in the preceding -
paragraph any papers from the opponents. The section must write an official
- report containing the dates of the submission of these documents, ~he name of
the party submitting them and its status.
.
Article 39
The registration section shall submit the lawsuit or request paper to the
Com~i.ssion of Counselors on the day following the end of the dates set in -
_ article 37.
The cc*nmission shall prepare the sub~ect. To do this, the commission may
contact the parties concerned to acquire the necessary documents or papers.
The commj.ssion may also suma?on the parties concerned to seek from them clari-
fications on facts that it deems necessary and to ask them to submit comple-
mentary documents and memoranda and may ask for athe:: investigation measures
within the date it sets.
The commissioner may issue a decision levying a penalty of no more than 20
' pounds on whoever causes r2peated delays of the lawsuit. The commissic,:.t.~'s
decision in this regard is final. The commiasioner may also relieve the ~
guilty party of this penalty if this party produces an acceptable excuse.
Article 40
After preparing the subject, the Commission of Counselors shall present a
report defining the constiCutional and legal issues brought up and the com-
mission's opinion, with the reasons for this opinion.
The parties concerned may be familiarized with this report at tne court's
registration section and may request a copy of the report at their own ex-
pense.
Artic'le 41
Within a week of the deposition of this report, the court chairman shall
set the date for the sesaion which will examine the lawsuit or the request.
The registration section shall notify the parties concerned of the date of
the session by registered mail.
The date of presence [session] shall be within 15 days at least, unless the
court chairman orders in case of necessity and at the request of the parties
concerned to reduc~ this date to no leas than 3 days.
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~ The parties concerned shall be informed of this decision and notified of the
date of the session. _
Article 42
A commisaion member, with the grade of counselor at leaet, must attend the
court seseions.
Article 43
Lawyere accepted to appear in trials before the Appellate Court and the Su-
preme Administrative Court ehall be acceptable before the Supreme Constitu-
tional Court.
The lawyer representing the government sha11 have at least the grade of
counselor at the Government Lawsuits Administration.
~ Article 44
= The court shall issue its sentences on the cases and requests referred to
it without proceedinga at law.
If the court deems verbal proceedings necessary, it may hear the lawyers of
the disputants and the representative of the Coumiission of Couneelors. In
this case, the disputants ahall not be permitted to appear before the court
without a lawyer.
Disputants who have no memoranda deposited in their name in accordance with .
the provision of article 37 shall not have the right to deputize a lawyer
to attend the session on their behalf.
The court may permit the disputants' lawyere and the Comn?ission of Counselors
to preaent complementary memoranda on the dates it sets.
Article 45
The rules of presence and absence stipulated in the civil and commercial
code of legal proceedings ehall not apply to the 'awsuits and requeats re-
ferred to the court.
Chapter Three
Rulings and Decisions
Article 46
~ The cQurt's rulings and decisions ~hall be isaued in the name of the people.
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' Article 47
The court sha11 decide of its own accord all the subsidiary issues.
Article 48
The court's rulings and decisions are final and not sub~ect to appeal.
Article 49
The court's rulings on constitutional lawsuits and its decisions on inter-
pretation shall be binding to all the state authorities and to all people.
- The rulings and decisions referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be
published in the OFFICIAL GAZETTE free of charge within a maximum period of
15 days of their issuance.
A ruling on the unconstitutionality of a law provision or of a regulation
makes it incumbent to refrain from applying it on the day following the pub-
lication.
' If the ruling on unconstitutionality pertains to a penal provision, the sen-
- tences of guilty issued in reliance on this provisions shall be void. The
chairman of the Commission of Counselors sha11 notify the public attorney
of the ruling immiediately upon its issuance so that the necessary measures
may be taken.
Article 50
- The court, to the exclusion of all others, shall settle all the disputes con-
cerning implementation of the rulings and decisions issued by it.
The rules set in the civil and commercial code of proceedings shall apply
to th~:se disputes in whatever is not in violation of the nature and ~uris-
dictions of the court and of the condi.tions set for it.
A disputation shall not result 1.n stopping implementation unless the court so
_ orders until the disputation is decided upon.
Article 51
The ru~.ee set in the civil and commercial code of proceedings shall apply to
the rulings and decisions of the court in casea for which no provision is
atj.uplated in this law, provided that the application does not conflict with
the nsz}L~z~ af these rulings and decisions.
Chapter Four
Fees and Expenses
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Article 52
No fees ahall be collected for the requeats stipulated in articles 16, 31,
32 and 33 of this law.
Article 53
A set fee of 25 pounde shall be charged for constitutional laweuits. ~
The fee levied shall include all the ~udiciary proceedinge pertaining to the
case, including announcement of the papera and of the rulings.
On submitting the case paper, the plaintiff shall depoeit a guarantee of
25 pounds in the court treasury.
A single guarantee shall be depoaited if a number of plaintiffa submit the ir
case in a eingle paper.
The court shall decide to seize the guarantee in case it rules that the law-
suit is unacceptable or in case it re~ects the lawsuit.
While taking cognizance of the proviaions of the next article, the registra-
tion section shall not accept a paper unless coupled with a proo� of depos i-
tion.
Article 54
Any party pxoven incapable of paying may be exempted from all or part of
the fee and from all or part of the guarantee, provided that the lawsuit
is likely to be won.
The chairman of the Commission of Counaelors shall decide on the exemption
- requests after familiarizing himself with the papers and hearing the etate-
menta of the applicant and the observatione of the registration section.
His decision on this issue shall be final.
An ~pplication for exemption shall result in epeeding up the date for hear-
ing a lawauit pertaining to unconstitutionality.
Article 55
_ The provisions etipulated in law No 90 of 1944 on ~udiciary fees f~r civi-
lian matters and in the ~ivil and commercial code of proceedinga ahall apply
to fees and expenses in cases for which there is no provieion in this law.
Chapter Five
' Financial and Admia.ietrative Affairs
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Financial Affairs
_ Article 56
The court shall have an independent annual budget prepared after the pattern
of the general state budget and ~eginning with the start of the fiscal year
and ending with its end.
The court's General Assembly shall have the powers to which the minister of
finance is entitled in the laws and regulations pertaining to the implementa-
tion of the court budget. The court chairman shall have the powers to which
the minister of administrative development and the chairman of the Central
Organization and Management Agency are entitled. _
- The provisions of the general state budget law shall apply to the court's
budget and final account in cases where there are no provisions spelled out
by this law .
Section ~o ~
Administrative Affairs
Ar~icle 57
The court shall have a general secretary and a sufficient number of workers.
The court chairman shall have over them the powers of miniater and of aesis-
tant minister stipulated in the laws and regulations.
Article 58
- A workers affairs committee consisting of two court members and the general
secretary shall be formed on a decision by the c~ourt chairman and shall have
jurisdiction over all appointment, promotion, tranafer and allowance affairs
c~ncerning the workers.
After conaultation with the Workers Affairs Committee, the court chairman
shall iesue a decision setting the controls,for worker promotion.
Article 59
Without violating the stipulation of article 57, a committee consisting of
three court membera selected by the court's General Assembly annually shall
be in charge of disciplining workers.
A decision of referral to this committee shall be issued by the court chair-
man. The Commi.ssion of Counselors shall assume the task of prosecution be-
fore this committee. The commnittee rulinga shall be final and not sub3ect ~
to appeal.
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Article 60
The r~.les applied to civil servants shall apply to the court workers in cases
for which there is no provision in this law or in the judiciary suthority
law.
- List of Positions, Salariea and Allowances Attached to Supreme
Constitutional Court Law -
- 1. Court Members
- Annual Allocations -
Position Salary Representation Allowance Periodic Raise
Court Chairman Salary, representation allowance and pen-
sion shall be set in appointment decree
Court member 2,200-2,500 pounds 1,500 pounds raised to 100 pounds -
2,OOQ pounds at top of -
grade scale ,
1. Every peraon appointed to the court memberahip shall be given the �irst
step of his position's scale pay as of the date of appointment, unless the
salary he earns before his appointment is equal to or exceeding the first
step. If this is the case, he shall be given an increase not exceeding the
top step of his position's pay scale.
The granting of such an increase does not change the date for getting the _
periodic raise.
2. ~'he provisions of presidential decree No 211 of 1979 pertaining to the
f ixed annual transportation allowance shall apply to the court members.
3. The salary and allowances of a member may not be less than those of ano-
ther member next to him in seniority.
~ 4. A court member with a salary of 2,500 pounds sha11 be treated as a min-
-i ister ineofar as penaion is conceriied. -
~
5. The representation and transportation allowance shall be exempt from
all kinds of taxes. The reduction atipulated in law No 30 of 1967 and its
amendmEnta shall apply to these allowances.
46 ~
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2. Members of Commission of Counselors
Annual Allocations
Annual
_ Positions Increase
Salary Judiciary Representation
Allowance Allowance
Pound Pound . Pound Pound
- Co~?ission Chairman 2,200-2,500 - I,500 raised 100
to 2,000 when -
salary reaches
2,500 pounds.
Counselors 1,500-2,040 450 1,200 when sa- 75
. lary reaches
1,800 pounds.
Assistant 1,428-1,980 424.8 rai- 7z -
Counselors sed to 450
when salary
reaches 1,800
pounds.
1. Any individual appointed to a grade with a bottom and a top step shall be
paid the bottom etep of the grade as of the date of appointment, un~ess the
salary he earns before appointment is equal to or exceeds the step. In this
case, the appointeee shall be given one of the increases set ~or h3s grade,
provided that the increase does not put him above the bottom step of the
~ next higher grade. The granting of thie increase does not change the date
on which the periodic increase is deserved. _
2. The provisions of presidential decree No 211 of 1979 pertaining to the
fixed annual transportation allowance shall apply to the members of the Com-
mtssion of Counselors.
3. The salary and allowances of a member may not be less than those of ano-
ther member next to him in seniority in the position to which he is appointed.
4. A member of the Commission of Counselors with a salary at the top step
of the pay scale of his position sha11 get the periodic increase set for
the position directly above his in accordance with this list, even if he is
not promoted to this position, provided that his salary does not er.ceed the
top step salary of the higher position. In such a case, he shall be entitled
to the allowances set various ateps of this higher position. �
~+7
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~
~ 5. A commiesion chairman with a salary of 2~500 pounde ehall be treated ae
a..ourt member insofar as peneion ie concerned. -
6. The representation, ~udiciary and tranaportation allowances sha11 noC be
sub~ect to any kind of taxea. Thzy ehall be aub~ect to the reductlon etipu-
lated in law No 30 of 1967 and its amendments.
A representation allowance and a~udiciary allowance may not be combined.
8494
CSO: 4802
~ ~+8
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EGYPT.
DETAILS ON UNIVERSITIES' GUARDS UNITS GIVEN
- Cairo AKHBAR AL-YAWM in Arabic 13 Oct 79 p 5
- [Article by Rif'at Fayad: "University Guards, With I~ew SuPCifications,
Each University Has Prepared a Guard Unit According to its Special System"]
[Text] Our universities have completed the formation of 'r:he university
_ guard with the beginning of the new school year. Most of the universities
_ have decided to form these units from the workers in the university, along
with using the services of a group of retired or pensioned police officers.
_ There will be a special uniform for the special secuirty units in each
university which will be directly subordinate to the president of the
university. _
Each L'niversity Has a System~
~ The presidents of the universities held a number of ineetings in recent
weeks to formula~e the regulations concerning the work and formation of
these units and defining the suitable locations jfor positioning them].
r4aj Gen Mhamud Lutfi, the responsible officer for the security apparatus
at 'Ayn Shams University, said these units will gua.rd the installations and
laboratories at the university and each of its.colleges and all [uninersity
- public utilities. Moreover, each college will form a branch security unit to
' guard its inatallations which will be directly subordinate to the dean of
the college. The central command in the university is to be in direct
contact with all these units.
Also to be formed are branch units composed of those having at least
intermediate [education] qualifications. Tfieir mission is to assist
university students; they are to concern themselves with the requests of
university visitors and answer their questions. These units will also
regulate the entry and departure of veliicles at the university. The number
of security personnel [at 'Ayn Shams University] will be about 350 persons.
= As for Asyut University, university president Dr Sasan Hamdi confirmed
that the university's security apparatus which is to be formed will comprise _
university employees and not be subordinate to any external authority. It
49
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will I~e under the direct supervision of the university president. He
said the university security apparatus will encourage students to feel
completely safe, for the first time, inside their university. -
~
Higher Qualifications for the University Guard
At Suez Canal University, [university president] Dr 'Abd-al-Ma~id 'Uthman
requested that the security apparatus personnel have university qualifica-
tions so they would be conscious and understanding of all the students'
needs and the services required of them. There will be 30 persons assisted
by a group of watchmen to guard the installations and laboratories in the
university's colleges, apart from the administrative apparatus for these
personnel.
The university presi:c~ent said that he has decided not to expand greatly
university security du~t, to the small number of colleges in the university -
and the small n;~mber of students there, when compared to the other universities. _
At al-Zaqaziq University, ul~,iversity president Dr Talbah 'Uwaydafi said that
he had completed setting up the university's security apparatus 2 whole years
ago. "We preceded all the universities in that to the point that we are
able to guard the installations and laboratories at al-Zaqaziq University
which are worth millions of pounds. An adviser has been appointed to
university security and use is made of a group of pensioned police officers
who have strong links and good rapport with the students." He added that
al-Zaqaziq University this year will expand it by setting up fire-fighting
units and civil deiense units whose number will not exceed 30 p~rsons.
Hulwan University Readied
- Simultaneously, Hulwan University has completed reor~:tn~~tng its security
apparatus, according to university president Dr Isma'il 'Alam-~l-Din. Its
members who will be selected fro�n graduates of the university itself, will -
- have a special uniform with university insignia. This security apparatus
will regulate the arrival and departure of vehicles from outside the
university. The president said that each of the colleges will fiave subor-
dinate to it a security force whose personnel will not exceed seven persons
due to the small number of students in the university.
CSO: 4802
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EGYPT
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON ESTABLISHING MILITARY MEDICAL ACADEMY
Cairo AL-AHRAM in Arabic 10 Oct 79 p 8
~ [Article: "Military Medical Academy to Include Military, Naval and
~ Aviation Institutes"]
[Text] The People's Assembly is to discuss in its next session a bill
proposed by Defense Minister LGen Kamal Hasan 'Ali regarding the establish-
ment of a military medical academy in the armed forces. The bill, which .
the assembly's National Security Coimnittee is to discuss tomorrow, Thursday,
calls for establishing a military medical academy headquartered in Cairo
having a corporate personality and subordinate to the Minister of Defense.
The goals of the academy are training and instructing armed forces medical
- services officers in variaus specializations of military medical services;
- undertaking studies in specializations; and conducting, following-up and _
promoting applied and scientific medical reserach in the various sciences
of military and clinical medicine.
_ The academy is to be composed of:
1. The Institute of Military Medicine, specializing in the science and
operation of inedical servicea; surgery and field treatment; protection and
treatment from weapons of total destruction; and medical supplies in the
field.
2. The Institute of Military Health and Prophylaxis, specializing in the _
sciences of military health, prophylaxis, conta.gious diseases and epidemics,
laboratory research and environmental health.
3. The Institute of Idaval Medicine, speciaJ.izing in the sciences of marine
medicine, depths and diving medicine and the study of health problems for
naval personnel.
4. The Institute of Military Aviation and Space Medicine, specializing in -
medical instruction and research in the fields of aeromedicine and new
developments in space medicine,
_ 51
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5. The Higher Clinical Medical Studies Authority, subordiriate ~Lo
which are the existing educational divisions in the armed forces' ma~or
medical units.
The academy is to be administered by the Higher Academy Council headed by
the Minister of Defense and composed of the Assietant Defenae Plinister for
Treatment Affairs, the Chief of the Armed Forces Organization and Administra-
tion Authority, the Chief of the [Armed Forcea] Training Authority, the
- Chief of the [Armed Forces] Supply Autfiority, the Director of Officers'
Affairs, the Director of Medical Services, the President of the Academy and
the directors of the subordinate institutes.
The Higher Academy Council will formulate general policy; propose the
establishment of new medical institutes; approve general study policy; and
determine the number of students in the courses of each institute or
_ instructional hospital and their acceptance requirements, The preaident of
the academy, whose appointment is for a 3-year period and sub~ect to -
, renewal by approval of the defense minister, will administer and manage
the academy's [day-to-day] affaira.
~ The academy's faculty will consist of active [i.e � full-time] membere who
are armed forces medical officers approved for working in the academy;
armed forces medical officers recalled and retained in the service;
specialists in the academy's sciences who apply for faculty positiona which
are announced as available and who are appointed as armed foTCes officers;
and part-time members, civilian and military, who are used fox teaching
and research.
CSO: 4802
I
~ 52
~ ~
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IRAN
AYATOLLAH NURI CRITICIZES GOVERNMIIVT BUREAUCRACY
Tehran KEYHI~l~T in Persian 20 Sep 79 p 2
/Article: "Hojjatoleslam Abdollah Nuri's Open Letter to the Gov~rnment
Spokesman: The Bureaucracy Dominating Departments Hss Driven Peop'.e to _
Despair"/
/Text/ Hojjatoleslam Sheykh Abdollah Nuri is one of the committed and com- -
bAtive grac3ous scholars of the clerical area of Esfahan; he played a very
ef:fective, valuable role in the events of the struggles of the past few
y~:ars, especially in last year's strikes, demonstrations and sitins in -
Esfahan. In an open letter to the government spokesman, he has strongly
ot~jected to the latter's statements. The text of Mr Nuri's letter is as
fc~llows: ~
It is a source of great sorrow that you are still in the position of de-
fending your acts, in spite of all the chaos that is to be observed in the
country, the laxity and lack of discipline dominating departments as a re-
sult of the lack of decisive gcvernment action, and the extremely grave
losses and damage which have been imposed on the Iranian people in
Kurdestan. Instead of responding to fatherly observations and accusing tize
gxeat men of the Iranian Islamic revolution in an uninformed manner, would
it not have been better for you to accept the advice and guidance and to
act on it? In the open letter you wrote to Ayatollah Montazeri, you de-
scribed the conditions in 7ran, the actions of the government and the in-
vestigation in Kurdistan in such a way as to make them seem like very in-�
teresting and noteworthy activities, and to make it seem that even if
there were riots in Kurdistan, they were in no way foreseeable and that .
counterrevolution had seized the area suddenly, like an earthqualce or a
flood. Mr Tabataba'i, what results did the visit by the minister and un-
dersecretary to Kurdistan prior to the recent disturbances produce? What
- a~tion was accomplished? If a plan had really been set in motion, how
did counterrevolution grip the etltire region and become so powerful? `
~ Doesn't counterrevolution go into play where the government is weak?
Hasn't it been pointed out many times in the newspapers and by revolution-
ary sympathizers that Kurdistan was in an explosive state? Weren't the
~ guards in Marivan slaughtered some days before the slaughter of the guards
53 ~
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!
i~i Paveh? Wasn't no reaction observed on the part of the government--to
tlie point where some newspapers severely criticized the government and de- -
m,~nded that the perpetrators of the Marivan bloodbath be prosecuted, but
siill no ateps were taken? It is astunishing that you were thinking about
Kurdistan and makin~; investigaCions from the first days of the revolution
but that events of this kind still happened? Undoubtedly the proud, brave -
Moslem youths who were travelling there and constantly pointing out that
basically there was no govern~rent in Kurdistan did not understand. Really,
was there no government in kurdistan, or could the counterrevolution pre-
pare itself in that area and brainwash the people better than this? Now
_ what kind of government is it whose presence in a region is no differer.t
from its absence? This is an enigma, Mr Tabataba'i, you have presented
statistics on the number of trips. First, assuming the statistics are ~
correct, I think these statistics are the sum of working, recreational and
even harmful or provocative trips. Secondly, the time for presenting
statistics has ended and today is the time for seriousness and work. The
f people are watchfully waiting for the results of the measures, plans and
' trips, and enumerating trips will remedy no ills. If the trips wera e�-
fective, then what need would there be for historical speeches un the emam
and his absolute orders? ~yatollah Montazeri, once again, does not want
t}ie emam to express such displeasure and wants your prestige with the emam
and the people to be better preserved, as a result of his cautionary re-
m:irks, so that there wi11 be no more need for this kind of fiery speech.
' Mr Tabataba'i'. Isn't the bureaucracy dominating department~--::~!t.ch is a
source of the people's discomfort and despair, has disrupted work to a
very large extent, and has also made the gordian knot of the nation's a�-
fairs unsolvable--related to the government and its decision-making? Ye.s,
it is possible that letters stay in the ministers' desk drawers, but the -
departments are so encumbered with paperwork that if results were att~ined
it would make no difference. Most acCive revolutionary young people, who
h:ive entered the realm of action only for the sake of God and to pre3erve
the gains of the revolution, have fvund such obstacles and so much obstruc-
tionism placed before themselves that it has disturbed their work ~nd they
have reached a state of despair and hopelessness. An example of that which
can be seen by the naked eye is the plan for the crusade of construction,
w:~ich you have attributed to the government without cause, since most ef-
f ective forces carrying out the work of the crusade are unhappy and dis-
content with government departments, their way of treatment and their
activity.
Mr Tabataba'i, where is the wisdom in your coming forth in order to re-
spond to Ayatollah Montazeri a11 at once, after your first Friday prayer
speech, in the guise of government spokesman, and a few more times under
a~.iother guise? Didn't you want to respond to the emam�s statement under
this guise when he was criticising the government? Montazeri's statement _
supplemented the emam's, and his cautionary statements were those of the
leadership of the revolution.
5~+
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A~_ a time when the emam is saying that Montazeri is a great combatant, a
vc,nerabie jurist, an extremely valuable man and a committed molla, we sud-
denly see that the most important matter and the greatest duty of the gov-
ernment spokesman and of several other persons is to respond in a so�called
respectful manner to this personality. It ia to be hoped that friends have
not taken the instruments of schemers and enemies in hand but are thinicin~
about the course of the revolution and the emam. As Ayarollah Montazeri
- says, with a little more crash effort and less unremitting concern for
administrative regulations, the work will be completed.
The nation of Iran requests decisiveness, crash revolutionary action and
rspid movement. We also wish for the success of the government of the
Islamic Republic of Iran in carrying out and implementing the requests of
t~e nation.
/Signed/ Abdollah Nuri
11887
CSO: 4906
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_ IRAN
NATION'S FUTURE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL POLICIES SPELLED OUT
Tehran KEYHArI in Persian 22 Sep 79 p 2
/Article: "~rinciples of the Country's Ec:onomic and Social Policies Are
- Announced by Islamic Revolution Plan Office"/
/~'ext/ In preparing a preliminary report, the Revolutionary Planning Of-
fice has declared the general economic and social policies of the Iran of
the Islamic Republic and has identified the goal and philosophy behind
ttiese policies .
We herewith convey sections of this report:
"~n a unificationist society, the system of life is firmly implanted on
the principle that everything belongs to God, that man is the truatee of
. God's property, and that these properties are to be used in order to pro-
vide the recognized, reasonable material needs of society, without aquand-
_ ering or prodigality, for the sake of progressing toward God. This society
is not unmindful of the possession of and desire for those things being
realized in other societies of the world which are not devoted to turning
toward God, and it is trying to warn these societies against posaessing or
_ desiring these things.
"In this unificaCionist society, every individual considers himself com-
mitted to looking after the rights of othera and feels reaponsibility in
his wo:k; the feeling of bnundless generosity, gentlemanliness, thrift,
l~ve of country, self-control and sense of duty is strengthened within
him and the study of and belief in the manner of conducting himself have
struck root within him.
"In this society, ~very individual holds all members of the society in re-
- spect, especially those to whom he, as a master, has taught an idea or a
profession, and he also enjoys apgropriate respect. In this classless
society, no individual enjoys any preference over others and the people
consider those among them who are the most chaste and self-sacrificing to
~ be the mcst beloved, in accordance with the criterion 'The moat generous
o:E you is the most pious in God's mind:
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~
~
The P.rinciples of Economic and Social Policies
This report stated that the socioeconomic system which is to be mobilized
for the sake of attaining the desires of the Islamic revolution of Iran
wi.ll poasess the following principles and characteristic~:
1. Attainment of a prosperous,acquisitive society is not the ob~ective;
rather, this objective is the means for man's progression toward God.
2. The zconomy should meet society's reasonable acknowledged material
needs without profligacy.
3. People are equal in the right to use all God-given resources.
- 4. There is a balance between economic progress and morality.
5. The creativity and usefulnesa of individuals is encouraged and guaran-
teed through moral and material means.
6. Pollution and sabotage of the environment should be kept to the mini-
miim possible.
7. The optimum use ehould be made of manpower and natural resources.
8. The necessary inclination and acquisition for growth and application
to the conditions of the people's time, place and culture exists in the
economy.
9. Education, the upbringing of the young and development are an insepar-
able part of all economic and social activities.
Social and economic policies have been codified in accordance with the
follawing means and characteristics:
1. Stabilization of the fundamental sectors of the economy, which consiat
of the free economic, or popular, sector; the mixed economic, or popular-
government, sector; and finally the governmental economic sector.
In the first sector, the government takes measures to create the environ-
ment, and provides the possibility, for the expansion and progress of this
sector. In the second sector, the government participates with the people
in economic activities, as well as creating or supervising the environment
and on occasion contributing to capital investment.
- In the third sector, the government, while drawing the participation of
the people, places the principal leading (strategic) economic activities
within the compass of it~ own decisionmaking.
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~
2. In economic activities, profit or value added will be apportioned
ar;~ong the workforce, the society and capital (in order to encourage c~p-
i1:a1 investment and consequently advance the popular and mixed economies).
Tl~e government will determine the workforce, socier,y and capital's shares
of /this profit/ in proportion to the type of activity, the volume of
capital investment (the maximum encouragement af small capital investment),
the location of the activity, the atage of soci.ety's development ~nd ex-
pansion, and so forth.
"The free sector: this consists of small and medium productive and ser-
vice units, wi~h the p articipation of the people.
, "The mixed sector: this consists of inedium and large productive and ser-
- vice units wiCh the participation of the people and supervision or capital
investment by the government.
- "'Che government sector: this consists of heavy principal leading (strateg-
ic) productive and service units, or units in which the popular sector for
one reason or another is not inclined or able to participate."
3, By disbursing greater prof its to their capital investments, limiting
wealth and collecting escalating taxes from high incomes, the people will
- e~icourage capital investment in economic activities and will promote the
_ j~ist distribution of wealth among the units of the society.
~ 4. The principle of "total participation by the people in all matters,"
as a national slogan, will be the motive force for solidarity among vari-
- o~is groups and classes and will ensure the cohesion of society.
5. With the determination of policies bearing on economic stability and
c~~ntinuity, the control of inrlation, specific financial and credit poli-
cies, policies bearing on worker-employer relations and policies for the
development and expansion of the outlines of infrastructure installations
and services, and with the determination of policies for economic and ser-
vice activities on the national, regional and local levels, the economic
" activities of the popular, mixed and government sectors will expand in the
' urban and rural areas.
6. Through the solution of land problems, the establishment of a syatem
of family exploitation, the optimum mobilization and use of water resourcea,
and the cultivation of fallow landa, the nation's agriculture will prosper,
the basic needs of society in the form of vegetable, animal, induatrial and
other materials will be met, and some crops with appropriate quality will
ha�e export potential.
Through the preservation of diverse productive activities and the estab-
lishment of rural and small ind ustries suitable for the characteristics
of each area in those areas with balanced, stable nationwide coverage,
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ttie revenue, welfare, and level ot the quality of life in rural aociety
will be raised and bzought into pArity with urban society.
7, Full employment will be established in an appropriate fashion in all
sectors of the economy, with a balanced distribution between rural and
urban areas, and the employment structure, with attention to women's par-
ticipation, will not include children. Minimum wages and salaries will
be set on the basis of the living requirements of the family.
II. Crude oil and gas exportation will be avoided as far as possible and
use will be made of these hydrocarbons for petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals,
_ paint and so forth.
9. The optimum use of the national resources of the nation, in particular
_ oil and gas, which belong to a11 the generations of Iran, will be made and -
the income obtained from their sale will be apent on infrastructure ac-
tivities.
lU. The consumption of oil producta in the country will gradually be re-
d~~ced and use will be made of natural gas for providing energy require-
_ menta through a national gas distribution system. Other energy resources _
such as the sun, wind, geothermal power and others will be at~bjected to
research and development and will be used in special cases.
- Wtth respect to the exploitation of different types of non-oil energy,
such as sun, wind and so forth, Iran will acquire a leading role, especi-
ally in the third world.
11. The nation's industries will. enjoy a national, domestically-created
technology and provide the basic industrial needs of the society. Mili-
t,ary industries will reach the stage of self-sufficiency where they will
be able to defend the nation's independence and territorial integrity.
12. The population will enjoy a diatri.buCion and growth in keeping with
- the country's goals of expansion and development and will dwell in an in-
- terrelated urban and rural system; irregular migration (especially to the
big towns) will be avo.ided.
13. The manpower required for socioeconomic activities will be formed
j through on-the-job training at the levei of the high school, the vocation-
i al and the university.
I The Time Frames for Implementation of Socioeconomic Policies
~
~ In order to reach the desired state of a unificationist society, provis~.on
' is made for three time framea, short, medium and long range, as follows:
1. The first, two-year short-range stage, the transitional stage, from
21 March 1980 to 20 March 1982. -
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2. The second, 8-year, medium-range stage, comprising two 4-year plans,
from 21 March 1982 to 20 March 1990.
3. The third, 12-yesr, long-range stage, comprising three 4-year plans,
from 21 March 1990 to 20 March 2002.
The first, short-range stage has been allocated mainly for the purpose
oE completing many existing projects and completing a series of necessary _
crash programs.
The secand stage of the policy is established to the end of constructing
a strong social and economic base; in the third stage, attention will be
given to raising production from the qualitative and quantitative stand- '
points and to social welfare.
On the assumption that the first government of the Islamic Republic of -
Iran is established in November 1979, it will be possible to prepare and -
set down the details of the short-range stage by 20 March 1980.
The year 21 March 1980--20 March 1981 will be spent in tabulating and gath-
e.ring statistics and precise information and in generally evaluating the _
p~rojects which have been completed by that date, and in the year 21 March
1981-20 March 1982 planning �or the first 4-year plan, which is for the
y~ars 1982-1985, will be carried out.
Continuity of the nation's expansion and development plans will in practice -
- be preserved by establi.shing a gap of 2 years between the start of presi-
- dential terms and the start of subsequent plans, so that a president will
have 1 year in which to plan for his policies and another year in which -
gradually to provide for necessary changes in existing plans, so that he
may be able successfully to implement his policies.
Note 1. If it is practically possible to establish a republic on 21 March,
it will be easier to have the fiscal year, planning and the presidential ~
term coincide.
Nate 2. The holding of all presidential elections in November and the in- _
stallation of the republic in March will provide an adequate opportunity -
for acquainting each new government with the existing political and econom-
ic environment.
Principles To Be Observed in the First Short-Term Stage
1. National security and the guarantee of rights of individual and per-
sonal freedom. ,
2. Establishment of confidence among the people in the country's govern-
ment and future.
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3. Preparation of the groundwork for economic, social and political
_ stability. -
4. Solving the problem of bureaucracy and introciuction of carefully cal- _
culated blows against the phenomena and agencies of the previous regime,
in order to guarantee the survival of [he revolution.
5. Attraction of the participation of and preparing and mobilizing the
people for construction.
6. Strengthening the spirit of generosity and self-sacrifice in the soci- _
ety with the objective of avoiding the spread of unrealistic consumer de- -
sires and anarchistic social tendencies. .
_ 7. Organization and creation of the necessary wherewithal for the survivnl
of the revolutionary movement and the implementation of plans.
3. Performance of the necessary basic and infrastructure studies and com-
mencement of their implementation.
9. Continuation and completion of "acceptable" pz�evious plans.
~ 10. Commencement of the creation of capacity and environment in various
tields: '
The relationship hetween the individual and society and the free, mixed _
and government sectors on the one hand and all laws and decrees on the
other.
Physical infrastructures.
Social and co?Tanercial infrastructures.
Manpower l-rainin;; (crea[_ion of man) . -
_ Intelli~;ence and statistics.
L1. Provision of a r~source base to prepare for responding to problems
whicfi have not been taken into account.
Principles To Be Observed in the Second, Medium Term Stage
1. rlaintenance of national security and the guarantee of rights of indi~~
vidual and personal freedom.
2, rfaintenance of cotiFidence among the people in the country's government
and future.
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3. Creation, maintenance and preservation of economic, social and polit-
_ ical stahility in the country.
4. Sus~ained outfitting and mobilization of the people in the crusades
_ f~r construction.
- 5. Preservation and strengtheniilg of the spirit of generosity in society
and avoidance of profligacy and unreasonable expectations. ~
6. Continued research and investigation into the solution of probLems re-
lated to the expansion and development of the country.
7. Continuation, expansion and completion of activities of creating en-
_ vironment and capacity.
The relationship between the free, mixed and governmental sectors and
econrnnic, social and po litical laws.
The physical, social and commercial infrastructure.
D1anputaer t rai_ ning .
In�ormation gathering and statistics.
Principles To Be Observed in the Third, Long-Range Stage
1. The maintenance of national security and the guarantee of rights of in-
dividual and personal freedom.
2. Maintenance of the people~s good confidence in the government.
- 3. Preservation of economic, social and political stability in the country.
4. Preservation and maintenance of the people's partic~pation in rnatters
- related to themselves and the cour.try.
_ 5. Preser~~r'ation and strengthenino of the spirit of generosity and gentle-
~nanliness among the people and guidance of the society toward thrift and ;
the avoidance of profligacy and unreasonable expectations.
6. Contin~~ed exa~nination and research inro solutions bearing on the ex-
pansion and development of the country.
7. 'The continuation and completion of elements and activities o� creation
of ehe environment and capacity.
Raising the quality and quantity of society's production and welfare.
l l:i t~ 7
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IRAN
DRIVE TQ MAKE NATION SELF-SUFFICIENT IN AGRICULTURE PROP4SED
Tehran KEYNAN in Persian 20 Sep 79 p 3
- /Article: "In the Conference To ExaminP the State of the Economy, It W~s -
R~commended That tmports of Agricultural Products Be Prohibited"/
/Text/ On the third day of the ConferPnce to Examine the Statp of the
N.3ti~n's Econnmy, which was devoted to a~riculture and it4 deficiencies, -
A1i Moham~rad Izadi, minister of agriculture and rural development, re-
- f~erring to the agricultural problems of the past, stated:
"'The basic outlines and new policies of the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development are to increase production, eliminate want and provide
a minimum living standard for the inhabitants of rural areas. The partic- _
' ioation of the people, the policy of nonintervention by government off ic�-
ials in farmers' affairs, and improvement of the sysCem of production are
aanong the factors we must keep in mind to reach these objectives."
Izadi said, "Ownership of pastures will be made public and inalienable and
all decrees aimed at the exploitation of pastures will be eliminated. In -
addition, the expansion and mobilization of fishery activities aimed at
- proper use under a single administration and the exploitation of ocean and
internal waterway resources to make up for the shortage of protein mater-
ials required f or human and livestock nutrition through the industrial
rearing and production of water organisms will be among t?~e Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development's plans.
"Also, revival of cooperative principles in accord ance with the tradition -
and usage of the area, together with the derivation of benefit from exper-
iments of the past and a fundamental, qualitative review of existing co-
operation will occur. Creation of service centers in the rural areas, -
which in fact are the motive force for balanced and harmonious growth and
- development of the countryside, will function under the supervision o� the
village councils, the rural areas and the tribal councils."
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Iii conclusion, the minister of agriculture and rural development stated
"l?all.ow and unused lands included in the laws will be revived and placed
b,y law at the disposal of individuals or groups who exert themselves in
d~_veloping them."
A:Eter the minister of agriculture and rural development's statement,
M~~hammad Bayebardi of the Plan and Budget Organization stated "If we want
to be self-sufficient in the agricultural field, why must we'be worried
about a shortage of certain commodities, and that only for 2 or 3 years,
and have agricultural imports of up to 14 billion tomans a year for the
wellbeing of a limited group? Let some people eat less or not find the -
commodities they are interested in in the market. There are 30 million -
hectares of arabLe land in Iran which also have productive potential but
onlv about 10 million of these are exploited in irrigated or dry farm-
- ing fashion annually."
He added, "Eighteen million people, more than half the population of Iran,
live in the rural areas and are located in 60,000 scattered villages.
Proper use is not made of this great force. With respect to the forests
_ and pastures, one must say that there are about 60 million hectares of
natural pasture and 18 million hectares of forest in Iran, and the pastures
can place about 8 million tons of attractive foodstuffs at the disposal of
livestock which in themselves can produce gbout 800,000 tons of animal meat.
In Iran there are about 10 million head of cattle and 80 million head of
sheep from which one can cover the agricultural shortage and the nation's
meat through scientific exploitation." He also said, "Since about 87 per-
cent of the rural inhabitants own less than 10 hectares of land, 87 per-
cent of the development budget must therefore also be placed at the dis-
posal of this group. -
"Use must also be made of the workers' productive systems in the rural
areas a~d mechanization must proceed to the point where tractors and
vehicles will take the place of livestock and cattle."
- HE DECLARED, "Imports of all types of crops and agricultural, food, live-
stock and dairy products, which total $2 to $3 billion per year, should be .
prohibited, government financial aid should be cut off in the field of
meat, bread, granulated and hard sugar and vegetable oil subsidies, and
the amounts obtained, totalling 20 billion tomans per year--three times .
the development budget of the Ministry of Agriculture--should be allocated
to the development of rural area$." In conclusion, he said "Iran can pro-
vide food for 60 million people from its own natural resources." Ali
Asghar Mo'infar, minister of state and chairman of the P'lan and Budget Or-
ganization, also said: "One must meet the interests of the country and
the needs of the deprived people in the countryside and not evict farmers
from their areas, their land and their farming by creating big landowners.
We must fully weigh the human aspect of the matter. One must link the
- social state of the people to the agricLltural situation and not look at .
= it in a one-dimensional fashion. Therefore to separate the question of
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i~.nproving the life of rural society, which accounts for more than 50 per-
cent of the country's population, from the objective of increasing agri-
cultural output in a~great error and we will in reality arrive at the lat-
ter objectiv~e only by realizing the former one and eliminating the tra-� .
- ditional agricultural land reforms of Iran."
Mohammad Ali Mocalavi, director general of the Central Bank of Iran, also
stated at this conference "The reason for industrializing the country is
- to combat overall poverty, raise th~ standard of living and create the
- wherewithal for economic power. However, economic development must be
- harmonious; without agricultural progress, economic independence for the
country is not possible; there must be coordination in all fields,"
118~7
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IRAN
ARAK GOVERNOR ACCUSES KOMITEHS OF TERRORISM
[Editorial Report LD] TEHRAN KEYHAN in Persian 9 October 1979 reports from
Arak, administrative capital of the Central Province, that in a discussiai~
Central Prc~vince Governor-General Abbas Sami'i accused revolution Komiteh
members of acts of terrorism in the city and of the torture and harrass-
ment of prisoners. According to the paper, Sami'i said that one Gholam
Al:t Sharestani, who was killed in an attack, identified the killers as
Komiteh members before he died. Sami'i reproaches the Islamic Revolution
Court for returning a dossier on the case on the grounds that the accusa- _
tion lacked foundation. The governor-general indicates that a religious
terrorist group called the "Hudud" has claimed responsibility for this mur-
der and is apparently implicated in others.
The governor-general says that although those killed may have been smugglers
and people of bad reputation, "Nobody is entitled to take the law into his
own hands."
On the sub3ect of Komiteh intereference in government business, Sami'i says
that the revolution guards stationed at the police station and the new prison
have no permiasion to be there and are seizing people in broad daylight.
The report states that the "Sanjan" Romiteh arrested 60 itinerant musicians
and, after sub~ecting them to ill-treatment, sent them to the office of
the governor-general of the Central Province for work. They also meddle
in agricultural affairs and the Arak prosecutor has been asked to inter- -
vene to stop this.
"The unsanctioned, illegal and untoward actions of the Komiteh place a
heavy burden on the police," Governor-General Sami'i declares. ~
CSO: 4906
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IRI~N -
Sh'MINAR ON ECONOMIC PROBLEMS DISCUSSES SMUGGLED FUNDS
Tehran KEYHAN in Persian 22 Sep 79 p 1
/Article: "At the Seminar on Economic Problems, It Was Stated That $2
Billion in Contraband Foreign Currency Have Been Removed from the Country"./
/'Text/ The Seminar to Examine the Country's Economic Problems ended in
the meeting hall of the Prime Minister's Office last Thursday after eight
sessions which were attended by the country's economic authorities. -
Delivering speeches at the seventh and eighth sessions of the seminar on
Thursday were Foruhar, minister of labor and social affairs; Dr Sadduqi, ~
undersecretary of labor for workers' affairs; Mohammad Ali Mowlavi, gen-
eral director of the Central Bank; Rashidi, managing director of Pars Bank;
Dr Reza Sadr, minister of commerce; Dr Hoseyn Pirnia, profeasor at the ~
- university; Ali Hajj Tarkhani, representative of the emam and head of the
Chamber of Commerce; and Mo'infar, secretary of the Plan and Budget Organi-
zation.
Moha~gnad Ali Mowlavi, director general of the Central Bank, who also was
assigned the chairmanship of this session, referring to the importance o�
coordinating and maintaining a balance between money and commodities on
the market, said "In the past the Central Bank had policies and a special
role which can no longer be continued following the revolution, and changes
must take place." He added, "The banks are empty and their condition fol-
- lowing the revfllution, after people had exported their deposits or set fire
to them, has become chaotic. Of courae one must not just hold the revolu-
_ tion accountable for this current economic crisis--even if there had been
no revolution, we would have been faced with a different type of economic -
- crisia at the present time because of the erroneous policy of the past.
Even though the situation now is not satisfactory, it is not like that of
the previous era. Fortunately, the banks have become able to place neces-
sary credits in the commercial aector today; 3.n addition, they have pro-
vided credits to help the government in the field of industry, housing,
foodstuffs and agriculture, among which, in the current year, the govern-
ment has given 4-percenC interest loana of 120 billion rials to provide
granulated and hard su&ar and 85 billion rials eo help owners of industries."
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I
Mowlavi said, "Another matter is that numerous problems have been created
- wzth the nationalization of banks, which we hope will be eliminated as
soon as possible by the bill we have drawn up. As soon as these problems
are eliminated, the government's economic policy will also become clearly
known. It is as a result of this unclear situation that the Central Bank
cannot take a decieive position regarding hard currency. We cannot deter-
mine the volume of our oil revenues and we therefore have no choice but to
pursue a temporary monetary policy. When you say that we have foreign cur-
rency reaerves of 11 billion, that is not very much. Through thrift; ef-
fort and exertion, we are trying to meet requirements so that no need for -
foreign borrowing will arise. Of course the government will introduce
changes into monetary policy." Mowlavi said, "What goes without saying is
that exporters must be protected and encouraged."
t\li Rashidi, managing director of Pars Bank, said "The law regarding the
nat{onalization of banks which was ratified by the Revolutionary Council
was very hasty. Before this law was ratified, eight or nine banks should
have been declared bankrupt after an investigation into the c9ndition of
banks because this precipitous measure inflicted losses of about $400 mil-
lion on the governmenC. Moreover, the matter of bank mergers must take
place in a regional manner, to provide effective assiatance to regional
p:lanning."
Dz Reza Sadr, the minister of comnerce, stared "We passed through several
stages in arriving at the nationalization of banks--that is, we did not in
fact start the ,job with the nationalization of banks; the question of
nationalizing banks was raised in second place. Following the revolution,
in the course of investigations we noted that all the country~s economic
power and industries were in the hands of a special group which had co-
ordinated its policies with those of the devil. In order for us to advance -
the revolution, we had no chaice but to disarm that group, that is, to
nationalize the banks, emerge from the field of influence of this group,
which was carrying out its influence within the banks, and completely cloae
this road off."
Dr Hoseyn Pirnia, universit,~ professor, then said "We must pursue a move-
ment of economization in every area and teach it through the mass media
and even Che schools.
"Islamic economy, as history has shown in the past 1,400 years, was most
prosperous during the period of Islamic civilization. During that period
one broad market, from China to Morocco, held the ~conomic artery of the
world in its hand. We can mobilize solutions in accordance with that
system, applied to the requirements of the era, and eliminate our economic .
problems."
Then Ali Hajj Tarkhani, the emam'e representative and head of the Chamber
of Commerce, said "Although nationalization of the banks was hasty, it was
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wholly realistic. Most people who owned stock in the banks were modest
ar~d even underprivileged people who had bought them through the stock ex-
- cttange, and the government should pay the profits on their shares as aoon
as possib~.e."
At the conclusion of this session, Hanjani of the Central Bank said "Un-
f~rtunately the government has not yet succeeded in preventing the outflow
o~ foreign currency. In 6 months, $2 billion in foreign currency has been
smuggled out via the country's ports. A1so, the government must make a
complete review on sending out foreign currency for students, which comes
to $2 billion a year in volume."
11887
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- IRAN
EXPERTS DISCUSS THOROUGH ARABIC SCHOOLING
Tehran KEYHAN in Peraian 20 Sep 79 p 16
/Article:. "During the Ratification of Points 19 and 21 at the Experts'
_ Council : Arabic Language Schooling Is Proposed at All Levels
/Text/ Two points of the constitution, 19 and 21, were ratified at the
Council of Experts /sessions/ held yesterday under the chairmanahip Qf
Dr Beheshti. Some other points were also subjected to exchanges of views
and their ratification was postponed to today. Regarding Point 18, rati~
fication of that, with agreement over the point's statement that "imple-
mentation of the executive power will be carried out by the president of
the republic, the prime minister and the Council of Ministers in a manner
- to be arrived at through discussion within the ~xecutive power," was post~
poned until a later time. This point was submitted to Commission 2 with.
40 ~affirmative and two negative votes and 16 abstentiona.
Mr Akrami was the first person ~o rise in defense of this point, stating,
in discussing this issue, "We have agreed that the sovereignty of religi-
ous jurists ;aill not alone have the power to implement the laws but that
they must assign this matter to others; in this case, the question of
executive power will be solved."
In oppoaition to that point, Ar Ayat then said "This point has been drawn
up without attention to prior ratifications. How the views of the persons
drawing it up have now changed' Now the clause 'implementation of the
executive power by the leader or leaderehip council' should be added." He
added that the sovereignty of religious jurists is in no way dictatorial; ~
when the conditions are present, anyone reaching the stage of knowledge of
religious jurisprudence will have the power of sovereignCy and it will be
nobody's monopoly. The issue of the sovereignty of jurists ehould also
be reflecred in the other points."
Mr Makarem considered that this point was compatible with the sovereignty
of religious jurists and said "It is possible that a jurist could even be
president. It cannot be imagined that the presidency of the republic will
- end with the ratification of thia point." In answer to the question
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whether the president should be a jurist or be supported by jurists,
M~~ikarem said "We will discuss this in the conditions for being president,
8lld the powers of the president will be identified." In answering Rabbani
Amoleshi, who had asked what would become of the issue of the presidency
when leadership power w~~s conceritrated in the sovereignty of juris~s,
Makarem said "The point is such that the president's powers can be deter-
mined in the future and zts description will appear in the executive power."
Continuing this di.scussion, Kiavosh sai3 "KJe wrote this point at a time
when we were nor precisely informed about the limits of the sovereignty of
the executive power; therefore Mr Makarem's statement is just a juatifi-
cation."
In continuation, Dr Ayat said "The legal superiority of Che laws of Isl~m
over other laws is the sovereignty of religious jurists and ene must rely
ua~on that."
A.;ratollah Montazeri made the following statement: "The leaderahip of the
- raligious jurist is the leadership of all three powers. It i8 the link
among powers and the chairmanship of all powers. General amnesty lies
wl.thin that and it breathes within all three powers." A vote was taken
after this atage ~nd the matter was submitted to Commisaion 2.
No Social Manifestation
After a lengthy discussion on the executive power, Point 19 was read out
by Dr Beheshti. Point 19 says:
"Implementation of the judiciary power through the courts of administra-
- tion of justice, which must be formed in accordance with Islamic criteria,
is concerned with ruling on cases, preserving public rights, expanding and
~ implementing justice and establishing divine contracts."
Musavi Jesayeri, one of the representatives, asked "What will the duties
of the revolutionary courts be following implementation of this point?"
In response Beheshti said "Ratification of the points in the session can-
not actually change any social phenomenon or create any new social phenom-
enon, until all the points are ratified by the council and by publ.ic opin-
ion through a referendum."
Thia point was ratified, with 60 affirmative and two negative votes and
five abstentions. The draft of Point 20 was not preaented after ratifica-
tion of Point 19 because of its connection with previous unratified points
and Point 21, which concsrns script and language, was subjected to dis�-
cuasion by the representatives and was ratified after a period of dis-
cussion with a little change in the proposed text. According to this
point, the comrnon, official script and language of the people o� Iran is
Persian, and official documente, correapondences and texts and textbooka
must be in that language and script, although free use may be made of local
- and ethnic languages in publications and mass media and instruction of
these languages' literatures may take place alongside the Persian lang-
uage in the schools.
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The representative of the Armeniane said "The Armenians have no particu-
lar place, and if we add the word 'ethnic' to the point, that will cause
n~ problem." This statement was supported by the representatives and the
world "ethnic" was added to Point 21.
This point was also ratified, with 63 votes in favor, none against and
five abstentions.
lTnf ty of Language
~
Discussion then took place over Point 22 and was postponed to today's ex-
ceptional meeting without conclusion. Article 22 says Since the language
of the Koran and the Islamic foundation and culture is Arabic, and Persian
literature is thoroughly steeped in Arabic, this language must taught at
all educational levels." Mr Kiavoah stated, as one who was in favor, "One
of the ruses of the enemies of Islam and Iran was to alienate the people
from the language of the Koran. I can even remember that the late Ruzbeh
was saying 3 or 4 years ago that the regime wanted to eliminate the Arabic
= language. I believe that the blow we received was from not knowing this
language, for which reason they interpreted the Koran to us the way they
wanted. For example, they interpreted the verse 'Spend for the sake of
God and do not allow your handa to aubmit to xuin' for us as 'put some
change in your pocket in the morning and give it to the poor.' Thus these
became the verses of our crusade--the verse on egcape and spending became
the nurturing of beggars--whereas spending means the elimination of class
contradictions. Even I apend about an hour's time trying to understand
one verse of the Koran." .
Kiavosh referred to the point that one of the wondrous points of the
:[slamic reptisblic must easentially be th~ creation of unity through language--
a language which has been supported by all linguists.
Kiavosh recommended that letters sent to Arab countriea through diplomatic
channels be written in Arabic. He also stated that compilation of this
language at the guidance and secondary levels seems sufficient.
~ Rabbani Amoleahi then recammended that this language be taught at all
- levels "because we have even seen imperialists in countries trying to teach
their language to th~ people of a country starting with the elementary
stage; one must realize that Arabic language instrucCion does not have the
status of school work as far as we are concerned--rather, it is to become
acquainted with the texts of the religious schools." _
Mr Qorshi said, "If Arabic is to be taught for the sake of the Koran, it
would be better if the Koran itself were taught."
Dr Beheshti recommended, "It would be better if Dr Bahonar, who is a speci-
- alist in this matter, offered a clarification in this regard." Dr Bahonar
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said, "It is not our expectation that Arabic should become a conversation-
al language; therefore no need is felt to teach it in the elementary stage,
because many experts are of the belief that if a non-conversational lang-
uage is taught in the elementary stage it will be harmful for the child's
cr,other tongue."
Bahonar added that Arabic language instruction in the univeraity is not
necessary either, because 6 years are sufficient for teaching it. However,
for departments where there is a need to read texts, such as departments
of philosophy, law and literature, it would be better if it were taught.
Ayatollah Montazeri said "In the previous regime they taught 6 years of
Arabic but in praztice the students knew nothing upon graduating. There-
fore I recommend that it be explained in the point that Arabic language
instruction should be such that people will be able to read Arabic texts
by the end of the year."
This discussion ended without conclusion and it was determined that a de-
cision in this regard would be taken at this morning's exceptional session.
At the end of the session, a letter from the Radio and Television company
was read to the council by Dr Behesti. In this letter, the council was
requested to express its opinion with regard to the full simultaneous
broadcast of the program on Channel 2 of radio and television, or the
partial broadcast of the program during the evening hours; if some o� the
council's discussions were to be broadcast, a representative with full
powers should describe the sections which had to be broadcast to Radio
and Television, because some representat:Cves stated "The parts related to
us are being censored."
iia$~
CSO: 4906
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IRAN
HOUSING MINISTER EXPLAINS POLICIES TO SEMINAR
Tehran KEvHAN in Persian 20 Sep 79 p 13
/Article: "The Minister of Housing and Urban Development Stated at the
Seminar on Economic Problems: In 6 Years No One Will Be a Landowner in
F~e Anywhere"/
/Text/ At the sixth session of the Seminar to Examine ths Country's Econ-
omic Problems, the minister of housing and urban development announced
that regulations concerning the abrogation of land ownership and means for
assigning land to the people were in the process of being drawn up and the
definitive assignment of large lands would be clarified by the coming week.
T!his program has been organized in such a way that in 6 years' time no one
will be a landowner in fee anywhere.
- T:i1e minister of housing said "In accordance with Islamic legal principles
we believe that unused lands must not have owners. The government's pol-
icy in respect to reducing housing costs has been to lower the cost of
13nd in the first place."
The sixth session of the Seminar to Examine Economic Problems, which was
held yesterday, was concerned with investigating matters related to hous-
ing and construction. This seminar was held under the chairmanship of
Eng Katira'i, the minister of housing. At this session the minister of
housing and urban development referred to Central Bank statistics and
- said "The ratio of landowner to tenant in the large cities is 43 to 57
percent. At the present time we have 2.38 million sanitary and unsani-
tary housing units; in terms of the current population we have a shortage ~
at the same rate as in the past, that is, 1977-8, on condition that we do
- not take the loss of mud housing and old housing into consideration and
also that there be no migration into the towns, would take 10 years." He
said, "Housing costs are people's biggest living expense, swallowing up
about 70 p~rcent of people's incomes. In 1977-8 the cost of land accounted
for about 65.4 percent of construction costs. Therefore, through the com-
prehensive investigation whfch the government and the Revolutionary Council
have made in order to solve the housing problem, a law has been ratified -
abrogating unused urban land ocanership, also codified in accordance with _
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' Islamic legal principles, and an effort is being made to reduce the price
of land to a minimum." In describing the role of the three f actors of
manpower, building materials and land in creating housing, Katira'i said _
"Lowering workers~ wabes has not been possible in current conditions nor -
has lowerinb the price of building materials, which in themselves are re-
lated directly to workers' wages, because the likelihood exists of unem-
ployment and paralysis of the building material manufacturing plants.
Therefore we deemed it more appropriate to break the price of land; since
there are more than 200 crafts on the job in a building, we must try to
strengthen all these branches. Also, the governnent is not able to create
housing and construction alone; we must also obtain help from the private -
sector. Although a class of peopl~ known as ~build it and sell it' has
acquired a bad name as a result of the role it played in the p ast, this is
_ not a general phenomenon; we must assign construction work to the builders
_ and sellers through careful control and supervision and encourage and
strengthen them. Money and credit are of course also important in the con-
struction of housing, and we, through the etfort and exertion we have made,
have been able to place this credit at the disposal of people asking for
- it at relatively low interest, through the aid of the National Bank."
~
90 Percent of Housing Has Been Solved
Katira'i, stressing that the government would act in a very serious manner
- on thE housing issue, said "Through the measures which have been made,
90 percent of the problems in the way of creating housing have disappeared. -
We hope that there will be no issue by the name of housing problem in the _
country in the coming years." lie said, "With the implementation of the
law abrogating ownership of unused lands, large properties are to revert
_ wholly to the government and small properties, if not built on by their
uwners within 3 years, wi11 also revert to the government at no charge."
_ Following the minister of housing and urban development's sta[ements,
_ Eng Javad Salehi, technical undersecretary of housing, stated "Placing
land at the disposal of the government, in addition to preventing a market
in speculating in and raising prices, is stre~gthening the government and
municipality's hand in putting the city plan into operation and is allow-
ing us to make transformations in constructing a good city as coell as pro-
vfdinb housing. Abrogation of land ownership has not only helped solve
the housing problem--it has also strengthened our hand in provi.ding munic-
- ipal and welfare services in the form of roads, schools, and hospitals and
other services, because in the past private ownership was a big obstruction
= to implementation of the basic city plan."
lie added, "Lowering rents must brin~ down the bank interest rate base.
What is to be taken for granted is that the government will provide the
- people and the private sector land to build on; .in this regard, regulations
are in the process of being prepared, and, if they are implemented, you
- will see how the value of land will drop."
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I
Tlie Value of Land Must Drop to Zero
A~ter Salehi's statements, Mohammad Ali Mowlavi, director general of the
Central I3ank, stated "First it must be clear what the Is?amic Republic's -
p;~licy in regard to the aituation in Tehran ie: should Tehran become
bigger or not? 5hould the old sections gradually be turned into new ones,
or not?" Ne safd "Building must be compatible with the social condition
of the country: do the people need 10- or 15-story apartment buildings ur
not? Must the vElue of land drop to zero, with no land transactions taking -
glace? Laborers and construction must be used in such a way that the added
c;~st of wages should have no effect on construction costs. Special credits
- should be provided for consumer goods, including construction, and the
v,~lume of instalments a person must pay should be compatible with the wages
h~~ receives. These are all matters which must be taken into consideration
at the outset."
H~~ added, "In other countries municipalities buy land and thereby avoid
c~ntralization, ~lacing the land at the disposal of people who build houses.
T5e government must accept the fact that it itself cannot a.ssume the re-
sponsibil~ty of housing construction and must assign this rask to the -
people themselves."
At this seminar, the minister of finance said "Government expenses are
weighty--astronomical. The country's current e~.-p~nditures are 350 to 400
million tomans a d ay, or about 900 billion rials a month. Of cours e 250 .
billion rials have been paid out in construction expenses this mont h but,
because of the def iciencies which exist, not a11 equipment has been pro-
vided or put to use." He added, "The government sector swallows up a sig-
nificant portion of the budget, but employment is an important matter and
one must not consider it simple."
- Mohammad Ali Moklavi, director general of the Central Bank of Zran, also
stated at this seminar "The purpose in industrializing is to combat general
poverty, raise the standard of living, improve the environment, and create
the wherewithal for economic power. However, economic expansion mu st be
coordinated. The country's econo~;nic independence will not be possible
without agricultural progress. There must be co~rdination in all f ields."
He added, "In the past, the rpform of ownership, which was merely a sub-
division of land, had no pogitive results, because the subdivision of land .
must be accompanied by financial aid, machinery, seeds, the provisi on of
insecticides `r.d so forth. Unfortunately, they /only/ took into account
_ bre~kis~g up the .land in the land reform. It is necessary that there be -
some connection between the increase in crops and price increases. The
Government must place credit facilities at the disposal of farmers so that _
_ the level of agricultural output may be raised."
iisa~
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IRAN ~
BRIEFS
- DEATH THREAT TO ARAK GOVERNOR--Arak--The governor-general of the Central
Province has received a death threat from the "Siyah Jamegan" [Black Suits]
group. In a telephone discu:;sion with the ETTELA'AT correspondent in Arak
Abbaj Sami'i spoke about recent terrorism and criticism of the Komitehs:
"Owing to the acute problems occurring in Arak, only a small number of
which appear in the press, I have been threatened with death by letter and
telephone. I am not, of course, worried about anything happening to me _
- personally, but I am concerned fo r the community that this sort af thing
" continues. I recently received a death threat in a letter from the Siyah
Jamegan group which said that if I continue to follow my present course they -
will destroy me. As I have said, thls group, and any other group, must know
that I am not afraid of anything ~hat might happen to me and I have not an
atom of fear, since I tread a constructive and righteous path." [Text]
[Tehran ETTELA'AT in Persian 13 Oct 79 p 10 LD]
CSO: 4906
'~7
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IRAQ
e
DELAYS IN CONSTRUCTING HOUSING COMPLEXES EXPLAINED
Baghdad AL-JUMHURIYAH in Arabic 27 Aug 79 p 6
/Article by Za'im al-Ta'i: "Alternative Solutions for a Continuing Crisis"]
/Text] I do not know who it c�ras that once said that a man's shelter is his
nation. Nor do I know why the incidents portrayed in the film (Di Sika)--
"The Roof"--plagued my mind while I was proceeding through the different _
phases of this report, which concerns the residential apartments that the
state has constructed to house a large segment of the citizenry and save
them from the housing crisis which has gripped so many. However, I do not
believe that we have undergone a crisis like that experienced by the star of -
the film (Di Sika), who lets himself get married without ~nsuring that he
has a house or a roof over his head--even though he works in construction, ~
building houses for people--and is forced to spend his married days hanging
around on the street or in friends' houses. -
In an interview we conducted with the general director of the State Housing
Organization, Ma.hmud Shakir Fahmi, we opened a conversation dealing with the
- organization's plans and the solutions it has employed to salve the housing
problem. Mr Fahmi said:
. The Problem and the Solutions
"With the support of the party and revolution leadership, and in accordance
with the decisions of the Revolution Command Council concerning the estab-
lishment of housing projects in all areas of the country--in particular
decision 232 of 1979 which refers to the construction of houses, buildings
and apartments to match the population density in all governorazes and guar-
antee that every citizen can obtain a home where he can seek refuge and feel
that he belongs--our organization is fully involved in its current trend
toward high-rise construction, which has many advantages not found in hori-
zontal construction. Among these advantages is the ability to insure ser-
vice, health ar.d recreational facilities in one location. In addition, the
organization's plan contains new pro~ects which are currently under study
- commensurate with the organization's available resources. We have already
constructed 2,000 apartments in the city of al-Mahmudiyah and ir~ al-Sayyidiyah,
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and 1,450 dwelling units in al-Dawrah and Karadah Maryam.
"This has occurred in the short time since our organization began operating
independently. It began carrying out its actual activities less thatn 3 -
years ago."
- The director added: "We will soon begin work on construction of a housing
complex in the city of al-Thawrah in which we will build 1,000 dwelling
units. In the area of Ziyunah, we are nearing the completion date for the
second and final phase of a pro~ect which includes construction of 3,000
dwelli:lg units on a new basis, such units never having been constructed in
the country Uefore. This is occurring in accordance with a Revolution Com-
mand Council decision issued in 1977. It was decided that the buildings iri
the project would consist of two types: five-story structures and three-story _
structures. Thus the apartments can be divided into five different types on
the basis of floor space and type of structure. All the modern means of
- construction were employed in all types of apartments, not to mention the
provision of various service institutions such as schools, kindergartens,
� day care centers, markets, parking lots and parks. The total cost of the
project is around 31 million dinars, with 22 million dinars used for the
construction of the dwPlling units and 9 million dinars for the remaining
services.
Field Trip to Ziyunah Housing Complex ~
After our interview with the director of the State Housing Organization, we
decided to visit this project, which is the sub3ect of much conversation and
a few details of which are known by some people.
Gn:en we arrived at the housing complex, we were startled by the huge buildings
which had been built using prefabricated construction. The buildings consist-
ed of scattered apartment blocks which had been completed a few days earlier,
~ and comprised the first phase of the new residential building pro~ect. The
blocks occupy an area of approximately 42.5 hectares and contain 1,977 units
which are expected to acconodate 11,826 occupants. The pro~ect consists of
149 blocks, 63 of which are five-story structures. Each five-story building
contains 15 aparCments, consisting of 10 two-bedroom apartments and five
three-bedroom apartments.
The remaining 86 blocks are three-story structures with 12 apartments per
structure, consisting of six two-bedroom apartments and six three-bedroom
apartments.
The service facilities as described for us by the director of the pro~ect in-
clude the following: -
Two kindergartens, each accomodating 150-180 children; two day care centers,
each accomodating 100 children; six elementary schools; two middle and second-
ary schools; a main market with 3,000 square meters of floor space; and
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dispersed markets with parking lots.
The project director added: "Sixty-three blocks will be consr_ructed by means
of (af-nafaqiyah) forms. We began the undertaking of the project in May 1977
and it will be handed over during 1980."
Work Obstacles
When we asked the project director about the constant delays which some say
befell the project, he replied:
"Because of the country's exceptional circumstances, such as the multiplicity
of projects and the scarcity of materials, for example, in spite of the fact _
that a special exception was made for us in ordering and importing raw materi-
als for the project. However, I believe that many times when the construction
sector has dealt with other sectors in the course of its work, its schedule
should have corresponded with the schedules of these other sectors in order
~ to take advantage of time and prevent the aforementioned delays. However, I
do not think that the loss of time was due to any particular party, but raw
materials and building materials do not come easily. Another factor is mis-
use of machines for which spare parts are not available at the present time,
not to mention the small size of the middle and technical cadres. We also
- suffer from a lack of masons.
"We learned from some of the engineers in the project that there were no more
than 10 masons." The project director enlarged on his remarks as follows:
"Just imagine that we were delayed for 3 months because of cement and bricks,
until a contract was concluded recently with private plants to supply us with
these two materials."
The Delay and Its Causes
- The delay is said to be 1~ years, in view of the fact that the project was
supposed to be handed over on 21 August 1979.
The project director responded: "The initial faltering was caused by the lack .
of materials, as I said. And then some materials arrived which we did not
need at the time. There was also a disruption in shipment."
As for the general director of the organization, he responded: "Apartments
will be handed over within 3 years of the contract date, and the first con-
tract was concluded with the first applicant in the latter part of 1977.
j Sorae 70,000 citizens requested application forms, but only 6,000 of these
persons applied and out of these 4,000 names emerged."
I /Question% But do you see this as due to the increase in the amount of the
first installment which is rE:quired as a one-time advance?
/Answer/ The installment payment period has been fixed, and along with it an
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amount between 15 and 20 percent according to the cost of the apartment. I
do not believe that there has beea a reconsideration of either the cost or
the calculation of the first installment. It is c~nceivable that it has ex- r
cluded some people, but it has benefited others. It has excluded those who
are unable to pay the amount of the advance, of course. But now the oppor-
tunity to sell applications has been closed, and we hope that the others
will meet with good luck in our coming projects.
- 8591
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IRAQ
~ ESTABLISI~TENT OF INTEGRATED AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PLANNED
Baghdad AL-THAWRAH in Arabic 28 Aug 79 p 4
/Article: "Planning Council Decides To Undertake Establishment of Integrated
Automobile Industry; Use of Pan-Arab Scope in Establishing This Industry"/
/Text~ The Planning Council has decided to undertake the establishment of a _
complete and integrated automobile industry in the country through the con-
struction of a central complex incorporating main production divisions which -
will endeavor to produce the greatest possible range of automobile components.
In a recent decision, the council urged concerned agencies to move toward the
production of mid-sized and compact sedans in view of the e~onomic and tech-
nical advantages they offer over large automobiles, as well as the production
of trucks, buses and other types of vehicles needed in the domestic and Arab
markets.
The council also called for a pan-Arab scope to be employed when this industry
is established in order to provide an efficient economic scale for the pro~ect,
benefit from Arab technical expertise and the advantages of the Arab countries'
econumic and iiidustrial integration, and bind the project to a time schedule _
for the training, development and qualifying of a domestic cadre to provide
the project's manpower requirements.
The council requested that an expert and competent international consulting
agency be commissioned along with a specialized Iraqi organizational chart
_ of personnel to prepare studies of the technical and economic benefits of this
industry and draw up detailed plans for it. -
~ The council stressed the importance of strengthening and developing the indus-
tries which supply the automotive industry, as well as impelling the socialist
sector to participate effectively in the industry and encouraging the private
and mixed sector to take part in setting up some of the projects under the
supervision and direction of the socialist sector.
Moreover, the council urged competent specialized agencies to take the neces-
sary steps to develop the domestic road systems and bring them up to inter-
- national technical and engineering standards, and to introduce advanced and
i modern scientific methods into the traffic systems and apply modern driving
~~?rinciples on internal and exter.~_al roads in order to increase their accomo- .
datin.g capacity and facilitate the flow of traffic.
a591 82 -
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JORDAN
BRYEFS
N~T INDUSTRIES--The Planning Committee of the Ministry of Trade and Industry
has approved the creation of 10 new industries with a combined capital of
1.99 million dinars. The approval was announced at the end of a committee
meeting held yesterday under the chairmanship of deputy minister Dr Hashim
al-Dabbas. The new industries and their respective capitals are: A -
marble producing plant, 150,000 dinars; an ir.secticide plant, 150,000
- dinars; a fruit juice plant, 50,000 dinars; a sheet metal plant, 150,000
� dinars; a sodium silicate plant, 120,000 dinars; an aluminum foil plant,
450,000 dinars; a plastics plant, 160,000 dinars; an animal feed plant,
210,~)00 dinars; a mineral water plant, 500,000 dinars; an envelope
producing facility, 50,000 dinars. [Text] [Amman AL-DUSTUR in Arabic
6 Sep 79 p 6] 9063
PHOSYHATE EXPORTS--Jordan's phosphates exports during the first 7 months
of tt~is year have increased by 151,184 tons over the corresponding figure
for the same period last year. Figures released by 'Aqabah's Port Authority
put the ~ohosphates exports during the first 7 months of this year at
1,427,829 tons compared with 1,276,645 tons for the same period last year.
[Text:] (Amman AL-DUST[TR in Arabic 13 Sep 79 p 5] 9063
FORErGN TRADE--The Statistics Office has releaspd its report on foreign
trade for 1978. The 712 page report gives a summary of foreign trade
statistics for the years 1969-78 and includes a section on trade with Arab
countries for 1978. The report indicates that Jordan's exports in 1978
were valued at 64 million dinars, compared with 60 million dinarg in 1977.
Imports in 1978 were pegged at 459 million dinars, as opposed to 455 million
dinars in 1977. Jordan's imports from Arab countries in 1978 were placed
at 87 million dinars, compared with 73 million dinars in 1977. Jordan's
imports from Arab countries in 1978 were placed at 43 million dinars, -
compared with 36 million dinars in 1977 [si~]. [Text~ (Amman AL-DUSTUR
in Arabic 18 Sep 79 p 2] 9063
OIL REFINERY EXPANDED--The expansion program currently underway at Jordan's
Petroleum Refinery under the direction of a Romanian company is in its
final stages. The new facilities will suon be turned over to the refinery.
IText) [Amman AL-DUSTUR in Arabic 19 Sep 79 p 3] 9063
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BANK. DFPOSITS--Sources at Jordan's Central Bank have disclosed that ~eposits
froa~ all sectors during the first half of this year have increased by
83,203,000 dinars over the figure relased at tiie end of last year. As of
the end of last June, total bank deposits were given as 531,713,000 dinars,
compared with 448,510,000 dinars for the corresponding period in 1978.
The sources added that the largest increase came from Jordanian residents,
- whose combined deposits were put at 58,661,000 dinars. This was followed
by non-residents, with deposits of 12,515,()00 dinars, quasi-governmental
institutions, 6,191,000 dinars, municipal governments, 3,037,000 dinars,
_ and, finally, gover~iental agencies with deposits of 2,732,000 dinars.
[Text] [Amman AL-DUSTUR in Arabic 19 Sep 79 p 3] 9063
WATER PROJECT--The director of the Water Department's technical office,
Mr Tamin Abu Wasil, announced that actual work to pipe drinking water from
al-Sawwaqah to al-Qastal region will begin early next year. The project,
according to the announcement, will bring drinking water to 45 villages,
Responding to a question by AL-RAY, Mr Tamim Abu Wasil said, "The project
will end the water crisis in the South Amman region." Speaking of the
region that will benefit by the project, the director indicated that 45
localities will receive adequate water supplies. These include: Madaba,
Ma'een, Um al-Burak, Um al-Basatin, Um ol-'Amad, Jiza,� al-Qastal,
Um al-Rumman, Manjah, al-Makhyat, Kfir Abu Nadi, Kfir Abu Sirbat, Kfir
Abu Kan'aan, Ibn Hamid, Hallul, Huwwarah, Safa, Um Qasir, Um al-Walid,
al-Muborak, Abu 'Alanda, al-Rajib, Mushirfit Sahab, a1-Kashifiyyah,
- al-Turbah, al-Matila, Um Butmah, al-Muwaqqcr, al-Juwaydah, Um al-Sahhaq,
Na'or, al-'Asakir, Qaryat Nafi, Rujm al-Shami, Thuhaybah al-Sharqiyyah, ~
Thuhaybah al-Gharbiyyah, Khuraybet al-Suq, Jowa, al-Lubban, al-Tanib
al-Yadudah, al-Muqablin, Um Qasir, al-Bunyat al-Shamaliyyah, al-Bunyat al-
Gharbiyyah, Um al-Qanafid and al-'A1. He added that the water project
will also serve 'Alia's housing project, the teachers' housing project
and the army's housing project, and pegged the total cost of the undertaking
at 3.25 million dinars. He explained further that 22 kilometers of pipe
out of 51 kilometers ordered have already been delivered, and that digging,
construction of storage tanks and the erect~.on of a mai.n pumping station
will soon begin. [Text] [Amman AL-RA'Y in Arabic 19 Sep 79 p 3] 9063
NATIONAL WATER PLAN--The Natural Resources Authority has prepared the first
national plan for water to serve as a basis for a comprehensive water
resources policy, ~ne that will take into consideratior Jordan's available
water supplies, its present and future needs, as well as its priorities
~ , f or E~conomic and social development. Natural Resources Authority sources
indicated that the authority has already examined numerous water reservoirs
in an effort to determine their capacities and to develop them �urther.
(Text:] [Amman AL-RA'Y in Arabic 19 Sep 79 p 4] 9063
TECHNICAL TRAINING CENTER--The Vocational Training Institute yesterday signed
a contract with the Soviet Techno-Export Institute according to which the
latter will conduct preliminary studies for constructing and equipping a
technical training center in the village of Hakma in the Irbid Governorate.
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A reliable source at the Vocational Training Institute said that the
proposed center will have a 300 student capacity. The 3-year program,
_ following junior high school, will include training in metallurgy,
automotive repairs, indus trial electrical technology, central heating and
construction. The contract was signed by Mr Munzir al-Masii, director
general of the Vocational Training Institute and Mr Kornilov, state
_ representative for foreign economic affairs. [Text] [Amman AL-RA'Y in
Arabic 19 Sep 79 p 4] 9 063
" CS 0: 4802
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~.E:~,ANON
'MONUAY rtOIZNTNC' [NTP:KVIEW tJI'CH RA`,'~lOND EUDI:
Be i rue ~t(1Nf)AY rtORNINC in F.ngl ish 4-].8 Oct 79 pp 30-36
[Interview with Raymond Edde by ~tona ei-Said 'tn Yaris, no date given]
['rcxc~
The seif-exiled Lebanese leader Raymond Ldde has called on the Arab states to
contribute troops to the U.N. Interim Forcc in Lebanun (UNIFIL). -
Edde, talking to Monci~y Rlorning in Paris last week, said thc only useful thing that -
the proposed Arab summit conference could ~roduce for Lebanon would be a decision
"to place at the disposal of the U.N. several thousand non-Syrian Arab soldiers who
would then participate in UNIFIL."
The move, he said, would enable the internatic~nal force to cumplete the withdrawal
from South Lebanon of the Israeli Army, which was still in position in several
Southcrn villabes.
- The Maronite MP, who heads the Lebanese Parliament's National Bloc, was a
candidate for tf~e Presidency in 1976. After he lost to President Elias Sarkis and
1 escaped two attempts nn his life, he left the country and has not been back since,
promising to return only when he can have freedom of speech and political action in
his own cou~try.
Edde said the only other resolution the Arab summit can produce which could
benefit Lebanon would be a resolution "to stop delivering oil to the United States." _
"It is obvious," he added, "that such a decision is impessible to even dream about." -
The ~ightist leader accused the Carter Administration c?f going ahead with the plan
worked out hy formcr Secretary of Statc Henry Kissingc~r to partition Lebanon into
Moslem and Christian mini-states and resettle the Palestinian refugees in the Moslem
half.
He said the United States supporte;l Israel's March, 1978 invasion of the South, as
confirmed by the former U.S. ambassador to the U.N., Andrew Young, and he asked:
"',r~hat evidence do we have that the United States has since then changed its position
on South Lebanon? "
Eddc also:
� Called fUr the deployment of U.N. troops in all parts of Lebanon, to replace the
now wl~olly Syrian Arab Dcterrent Forces;
~
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s Urged the Lebanese authorities to declare the Lebanese-Palestinian Cairo
Agreement null and void and work out a new accord with the Patestine Liberation
Organization "which is consistent with Lebanese-Israeli (armistice) agreements, which
ducs not violate Lebanese sovereignty, and which does not damage Lebanese-Palestinian
relations";
� Dismissed the new U.S. initiative for a"broader truce" in South Lebanon as a
, "test balloon";
� Saw no possibility of a Lebanese solution before the Palestinian problem was
settled, and no chance that the Palestinian problem would 'be settled in the near
future; .
� Appealed to the Lebanese people to "wake up to the situation into which their
leaders have fed them" and come back to their senses. "They are good people," he
said. "They are people who build their nation and their life with the sweat of their -
brow, and not by piracy and murder, as their leaders are asking them to build it now."
. The full interview:
Wh.it h.~vc yuu I~card al~uut thr iicw Chairman Yaser) Arafat, and I don't think
ArrEerican initiative to promote a the meeting will yield any results.
"broader truce" in Lebanon, and what
is your opinion of it? Why not?
What ! have hcard is that this initiative gecause as far as I know, what was
i~ not really there, in the sense that it is discussed was the PLO's approval of
o~9y a tcst balloon. Lebanese Army deployment in South
At any rate, the solution for the South Lebanon. Poor Lebanese Army! It needs
will be frozen pending the Presidential special permission to go to part of its own
elections in the United States, and South country. It needs the permission of this ~
Lebanon may be a bargaining tool. party, that leader or the other organiza-
tion before it meekly enters the area.
So you don't think that there is any I believe that if the Army is deployed -
chance of holding an international in South Lebanon, its situation there will
- conference on the South which would be no different than its situation in
i~ring together all the parties concern- Keserwan and Qyblos, where the militi~s
ed? are frolicking with their weapons wieh the
To begin with, who are "the parties Army unable to challenge therru.
concerned? " If they're referring to the Just recently, on the Tripoli highway
parties present in the South - Israel, the in the Byblos district, the militias in that
Palestinian Resistance and Lebanon - area killed several people near an Army
how can they hope to bring those three checkpoint, and the Army was unable to
to the negotiating table with an Arraerican intervene, to ask what was going on, to
representative, or the U.N. secretary try to capture the perpetrators.
general or the representative of any other There is no difference between Army -
country? Such a conference would be prese.nce and Army absence in Keserwan
another Camp David, and I don't think and Byblos, and I don't think the
Lebanon can participate in it. situation will be any different in Tyre and
If they're talking about a Lebanese- Nabatiyeh, if the Army is deployed there.
Palestinian coriference, the President of ~ The officers and the soldiers are
thc Lebanese Republic has already met definitely not io blame for this. The
witl~ (Palestine Liberation Organization responsibility rests with the political
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IeadershiR, which still does not have the ~ssistance to rcestablish Lebanese sover-
courage to i5sue firm orders to the Army, eignty in the South) would be extended
~ to cover all parts of Lebanon. This would -
One of the reports circulating about the allow Syria to withdraw its Army, and
U.S, initiative talks about the possibi- make it possible for President Sarkis to _
lity of replacing the Arab Deterrent build the army of the "new Lebanon" -
~ Forces with U.N, troops. Do you think and instruct it to gather up all the arms in
such a thing could happen? the country with the support of the
That is my fondest wish. Everyone international forces.
knows that I have been demanding foreign Otherwise, I don't see how President
J.N, troops for years, because the Arabs Sarkis can ask the Syrian Army, which is
are incapable of sending joint forces. not an Arab deterrent force, to pull out
Proof of this can be seen in what of Lebanon. ,
happened after the 1976 Riyadh and Regarding the situation in 5outh Leba-
Cairo summits, in which it was decided to non, I say the American Administration is
form a joint Arab force of 30,000 troops responsible for it, and I will give you
- to be piaced under the command of proof of this:
President Elias Sarkis. As it turned out, When the Israeli Army entered Leba- _
most of the force was made up of Syrian non on March 15, 1978, Mr. (U.S.
soldiers, of whom there were 28,000, and Secretary of State Cyrus) Vance said the
the President's "command" was rendered American Administration had not asked
nominal because of the preponderance of Israel to put a stop to its invasion of
Syrian Army presence in the ADF. ~ L~banon but was watching developments
In this connection, I would like to carefully.
thank the 2,000 soldiers who came from And a month ago, on August 19, 1979,
the othe~ Arab countries. I would also the former U.S. ambassador (to thc U.N.,
have liked to thank the Syrian soldiers, Andrew) Young, stated on American
but unfortunately, ~lue to the orders of , television that the United States support-
their commanders, their treatment of both ed Israeli expansion into Lebanon.
_ Moslems and Christians in Lebanon was And we must not forget that Israel
' bad, and for that, I cannot be grateful to uses American weapons, and that ii used
the Syrian authorities. cluster bombs on Lebanese villages, dis- -
In contrast, the U.N. troops sent to the placing 220,000 Southerners, who became
South came from several countries, and refugees in their own country.
each country's contingent was equal in That was the American position on
si~e to each of the others'. Furthermore, March 15, 1978, as confirmed by Ambas-
none of the participating countries had sador Young. What evidence do we have
- any ambitions in Lebanon, that the United States has since then
For this reason, I wish that the ~hanged its position on South Lebanon?
European states and the Arab states which After the resignation of Mr. Young, the
have no ambitions in Lebanon would American people felt the power the
place some of their troops at the disposal Zionist lobby wields in the American
of the secretary general of the United Administration. Now ti~e Presidential
Nations. And i wish, as I have said before, elections are approacr~ing, and the candi-
_ that the provisions of Security Council dates, especially the car~didates of the
- Resolutions 425 and 426 (calling for U.N, DemocTatic .~Party, are interested in at-
. '
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tractin~ the Jewish vote. We can expect States can put an enci to Israeli inter- a
4'lashington to bow to the wishes of the ference in Lebanon. But as I said, the
Jewish lobby, which wants to take over elections are approaching and the Ca~ter
South Lebanon after driving 200,000 Administration does not want to upset
Maslem Shiites out of it. the Zionists in America.
The only way to stop Israel from doing I will be very happy if, after this
what it wishes is to send more U.N. interview is published, the American
- troops to this region. But the question is, Administration denies what I am saying
- would the states which have troops in the and assures the Lebanese people that it
South be willing to send more soldiers if supports the sovereignty, independence
the U.N. secretary gener:,l asked them to? and territorial integrity of their country
within its internationally recagnized
Do you think the presence of U.N. borders. Assurances, of course, would not
troops in all of Lebanon would be satisfy me. I would want something.
more effective than their presence has tangible. i would be very happy indeed,
been in the South? and so would the sweeping majority of
Yes. Because after the withdrawal of the Lebanese, if the United States were to
the Syrian Army, there would be only provide tangible evidence that its position -
- two regular armies in Lebanon: The iJ.N. on Lebanon had changed.
- force and ths Lebanese Army. !n the The first three years of President -
South now, however, we have the Israeli Sarkis' regime do not encourage one to
Army~ which has no interest in defusing trust American assurances. Despite the _
the situation in that area. That is ~why assurances the President received from
Sautli Lebanon is the only part of the America, the incidents in the South
world where a U.N, force has been continued and, in March, 1978, lsrael
unsuccessful. ~ launched a land, sea and air invasion of
the entire South, attacking 'its peaceful~
Given the new U.S. initiative, vague innocent people.
though it may be so far, do you still
think the Carter Administration is going What hopes are you pinning on the y
ahead with the "Kissinger plan" to Arab summit conference, which is -
partition Lebanon, as you have said in expected to discuss the South Lebanese
the past? problem as a major item on its agenda?
In September, 1974, I said that there I am told that the summit will be
was a p~lan to divide Lebanon into two preceded by an Arab foreign ministers'
Lebanons - a Moslem one and a Christian meeting in Tunis. I hope, of course, that
one, with the Damascus road as the they will decide to defend the South -
border between them - to allow for the not with speeches and emotions or with
resettlement of 400,000 Pal~stinians ~n feeble financial ~ compensation~ but with
Moslem Lebanon. That is the Kissinger action. I don't think ~hey will take suEh a
plan, which I called a conspiracy, decision. ~
In June, 1975, President Suleiman And if after the foreign ministers'
Franjich said that in the light of his meeting Syria decides to send more troops
mecting with Kissinger before 1974, he to Lebanon~ the situation will become
was convinced that it was Kissinger who worse, `especially since those forces are
worked out the plan for the Lebanese not allowcd to go south of the Litani, the
disturbances to give South Lebanon to the so-called "red line." .
Palcstinians. ~
I believe the ~onspiracy is continUin~, Exactly what svould you want the
because I am convinced that the United results of the Arab summit t~ be?
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I

S NOVEMBER i979 N0. 2A4i ~ OF 2
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I want thc summit to place at the . Palestinians that is consistent with the -
disposal of the secretary general of the Lebanese-Israeli armistice agreement and
U.N. several thousand non-Syrian Arab cioes not violate Lebanese sovereignty.
- soldiers who would then participate with I recently read a statement by Presi-
- the U.N. Interim Force in Lebanon. dcnt Chamoun quoting President Sarkis as
When that happens, UNIFIL will be saying that the Lebanese-Palestinian Cairo
able to get the Israeli Army out of South Agreement cannot be amended and that
Lebanon. The Israeli Army, according to the alternativc was to "freeze" (Pales-
the information at my disposal, is still tinian military) operations in the South.
maintaining positions in several Lebanese Responding to that statement, Chamoun
villages, including Yarin, Maruhin, said that the Cairo ~4greernent no longer
Kawzah, south of Bint Jbail, south of � exists, since the House last ycar adopted a
Aitaroun, Kleia, Hula, Marjeyoun, decision prohibiting all military operations
Kfarshouba, Majidiyeh... The international on Lebanese territory.
forces will then be able to implement I disagree with Cami{le Chamoun's
Resolutions 425 and 426, and Resolution view. Thc Cairo Agreement will remain in _
~ 444, especially ArtiLle 7 of it, and effect until it is revoked by the executivo
Resolution 450. After that, authority i~ or legislative authority. Because the agree-
the South can be returned to the ment was signed - on November 3, 1969
Lebanese government, and the Arabs can - by Army Commander General Bustani
rebuild the villages destroyed by the on behalf of the Lebancsc government,
_ Israeli Army and compensate the villagers and it was later approved by majority
- because the South and its people have vote in Parliament. ~
been victimized by the Arabs, who have Camille Chamoun and Pierre Gemayel
all~wed them to face our common enemy must do what they did after the adoption
alone, of Security Council Resolutions 425 and
If the summit conference decides to 426. They must demand the annulment of
place Arab forces at the disposal of the the Cairo Agreement. But neither
U.N, sec~retary gencral, the Arabs will have Chamoun nor Gemayel dare make such a
truly done their duty toward South demand, for fear of angering the Pales-
Lebanon and the Lebanese people, tinian Resistance, especially these days,
Do you agr~e with the Lebanese Front when both of them are outdoing each
leaders who are saying that the Leba� othcr in their wooing of the Palestinian -
- Resistance.
_ nese-Palestinian coexistence agree- .
ment which the Sarkis regime is aiming ~ he executive authority wants to
at through contacts with the PLO and m~~ntain the Cairo Agreement and con- '
through the Arab summit is likely to tents itself with a request for the `
consecrate and formalize Palestinian suspension of military operations. And
presence in Lebanon, increasing the Abu Amr~ar says no one can force the
threat of the permanent resettlement of Resistance to withdraw from the South,
Palestinian refugees there and therefore and he apparently says this on the
the possibility of partition? strength of the Cairo Agreement, which is
I don't know what kind of formula still valid.
President Sarkis has worked out for The presence of the Resistance in the
Lebanese-Palestinian coexistence, but I South is aimed at the mounting of -
would favor any agreement with the QPerations which are the speciality of the
Resistance. If the Resistance suspends its
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opcrations, the suspension will not bc letters to the Arab chiefs of state on
pcrmanent, and if it is meant io be South Lebanon?
- ~~crmanent, then th.e Resistance must pull ( understand that 5arkis informcd ihe
out of the South, because its presence Arab states that they must take a serious
therc no longer has any justificati~n. interest in the situation in South Leba-
- non. And today, I read a statement made
Do you agree with Lebanese Front by Syrian Foreign Minister (Abaelhalim) -
Ieaders who say that the Arab summit Khaddam to "An-Nahar" in New York, to
will be a waste of time? the eFfect that the South Lebanon issue is -
Yes I do - if the result of the summit a threat not only to Lebanon but also to
is not what I havp just told you: a the security of all the Arabs, that it is
decision to send Arab troops to the only natural that the Arabs move to
Svuth. There is another decision which confrunt this new result of the Camp
would also make thesummit worthwhile: a David policy and help Lebanon and the
decision to stop supplying the United Palestinian Resis!anee, and that all we
States with oil. It is obvious that such a need do now is wait for the resolutions
decision is impossible to even dream Which will issue from the Arab summit
about. But aside from these two decisions, conference.
I see no other useful resolution that the You will notice that Khaddam says the �
- summit can adopt. ~ P:rabs must help Lebanon and the Pales-
tinian Resistance., which is not what
How should the Lebanese state dea) President Sark~s wants Yo do. President -
with the question of Palestinian pre- Sarkis wants to suspend military opera-
sence, in your opinion? tions in the South.
I told you how: by announcing that ~'his evening, ! was visited by Mr. Rene
= the Cairo Agreement is null and void. This Moawwad (MP), who delivered the Presi-
has become possible now, after. the dent's letters to the Arab heads of sta.te: '
adoption of Resolutions 425 and 426:~w In answer to my question, he said he was
1'he resolutions contradict the provisions satis~ed with the positions of the Arab
of the Cairo Agreement, and Article 103 leaders with whom he met.
of the U.N. Charter gives U.N. resolutions That is ail I have to say on this~ .
precedence over other decisions. After the subject... _
Cairo Agreement is revokec~, either by the On the international ievel, the Pope,
executive authority or by the legislative -
authority, Lebanon can enter into a new when he mentioned Lebanon in his speech
agreement with the PLO which is con- at the General Assembly, stressed the
sistent with Lebanese-Israeli agreements, importance of the Lebanese coexistence
which does not violate Lebanese sover- formula. This means that the Pope wants
eignty, and which does not damage a Lebanon of coexistence, not a Lebanon
~ of Maronites, as some want it to be.
Lebanese-Palestinian relations. ,
As for the effect the Pope s speech wili
How would you evaluate the guvern- have, I hope that the stafes which
ment's perfo~mance over the past few ~applauded him so much will allov~r their
months - starting with its performance po~~cies to be influenced by what he said
on the Arab level. What do you think, - especially what he said about Lebanon
for instance, of the initiative the and the Palestinian cause.
President took in sendinR personal For the hundredth time, I woulB like to
91 -
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- stress that it is in thc interest of Lebanon warld and outside it. In the light of what
and the Lebanesc people that a Palestinian you have heard from them, do you
state be established. It is unacceG~t~ble think there is any possibility that the
that a peopte, zny peoplc, remain without Lebanese problem can be st~lved in-
a homeland. It is inconceivablc tiiat the _ dependently of the Middle Easterr~
Palestinians bc deprivcd of Palcstine, crisis? ~
- whose name they carry. After the estab- ~ MY contacts aside, there is an in-
lishment of Palcstinc, thc Palcstinians who evitable link between the Lebar~ese and
remain in Lebanon will not be refugees or Palestinian issues. Evidence of this can be
commandos, but normal pcople c~njoying seen in the speech of Pope John Paul II at
the same rights and having the same the General Assembly, in which he said
obligations that other non-Lebanese resi- that Lebanon's independence, security and
- dents of Lebanon have, territorial integrity are linked with a just
solution of the Palestinian problem. That
What have you been doing to he(p is true as Iong as Israel wages war on
Lebanon since we la~t talked to you? Lebanon because of the presence of the
Have you had any contacts with Arab Palestinian Resistance.
or Western governments on thc issue? For this reason, the Lebanese autho-
I have no official status to enable me rities and the friendly Arab countries
to make such contacts. I am a member of must do everything in their power to
Parliament, nothing more. promote a just solution of the Palestinian
problem, Only when such a solution
But you have had contacts with the emerges will the Middle Eastern and -
French foreign ministry and the Vati- Lebanese crises be settled. "
can. Last week, you were in Bonn, and ~
now you're planning to visit the U.S. Do you see such a solution coming in
_ I have some private contacts in thosa the near future?
capitals, and I speak to them in my How do you expect a solution to come
capacity as a member of Parliament and in the near future, as long as Kissinger's
the leader of a Lebanese party, I explain p~an for Lebanon, the conspiracy, is still
to them the situation in Lebanon and the being implemented, and as long as the
danger posed to my country, and I Arabs don't really want to cooperate with
_ sometimes suggest measures that can be Lebanon, and as long as some Arab
- taken by those countries in defense of countries don't want a Palestinian state to -
Lebanon. be established (if we are to beiieve what
Have you met with any Palestinian President Carter said about not a single
officials? Arab leader telfing him he favored a
No: Palestinian state)?
Have you rriet with the leaders of other )udging by your current evaluation of
Lebanese parties? the situation, when ~do youi expect to
Yes, but not with Pierre ~Gemayel and return to Lebanon?
Camille Chamoun, of course. I will return when I complete my
~contacts outside Lebanon and when it
You are in fact in contact with vari4us becomes possible for me to take political
politicians and officials in the Arab action in full freedom in my country, -
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`
That is when i will return, and nothing on -
earth can kecp me away.
The Lebanese people miss you, and _
~ would like to get a message from ynu: -
what do you advise them to do to help
- end the Lebanese tragedy? -
I cannot put it better than His Holiness
Pope John Paul II, who said in his speech _
~ in Ireland that violence is a crime against
humanity and that there is no war
between Catholics and Protestants.
I convey the same message to the
people of Lebanon. The Lebanese people
must wake up to the situation into which
their leaders have led them. The time has
come for them to leave those leaders and -
- return to themselves, for they are good
_ and loying people; they are people who .
build their nation and life with the sweat
of their brow, and not by piracy and
murder, as their leaders are asking them
to build it now.
- CSO: 4820
93
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I,EBANON
INTERVIEW WITH IBRAHIM QULAYLAT
London AL-HAWADITH in Arabic 21 Sep 79 pp 12-14
[Interview with Ibrahim Qulaylat, Lebanese leftist leader o� the "Mur~tbitim,"
~ by correspondent Walid 'Awad; date and place not given]
- [TextJ After the :onflicts that broke out within the "National Movement"
and th~ battles that occur;-ed between some of its groups, the "Murabitun "
have ,3gain surfaced as a political and military stance which is demanding a
comprehensive evaluation of the previous stage and preparation of a clear
i future path that will not perish among the currents of the leftist parties.
' The name Ibrahim Qulaylat has again appeared, playing a role and taking a
stance in the western area.
Many people are at a loss as to how to evaluate this role. Some of t;'nose
in the eastern area who differ with him and who oppose his policy ,3ee him
(correctly represented, in tfieir opinion) in the articles wtiich wer~a
recently written by Jean Larteguy in PARIS MATCIi (No 1576) as an in~estiga-
tive report about Lebanon. Tfiey were cruel and biting articles. And some
people consider him to be temporary legality in the western area in the
absenc~ of legality.
He said to the Kuwaiti ambassador, 'Abd-al-Hamid al-Bu'ay~an, when he came
on behalf of the Follow-Up Committee: "I am ready to close down my radio
station if that would help to establish legality and pave the way ~or the
government to take matters firmly in hand and implement tts existence."
A1-Bu'ayian was delighted and passed these words along to Lebanese officials.
~ And until the goverrrment takes matters firmly in hand, Ibrahim Qulaylat will
j be fully in evidence, politically and militarily.
I As you stroll around his office and sit down together with him, you are at
a loss as to what words to choose to describe his personality.
Some time ago, after his period of inedical treatment in Geneva, the medicine
:,n his desk disappeared. He had thrown it al.l out the window. Aad along
with it disappeared his unhappy moods which resulted from hi~ condition of
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fatigue. But there is one thing which ~id not disappear, and will never
disappear, from Ibrahim Qulaylat's desk, and that is President 'Abd~al-Nasir's
picture (the only picture tfiere), his quotes, and everything that is connected
with his historic stances.
In al.l oi this atmosphere, and after having a sip of the green tea which
Ibrahim Qulaylat likes, I asked him: ,
[Question] The war is a testing ground for n~en and events. Where do you
stand r~ow, after 4 years of war?
[Answer] Our position is still firmly rooted in the principles which have
_ been the basis for our decisions to assume our responsibilities during all
the years of the Lebanese war, a war which is military and political at the
same time. For me the political wax is tfie more vicious one and demands
effective and vigilant participation in order to deal with it. The
difference between the military war and the political war is that the former _
is, for the mos't part, a visible, material war, except in some of its ~
elements which are dictated by political decisions, and tne latter basically
depends on what is concocted in the invisible kitchens 'oehind the scenes.
This requires vigilance, pursuing matters, and keeping abreast of every
event in order to gain an in-depth knowledge about it.
We, as an organization of Nasserite independents, the Murabitixn, continuing
to see our position as being within these dimensions, are convinced, due ~
to the experience of past years, that the Lebanese arena--in the context of
a settlement of the Middle East problem, ta~ing into account it Arab, ~
Palestinian, and Lebanese dimensions--constitutes the central aren~ in the
struggle to attain this settlement, in both the geographical and political
senses. This distinctive role played by the Lebanese arena has, clearly
and without a doubt, decided, politically and militarily, the stances
assumed and the roles played by the forces which are dire:~_~ng the struggle -
in the area.
Through ob~ectively analyzing our movement, its duties, ax~d its continuity,
and through taking a more profound look at our movement's concepit of the -
basic given factors that constitute the facts of the case, the documents, -
and the decisions in the dossier of the Middle East issue, we feel that the
- national progressive foxces and our movemenz are not permitted to play any
real role in building the furure of our nation, Lebanon. Also their pan-
Arab role is perhaps being curtailed in the realm of this problem. This
role, as we appraise it, is at best tantamount to political pressure moves,
at intermittent stages, for the pur.~pose of seeking improvement of the
conditions stipulated by the large forces, which are running the conflict,
in the dossier of the Middle East issue. , _
[Question] Who is the obstacle and who is the one who is standing aside? _
fAnswer] The first would be the forces in the struggle which are definitely
and by nature hostile to us. The second would be--and this is something
which is really regrettable--tfie large, allied forces which are directing ~
the strnggle. 95
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- [Question] Under the category of objective criticism of you, it is said
, that your military arm is strongPr than your political arm, and that you
have not waged a political battle which, for example, has had the spirit
of the military "Holiday Inn" battle in 1976!
[AnswerJ This statement can be rejected from two standpoints. This first
is that our movement is a political, ideological movement whose roots extend
back 21 years, to the 1958 revolution to be exact, and I do not believe
- that the movement would :iave been able to survive with its military and
political institutions, from that time until now, if it had not been for
the fact that it is based on the clarity of its political position. In our
movement there is not distinction between the political aspect and the
- military aspect. Our party and organizational work does not respect or heed
any such distinction, because we always take into consideration all the
party and organizational experiences which occurr~d when the false idea of
such a distinction was tolerated between the wings of [the movement's]
organizations, particularly since this tolerance, especially in the Third
World, is a practice employed to encourage conflicting trends among those
_ engagad in party and combat activity. The second standpoint which rejects
the accusation of a distinction [between the political and military aspects]
in our movement is the fact tfiat our military achievements, which have taken
place continuously for 20 years, are the result of a political decision.
[Question] In people's minds the National Movement is the antithesis of
the Lebanese Front. Do you not believe that the balance of power has now
shifted in favor of the Front, especially after the clear disparity in the
positions taken by the facts in the National Movement?
[Answer] In the scientific balance [of forces] in the conflict in the Leb-
anese arena, the National Movement constitutes the only organization which is
actively confronting the plans and course of action of the Lebanese Front. This
balance is what determines the basic aims on which the National Movement is
b2sed, along with the basic aims on wfiich the Lebanese Front is based. Accord-
ing to the patriotic concept, the balance [of power] cannot fail to be in favor
of the National Movement. And if there are any defects in the balance which
favor the Lebanese Front, it is not a result of the patriotic, political, and
military positions of the Lebanese Front, It is a result of the impact of Arab
and international considerations related to decisions, at different stages,
which are included in the dossier of the t~fiddle East issue, to which the
Lebanese issue is attached, It is a circumstantial case which disappears along
- with its causative factors.
j
[Ruestion] If the Lebanese Front is not the dialo5 rartner on the other
' side, then who is?
i
- [Answer] After the journey of suffering the Lebanese have gone through, we
have become convinced that the Lebanese Front does not really represent the
patriotic Christian faction, and this is sufficiently indicated by the
disintegration which took place in the Front after President Sulayman
Franjiyah withdrew from it, and by the present position of Raymond Iddih,
' or by two parties of the rront, the Phalangists and the National Liberals,
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after a number of their political leaders, such as Col Fu'ad Lahud left
them. We are adhering to our patriotic political stance in order to arrive
at a solution which would enalile our country to pull out of its misfortune
so that the patriotic Christian faction, which is outside the realm of
being subordinate to the Lebanese Front, can have the main effective role in
the dialog and in creating a new, advanced, civilized formula--without the
_ concept of the Lebanese Front--which would be suitable for the building of ~
a nation which would be capable and have healthy, deeply entrenched roors
for mutual understanding. No patriotic person would disagree with this
demand, in any location within the arena of Lebanon.
And if the Lebanese Front is to have a role, then first it must remove the
factors which caused the members of the Front to switch over from being
nationally categorized as being among those who tolerate Israeli occupation
of a cherisfied part of the our country to being among those who collaborate
with this occupation, and thus with the Zionist Enemy.
[Question] More than one leader in the National Front feels that Amin
al-Jumaayyil and Dany Sham'un do not collaborate with this occupation,, nor
with Israel. And this qualifies them to play the role that you are talking
about.
[Answer] The logic of hawks and doves in the'two parties of the Lebanese
Front is a farce which was toppled by the conditions of the confrontation
with the enemy, and it does not form a link between the formula sought and
arriving at final solstions to the crisis which has been going on for 4 yeara.
And if Amin al-Jumayyil and Dany Sham'un are not openly in contact with
Israel, they are still part of the contact with Israel, they 2re still part
of the contact with Israel through their two parties. The day that both of
them withdraw from their parties, then they will have really choaen the
path of breaking off relations wit:~ the Zionist enemy.
[Question] There is information to the effect that the two of them are
conducting a dialog with you by means of written and oral messages, and
that the ambassador of a neutral European country has passed on to you a
message fror~ Shaykh Amin al-Jumayyil.
~ [Answer] It is true. Our channel of communications has been open for some
time. There was a message that came to ua from Dany Sham'un, a written
letter which constitutes a channel which paves the way for a dialog. Also,
2 years ago, at the end of the war, we received an oral message from Bashir
al-Jumayyil, through a press organization, which proposed a dialog, and
this was before the stage of collaborating with Isr~el. The message ~
suggested holding a meeting in a place agreeable to both parties. A very
short time ago we received, via the ambassador o~ a Western European
country, a message from Amin al-Jummayyil which, in his view, constitutes a
basis for a national dialog. But we did not dwell on it for too long since
it mentioned no means of dealing with the basic,root causea for the existing
incampatibility between us and the two parties, the Phalangista and the
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Liberals. So we told the ambassador, who is friendly with both sides, that
the message, with its rather pale contents, was about as useful to us as
blowing on cold ashes [to keep a fire going]. -
[Question] Some people do not like what you said about an agreement zaith
the Maronites, at a time when there is a prior need to have the Moslem
leaders come to an agreement. Do you, for example, need to come to an
agreement with the Moslem bloc before making an agreement with Amin
~ al-Jumayyil and Dayn Sham'un? -
[Answer] Wiien we advocate the necessity of undertaking a national agreement -
with the Maronite faction, we are including the necessity of a Maronite-
Moslem agreement. The Lebanese war has defined the positions of all of the
factions, and the progressive Moslem massea have conclusively categorized
the forces in the struggle, the patriotic and unpatriotic ones, and the
Moslem and Christian ones. Many of those toppled by the war fn the patriotic
Moslem arPa are making common cause with the unpatriotic Maronites. And .
here a distinction should be made between tfie patriotic Maronites and
independent Maronites on tfie one hand, and the Maronites of the Lebanese
Front on the other hand.
It shoud also be made clear that the Moslem bloc has patriotic Moslem
personalities with whom we see eye to eye in many issues which directly
concern our Moslem masses.
' [Question] When you openly state that there are Tro~an horses in the
Palestinian revolutionary movement and the National Movement, you are
moving over close to (tfie position ofJ tfie sident ma~ority or to a poaition
mid-way between the rightists snd the leftists. Ur how would you otherwise
designate this position? .
[Answer] In circumstances like those in the war in Lebanon it is not
something unusual if forces playing a destructive role infiltrate into the
Palestinian revolutionary movement, and into the progressive national move-
ment. Both of them are in the thick of having to deal with the cfiallenges
to the causes of our masses. But the revolutionary leadership and .
mentality--committed to its cause--which is inside the Palestinian resistance
movement and the National Movement, is capable of bridling and liquidating
the Tro~an fiorses inside their movements.
jQuestion] People raise a hue and cry about the seconrlary wars between
factions, deployed along the same battle-line, th~t are fighting in the
streets and between houses, Three weeks ago there ~vas Sidon and 2 we,eks
ago there was the Mazra'ah area. Do you not think that this fighting makes
you lose a lot of what you have gained? ~
[Answer] These negative phenomena that sometimes abound in the Palestinian
revolution and the National Movement are, without a doubt, wearing down our
forces, apart from the battles that our duty forces us ta take part in.
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For t~is -reason it is incumbent upon us all to prevent this, by all possible
means and summoning all our courage, otherwise, as time goes on, all this
- might turn into a characteristic situation whicfi could be profitable only to
the enemy. The Murabitun--the movement of independent Nasserites--have
already counteracted the negative phenomena whi^h occurred in Sidon by
issuing a statement at that time which ccmmented on the strike in the city
as follows: "Spme growths have appeared on the body of the Palestinian
revolution and the National Movement, and they have secreted many excesses.
These should have been dealt with and we should have loudly demanded the
cessation of their harmful effect on the Palestinian and Lebanese masses who
b~th suffered, to an equal degree, from this harm and these excesses."
From Beirur and Sidon ~cae turn to the far south concerning which the question
add.r.essed to Ibrahim Qulaylat is:
_ [Question] Why is the south not the main arena ot military activity and
concentra tion of armed troops? What role do the Murabitun play in the war -
in the south?
[Answer] There is no doubt that our natural location at this fateful stage
is the south. In our movement's concept the south is politically and
geographi cally the central link in the Middle East conflict, and all means
of combat sfiould be mobilized for it. And if there is any obscuring of our
role in the south, this is not our concern and will not alter our path,
because in the south we are fighting for the sake of 'Umar's lord and not
for the sake of 'Umar [i.e., we are fighting for important principles and
not for something insignificant]. We are in the lands of the south, with
all o:E our combat resources, we have men who fall in battle, and we are
continuing to remain side by side with the people of the south who are
stauncbly holding out ~n their positions. Everybody knows that the Murabitun
fighters in the city of Sidon were tfie last ones to retreat from their
positions, on the morning of the Israeli attack, to the outskirts of the
city, and were the first ones to return and enter the city. We also were,
and still are, in al-Tayyibah, 'Adlun, al-Qasimiyah, and Arnun. Two of
our men have been taken prisoner by the Israeli enemy. They are Nizam Kirbaj
and Muhammad Harb . -
Since the south is presently the focus of the conflict, we are busy drawing
- up a plan based on a clear policy of allying our forces more closely with
the progressive Moslem forces in the soutfi in order to facilitiatp their
doing of their duty, on the national, pan-Arab, and international plane.
A discuss ion of the south naturally leads us to talking about the disappearance
of the Imam Musa al-Sadr,
[Question] It is said that your organization, with its means of gathering
information, has definite knowledge about the fate of the Imam al-Sadr, but
that it is not in your interest to spread the secret at ti~e present time.
Do you no t think that che fact that the Sunnis and Shi'ites have unified
their ranks makes it imperative to say sometFiing decisive in this matter?
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~
[Answer] On the basis of the information gathered by the organizations in
our movement, considering a~.l of its national, domestic, pan-Arab, and
international dimensions, we have kept in mind our duties ae dictated to
us by our position in the united ranks of the Moslems, and have searched for
a clue that would lead us to learnj.ng about the fate of the Imam and hia -
two comrades, but so far we have had negative reaults. But we, along with
tho~e in the patriotic, Arab r.anks, are demanding that efforta be pursued
to uncover the circumstances surrounding the disappearance of the I~amy
especially since they are circumstances which, at this stage, do not serve
the cause of unifying the ranks of the Moslems.
[Question] In conclusion we ask you: Have you given up calling the 1943 ~
Covenant the Lebanon Hotel Formula, or have you found a palpable subatitute?
[Answer] Each new day subsequent to the 1943 Covenant strengthens our
conviction that the 1943 deal was, at best, nothing more than [the formation
_ of] a shareholding company between a bloc of f amilies which were obliged
by th~ imperialists to sign that fornrula's decree,
jQuestion] Do you and Shaykh Bashir al-Jumayyil agree about this? His
approach to this formula is that of a re~ection aimilar to yours.
[Answer] But he criticizes it on a completely different basis than we do.
_ We view it from a purely patriotic viewpcint, ~:rhereae his understanding of
- these principle~ is based on forming a screen for Israeli occupation in the
south. This is on the one hand. On tfie other hand, he approaches this
formula through hypotheses and family rituals, supported by the slogan:
God, country, and family.
[Question] De Gaulle himself talked about the French family.
[Answer] The atmosphere in which De Gaulle was talking ia one thing, and
the atmospfiere of the Phalangist Party is quite another matter. De Gaulle
, did not base a family political party on ideas such as: the fatfier ia the
godfather, the firstborn son is the political arm, and the second son is -
the military arm.
And so on. Ibrahim Qulaylat admits that the present stage is a stage of
political aggressiveness, not one of military aggressiveness. In this _
connection, he is receiving ambassadors and receiving messages.
Maybe in the end, after all the cards are on the table, he will be the one
conducting a dialog!
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LEBANON
F 1NANC~ NIINISTER EXPLAINS ATTF~4FrS TO BOLSTER REVF'NUES
~ Beirut MONIaAY MORNING in English 22-28 Oct 79 Pp 2~+-29
LInterview with Ali al-Khalil, finance minister, by Mona el-Said date and
place not givenT
LTtxt~ ~ Finance Minister Ali al�Khalil expects i.ebanon's customs d~ties
to be doubied by the government's current efforts to combat
smuggling and piracy.
. In an interview with Monday Morning last week, the minister
said Lebanon's anti-smuggiing campaign involves:
_ � Reduction of "some" customs duties; _
_ � Mode~n anti-smuggling equipment for the customs au-
thorities; .
� A drive to reestablish law and order in all parts of the
country, including the n~mero~rs coastal locations which now host
illegal harbors.
The anti�smuggling crusade is one of the measures the minister
mentioned in an all-out effort to build up the trickle of State
revenues into a "reasonable" flow.
Other measures the minister cited were:
�"A reconsideration of tax legislation." This measure he -
~ studiously avoided elaborating on, giving the impression that the
next few months may bring us fatter taxes. Since one of the
government's aims is to "reduce the burden of limited-income
groups," as Khalil put it, one assumes that it is the other groups
who will be getting more acquainted with their tax-collectors.
�"An improvement in tax-collection operations." This
improvement has already started with a decision to cancel all fines
for late taxpayers and encourage them to come up with thair back
taxes by extending the payment period and introducing an
_ installment plan.
~ To "reduce the burden of limited income groups~" Khalil said,
the government fully intends to tile with inflation and take on the -
cost-of-I iving ogre.
To reduce inflationary pressures and bolster the Lebanese
pound, for instance, the authorities are trying to abwrb surplus -
liquidity by iswing Treasury bonds. _
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To control prices, they are trying to "revive" and "mobilize"
price~ontroi legislation and agencies - with a few possible
" amendments in the legislation in quest3on.
Where bolstering th~ Lebanese pound fs concerned, the minister
protested that the currency was doing exceptionally well,
considering the battering it has received.
- The pressures to wi~ich the pound has been wbjected would
have destroyed th~ currencies of many other countries, he said,
but they have hardly affected the Lebanese pound - thanks to its
gold coverage and "the wise policies which the monetary agencies
concerned are using to support and protect 1t."
. The fact that the dollar has soared from LL. 2.40 to LL. ~.25 is
not a sign that the LL. has dropped; it's a sign that the dollar has _
risen. Ditto where sterling is concerned.
_ And what about the recent survey in the /nsti~ucion.al lnvestor,
in wh~ch international banking instituti~ns rated Lebanon as the
least c~editworthy country in the Mlddle East, bar Turkey?
If the wrvey is accurate, KhaHl declared, the rating ts only
temporary and "will in no way affect Lebanon's ability to obtain
iaternational loans." In fact, generous loan offers are already~
"pouring in," but Lebanon is pollteiy rejecting them because its
plari is to start wltb domestic loans (Treawry bonds) and then go
on to external loans.
Will Lebanon ever regain 1ts sWtus as the unchalfenged financlal
center of the Mliddle East~
No question about it, the minister sald, reportir~g that "eve~ in
these ble~k times, all regional and international financ~a)
Institutions have unanimously nomin~ted this country - arxi this -
country alone - to be the major center of all f3nancial activities in
the entire region, w~en it regains its stabillty and security."
Following is the full interview: -
Could you summarize for us the conirol the cost of living and reduce the
financial policy which the new govern� burden of limited-income groups. These are -
ment of Premier Selim Hoss is follow� the major issues which the government
ing? intends to deal with at this time, with a
In its policy statement, the government view to setting the financial situation of the
pledged to use all possible means to country on the right course. ~
irnplement urgent construction and de- This rzquirES a reconsideration of tax
_ velopment programs, improve the condi� Iegislation, an improvement in tax collec- -
tions of the Treasury, corfibat inflationary tion operations, and various measures to
pressures and the high cost of living, deal limit inflation and combat the high cost of
v+~ith social, labor, health and education living, whatever form it takes. '
problems, and promote private enterprise To invigorate the tax-collection opera-
in the national economy. . tion, the government has extended the -
These represent the major steps that the deadlines for the payment of certain taxes.
government intends to take at this stage to To absorb some of the excess currency
deal with the country's financial situation ~iquidity, it has issued Treasury bonds. And
- in such a.way as to achieve social ;ustice, it is now in the process of taking the
lead to economic prosperity, improve the appropriate measures to deal with the cost
conditions of the Treasury, fight inf~ation,
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r
~~f living. AI{ this is being done in As for the domestic causes, these can be
accordance with a clear, ~.�ell-defined plan, summarized as follows: the rise in internal
_ Could you give us an idea of the liquidity, and the failure to control prices.
- broadlines of the national budget for The responsibility for these causes must be ~
1980, which was recently approved by borne by each co~ntry separately.
the Cabinet? The Lebanese. government is using the
The broadlines of ~ne budget can be. means at its disposal to deal with the
summarized a5 follows: internal causes of inflation and the rising
A. Once more, the expenditure is more cost of living. It is trying to absorb surplus ~
than the income. This, is due to the liquidity by seeking domestic loans (Trea-
increased expenditure on securityaffairs and c~ry bonds) and by adopting a certain
on construction and development projects. ~ banking policy. It is trying to control prices
The gap between expenditure and income by reviving che price-control agencies and
will, naturally, contract as security condi- mobilizing them by means of mobilizing -
tions improve. . the l~gislatic~n pertaining to this matter and~
B. It is hoped that this budget will help irtroducing the necessary amendments to
us develop clear principles on which to base it when such amendments are needed.
~ a dynamic financial policy - a financial
policy which is neither inadequate nor ~'bservers here have noticed a steep drop
helpless. in State income - in the collection of
C. It is also huped that customs taxes and customs duties - and they
revenues will increase as a result of the have attributed this drop to the mush-
c?fficial action planned to combat smuggl- rooming of illegal ports upan~ down the
i~ig and piracy - action which should. Lebanese coast. How do you intend tu =
double those revenues. deal with this particular problem?
Most countries in the world are suffering There is nothing surprising about the
drop in Treasury revenues in recent years;
from inflation and the cost-of-living indeed, it would have been surprising had =
_ spiral - and Lebanon is, perhaps, the revenues not dropped, considering the
suffering more than others. Exactly how paralysis that gripped State institutions as a
do you plan to deal with this proble~~? result of the painful incidents this country
More accurately: du you think you can has witnessed.
deal with this problem, given the ~ gut the government has not stood idl
authorities' continuing absence from by. It has taken several measures to restore
- some economic sectars and vi:al econo� a reasonable flow of revenues to the
_ mic facilities? Treasury, of which I cite the followfng:
There is no doubt that inflation and A. Fines for delays in tax-payment have
rising p~ices are phenomena from which been cancelled, the period for the payment
Lebanon, like other countries, is suffering. of back taxes has been extended and
And as you know, these two phenomena installment facilities have been introduced.
have external and internal causes. B. Some customs duties have been
Where the external causes are concern- reduced~ smuggling is being combatted and
ed, these are an international responsibility; the customs authorities are being provided
they can only be dealt with by joint action ~,vith modern equipment to help them limit
- on the part of all countries in general, and, smuggling.
more specifically, on the part of the In addition, the Lebanese government is
international financial institutions. rebuilding its security agencies with a view
to reestablishinA law and order in all parts
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of Zebanon - including, of course, thc and sterling havc improved, regaining
parts where those illegal ports you ast