JPRS ID: 9201 WEST EUROPE REPORT

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200100032-3
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9201
. 21 July 1980
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JPRS L/92Q1
21 Jt~ly 1980
WEST EU RO PE REPO RT -
(FOUO 32/80)
CONTENTS ~ -
_
THEATER NUCLEAR FORCES
FRANCE
National Defense Commission's Bigeard Interviewed
(Marcel Aigeard Intervie~a; PARIS MATCH, 13 Jun 80).. 1
: Firat Three Years of Military Programming Law Reviewed
(Yvan Nnel; ARMEES D'AUJOURA'HUI, Jun 80) 3
COUNTRY SECTION
- FRANCE
More Efficient Use cf Defenae Resources Called For
(Bertrand Lenicque; ARMEES D'AUJOURD'HUI, Jun 80) 8
- Military Service Reform Examined in Detail
(Michel Labro, Yann de 1'Ecotais; L'EXPRESS,
7 Jun 80) 14
Mirage 2000: Two Years of Testing Summed Up
(Jacquea Morisset; AIR ~ COSMOS, 29 Mar 80) 25 -
_ Improved Operations, Financial Savings Deacribed
(Bertrand de Lapresle; ARMEES D'AUJOURD'HUI, Jun 80) 31
ITALY -
Financial Aspects of New Government-Labor TJnion Accord
(IL SOLE - 24 ORE, 13 M~y 80) 36
Projected Increased Expe~:ditures,
by Claudio Alo
La Malfa Defenda Program Coata,
Giorgio La Ma1fa Ir.terview
a L I I I - WE - 15 0~'OLTO ) ~
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FOK Or'~ 1CiA;., USE UNLY
- SPAIN
Suarez~ Ability To Govern Questioned
(Editorial, Juan-Tom~e de Salas; CAMBZO 16,
1~ riay so) 42 ~
Interior Minister Diac:xsaes Terrorism
(Juan Joae Roson Perez Interview;CAMBIO 16,8 Ju.: 80) 44
- Workers Party Leader Glosses Over Extreme Left's Squabbles -
(Joae Sanroma Aldea Interview; CAI~BIO ~6,
22 Jun 80) 52
� Briefs
ETA Leader in Algeria 55
UCD Congreas 55
_
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THEATER NUCLEAR FORCES FRANCE
NATIONAL DEFENSE COMMISSIdN'S BIGEARD INTERVIEWED � _
, Paris PARIS MATCH in French 13 Jun 80 p 81
[Interview with Marcel Bigeard of the National Defense Commission by Florence
Portes]
[Text] (Question] Should France be equipped with a neutron bomb? _
[Answer] The neutron bomb is an improved Pluton, a still more modern arm
which does still more harm by deatroying people without destroying prop erty.
As ours is a dissuasive policy--it is the end of the world or nothing--we
should therefore do some research on the neutron bomb, for we canno~ lag
behind the United States or the USSR. Gener~l de Gaulle, who was not one to
lag behind, and who contrary to everyone else resolved to develop nuclear ~ _
power, would most certainly not be against it.
[Question] On the strategic plane, what are the different points of view
. among the four political units who are seated at the committee?
[Answer] It is not my place to disclose these differences to you. At any
rate, the Communists, Socialists, the RPR [Rally for the Republic] and the
UDF [French Democratic Union] are all in agreement on strategic power. A
few years ago, that was not so. Moreover, the entire committee is not
~ against a reasonable increase in the number of nuclear submarines.
[Question] IIias France the means of pursuing its nuclear policy while at the
~ same time it is developing the neutron bomb?
_ [Answer] Here w~ go back to the neutron bomb again. But we have not yet
_ reached the stage of asking for research. I'll say once again: at this
point, the Amerieans would like to have it--under certain cbnditions--and
the Russians do not have it. And if neither one nor the other has it,
perhaps there is no need to keep on trying to see which one can outdo the ,
- other, for at this stage of the game neither one is going to stop trying.
Having made my point, I as calling for an increase in our budget which from
~ 3.76 percent of the PIB should go up very quickly to 4 percent and soon
after to 4.5 percent. Now that the largest amount has been reached (22 0
billion fanded in 20 years), if we do our utmost, what can prevent us from . .
having 8 to 10 nuclear submarines and a neutron bomb into the bargain?
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[Question] Do you be].ieve that there is a risk of war? Some 72 percent of �
the French people believe there is, according to the EXPRESS opinion poll.
[Answer] That is why now is the time to increase the bsdget: the French
people will understand this. Personaliy, I do not believe we are headed
for the end of the world. As for war, we are already in one, an economic,
demogtaphic war, which is why we need to maintain a standing army in o:der
to be able to take a~tion as in Kolwezi, for example, But why would the
P.ussians launch a nuclear attack on us? They have always said: we shall
not engage in war with you with our t~.nks and our planes. We shall not engage
in war until your countries are undermined from within. However, we must be
ready for anything. France is separated from the Warsaw Pact countries
only by Germany, a 200 kilometer strip, a half-day's run away.
- .[Question] While in France, the Pope took up the cudgels against nuclear
escalation. Yet, you practising Catholics, are all in favor o� the neutron
bomb.
[Answer] The best policy, of course, would be wo-rld disarmament. But we must
consider what kind of world we are living in. France is not trying to pick
a quarrel with anyone. We took action in Africa only at our friends` request,
to keep the Russians out. But to enter into face to face conflict wit"t? the
- Russians, that would be a very different sitLation. Confronted by a wolf-
dog, a little pug that yelps "Stog" is very cute, but it gets him nowhere.
- Yo~s would have to see how hard they exert themselves: 2 or 3 years of
~ military service, the Soviet sc~ldier vows to die for his country, and what
discipline 4 million men under arms, 15 percent of the PNB [Gross National
Product], 80 nuclear submarines, a 12-million kiloton power, a sophisticated
airplane, the "Back-Fire," which the Americansdo not have...This is by no
neans just to go strawberry picking with. Consequently, faced with a power
- such as this, it is better to be on the defensive.
y [Question] The RPR has just ~ropnsed a 4-month decrease in military service.
Are you in favor of this?
[Answer] I am against it. In my opi.nion, it should be 1 year or none at
all. This is the way to develop patriotism, an ideal. Just when our armies
1 are reorganized and morale is good is not the time to go and reduce the
ranks...
[Questi~n] Is sending the privates to clean the beaches defending the
country?
[Answer] And the paratroopers? The 9th in Brittany? Our fighter pilots?
What are you doing with them? There were only 3,000 conscripted men on the
b~.aches. But as much as I am against soldiers being used as street sweepers,
I believe that when there is a question of a national tragedy, it is only
natural that the army be called in.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 par Cogedipresse SA
~ 8870
CSO: 3100 2
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THEATER NUCLEAR FORCES FRANCE
FIRST THREE YEARS OF M1"LITARY PROGRAMMING LAW REVIEWED _
Paris ARMEES D'AUJOURD'HUI in French Jun 80 pp 56-57
[Article by Capt Yvan Noel--passages between slantlines originalZy p~sblished .
in boldface] ,
[Text] "...A review of the first 3 years of the programming
law makes it apparent that legislative goals were attained
not only with respect to nuclear forces--improvement of
which was a feature of the three preceding programming
laws--but also with respect to the main armament programs,
general and defense research, as well as the peace of
activity of the forces and living conditions of military -
- personnel."(1)
, Law No 76-531 of 19 June 1976 covering approval of the military programming
for the years 1977-1982, in its spec~al article, called for "Parliament
to be delivered, before 31 October 1979, a report bringing up to date for
the pPriod 1980-1982 the ob~ectives and their relation to military expen~i-
tures and equipment for the armed forces."
~
- This report, covering the carrying-out of the law, was deli~~ered by the
- go~vernment to zhe Assembly office at the beginning of September 1979 and
was the object of a debate, but not a vote, during the last parliamentary
session.(2)
Midway through the period covered by the law, we can review the overall
performance in the first 3 years; to do that, we must look at the main
- ob~ectives set in the law in the following di.fferent fields: financial
resources, activities, equipment programs, study and research....
It is also possible to assess the usefulness of the new programming method
in force. '
One must first of all recall the main features of the 1977-1982 military
programming law, and emphasiz~ its clear innovaticns with respect to
previous programming laws.
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IC covers /overa'.l programming,/ that is, it takes into account all the
expenses of the forces, both operating expenses (Title III) and equipment
outlays (Title V).
Expressed in /parliamentary credits/--covering the totality of expenses--
it thus offers the armies a guarantee of resources by which they are assured
a growth in purchasing power.
It fixes /precise objectis/ to attain in the area of equipment; annexed to
the law, a catalog recapitulates the delivery orders to be realized during
the period covered by the law for the 39 main materiel programs of the
3 forces, while the priority given to the imp rovement of the nuclear forces
and necessary efforts in study and research are underlined. ~
~ The performance review of the first. 3 years of the law can be broken down
into the following areas:
/In the financial area/ first of all, overall resources devoted toPDescribed
for the first 3 years w~ere higher by 3.943 million Fr. than those
in the law (in total 204.558 million Fr.(3) compared to 200.615 million Fr.).
These supplementary resources reflect, in part, the real change in economic
parameters which existed ac the time the law was written.
It must be noted, in looking over. these credits, tttat there has been a more
rapid return than anticipated to a better bal ance between operating and
capital e~^nditures, the Title I~I portion decreasing from 59 percent in
1977 to 56.8 percent in 1979, while that of Title V increased correspondingly
fr~m 41 to 43.2 percent.
� The appropriations in program authurizations were--in conformity with the
law--annually adjusted to the resource packages expressed in parliamentary
credits. They increased from 26.550 milZion Fr. in 1977 to 42.892 million
Fr. in 1979, for an average growth rate of 27 percent.
Priority for Achievement of the Primary Materiel Programs
/In the area of equipment,/ the following observations can be made:
--the priority given to /nuclear ~orces/ (Strategic Nuclear Forces/Tactical
Nuclear Forces) has on the one hand allowed far completion of the research
and production envisioned in the law, and on the other hand, for the
carrying out of new decisions made since 1976: manufacture of additional
M-20 missiles in order to supply four of the five SNLE~s (Missile Launching
Nuclear Submarines) in service starting in 1980; ordering, in 1978, the
sixth SNLE, "Inflexible," due to go into service in early 1985, armed
with new M-4 missiles, extension to 1985 of the Mirage-4 of the strategic
air forces...
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The expenses for strategic dad tactical nuclear forces have stayed at
about 33 percent of Title V credits;
--Regarding/conventional materiel/, effort has been directed at the main
programs figuring In the catalog annexed to the law; the latter have thus ~ .
without exception been able to be accomplished under the conditions set
by the legislature. The only delays, as a consequence of delays n~cessary
for technical consi~erations, concern /for the land forces/ the 155 mm
rapid-fire gun, and for the air force, the Mirage 2000.
The new decisiona made since 1976 have been taken into account: they consist
basically of:
--/for the air force/, increasing the Transall fleet, in 1977, and
acceleration of the program for anti-aircraft defense of vulnerable points,
and especially of FAS (strategic air forces) bases.
--/For the navy,/ the adoption in 1978 of a group of long-term objectives
called "Navy 2000" as well as development of the new-generation naval _
patrol aircraft (A.N.G.).
~ Bur it must be ncted that the priority given to realization of the main
materiel programs has had repercussions on the progress of operational
environment programs--support, infrastructure, stocks--some of which have
had to be stretched out.
Progress in Various Areas
/In the area of ac.tive duty strength,/ the law stressed that personnel in
the forces had to be given suitable living arrangements and conditions, and
that this responsibility had to be met no matter what. The agreed effort ~
on behalf of perscnnel enabled the carrying-out of the reforms promised by
the new statutes put in place. The most significant measures concern the
indexed ranking of officers and N.C.O.'s, imprcvement of career planning,
creation of the rank of major, extension of enlistment bounty provisions to
the legionnaires and female personnel, and the creation of inerit and [length
of] service bonuses.
/In the area of operational activity of the forces,/ the law set numerical
~bjectives to be met as soon as possible, in order to bring back up the
level of activity, which was ~udged insufficient: 15 hours of f'light per
month for each combat pilot, 100 days per year at sea for naval units, 100
days of training in camp, maneuvers or exercises outside garrison. The
effort committed since 1977 has permitted the three forces to make significant
progress toward reaching these goals.
/In the field of operations,/ the ~ncreasing cost of salaries and fringe
benefits (R.C.S.) as well as activity-related expenses, and the priority
- given to weapons and materiel manufacture, have not allowed for freeing
up for this sector all tY~e credits desires.
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/In the area of study and research,/ the previousiy observed trend has
been reversed, in conformity with the objectives of the law. In carrying
out the decisions of the Council of Research and Defense Studies (C.R.E.D.)
created in 1976 within the ministry, expenses devoted to research were
increased quite significantly: in 3 years, credits for upstream development
research alone grew by 60 percent. This sizeable effort, while assuring
in the medium and long term the rea~ization of our future in materiel,
also reflects the determination of the French armaments industry to provide
high technology and competitiv~ness.
_ Finally, the performance zeview on the military programming law would be
incomplete without mention of the supplementary expenses born by the forces
- because of ex~eptional circumstances. We are speaking of the interventions
undertaken both within our borders, in the context of national solidarity
~ operations--the Polmar Plan (1978)--and on other continents for the benefit
' of states linked to France by international agreements, in Africa (Chad,
Mauritania, Zaire) and iu the Middle East (Lebanon).
According to the programr.ting law, the defense budget should reach 20
percent of the sta*_e's budget in 1982, this objective being defined by
comparison to its 1976 structure. Now in 1977, then in 1978, exceptional
increases hit public assistance e~enditures and modified the budgetary
structu;e; the changes were accelerated in 1979 by the great increase in
the public debt and in the state's intervention credits. The reference to
the state budget having thus lost its practical significance, thP Go~~ernment
~ decided to link tne growth of military expenditures to a more permanent
measure, namely the Gross Internal Product (mercantile), in order more -
concretely to measure the gro~oth of the agreed financial effort for Defense.
In this way Defense's share of the budget, as a portion of the Gross Internal
Product (mercantile) grew from 3.41 percent in 197b on the eve of the law's
coming into force, to 3.67 percent in 1979, this being an increase of 0.09
percznt per year on average. For the years 1980 to 1982, this share should -
grow, as during the first 3 years, by 0.09 percent per year, to reach around
4 percent at the end of the period covered by the law.
Because it gives, ever a period of 6 years, a picture of all the farces, the
new programming method showed i.tself to be a valuable and efficient tool
of analysis and decision-making for general staff, directorates, and
services, and for facilitating parliamentary oversi~ht of execution.
The military programming is developed each year through the internal work
of the ministry, and in the context of a 6-year horizon; at that time,
the authorities responsible for preparation and setting up of forces can
devote their t~ought primarily to the medium term, watch over the cohercnce
between the different programs in process of realization, measure the
variance bet*~reen the objectives to be attained and th~ results obtained,
and adapt their activity to this fact in a continuous manner.
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Though naturally improvement is always possible, the new programming
method represents a tool well adapted for attaining the objectives of the _
law.
FOOTNOTES
1. Report to Parliament on performance and results of Law No 76-531 of 19
_ June 1976 concerning approval of military prograumming fo r 1977-1982
(September 1979).
2. On 2 October in the National Assembly, on 8 November in the Senate.
3. Resources figuring in the catalog annexed to the law: /58,000 million
Fr. in 1977, 66,460 million Fr. in 1978, 76,155 million fr. in 1979./
Initial budgets:/ 58,412.2 million Fr. in 1977, 67,654 millior Fr.
in 1978, 77,110.8 million Fr. in 1979.
--/Final budgets:/ 58,616 million Fr. in 1977, 68,282 million Fr. in 1978,
' 77,660 million Fr. in 1979 (estimate).
(Captain Yvan Noel entered Naval College in 1951, has diplomas in submarine
weaponry and advanced military studies, He has commanded the minesweep
guardship "Paimpolaise," the fast escort shiY "Lorrain" and the squadron
escort "D'Estrees." He is presently chief of the "Programming Studies"
section of the "Plans/Programs/Budget" division of the general staff of
the fo rces.
COPYRIGHT: 1980--Revue des forces armees francaises "Armees d'Aujourd'hui"
9516
CSO: 3100
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~ CGUNTRY SECTION FRANCE
MORE EFFICI~;NT USE OF DEFENSE RESOURCES CALLED FOR
Paris ARMEES D'AUJOURD'HUI in French Jun 80 pp 38-39
[Article by Bertrand Lenicque, commissioner in chief]
[Text] Created in 1970, attached to the army general staff
and located at the War College, the Center for Study of ,
Methods and Techniques of Action (CEM'TA) aims to help
promote within the ministry of defense the attitudes,
methods, and techniques of modern management.
CEMTA each year organizes informative 1-week classes for general officers
and month-long training classes for high-ranking officers, classes in which
civilian personnel of equivalent rank also participate. It also lends its
assistance to higher military education facilities in matters of training
in econamics and management.
The main objective of its activity is to help the senior staff of the armies
to best use the resources of the Ministry of Defense to accomplish their ,
missions. To this end, it tries to mal:e modern management better known and _
understood, and to convince everyone that he can and should gut it into
effect in his own field and at his own level in order to improve the
efficiency of his own action.
Myth and Reality in Management
In France and above all in the public sector, including the armies, management
is still a sort of myth for many. -
It is often taken for a passing fashion spring from a primitive "Americo- -
~ mania," perhaps g~od for large capitalist enterprises avid for profit, but -
certainly harmful or inapplicable to public services devoted to the general
interest. It is also taken for a disorderly collection of vague methods or
sophisticated techniques which delight esoteric specialists b~it which only
serve to add further complications to the tasks of responsible officials
and men of action.
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? v~? va ~ i~~.a~u VJ~ Vl~u~
It is true that management is done a disservice by its more or less anglo-Saxon
sound, which some pride themselves on their ability to pronounce correctly, -
but the word actually does not conceal its Latin origin, and it is recognized
by tFe Academie Francaise. It is also true that the esoteric language and
perfectionistic comportment of some experts in moderr. techniques d~ not
contribute to revealing the real essence of management and its real utility.
It is true, finally, r.he msnagement h.as often suffered from premature trans-
positions from the United States to France and from the pritrate sector to the
- public sector, without taking into account intelligently the human, social, _
and economic characteristics proper to each of these countries or sectors.
But it would bF� a pity if the distortions of management poorly understood
or poorly practiced should lead to a rejection of GTell-reguLated management
the only ob ject and effect of which is to permit everyone to use more
efficiently the human, financial, and material resources avaiZable within
his rield of ac~ion. _
For *_ne real utility of management is precisely to improve the efficiency
of organizations, in the public as in the private sector: this economic
efficiency, through an optimal use of always limited resources; and their
social efficiency, through a better satisfaction of the matarial and
- intangible needs of their members and of the beneLiciaries of their activity.
The uniqueness of the public services and the uniqueness of defense, in
- comparison with private sector enterprises, are indisputable but should not
- ba exaggerated. For the basic problems that lea.dership of any organization,
public or private, poses, are identical: the desired efficiency can only
be atta9_ned through good decisions, good choices, and by virtue of good
execution and waste-free management. Now public and military uniqueness
often serve as convenient alibis allowing modern management as a whole to
be conc:emned and permitting total or partial rejection of its innovative
attitude, its rational methods of thought and action, its modern techniques
to aid er.lightened decision-making and efficient management _
Managemen.t and Defense
The move to "rationalization of budgetary choices" (RCB) was officially
_ begun in 1968 in the ministries in order to improve overall efficiency in
iheir activities through Y�ecourse to an attitude, methods, and techniques
uf modern rnanagement adapted to the public sector.
The ministry of defense was one of the first to move in the directions opened
up by KCA and the only one to use the approach of starting with missions
and lorig and medium term objectives and then descending to daily and concrete
activity in terms of financial and material resource management.
- The ultimate goal of this approach ls to iml~rove the cost-benefit ratio of
_ defense. The way of getting there is , ~n thz one hand, to deploy resources
i~ an optimal way r_o the functions most conformable to the mi::sions, through
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rational decision-making methods and mult~-year programming of activities.
It consists, on the other hand, in using as efficientl;~ as possible the
resources thus distributed, through modernization of management by the system
of administrative budgets, total operating budgets, and program budgets.
Thus the most efficient us~ of defense's financial and mat~rial reso urces
is delineated and the resources are put in place.
_ But much progress remains to be made. Inertia, reservations, and misunder-
standings remain to be surmounted, for the decision-making tools remain
all too often the province of experts in the central echelons, and de cision-
makers at the less centralized levels rarely can, want, or know how to have
recourse to them, The spirit and methods of multi-year programming still
seem to remain too confined to the higher levels of the hierarchy. And
modernization of management still appears to the eyes of most resource-users
as a heavy and useless burden requiring an excess of work to no profi table
end. ~
Moreover, a vast field remains to be exploited: that of good usage of
manpower. For the methods and techniques of modern activity remain focussed
on good use of financial or material resources, neglecting still the problem
of the efficiency of human resources.
It must not be forgotten that half the military budget is devoted to people,
their remuneration, their training, and their maintenance. And one must not _
lose sight of the fact that if the overall efficiency of defense results
from weapons systems and human systems, any increase in the efficien cy of
weapons systems necessitates an increase in investmen*_ expenditure and in
new operating expenses, ~!~ile a considerable increase in the efficiency of
human systems can be obtained at no new cost by the revalorization of the ~
human potential already existing.
Now concrete and participative processes of training and activity, p ro ceding
from considerations of authority and the exercise of command, allow the
mobilization of human energies toward a better accomplishment of the
missions entrusted to the armies. The well understood and applied example
of the "overall mission method" established since the end of 1976 in the
schools and units of the ground army prove the point.
An Increased Need for Efficiency
The budgetary resources allotted to the Defense Ministry have increas e d
= every year for the last several years. From 1975 to 1980 the military
_ budget Rrew from 44 billion Fr to 88 billion Fr, and the programming law
anticipates a growth in the share of the gross internal product to be devoted
to defense.
This increasing effort which France is making in the area of security should
not blind defense personnel to the more and more critical situation in
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which over the last few years the nation's finances find themselves. For ~
the slowdown of economic activity since 1974, the halving of the grc~wth rate
(fro m~ or 6 percent to 2 or 3 percent) are bringing with them a stagnation
with respect to state revenue, while the state's expenses continue to increase
- steeply. The state's budget has thus been in increasing deficit since 1975.
Such a situation imposes on all public servants and on all members of the _
defense ministry in particular--because of the vital mission they assume
and because of the substantial size of the military budget--an increased
need for efficiency in the use of financial, human, and material resources -
that are available for their use.
(Commissioner in chief Bertrand Lenicque served aboard several ships, and
in ground units and services, in Indochina, Algeria, Dalcar, and in
metropolitan France. He was assigned to the special staff of the pr~esident
of the republic from 1964 to 1968. After having driected the Navy School
of Administration~from 1973 to ~976, he became director of the Center for the
Study of Methods and Techniques of Action in 1977.
1 TERRESTFiES
19.1%
1
_ 4 f0
11 A
FORCES NUCLEAIFiES (re(? 2 -
STR,4TEGIQUES iP FOR~ES
ET A.N.T. AERIENNES
19.2976
12.3%
12 FORCES 73,496 ~
~
� .
10 y
w y
ADMINISTRATION ~ 3
GENERALE 13 SOUTIENS q
3,696 o~s 26 6~ C FORCES
9 SOU~~P `5 ~ MAR~ITIMES
4 3W� O~y v+ `
~t~~rc~' � -
~~~o~ 2 4 A -
0 y ~O
~~QyPa~� ,y~Q~ W v, GENDARMERIE
2 2 ~ G 8.296
VP p Q y ~
1 S ~c W y 9
Presentation o ~n ~ W ; des credits
- selon leur w~ M m destination
~ W o p de orces
_ en 4 systernes f
et S systemes ~ de sout7ens.
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~~c~R or~~Yr.rnT, �s~ ~H~,v -
- KEY: 1. Land forces 19.1 percent
2. Air forces 12.3 percent
~ 3. Naval forces 11.9 percent
4. Constabulary 8.2 percent .
5. Overseas forces 2.7 percent
6. Research and testing 4.3 percent
7. Training organizations 8.5 percent
8. Personnel support 5.9 percent
9. Material support 4.3 percent
10. General administration 3.6 percent
11. Strategic nuclear forces and ANT [expansion u:known] 19.2 percent
12. Forces 73.4 percent
13. Support 26.6 percent
14. Traditional branches
15. Chart showing allocations according to destination among the 4 force
systems snd 5 support systems.
Le budgel de
1 Emplof
REMUNERATIONS ET -
2 CHARGESSOCIALES
36.89~
- 3 DEPENSES
ORDINAIRES q VIE COURANTE
12,696 .
5 -
INFRAS7RUCT.
4,396 6 -
DEPENSES EN
CAPITqL
4596
ACTIVITE ET
~ STOCICS
7 FABRICATIONS OPERATIONNELS
18,896 14,596 -
B �
9 ETUDES ET
DE VE LOPPEMEhITS
1396
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KEY: 1. Defense budget for 1980. Where the money goes.
2. Remuneration and fringe benefits 36.8 percent
3. Ordinary expenses 55.0 percent
4. Operating expenses 12.6 percent
5. Infrastructure 4.3 percent
6. Capital expenses GS percent
7. Manufactures 18.8 percent
8. Activities and operational stocks 14.5 percent
9. Research and developmQnt 13 percent
COPYRIGHT: 1980--Revue des forces armees francaises "Armees d'Aujourd'hui" ~
9516
CSO: 3100
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COUNTRY SECTION FR.AAICE -
I"~l:I'ARY SERVICE REFORM EXANQNED IN DETAIL
Paxis L'EXPRESS i.n French 7 Jun 80 pp 99-105 _
[Article by Michel La.bro~ ~aith opinion pall report by Yann de 1'Ecotais:
"Should Military Service be Abolished?"] ~
[Text] "No problem. The little guys are ready to serve France." Named
by the government in 1975 to end the unrest in the basracks, Gen Marcel
Bigeard in his saxcastic way was optimistic about the morale of the troops
after his visits to the mess ha,lls. -
Some 5 yeaxs later, before this same Bigeard now chairmaxi of the na.tional
defense commission~ Yves Lancien~ Ga.ullist supporter from 18 June 1940,
former second lieutenant in Indochina~ said the oppasite: "The arn~y is �
partially motivated, pastially trained and p~.rtially equipped for obscure
missions."
Lexicien proposed tha,t most draftees serve a short time, like the Swiss. -
What would they do in the event of wax? They would protect the country
from panic~ sabotage and enemy infiltration. Similiarly, motivated
volunteers would be urged to serve in the manoeuvring.or str3.ke forces.
They would be ga,id for serving from 1 1~2 to 2 years and Hould receive
benefits on leaving the army for return to civilian life. -
Just 1 yeax before the presidential elections~ a short time before the
h~r~,d of state will announce the new defense guidelines ~ the I~a,ncien
report touches on a taboo sub~ect. Since the total mobilization decreed
by the National Convention of 1792-1795 and the soldiers of year II,
military service has been part of the common memory of the French. This
reform proposal ma,y revive the old deba,te between the supporters of the
draft and those of the volunteer army. It m~,y al~o deepen the divis3ons -
within the ma,jority. On the draft as on the neutron bomb or nucleax
arma.ments, the Gaullists take the opposite view to Giscardien military
thinking and are closer to the socialists� ideas.
D~caguignan, 10 September 197~. Here, in one of the most tra,nquil
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re giments of the capital, the first bitter confrontation broke out. ~or
over 1 hour~ 200 uniformed draftees maxched in tne streets. The same ~
thing ha.ppened severa.Z weeks later in Kaxlsruhe~ a garrison town for
= F~ench forces in West Germany. Yes, friend private became a leftist.
It was the shock of a repetition of the events o~ r[ay 1968. The com-
plaints subsequ~ntly beca,me less political. The draftees demanded pay,
leave, weekends with the conviction of oldtime trade unionists demanding
- a 40 hour week. Demonstrations axe raxer toda,y. Does it mean that the
draftees ha.ve developed a taste for mili~asy life?
The Cool Underbush
Lt Col Jean Bescond is happy. This officer with a fighter's build is _
in chaxge of the commando training center of the 26th Infantry Regiment
at the Pont-Saint-Vincent fort, about 10 kms f~om Nancy. The guns
which in the past looked down on the Moselle Valley have been removed
from the fortifications. The steep wa.lls~ the moat ha.ve been made into
an obstacle course. Everywhere, sweating draftees in combat uniform
crawl from one to the other. It was very daxk in a naxrow underground
corridor and taxgets lit up one after the other. The shots wAre on the
ma.rk. The soldiers left, crawling underground.
That night, the most formidable paxt of the apprenticeship began: a
raid, 80 kms away, to be carried out in 2 nights. Si].ence: Tbe
platoon moved in columns. It xas as if the darkness helped everyone to
_ take it seriously. Despite the cool underbrush, people "were overcome
with the heat." The next night, it rained. Their clothes were soaked~
the rangers were sinking into the slippery earth, they could no longer -
feel their feet. They seemed to be walking in their sleep. However, no
one complained..oalmost no one. "Here, at least the time goes quickly~
it is not like at the quarters:" grumbled one draftee. "llespite the
- haxsh commando tra,ining, we ha.ve few problems," stated the colonel. He
ha,s an infallible method for determining the troops� morale--the number
of consultations at the infirmaxy. There are rarely more than two a day
per company, which is five or six times less than at the barracks.
Boredom, the feeling of wasting time, combi.ned with inequality are the
_ two ma.jor problems axising from conscription. The army has an answer
ready for the first accusation. During the yeax of active duty, a
draftee has an average of 100 days of training outside the garrison -
(ma.noeuvres, one night camps or comma.ndo training centers.) There axe
55 days of training and 50 days of genera,l service work--the famous
forced labor--or working in the fight against ac~s of God, oil spills, _
for example. The rema.inder is divided between classes--basic military
training--and leave, weekends and holidays. "We would only need 6 months _
to Iearn what we are taught in 1 yeax," answered draftees. "Perhaps,"
admitted their o.f.ficers, "but if military service is shortened, young
men would leave just at the moment they become opera,tional." It is
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understood.: we will never have anyone under our command ~o wage war, -
we will train soldiers, not an arn~y.
.
It is 0600 hours at the RNII' [Gha,d Marching Regiment] at Montlhery in
the Paxis area when the sergeant on cluty awakens the barracks roorns.
Despite its name and its pa,st--its first patron was Fi;eld Maxsha,l -
I~clerc--the RMI' is a mechanized infantry regiment like ma.ny others. It ~
has logistics problems--not enough showers a,nd meals which arrive cold -
at ~he dir~ing~all, It has ~~uipment problems, like the ma,intenance of
ANIX 13 troop transport vehicles, for example. It takes 10 hours to -
change an engine, while the same ,job can be done on a modern AMX 10 in 2.
The regiment will not be equipped for 4 years. It will not ha.ve the new
army rifle~ the Clairon, until 1981. The rate of introd.ucing new
equipment in the army is slow~ much too slow.
In 19'74, the Rl+'f~ had "its" incident: dra,ftees signed a petition sent to
the minister. Since then~ nothing to xeport. "We are over the hump,"
admitted Ca,pt Claude Munk~ an officer who came u~ through the ra,nks. "Tt~e
draftees axe available, but they are not patriotic. The country comes
after their concerns.~~
On the edge of the ri.fle range, a sma,11 group is waiting dispiritedly to
empty some sma,ll ma,chinegun cartridges into cardboaxd taxgets. A warlike
nature has very little appeal for them, even if they are aware of
deteriora,ting international relations. "We ha,ve lived without wax," said
one of them, "so it is difficult to ima,gine a~ything else." Like his
comrades, he is much more concerned by wha,t he has just learned: the
company has duty Saturday and leaves have been canceled. A bitter blow.
Leave rema,ins one of the primasy concerns, along with pay. Toda,y, it is
27~ francs a month. One young man saids "Yesterday evening, I went with
a friend to Paris. We went to the movies, had a bite in a fast food
place; it cost 110 fra,ncs. You see how much is left:" Severa,l of his
comrades manages to be dischaxged during their "three days~" in other
words, by failing the selection tests. He envies them.
This is the second ma,jor problem of conscription: currently, one ~`rench-
man out of four--the official fig~are--avoids the net. People in the
barracks know this and it grates. The selection center at Rennes is the
most modern of its ty~e with the entrance ha,ll decorated with green pla.nts~
fancy armcha,irs and a pleasant environment. It is the new-look reception.
The first contact is designed to minimize the trauma, as much as possible.
'rle axe far from the review board of the past where the hairy privates
maxched past a brusque medical o.fficer. Here, in 3 half-days~ medica.l
examinations determi.ne whether an individual is fit for duty. The
psychiatrist has a difficult task. More than one self-styled mentally
ill person, afflict~ed with problems of relating~ is, above all~ allergic
to the uniform, In all, between 17 to 19 percent of the young men axe
exempt for medical reasons. This percentage is lower than that of
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neigh~ring countries, such as Wsst Ge:rmany (22 percent) or the N~ther- -
lands (24 percent.) ~
Egalitarian Frenzy
JF~
"We try to be as ega,litarian as possible," stated Gen Alban Baxthez,
director of nationa.l service. The exemptions vary, however, according -
to the principle of supply and demand. In the early 70's, there were
more young men Qf draft age than the arn~y could incorporate. They
raised the requirements by taking the bestf in other words~ medical
- categories one to four. In 1973, those less well-qua.lified were once
a.gain recruited, categnry five. In 1975, overcome by an egalitarian
frenzy, category 6 were declared fit for duty. Tha.t did not work out
because o.f the number of exemptions granted from guard duty, ~arches,
even for shoes and helmets after induction. ~
Another source of inequality: some could pamper themselves with an easy
tour of duty in the Cooperation Ministry, in technical a,ssistance or
3.n one of the innumerable staff jobs. It is more appealing to be a
clerk~orderly at the F`rench Embassy in Ottawa than a G.I. in Mourmelon.
' Today, the reprieve denied, most draftees choose their date of induction.
Ha,lf serve in thE region requested, even if the call often means a move
to the east~ France's true drill-ground. It is more difficult t~ choose
one's service. Out of 100 young men, 75 go into the army, 14 to the
air force and 6 into the navy while the latter services are most
requested.
Although military service is boring for some, ineqalitarian for others,
does military service at least constitute a vital component of our
defense? We have come to the heart of the deba,te. One of its basic
r.aisons d�etre was to supply reserves which the nation would need in the
event of wax. "However~" said former Legionnaire Pierre Messner, "no -
country, not even the richest~ can have on hand tanks, ships and planes
which would go into action on D-day of the mobilization." The reservists
could only be supplied with rifles andLniform~.... Gen Pierre Gallois,
one ma.stermind of the French nuclear force, felt that, in any case, this
immense outlay in men and equipment could no longer be jwstified.
National independence is deterrence by nuclear force. There is no need
for 500,000 men to explode the atom bomb and protect it from the
enemy's grasp. No doubt~ one-fourth that number would be enough, he
estima.ted.
In this light, why not call on an army of techriicians? An army ready to
serve with highly sophisticated weapons having a great destructive
capacity?
Volunteer arm,y? Draft axlr~y? The debate is not a new one. Adversasies
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and supporters clash on several points. First there is the cost. In ,
Segtember, Arthur Paecht, UDF [French Democratic Union] deputy from Va.r
compared the ccst o~ an axrr~y of ~00,000 draftees and a professiona.l
arr~y, whose forces would be either 350,000 or 480,000. According to
the figures used~ the volunteer army would cost from 2.8 to 5.5 billion
francs more a year for maintenance than the clra,.rt. The figures ~,lone,
however, do not prcvide an answer. What kind of army, wha.t type of -
duties are assigned must be decided.
The supporters of the draft emphasize the need to make the country take _
pa.rt in its protection. "The ~ench must feel involved," said Gen
Jean-Paul Etcheverry. "The entire population wins or loses the war, not
just the soldiers." The objection is raised that specialists already
handle most of the defense si.nce the ar~y has slightly more than $2 per-
cent enlistees on active duty (including the ~endarmerie) as compaxed
with 47 percent draftees.
No Coup d' ~'tat with h'.issiles
The deba.te also draws on history and political passions. According to
some, the volunteer army might go beyond its role and intervene in the
life of the nation. Is the volunteer arrr~y a.ri army of coup plotters?
"The i:na,ge spreaci by the left is quite false~" admitted Socialist
Charles Hernu. "In Chile, an axmy of dxaftees overthrew the government
of Salvador Allende." In 'r~ance, there were also units of draftees
among the rebellious regiments in 1962. "An ar~}r of specialists does
not break up meetings or harangue crowds," said Genera.l Ga.llois. A
coup d'etat is not carried out with atomic sub~marines and ba,llistic
missiles.
On the other hand~ a recent example favors the supporters of the draft--
the American example. Military service was abolished in the United
States in 19?3 when the America.ns were withdrawing from Vietna,m. Since
then, the armed forces ha,ve only taken voluriteers. They complain that
they do not ha.ve enough applicants and above all, about their low
intellectual level. Many axe recruited from among Bla.ck and Hispanic-
American minoritiea. ThFre i.s the danger of emp:~asizing the division
bet~reen i~:~ army a.nd the nation. After the Kabui invasion, President
Jimmy Carter announced hE; intended ta revive draft registration. In
'rlest Germany, Cha.ncellor Helmut Schmidt privately admitted tha.t he con-
- sidered the revival of the draft as a test of America.n ability to stem
the Soviet tide.
The Iength and natuxe of military service depend primaxily on the choice
- ma.de about defense policy. Volunteer army or drait army, should it be
xell trained or not, how will these forces be u,sed? Officially, Fra,nce~s
military policy is still General de Gaulle's: strictly national defense
supported by nuclear deterrent.
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In a major crisis, the government would use, as a last warning, small _
_ nucleax tactical weapons befcre unleasing laxge-scale nuclear force.
~'or 1~ years, conventional forces h~,ve thus been ~eglecte~. ~or
rinancial reasons: one can not do everything at once. For strategic
reasons, too: F`ra.n.ce for the first time in its history had the opportu-
nity to be in second place. The doctrine has evolved. Political
lead.ers, imply the military, will ~,void prema,ture u~se of even tactical
nucleax weapons. This opens the way to a renewal of conventiona.l means.
The ground forces--hundreds of thousands of inen--will be used to test
the enerr~,y's resolve, before deciding to go any farther. Some twit about
the need to commit so many men and means to this task when it is un-
li~:ely that the adversary would limit himself to a.ggression by
traditiona.l weapons alone.
~econd mod.ification in the doctri.ne: the president of the republic
- stated in 1976 that in ~ase of conflict "since there will be only one
space~ there must 'be only one militaxy group." This concept was taken
up~ then developed t7y the recent UDF pa,per on deA:ense. The French ax~}r
must be planned~ equipped and organized �o do ba.ttle beside its European
- allies, in front of its own lines.
Socialists and communists see in this scenaxio a rejection of the
strictly national concept of defense. The Gaullists do, too. They
criticize it as weakening the credibility of deterrence. "F~rance can not
do everything and ma.intain several armies at once," said RPR [Rally for
~epublic] member Michel Aurillac;. "The ground forces must provide a
pause in the event of a.ggression and not fight on our allies' territory."
"The definition of deterrence keeps us from having a ba.ttle strategy for
the heart of Europe," advanced Socialist Jean-Pierre Chevenement.
Gaullists and socialists logicalZy agree on the idea of militaxy service.
A small number of divisions will be enough for the famous test of
enemy intentions.
To achie~re this goal, an ax?qy of volunteers with the most professional -
equipment would be better no doubt. Most draftees could do regional
_ service, desipzed above all to protect the people. "The draftees of -
Le Puy-d.e-Dome would serve there," said Lancien, "and not in the ba,rracks.
In wartime, they would defend their turf, their region." This is one
_ theme of the debate which the National Defense Commission is working on.
Signed: Chaxles de Gaulle
In proposing 4 months on active duty, supplemented by reserve tours and
a volunteer arrqy, Lancien thus eatisfied men like Pierre Messmer who
~ have never hidden their preference for an axmy oi prof.essionals. One
ma.y critici~e La.ncien for trying to establish a volunteer army without
' saying so, or one may caxp about the regulaxity with which the F~ench-- -
= who ase not the Swi.ss--will do their reserve duty. Some will also
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criticizs hir~, like Giscard.is~C Jean-Marie Daillet for proposing
a difficult costly reorganization of military structure in the context
of i.nternational crisis and throwing tens of thousands of young men on
the job masket.
This ~'oot soldier of Gaullism does not mi.nimize the difficulties: "I
~ill ha,ve pa,rt o.f the arm,y aga,inst me," he said. "Its entire orga~nization,
its commands axe ba,sed on maintaining active duty service. He a.dded,
I will not be the first to clash with the milita...~y." On his desk, he has
a sma.ll book with a red, white and blue cover. He quotes a sentence
underlined in pencil: "The arn~y is by nature unwilling to change."
The author was Charles de Gaulle.
'r~ench Opinion Poll and Commenta.ry
Military serrice: a duty
Is it the duty of young people to contribute to rrance�s defense by
fulfilling their military service?
Comnlete agreement 38 percent
Partial agresment 2(
Partial disagreement ly.
Complete disagreement 21 -
_ No opinion 1
~~ihat tyne of service?
4~ich opinion do you agree with?
We must ma.intain the current universal 25 percent
military service
We must retain universal military service ~5
in its essence but reform it
Young people should ha.ve the choice 20
between mi.litar~f and civilian service
i~tilitary service should be abolished and only 17
a volunteer arrr~r retained
The arrny in all its forms should be abolished 11
~ No opinion 2 -
Disputed effectiveness
- In F`rance's military organization, obliga.tory
mi.litary service is a factor which is
Very effective 10 percent
Somewha.t effective 36
Ra,ther i.nefiective z9 - 50 percent
Not at all sffective
No opinion 4
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Duration of duty _
In your opinion, what would be the optimal
tour of militaxy service?
No service at all 16 percent
- Less than 6 months 15
From 6 t o g months 12
F'rom 9 to 12 months " 3~
~om 12 to 15 months 18
From~ 15 to 18 months 3
More than 18 months 2
No opinion 4
_ In your opinion~ should the a,~e for military
service
Depend on an individua.l's studies 77 percent
Be the same for all, and the same a,ge 13
No opinion 10
Reform
Among the possible reforms of military
service, which one should have priority? (Percenta,ge cited first)
- The possibility of obtaining additional 39 Percent
vocational tra,ining during the tour of duty
Increase in the monthly pay of the soldier 20
Limited period of military traini.ng, then 14
resezve duty after returning to civilian life
(15 days a year for 5 years, for example)
Possibility of military service close to home 8
Greater freedom of expression in the ba.rracks 8
Reduced length of service 6
More exemptions and assistance for family and 3
profesaional reasons 2
No opinion
Volunteer service or shortened period of service
If you had the choice between the two following
formulas, which would you choose
Duty for 4 months with 2 reserve periods every 36 percent
yeax for 5 years
Volunteer service for 18 months with pa,y and 4.2
vaxious benefits
*Question submitted only to young men of draft age, 12 percent of the
sample
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No opinion 22 percent
~'inancial Incentives
Some propos~als call for the abolition of universal military service and
the establishment of a volunteer arn~y. In this event, would you
volunteer for 1$ months under the following conditions*~
Proposals Yes Ma.ybe Proba.bly Certainly No answer
- not not
Pa.y of 1, o00 6 il 12 68 3
francs a month
(upkeep, -
lodginU and
food included) -
'_'ay of 2, 000 9 1z 12 61 6 -
francs a month
(upkeep, lodging
and food
included)
Pay of 3,000 17 17 l0 51 5
francs (upkeep,
lodging~ food
included)
A bonus of 26 14 8 48 y.
30,00o francs
at the beginning
or end of service
Conscientious ob,jectors
In your opinion, should conscientious ob,jectors
Do civilian service for the same amount of 51 percent
time as military service -
Do military service in non-comba.t units 20
Do civilian service for-a longer time ~0
than military service
No answer (and refusal to contemplate 19
service for ob,jectors )
*Question submitted only to young men of draft age, 12 percent of the
sample
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4Jom~n
Do you think that young women with no family responsibilities
`~hould spend a year pex-f.orming civilian dutiea of a social
ne.ture ? -
rIo 68 percent
Yes 26
No opinion 6
Should do military service in combat units?
'~0 66 percent
1 ~S 29
No opinion s
- Should do military service in non-comba.t units? _
Pfo 65 percent
'les 30
No opinion 5
This poll was taken between 5 and 16 May 1980~ with a representative
sample of 1,200 members of the French population, ls years of age and
older.
A total of 70 percent of the French agree there should be military
service. What kind of service should it be? Only half consider that
it should be military and still another 25 percent believe it should be
reformed. Another 20 percent of the population, on the other hand~
believe young people should have a choice between m~.litary and
civilian service.
These figures ~ taken from a Bernard Krief-"L'Express" poll are only
superf'icial].y surprising. A~_though only one y'renchman in four ultimately `
- ravors traditional military service, this is because the country
questions its usefulness at a time whon defense, in the general opinion~
is bas ically a nuclear problem ( See "L` Express" poll of 31 May 1980. )
Quite obviously, those 'between 35 and 44 years old favor the possibility
of choice between civilian and military service or a reformed mi.litary `
service. Among those wer ~ we find the most supporters of the good old -
service.
~ There is a conservativism based on social-professional categories--
. retirees and faxmers are the ma.in supporters ~F the status quo.
- A total of 25 percent of the young people favor the pure and simple
abolition of the army and an almost equal percentage favor a professional
" army.
~
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f~Uk UF1~ i(:1.Af, USL ONI~Y _
In the le~'t, (Communist Party: 23 percent; Socialist Party: 21 percent;
Ecolo~ists: 22 percent) most st~pporters of a professional asmy alone _
axe found.
lJhat reform should be undertalcen? The poll ieolated the young men who in
the .future must choose. Voluntary service for 18 months "with pa.y and
various benefits" tempts 42 percent.
This would be enough to form a sort of reserve if military service for
most of the others were reduced according to the Swiss model, on the
condition tha.t the financial arrangements were adequately remunerative.
Even a wa.ge of 3, 000 francs would only persuade one-third.
COPYRIGHT : 1980, 5.A. Groupe Express
9~79 `
~o: 3100
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CO~JNTRY SECTION FRANCE
- MIRAGE 2000: TWO YEARS OF TESTING SUMrIED UP -
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 29 Mar 80 pp 23, 25-27
- [Article by Jacques M~risset]
[Text] The Mirage 2000 program was the subject last Tuesday at the
Centre d'Essais en vol (Flight Test Center--~EV) at Bretigny during an
overall presentation organized by the General Delegation for Armament (DGA)
together with the air force and the main aircraft builders involved in the -
program. This presentation took place shortly after the delivery to the
CEV, for acceptance, of three prototypes of the latest creation of Avions
Marcel Dassault. They have now completed 400 hours of flying time after
2 years of testing.
Seldom can one observe such a large-scale presentation: Besides the three
Mirage 2000 prototypes, which came in from Istres (they had arrived at
- Bretigny 3 days earlier), this was in fact a demonstration of about 10
airplanes used by the CEV to perfect the weapons system, and of a test
bench (researched and produced by Dar~sault) set up at Bretigny. Topging _
it all off was a~uch appreciated flight demonstration of the Mirage 2000-01.
Explanations were provided by Engineer General Bousquet, technical director
of Aeronautical Constructions (DTCA); chief engineer 1'amagnini, director .
of the 2000 program at the STPA (Aeronautical Programs Technical Sei-v3.ce);
Mr Benson, the leading engineer responsible for the weapons system at STPA;
and Colonel Varin, CEV chief pilot, who expl:ained the means of testing and
*he important CEV contribution to the 2000 program. Mr Hibon, director of
International Operations of the DGA, and General Forget, assistant chief of
planning at air force headquarters, were also present.
The manufacturers: Dassault, SNECMA, Thompson-CSF, II~ID and MATRA were there
also, but amazingly enough, they mdde no official presentations. However,
the organization of this demonstration by the CEV and the SIRPA/DGA was
remarkable.
R
Three Versions o.f the Mirage 2000
Considering the operational needs of several types of missions there are
now, or more precisely, will be, several versions of the Mirage 2000.
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The present three prototypes, soon to be four, are actually the forerunners
, of a family of planes whose main missions are: 1) the interception of
aircraft flying at very high altitudes (25,000-30,000 meters, or 80,000
to 100,000 feet) and speeds (up to Mach 3) and planes flying at medium,
low or very low altitudes. This miss~on will take on additional importance
as a consequence of technical advances (which ha~Te resulted in the bes~
possibilities for penetration being at either very high or very low
altitudes) and the appearance of bombers having an extended range of action
at very low altitude; 2) air superiority (combat); 3) attacks on ground
; targets using various conventional weapons systems (guns, rockets and so on;
and 4) attacks on ground targets using nuclear weapons, consisting of the
future ASMF' (Air-to-Ground-Med3um-Range) missile.
The response offered by the Mirage 2000 is based on the conviction that it
is possible, starting from a basic airframe, to ad~pt the weapons system
to these different missions. However, the first mission above is the most
demanding (with respect to the airframe and engine) and the Mirage 2000,
particularly its engine, has thus been made suitable for the high-altitude
intercept mission.
With respect to the airframe, let us remember that the �delta' configuration '
has been maintained because of its considerable advantages: low drag in
supersonic flight; eas e of construction and capability of carrying more
fuel. This same configuration does cause some equally well-known dis-
advantages, such as the need for high takeoff snd approach speeds. This
was overcome, however, by the electric controls and the maximum lift
obtained by automatically-controlled leading edges combined with the flaps
(elevons). The increased lift thus makes possible t~akeoff, approach and
landing speeds that can be compared with those of conventional planes and
heretofore obtainable with planes with no empennage but with delta wings.
Likewise, the maneuverability was increase~ some 75 percent and the load
factors 40 percent compared with the Mirage III.
Still referring to the airframe, one notes the use of considerable quanti-
ties of composite materials (carbon fibers and boron), especially in the
rudder and elevons, resulting in a weight saving of some 20 percent for
these components.
Concerning the motor, the M53 of SNECMA is a modular twin flux motor with
a single body the construction of which enables obtaining great thrust
at high altitude, an indispensable condition in a true pursuit plane. The
choice of a twin flux motor with a lean fuel mixture has enabled a consider-
able attenuation of the consequences of this requirement on the rate of
fuel consumption which is much lower than that in the ATAR. _
Three Systems Are Under Development
As is known, the weapons system is completely number-coded and multiplexed.
This has led to the replacement of numerous linkage cables by a single
~
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rux urrl~lew u~r. utvLx
system (digibus) of data distribution. Three versions of the weapons
system are under development: a system designed for intercepting aircraft
flying at any altitude, perfected more specifically for detection of those
that penetrate at low altitude, and including an impulse Doppler Radar
(RDI); a multifunction system, for intercepting and attacking on the ground,
with conventional arms, using a multi-function Doppler Radar (RDM); and
a low altitude penetration system (linked to the use of the ASMP missile)
and using a'ground-followir.g radar,' the furure Antilope 5.
The Mirage 2000 versions for the first two systems are single-seaters,
but a two-seat version, equipped with the same weapons system, is also
being developed for training needs. In contrast, the 'low-altitude
penetration version' will be a two-seater.
Progress of the Program
Resources drawn upon are considerable and their range would surprise the
casual observer. The CEV is using 58 planes for various purposes in the
Mirage 2000 program. About 10 of those selected as being the most repre-
sentative were displayed at Bretigny. The list of major aircraft used to
do the testing is impressive: a Mirage F1 and a Caravelle, five Mystere-20's,
five Vautours, a Mirage IIIi two Mirage IV's and so on.
As for the Mirage 2000 itself, three planes are continuing testing including:
the Mirage 2000-01 (maiden flight: 10 March 1978); it had reached a total
. of 125 hours flying time in 155 sorties by mid-March; the Mirage 2000-02
(maiden flight: 18 September 1978); it had a total of 180 hours flying time
in 200 sorties by mid-March, and the Mirage 2000-03 (maiden flight:
- 26 April 1979); it had a total of 75 hours of flying time in~68 sorties
by mid-March. This is a total of 380 hours in 423 sorties. In 10 months
(mid May 1979 to mid March 1980), these three planes made close to 250
sorties and flew about 215 hours. The CEV evaluation flights started
ver;~ early on: from the 14th sortie of the Mirage 2000-01. Ey mid March,
the CEV had already completed 66 evaluation flights and the air force 16. The
acceptance flights of the current prototypes are progress~ing well: 28 have
been made including 18 in 7 working days with the Mirage 2000-02 alone. ~
The flight characteristics are remarkable. The plane, with its electric
flight controls is very maneuverable and affords precision flying, a
decisive advantage for firing, in-flight refueling, approach and patrol ~ -
flights.
Flight capabilities examined can be summed up as follows: -
-airspeed: 750 knots on the instruments and Mach 2.2; less than 100 knots
for low airspeeds; up to 30� for large angles of attack; landing approach
speeds: 140 lmots (260 km/hr);
_ --altitude: 65,000 feet (about 20,000 meters); and
--load factors: 8 G's.
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As a matter of fact, the final preparation of the airframe is now practically
completed, hence the acceptance flights at the CEV, whose aim is official
vericiation of flight performance and flight characteristics. Perfoztnances _
announced for the Mirage 2000 follows: ceiling of operation 20,000 meters;
maxi.mum climbing speed 15,000 meters/minute or 250 meters/second; climbing
time to 15,000 meters/Mach 2: 4 minutes; maximum speed in horizontal
flight: Mach 2.3 + maximum sustained speed: Mach 2.2; landing approach
speed: 260 km/hr; range of ac*.ion with auxiliary fuel tanks: over 1,800 km,
all of which have been demonstrated in practice.
The rather minor modifications made on the airframe (and first applied to
the Mirage 2000-O1) were mainly aimed at reducing drag at high speeds.
They had to do with: the air intakes: The boundary at layer diverters have
been redesigned and the lower intake lips were made thinner (they were
originally thicker to improve flow at large angles); the new design is the
result of a compromise that is considered satisfactory; the vertical
- stabilizer: Its sweep has been enlarged and its height diminished, re- -
sulting in a design giving the Mirage 2000 a more typical Dassault look
again; the original stabilizer had reall;~ been designed in view of the
need to maintain the yaw behavior at very high fliglht~ angles: this made
it possible to revert to a more classical design and thereby reduce drag
in high supersonic flight; the rear section of the airfoil-fuselage
attachment; the new fairing junction, being heavier, allows the inside
elevon to move a couple of degrees frontir.g the vertical wall that forms
the end of the fairing and thus avoid a discontinuity that could~ create a
- disturbance in flow there.
All these modifications were retained for the series. The Ol prototype
incorporates all of them, prototype OZ has some of them and the 03
temporarily keeps the original geometric design.
Prototype 04, which has had the series configuration from the outset, will
fly at Istres at the beginning of May (see photograph of this plane in
AIR & COSMOS No 799). The two-seater No 1 will fly at the end of
September/beginning of October.
Future Mirage 2000 P
1~ao additional prototpyes, to be prepared for the 'penetration' version,
have now been announced and will fly in 1982. Their ground-following
radar, the Antilope 5, is being developed by Electronique Marcel Dassault
= and Thompson-CSF the former being the project foreman this time, as opposed
to the solution adopted for the RDI. Development of this radar is being
done with a Vautour (No 358) and two Mystere-20. However, the preparatory
studies (blind instrument setting by radar cartography) calls on a Vautour
No 355 equipped with an Antilope 1 radar and an inertia center. One can
deduce from this that the setting of the inertia center will be done by a
procecs comparable to the one developed for the U.S. cruise missiles
(TERCOM system) whose principle is now known: reconnaissance of relief
and comparison with a memory map.
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Finalization flights of the ASMP missile developed by Aerospatiale will
be done, for their part, with the Mirage IIIE No 498 and a Mirage IV;
the systems validation flights, of course, with a Mirage 2000.
Deliveries
This Mirage Z000 version will be delivered during the second half of 1986;
deliveries of the first version (multipurpose RDM weapons system) to the
air force,-however, will start in mid-1983 and those of the second version
(intercept, RDI) in 1985.
From these three versions, plus those that might be purchased later, the
French air force will acquire about 400 Mirage 2000's with a production
schedule of between two and four planes per month for its own needs, which
implies deliveries spread out over at least 10 years, a period of time
that will allow exports to develop normally and assure future customers of
a solid technical and industrial base with required follow-up.
The maiden flight of the Mirag~ 2000, first of its series, at the end of
1982 is in keeping with such a deli.very schedule.
M 53: Towar3 the P2 Version
Development of the M53 engine is now in a very advanced stage throughout
the entire flight range. Two versions were authorized at the test bench
(M53-2 and M53-5), specified performances have all been attained and the
mechanical condition observed arter the tests was rated excellent.
The prototype airplanes have started their tests with the M53-2 version of
8,500 kg of thrust with afterburner. They are flying now with engines -
designated as M53-5. The latter will be incorporated into the f irst
series of planes after receiving certain modifications perfected during
the tests: adaptation of engine settings for high altitude and low speed
and during fast power setting changes; structural reinforcement of the
compressor, and so on.
This M53-5 develops for an (equipped) weight of 1,420 kg a thrust for
takeoff in dry air of 5,550 kg and a thrust of 9,000 kg using the after-
burner. The dilution rate is 0.3 and the pressure ratio 9.2. Consumption
levels arE 0.87 kg/kp/hr without afterburner and 2.05 with. An interesting
feature of the M53-5 is in the thrust development as a function of altitude
and speed. It in fact exceeds 11.7 tons at Mach 1.2 at sea level and
10 tons at Mach 2.2 at 36,000 feet. The M53-5 already allows better use -
of the maneuverability characteristics of the Mirage 2000 and obviously
improves its performance.
However, the real Mirage 2000 engine, the one to be installed in series
planes as of 1985, is the M53P-2. Its development started last year and
it will generate a static thrust on the ground of 6,530 kg (+17 percent)
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without afterburner and 9,700 kg (+8 percent) with. The substantial gain
in performance is mainly obtained by progress achieved in materials and
their behavior at high temperatures. Partial bench tests have started
and are yielding good results (turbine). The first complete M53P-2 will
be running on the bench next year.
As of 1 March, the M53's had accumulated more than 11,000 hours in operation,
including 1,450 in flight, on the Caravelle, the F1E and the Mirages 2000's.
We shall come back to the finalizaticn of the Mirage 2000 weapons system,
which is being pursued with the aid of various aircraft-bench tests of the
CEV (see page 33). It should be noted, however, that the RDM radar, whose
flight tests on the Vautour No 337 and the Mystere 20 No 131 are satisfactory,
will soon be installed in the Mirage 2000-03. As for the RDI, it is f lying
on the Mystere 20 No 79 as a definition prototype.
2000-O1 Flight Demonstration
One might conclude with the demonstration flight of the Mirage 2000-01
conducted at mid--day on 25 March with Guy Mitaux-Maurouard the _
controls. In less than 6 min~ites despite a disturbingly low ceiling,
the Dassault test pilot showed once more that the Mirage 2000 and its
electric controls have truly created a new flying standard: a short
takeoff followed by a turning climb and a series of maneuvers that spoke
very well for how well the plane handles: rolls, turns at 8 G's, inverted
flight and above all, the always spectacular fly-over at low speed
(100 knots, 25� angle of attack) with the M53 at partial thrust, performed
this time with an unbelievable and near immediate return to level flight that
left the spectators flabbergasted. The hyperlift of the 2000 is indeed
astounding.
Only one plane in Europe leaves an even stronger impression of defying the
laws of gravity and stress in flight. It is called the Mirage 4000....
COPYRIGHT: A.&C. Paris 1980
9609
CSO: 3100
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COUNTRY SECTION FRANCE
.
~ IMPROVED OPERATIONS, FINANCIAL SAVINGS DESCRIBED
- Paris ARMEES D'AUJOURD'HUI in French Jun 80 pp 40-41
[Article by Lt Col Bertrand de Lapresle, ESM Saint-Cyr 1957-1959, Terre
d'Afrique promotion is with the armored cavalry. Currently he serves in
the management unit of the land forces headquarters, finance planning
bureau: "The Ground Forces 'Enterprise
[F~ccerpt] Today no one ignores the privileged role of the armed forces in
the development of RCB* methods. In effect, the extensive discussions
which developed in the country, specifically after the passing of the
1976 programming law, largely contributed to making public opinion
- realize the thinking and estimation work d~ne within the defense estab-
Lishment bath in terms of targets and the necessary means to reach them.
However, th~ emphasis put on planning and programming should not make us
forget that these instruments are valuable only if regularly readjusted
' on the basis of specific data on the factual changes in costs and physical
achievements.
Such is precisely the role of management which must not only insure that
budget credits are used as "productively" as possible, but also contri-
bute to implQment program decisions thanks to experience based on the
- study of the annual physical and financial disparities compared with the
targets.
Search for "Economy" Through Better Loan Profitability
The ground forces are among the biggest national enterprises both in
- terms of personnel size and annual turnover. Yet, it would be both
trite and essential to emphasize that the specific nature of this enter-
prise lies in its role as a"producer of security" which is necessary to
the life of the country at the cost cf levying from the national wealth
the necessary financial means strictly defined by the political powers.
* Rationalization of budgeting choices.
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Therefore, the management would be considered optimal not to the extent
to wh ich maximum "savings" would be achieved, but to which funds appro-
priat ed for the ground forces would be used with the best possible
produ ctivity for the development of its operational capacity which
guara ntees this security.
Therefore, any squeeze of general expenditures for the benefit of equip-
ment, organization, or training of the forces in an "economy" similar to
impro ving returns on means appropriated for the training of the units.
In th is sense it would be easy to illustrate the permanent wish for
"econ omy" which characterizes decisions implemented at all levels in the
cours e of management operations in recent years.
This desire shows, above all, in the extensive reorganization of the
struc tures, already drawing to an end. It is based on principles exten-
sively involving the "alleviation of general costs" with a view to
impro vements in overall operational capacity within the stipulated
ceilings. These are the purposes of the essential measures among which
we co uld cite extending the quaternary structure to the corps in order
to retai.n the same number of combat units despite the disbandment of a
numbe r of regiments, the merger of the territorial with the operational
comma nd, and the elimination of one level of command in order to reduce
the number of staffs, the elaboration of guides thus enabling the ser-
vices to expand extensively without raising costs, and the easiest and
most effective mobilization of the reserve forces.
Spec ificaily oriented toward the production of "security," the training
and instruction of the units were also targets of redeployment, and the
"econ omy" thus achieved was used to promote an increase in overall
prof i tability, as follows:
_ - Th e planning of fuel allocations, restructuring of exercise areas and
the f ormulation of a plan for their use benefit the expansion of activi-
ties aimed at acquiring the better mastery of the hardware;
- Th e finance-based policy of developing both firing and driving
simulators and audio-visual techniques makes possible the faster and
less expensive acquisition of skills;
- Finally, the quantitative growth itself is valorized through the quan-
titat ive improvement resulting from renovated training methods.
The strict reduction of current operational expenditures in the course
of ma nual management operations is the expression of a deliberate policy
of using all possible economy sources. However, no area is ignored ir~
the effort to reduce general coses: The infrastrt~cture, where a strict
normalizing prevails both in terms of new construction and renovation,
skillfully achieved through the use of substitutions or extensions of
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FO[t 0~'rICIAL I~SE O~TL1'
the life span of equipment, rationalization of logistic support circuits,
etc. The activities undertaken in this respect, however, rapidly reach
their limit and cannot be further developed without harming the opera-
tional training whose indispensable environment they constitute.
Modern Management Integrated Within the Overall Financial System of
the Decision Making Process
The substantial redeployment of ineans thus practiced over the past five
years in order to obtain better possible returns on budget allocations,
has been possible thanks only to modern management methods which allow
the evaluation of the financial consequences of planned savings and of
possible decisions.
Such management is modern first of all because of its techniques. The
automated data processing, indispensable in the management of either
personnel or a variety of stocks, facilitates the use of accounting data
in management. It allows the statistical use of records, and contributes
to the simplification of administrative procedures. Furthermore, present-
day methods used to optimize hardware design use modern procedures such
as "value analysis," "the CCO method,"-~ multiple criterion analysis, etc.
Furthermoxe, to modernize its management the land forces try to organize
in accordance with the assignment related to the modernization and admin-
- istration of the armed forces (MMAA) a coherent overall system whose
data makes it possible to adapt practical experience to the stipulations
- of the program and the budget through cost analysis and the study of
noted disparities.
Conceived in the sense of the participatory line by specific target, the
purpose of the tools used within this system is to increase the opera-
tional capacity of the formation through deconcentration reaching the
implementation levels in order to promote the active participation of
all the necessary means for the reaching of set targets.. In other words, _
on each occasion, it is a question of bringing as close as possible the
area of decision making to that of action.
Generalized in 1974, today the "operatianal budget" is implemented by
over 500 centers of basic responsibility and, to the general satisfaction,
fulfills its role as a tool for coordination and management. While pre-
serving the financial freedom of heads of the center it allows the gain-
ing of specific knowledge of costs not only by type of expenditure but _
also in terms of implementation or activities concretizing the attainment
of objectives directly related to such programs.
The advantages of the operational budget system focus current research
on the increase in certain munition and clothing outlays. Furthermore,
' the "total operational budgets" of the schools and some departments of
the armed forces are assessed and followed annually.
* Design based on optimum cost.
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The "management budgets" play a similar role for the services. Bringing
closer the expenditures, broken down by budgetary item, to the funds -
appropriated by the various services for the armed forces, they make it
possible to determine the added value generated by each of the services
and the complete cost of operating the formations. Logistics, engineers,
and materiel formulate their annual anticipatory management budgets and,
at the end of the year, draw up an account which, when compared with the
initial forecasts, makes the control of management and the study of
noted deviations possible.
The management of the land forces, therefore, is firmly oriented today
toward a system of contractual a11_ocations of finances, whose use is
~ controlled at meetings at which t}~e coordination between the results
obtained at all levels and the stipulations of the action plan, hence-
forth generalized, is examined.
The time is past when financial affairs were the area of a few special-
ists who were more accountants than managers. Henceforth, thanks to the
development of a variety of techniques, some of which we mentioned, the
command at all levels is assuming financial responsibility. The objec-
tive study of resources helps to clarify, with a view to returns, the
choice of individuals who are responsible along the entire hierarchical
chain within the forces and the services.
~ The spreading of such modern management methods, actually, is attained
even better since, in fact, it is merely a question of adapting to the
current environment the traditional military concept of "economy of
forces," utilizing as best as possible the "financial means" to serve
the "mission." ~
Simulators _
Annual savings per simulator:
- Driving the AMX 30 2.9 million francs
- - Tank fire 2.0 million francs
- Artillery fire 1.6 million francs
Savings in munitions for 1981-1986 through the use
of simulators 683 million francs
Example of "General Cost Savings" Used to Improve
Operational Fitness
_ 1975 1979
Number of staffs 59 41
Number of corps 230 205
Number of combat units 740 730
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1975 1979
Number of days of activity 70 100
Of which, with materiel with
limited potential 35 47
Rate of commar.d staffing 27.3% 28.5%
Thousands of tons hauled
by military truck 65 240
Inferred cost economy
(currant financi3l means) 13 43
COPYRIGHT: 198o-Revue des forces armees francaises "Armees d'Aujourd'hui"
5157
CSO: 3100
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= COUNTRY SECTION
ITALY
FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF NEW GOVERI~Il~fENT-LABOR UNIpN ACCORD
Projected Increased Expenditures
Milan IL SOLE - 24 ORE in Italian 13 May 80 p 1
[Article by Claudio Alo: "The Cost of the Agreement"; additional material
on the 10 May 80 accord between Che Second Cossiga Government and the
United Federation CGIL-CISL-UIL labor unions, including textual references
as well as reactions and commentary by the political left and by the -
southern Italian areas may be found in JPRS 75970, West E~zrope Report
No .1594
[Text] The agreement arrived at during the wee hours of Saturday between
the government and the labor unions was received in a substantially favor-
able manner by most commentators, This agreement as a matter of fact is
being hailed positively for at least two reasons.
The first one is of an objective character: there is no doubt that the
labor union demands, along with the issue of public employment contracts
and family allowances, were on a sound foundation and that their acceptance
by the administration represents a further atep in the process of equitable
redistribution of i`ncomes now in progress in Ita ly,
The second positive element, which springs from last Saturday's agreement,
is of a more strictly political character. The Second Cossiga government
went into this meeting with the labor union organizations in a position of
evident weakness.
The restoration of good relations with the labor union organizations was
thus able to represent a solid point in favor of the administration, perhaps
the only one on which the administration was able to do anything on its own,
and Francesco Cossiga did not w~ane to miss the bus, The operstion came off
well and the execi~tive branch certainly came out Iesa shaky than when it
went into this long and tiring meeting,
From that angle, the agreement was positive although some by no means
marginal questions remain yet to be raised.
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The Second Cossiga government took over a month and a half ago, submitting
a program based in practice on two fundamental elements: firmly sticking
to the priority character of the fi ght against inflation and avoiding -
- the mista kes which the new Minister of Budget La Malfa had several times ~
criticized the earlier admin~stration for: little rigor in holding down
f the public deficit and weakness in dealing with labor union demands.
Well, the impression is that, precisely on these poinCs, th e administration
in several respect~ came into confli_ct with its own prior statements. Let
us see why;
: (1) The understanding concerning public employment and family allowances
will, in 1981, according to initial computations, cost another S trillion.
- This will further aggravate the public de~'icit or it will lead to a new
wave of tax increases, in any case reducing the net amount available for
in~estments .
(2) A further deterioration in the public def.icit (which, without these
new expenditures, would probably have been considerably below the 40-
trillion figure for 1980) and the simultaneous increase in pay envelopes
entails the risk of bringing about new tensions on the inflation front
which, in 1980, according to an announcement by Ia Malfa himself, will
hit 22 percent.
(3) Another 5 trillion in current expenditures will certainly cause a
deterioration in the structure of public spending, whPre expenditures for
- investments will carry relatively less weight.
(4) The agreement worked out Saturday has a single meaning at least for
_ the moment since the Second Cossi~a government has not mana~~ed to get
much more than a general inclination to hold hi~~ng proceduY�es coupled
wic~1 unemployment benefits [integrative contract negotiationsJ down, This
was so general that, a few hours after the agreement, the F YAT coordination
procedure agreed on a bottom figure of 47,000 lire, in othe r words, higher
than the one agreed upon a couple of weeks ago. Looking at the labor union
commitment toward an increase in the productivity mf the economic system and
toward holding down our growing labor costs, the administration had to be
satisfied with an opening of credit.
This is certainly important, as the budget minister maintained in the inter-
view which we are publishing here, but there is nothing certain about it,
' We may hope that the turnabout in relations with the labor union, which
Giorgio La Malfa talked about, will facilitate a rigorous economic policy,
as required by the difficult period which awaits us; but the re is no doubt
that many worrisome questions, arising from this substantially "political"
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agreement, have not yet been answered in any way,
And this is happening while the technical time frame for correcting the
course of a year 1980 which promises growing infZation, trade deficits,
and public deficit are getting shorter and shorter. -
- La Ma1fa Defends Program Costs
Milan IL SOLE - 24 ORE in Italian 13 May 80 p 1
[Interview with Budget Minister Giorgio La Malfa by Claudio Alo"]
[Text] Just 48 hours after the tiring negotiations leading
to the agreement on public employment and on doubling the
family allowances, Budget Minister Giorgio La Malfa is -
etill convinced that there was a fundamental turnabout
during the night between Friday and Saturday in relations ~
between the government and the labor union. For many
hours he tried to move to the conference table the old
economic rigor of the La Malfa clan, along with h~s
concern over a period of time which looks as if it is
going to be extremely difficult and he is firmly con-
- vinced that the labor union deve loped a new awareness
on economic policy problems. The economist who, until
just a few months ago, talked the rigorous language of
facts and figures and who now runs into a different
policy, however does not conceal two main concerns:
first of all, that the opening of credit, which the
administration allowed for the labor union, would indeed
have positive consequences and, next, that the awareness
displayed by the labor union, during this meeting, wi11 be
up to the extremely grave problems which the country is
going to have to face,
[Queation] Minisrer, your fellow government minister Pandolfi said that he ~
was satisfied with this agreemma~~6t~t tha t he is also worried. Are you
more satisfied or more worried?
- [AnswerJ I am substantially satisfied with the turnabout that emerged in
relations between the administration and the labor union and I just want
to wait and see where it takes us, As for any worries, I am neither more
n;,r less worried than I was before the meeting and I am of course worried
- about an extremely difficult economic situation which I described with
maximum clarity for the labor una.on leaders; I am also worried about the
background conditions of the Italian economy at the start of the eighties,
That is what I am worried sbout.
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rUc~ urrt~lcu. u~L vivi.~
[Question] And you are not worried about an agreement which can be inter-
preted as unil.ateral yiPlding by the administration, without getting any-
thing in return?
[Answer] I do not agree with your interpre~~~ion. There is a~ignificant
novelty in the outcome of this meeting and it consists in the by no means
minor fact that the administration and the labor union have signed a
. common document in which they accentuate the problem of inflation and in
which the administration has confirmed that it will not allow the government
deficit to eaceed 40.5 trillion and thar it wil.l see to the financing of ~
any major spending either through tax provisions or by cutting other current
spending. For me, Chis is certainly a turnabout. I do not know whether
this turnabout will be followed by successive steps in the direction toward
a rigorous economic policy, which is necessary, but what we achieved today
is this: the labor union is very familiar with *_he administration's objec-
tives regarding economic recovery but also iCs opening regarding collaboration
toward a policy of reviving tFee pianning effort.
[QuestionJ Minister La Malfa, the labor unionists are familiar with the
- administration's objectivea but do they share the decisions that are
necessary to attain those objectives?
[Answer) Their signature under the joxnt document says that they do. And -
they know that the situation is going to get worse and that we want to
discuss rigorous measures in order to reduce inflation and restore the
economy. The labor unions in su~ary agreed to a recovery policy instead
of having it imposed by somebody else.
[Question] And what if the labor union should be disappointed in regard
to your expectations and your opening of credit?
[Answer] There are direct instruments which the government has available, -
such as credit policy and tax policy, ~
[Question] In summary, the well-kno~an "noose�"
[Answer) Although I do not like that term, there would not appear to be
any other.
[Question] Miaister, how mucti did last Saturday's agreement cost the gov-
ernment budget which is already so lopsided? -
[AnswerJ The cost for family allowances will fluctuate between 600 and 800
billions for 1980.
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I
[QuestionJ And what about 1981?
[Answer] For 1981, it will be around 2-2,2 trillion, aot counting public
employment. But you have to keep in mind that a considerable portion of `
this higher cost is going to be financed autonomously by the increase in
the salary amovnt, And you also have to keep in mind the commitment under-
taken by the labor unions so Chat any further increases would be financed
through forms of solidarity among the workers themselvea.
- [Question) What about the agreement's cost for public employment?
[Answer] That comes to about 2,3 trillion for 1980,
[Question) Minister I,a Malfa, a few months ago you bitterly criticized the v
First Cossiga government because it granted the quarterly setup for the
emergency payments for goverrnient workers {state enterp rises?]~
without opening a discussion on the question of the sl3ding scale, Do you
not think that the Second Cossiga government granted more while asking even
less in return?
[Answer] Absolutely not, And I will explain to 3~ou right away why. The
First Cossiga government shifted the quarterly setup--a providion which
extended the indexing mechanisms--to the deficit and outside an overall
economic policy framework. Besides, this maneuver, like others, was
justified by the need for providing support for the demand in view of a
recession which has not yet arrived. Today, on the other hand, through
this agreement, we are moving within a complex overall design and within
the context of a policy essentially aimed at redistribution of funds,
[QuestionJ But there remains the fact that the econ~mic burden of this
agreement will make itself felt heavily in terms of the public deficit,
the quality of spending, and, by the same token, on the very inflation
which the administratd,un wants to fight. Do you not think so?
[Answer] Apart from the fact that we have emphasized that the public deficit ~
will not increase the burden, there is another element that must be con-
sidered, Family allowances carry greater weight in the South, Their increase,
other things being equal, favors incomes in the South which are most heavily
struck by inflation. Having made this point, there is no doubt now that we
. are still stuck with all of the risks inherent in an extremely accentuated
inflationary situation, A situation which absolutely requires that new
atmosphere that was created through the agreement last Saturday,
[Questionj Minister, do you not believe that the traditional La Malfian
rigor is now clashing with political interests? `
.
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[Answer] Absolutely not. Before the meeting, it appeared quite improbable
to me that we would achieve a result such as the one we had. There was
even reason to fear a quite different behavior on the part of the labor
unions which howevAtc ga~e the impression that they are beginning to grasp
the Country's economic problems in their seriousness and urgency. Whet I
have to underscore is that we have not yet arrived at an understanding
at ~11 costs.
� 5058
CSO: 3104
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COUNTRY SECTION SPAIN
SUAREZ' ABILITY TO GOVERN QUESTIONED
Madrid CAMBIO 16 in Spanish 18 May 80 p 3
[Editorial by Juan-Tomas de Salas: "Sua-rez' 'Pime Has Passed (I)"]
[Text] A political leader who served his country with distinction under
certain given conditions has become a burden and a serious hindran.ce for
the future, now that circumstances have radically changed. That is what
has happened to President Suarez. After the latest government crisis,
, there ie now way to hide the dismal ev~:dence even one more day.
~ After almost a year of paralysis and silence, with the nation infested
with problems demanding decisive leadership, the pressure of events took
its revenge and handed him three successive resounding defeats: the votes
in Andalusia, Catalonia and the Basque Country. And then his moment of ~
truth arrived. Either Suarez would radically change his policy and his
government, or Suarez would sign his political death sentence rather
quickly. After 3 weeks of anguished vacillation, the hermit of Moncloa
finally managed to form a new government; so poor, so conditional, so
whatever you want to call it, that it was almost like having the church
bells toll the sad news that Adolofo Suarez already ceased to exist. It
must be said this way: he can't function.
Adolfo Suarez worked hard to win himself a noteworthy place in the modern
history of Spain. He was the right man at the right time. No one could
have dismantled Francoism from within better than he did, thus permitting
the peaceful transition from one-man rule to the democratic system. Ad~lfo
Suarez carried out his role in history with courage, skill, and even haste.
No one can deny him credit for actions in the first 2 or 3 years of his
great political adventure, and least of all this publication, which con-
sistently supported him at that.time and even much later. For the last
time, he did the ~ob.
But the irony of history is that the qualities that were useful to Suarez
in bringing down Francoism from within--skill,secrecy, a:~d astuteness,
fundamentally--are not anywhere near enough to preside over a democratic
- government. His deficiencies became increasingly obvious as the new
regime was bring built up and strengthened. Suarez knew how to destroy,
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~
but he did not have the least idea of how to build. ~~Ihat is worse, it is
now clear that he never knew well what there was to build. From blunder
to blunder, from clever move to cleverer agreement, the man was almost
providential at a crucial phase was declining bit by bit. Silently, with
a growing sense of harassment and persecution, Adolfo Suarez fell to his
elephantine level of incompetence. What can we do about him?
What now? The normal inclination of a sector of Spanish public opinion
would be to lose hope, faced with this problem. He's the only one we
have, help out, everyone into the bunker, long live the "caenas," and up
with Numantia. But no, my friends, just the opposite. Soon we are going
to prove in our own flesh one of the sublime virtues of democracy: here,
no one is irreplaceable. Anyone who is not useful is removed, and someone
else is put in. And, remember, there always is someone else.
In the UCD [Democratic Center Union] itself there are leaders who are much
better suited than Adolfo Suarez to the conditions in the country here and
now. They are not well-known to many, but from now on they are going to
be known, from now on the political discussions in the UCD should become
public. Hidden debates should be banished forever from public life. Tt~e
"off the record" chat in the hallways is already a thing of the past. Here,
you must show your face. The nation wants to get to know its leaders and
the solutions they propose. Anyone who is afraid--go back home.
One fundamental thing must be kept in mirld: the relative majority of the
country voted for the UCD and not for the PSOE [Spanish Socialist Workers'
Party]. To betray this wish could have serious conse:~uences for the system.
Suarez must be replaced, inexorably, but unhurriedly, from within the majority.
Criticize Suarez--yes; dismiss Suarez--also maybe, yes; but merge with the
PSOE--no. A Frenchman said, "Yes, but...", and now is president of the
Republic.
- (CA~MBI~0.16 editor's note: Independent friends who still believe in Suarez
ask me: And if the president revives? Although in that case I would be
the first to applaud, ~y lack of faith that the miracle will occur I will
explain in coming editorials.)
COPYRIGHT: 1979 INFORMACION Y REVISTAS, S.A.
8131
CSO: 3110
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COUNTRY SECTION SPAIN
INTERIOR MINISTER DISCUSSES TERRORISM
Madrid CAMBIO 16 in Spanish 8 Jun 80 pp 51, 53, 55
- [Interview with Interior Minister Juan Jose Roson Perez by Jose Diaz Herrera; _
date and place not given]
[Text] Juan Jose Roson Perez, aged 48, with a degree in political sciences,
and a retired militarq inspector-commander, is the government's new "super
hardliner" against ETA [Basque Fatherland.and Liberty GroupJ. Appointed
minister of interior on 2 May, Roson.Perez was forced to withstand one oF
the worst escalations of the Basque terrorists during the first days of his
term in office: ETA assassinated eight persons in a week.
The state security forces reacted and, 2 weeks later, 45 ETA members were
captured by the police and sent to jail At the same time, on 21 May, the
interior minister appeared in eongress and announced a 12-point plan against
the ETA's terrorism. His plan may be summarized in a single phrase: "Against
ETA, submachine guns." He ~poke with Jose Diaz Herrera, of EAMBIO 16, about
the terrorism of the extremists of both the right and left.
CAMBIO 16: As minister of interior, what is your main concern?
Juan Jose Roson: The number one problem in the country is the tremendous
defiance of ETA. There is not the slightest doubt that the restoration of
a normal situstion in Spanish society entails the elimination of ETA.
C 16: And you want to conquer ETA by force?
- JJR: To me, the ETA problem is a problem involving a battle and effective-
ness on the part of the police. But it is not an easy problem,to solve.
There are political forces which are giving the terrorists a certain amount
of protection. This is why I think that Parliamen*_.bears some responsibili-
ties in this regard, something which I have requested in Congress. Those
responsibilities include that of establishing and requiring democratic be-
havior on the part of certain political groups giving protection to the
terrorists.
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C 16: You have resorted to Parliament in search o.E backing in the battle
aga~nst ETA. If those measures should fail, would you request more severe
measures for putting an end to ETA? '
JJR: I described to Parliament some guidelines for action. They are neces-
sary guidelines for action to focus on the ETA phenomenon and to combat it.
They may be insufficient and, if so, I would return to Parliament and ask
- for further measures.
It is Parliament which must authorize those measures. The battle against
ETA is not a partial one, nor a battle of a government or a police force
against a terrorist group.
It is the battle of the democratic forces and those of the society to win
~ some fundamental rights against ETA, which denies them.
C 16: There are some who claim that the terrorism might possibly be solved
by a new amnesty, or by negotiating with ETA.
JJR: I am drastically opposed to both methods, because they are counterpro-
ductive; and I would refer you to history in this regard. The ETA's terms
for negotiations are unacceptable.
If the state agrees to those negotiations and agrees.to the terms set forth
in the KAS [Patriotic Socialist CoordinatianJ proposal, a state no longer
exists. After that, we are all superfluous.
Secondly, I think that there have been amnesties and possibilities of the
elimination of the armed struggle. So long as ETA is killing, so long as it
is cornering the society in:a campaign of physical and moral violence, so
lor~g as it is intimidating all the citizens, no impunity can be asked for
the terrorists.
C 16: However, on a different occasion you were going to be chosen by the
government to negotiate with ETA....
JJR: That is absolutely untrue, and you can deny it categorically. Let the
former director of human rights of the Basque General Council's Interior
Overseer, Jose Ramon Recalde, author of that "report" tell me on what date
and in what place I was going to negotiate with ETA, and who told him so.
Because no one every made such a proposal to me, and I would by no means
have agree~ to it.
I can also state that, insofar as I know, the government has never attempted
to negotiate with ETA. On the contrary, the opposite has occurred: Sec-
tors close to ETA have suggested to the government the need for negotiating
with ETA, something which the head of the government has always refused.
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C 16: Then do you maintain that the Basque problem cannot be resolv~~d with
political measures?
JJR: I did not say that. There are two problems in the Basque Country: the -
Basque problem, which requires political handling, and the specific problem _
- of terrorism, which needs specifically police action. -
When discussing the Basque problem, we must not forget that there is a group
of Basque citizens giving protection.to the armed struggle owing to a lack
of information, which prevents thera from observing the current poliCical
situation and the fact that, under a system of autonomies, the Basque prob-
lems can be resolved completely. Therefore, I am in favor of the political
measures, and maintain that, in this respect, the PNV [Basque Nationalist
Party] government must be given definite support.
C 16: What wi11 the entity called for in your 12-point p rogram to plan,coor-
dinate and direct the anti-terrorist.battle consist of, and who wi11 head
it?
JJR: The battle against terrorism cannot be established as a battle in which
the Gendarmery, the National Police and officials from the Superior Police
Corps each act on their own. If we want to be successful there must ~e co-
ordina tion on the highesr level of this ministry and among the groups engaged
in concrete action. Therefore, it was necessary to create this entity for
coordination and planning which will be headed directly by the interior mi-
nis ter himself .
C 16: That is all very nice, but while you were planning, ETA assassinated
eight persons last week in its latest escalation of terrorism....
JJR: Because of the features of the terrorist battle, it is extremely diffi-
cult to curb the escalations. This escalation, as I see it, occurred be-
cause of an excessive number of coincidences when it was time for opposing
sectors to request negotiations and amnesty. What ETA has done is make an
escalation attempt to foster that campaign.
But it has ended now. Since 15 May the police have had notewoi:thy success. ~
The material perpetrators of the assassinations have been arrested, as well
as the members of the commando groups which participated in those acts.
However, what we must do is not only be px'epared to react when ETA assassi-
nates. The police must plan the battle against ETA with greater severity
and greater contt_n~aity.
C 16: And reach the "head," as M,anuel Fraga recommends.
JJR: That would be good, but it is not so easy. It is a we11-known fact
that the leadership ~f th~ rarrar~st battle in the Basque Country is not `
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situated in Spain. From that standpoint, there has been no great coopera-
tion from countries which should rigntfully have aided the Spanish Govern-
ment; because this is no longer a battle of a political nature, but rather
a terrorist battle which, although it is concentrated in Spain at present,
could become concentrated in that neighboring country later on.
Secondly, for some time there has been insufficient information. We have
started to obtain it during the past few days. We know the real structure
of ETA, how it recruits peop~e and how and where the commandos.are trained.
However, so long as the brains continue to move about freely outside of
Spain, the battle will continue. When we succeed in depriving them of their
- freedom, we shall have won the battle.
C 16: Since it is now known what the ETA is, could you tell us what backing
it has, and how it operates?
JJR: :he Ministry of Interior has conaiderable information. It has suffi- _
cient names, information on the supporters and on the arms supplies. It
knows what ETA is, and how it operates. But this is not the time to make ~
that information public.
C 16: In your 12-point program, you mention the need for diplomatic action
to create a European police and judicial jurisdiction. Could.a "Europolice"
be the effective weapon against terrorism?
. JJR: Thus far, the diplomatic action has brought few results. The European
countries have thought for some time that the terrorist phenomenon requires
a global, homogeneous treatment throughout all of Europe. It seems to have
been proven that there is cooperation among Che terrorist groups. Hence,
- the government must cooperate as well, so that the terrorists cannot take
refuge in other countries, nor receive any type af technical assistance from
any European country.
C 16: Has it been proven that ETA is cooperating with all the European ter-
rorist groups?
JJR: It is obvious tl-iat there is a relationship among all the European ter-
rorist organizations. The Ministry of Interior has a great deal of discon-
nected information in this regard, which must be put in order, so that we
can plan a forceful action in that area.
. C 16: In France, for example, where are the ETA "brains" concealed?
JJR: Not only in France, but in other countries. With France, we have the
concrete problem that the southern part of its territory is the headquar-
ters of ETA; but there are also connections with other countries, which are
the ones that we are analyzing. '
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C 16: Algeria, Libya, South Yemen...where is ETA being trained? _
JJR: I would say that there are more countries giving support to the ETA
terrorists, even countries closer to ours physically and culturally.
C 16: Is it Belgium where the ETA members purchase weapons through the traf-
ficking networks?
JJR: Cutting of the ETA's weapon supply routes is one of our main ob~ectives.
But it must be realized that this will not be an easy job, because the arms
market is highly complex. We have just received good news in this regard:
The police have succeeded in breaking up a line of Y weapons, and we are
engaged in that effort.
C 16: But does ETA have m~ore backing now than it did previously?
JJR: ETA has grown from the standpoint of backing from the population. In
this regard, the features of the battle have changed somewhat. Now we must
decide how to convince the civilian population that it does not make sense
to give backing to groups of the type and with the methods of action of ETA.
C 16: And how will you achieve that?
JJR: The effort is a very complex one. We must convince the population that
_ its most important aspirations can be fulfilled through peaceful coexistence,
in the normal operation of the autonomies and the state.
But this is not just my probiem; it is a problem for the entire state, and
a problem involving the government of the state and the gove~nnaent of the
Basque Country. It is a problem involving backing for the PNV government.
C 16: In your 12-point program, you request the creation of parliamentary
committees to investigate the connections between certain parties and the
terrorist groups. Is there evidence that some parties are giving the ter-
rorists protection?
- JJr: The government has sufficient information to requ^_st parliamentary in-
tervention in this regard, and in-depth intervention. There are parties of
the "abertzale" [patriotic] left, the state extreme lef t and the extreme
rigr.~ which are in this category. Understandably, out of respect for Par-
li;iment, I musr. bring up the matter before the Spanish Cortes first.
_ C 16: If it is pruven that there is collusion among members of legalized po-
litical parties or those negotiating for amnesty and terrorists, what action
~~aill you take?
JJR: The government's action will be very clearcut. In accordance with the
Constitution and the Law on Political Association, the government will turn
over to the public prosecutor's office all the dossiers that I am analyzing
and preparing at present.
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C 16: Come now, are you going to put the individuals who are connected with
the terrorists in jail?
JJR: The individuals who are connected with the terrorists will receive judi-
cial treatment. And, insofar as there has been criminal conduct, the ~udges
will have to act with the utmost severity. ~
C 16: What measures could the government adopt to protect.the Basque business- ~
owners who have been threatened with the "revolutionary tax"?
JJR: By making a frank, calm proposal to the business owners, something that
I am ready to do soon with their organizations, the government could offer
- them protection of personal security.
But, in addition, the government will pursue very harshly all the systems
whereby the extortion is taking place; and, thirdly, we shall demand that
- the neighboring countries not protect this type of extortion, which is a
crime in all the European codes, and which appears to me to be a Mafia pro-
cedure similar to that in Chicago during the 1930's.
C 16: Will the police forces in the Basque Country be increased?
JJR: No; what we shall do is make a better selection of the individuals in
_ command in the Basque Country. The battle against ETA is a battle with its
own peculiarities, and demands people who are very we11 prepared. And that
is what we intend to do. Police with a higher degree of expertise will be
countering ETA.
C 16: Will those police forces have better facilities? _
JJR: There need be no doubt of that.. We shall not cnly create mixed anti-
terrorist battle groups comprised of national police and gendarmery, but
we shall also provide them with the best facilities.
The countries in which the anti-terrorist battle has progressed are those in
which the police have had facilities for the investigation, detection and
location of the terrorists. Therefore, we must also have the best communica-
tions systems, and the latest procedures for analyzing and observing.those _
movements, so as later to combat them, as well as the latest cantrcl sqstems
which will be placed in service very.soon, after the installation work and
the training of competent personnel.
- C 16: Will the autonomous police forces be given the authority to battle
against the terrorists?
JJR: The terrorist situation can only be resolved by the state security forc-
es. The autonomous police forces will also have to lend tl~eir assistance at _
times. But their basic mission will be to assume a different sort of func-
tion which, in my opinion, is currently divertin~ national police forces -
- from the anti-terrorist battle.
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C 16: Will you take harsh action against the press in the matter of making a
defense for the terrorism?
JJR: I do not think that we can continue with a sitt~ation such as the pre-
sent one. If we do not attack the defense of terrorism, we are not attack-
ing one of the priority goals being sought by the terrorists: to place the
civilian popula tion on their side, through their psychological.campaigns.
C 16: Will not this matter of defense of the terrorism have repercussions on
freedom of speech?
JJR: Absolutely not. The fact is that freedom of speech is in the service of
the community and of coexistence. Freedom of speech cannot be used to pro-
vide moral protection for terrorist acts or to justify the~m. And, unfortu-
nately, there is some evidence of this in the Spanish press.
C 16: Are you referring to the Basque newspaper EGIN,.whiEh is claimed to
_ be f inanced by ETA?
JJR: I don't wish to refer to any of the media, but you have as much infor-
mation as I do.
C 16: What do you have to say on the subject of torture?
JJR: Since that problem does not exist, if it did exist I would say that I
would not allow torture on the part of the police. In any ?vent, there is
a parliamentary committee to investigate that matter.; and I can state that
the re is no real awareness that torture has ever existed.
C 16: What will happen to the people who do not cooperate. with the police
against the terroris ts? Is this a serious problem?
, JJR: It is very serious. Because of failure to ~act, there have been instances
of moral liability on the part of the civilian popul.ation recently. In fact,
thEre was cooperation with ETA in the assassinations of the members of the
gendarmery of Goinzue ta, who were murdered in that Navarre town on 16 May,
owing to the apathy of individuals who knew that the attack was going to
take place. Such crimes are penalized in the civil.codes of any Western
- country.
C 16: Will you be as hard and unbending toward the right wing terrorists?
JJR: To me, any kind of terrorism is serious, any kind of terrorism must
be persecuted and checked, regardless of its type. The f~.ct is that, at
the prNsent time, the most offensive terrorist group is ETA. But we cannot
ignore the tendency toward violence among certain extreme right wing groups,
~ a tendency that must be curbed.
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- C 16: But do you think that the right wing terrorism is rather insignifi-
cant because (in your opinion) it is not organized?
~
?JR: I do not deny that the right wing terrorism may be organized, but it
_ is my duty to speak quite clearly, and not with fals ehoods. At the present
time, I have no evidence that the extreme right is supporting an organized
terrorist organization. This does not mean that I preclude its existence,
or that I would not ask the police to try to ascertain.whe ther such an orga-
nization existed, whether it was na tional or whether it had internationai -
ties .
C 16: In the event that such an organization were to be discovered, a::d the
New Force were heading it, as some parties in Parliament claim, would yo~ ~
request the outlawing of the New Force?
- JJR: What must be done through the parliamentary groups and the Congress is
finding out the real position of each party. And if there are any partiea,
whether they be right or lef t wing, which are not engaged in absolutely
clearcut political activity, repudiating violence and terrorism, they would
automatically have to be turned over to the judicial branch, because they -
would obviously not be abiding by the system whereby our Constitution is
inspired .
, C 16: Do you believe that the police act with the same stringency r_oward the
~ right wing terrorists as with the left wing terrori.sts? -
JJR: The police are basically professional. But I shall change the question
because it is passive. Would that we had the same success against the left
wing terrorists as we are having with the right wing terrorists!
C 16 : Nevertheless, on oecasion some collusion is detected between certain
state security services and the extreme right wing groups....
JJR: All the cases wherein a connection has been proven between the police
and the extreme right have been turned over to the common or special juris-
- dictions. Moreover, there have been administrative actions which have been
; carried out in instances wherein such collusion occurred, and certain indi-
~ viduals were expelled from the police.
C 16: Last week, DIARIO 16 pulilic~zed the investigations that certain police
forces had made of democratic dep uties. Will you allow such activities?
JJR: I am concerned that this cotitd have happened. Although the r~ports giv- -
en to me do not coincide with the information from the newspaper, I have
turned over the matter to the public prosecutor's office, and I have ordered
the depar tment undersecretary to open an investigation. In any event, I
shall take steps tu prevent such activities from taking place in the future.
COPYRIGHT: 1979, INFORMACION Y REVISTAS, S.A.
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COUNTRY SECTION SPAI'_V
WORKERS PARTY LEA.DER GLOSSES OVER EXTREME LEFT'S SQUABBLES -
Madrid CAMBIO 16 in Spanish 22 Jun 80 p 34
- [Interview with Jose Sanroma Aldea, member of the Central Committee of the
Workers Party; date and place not given]
[Text] On 1 July of last year, the Revolutionary Organization of Workers (ORT)
and the Spanish Labor Party (PTE) combined thelr lives as Marxist-Leninist
revolutionaries. A new political graup came into existence in the left wing
of ttie l~ft. At the time, it was rumored that the merger in the Labor Party
(PTE) was more of a deal between leaderG than a spontaneous inclination among
the nembers. ~aelve months later, the split is a fact viewed with bewilder-
ment by both members and non-members, who have analyzed the situation as fur-
ther evidence of the failure of the extraparliamentary left during this period
of democratic consolidation. Jose Sanroma Aldea, a member of the Central
Committee of the Workers Party (PT) and former secretary general of the ORT -
(Comrade Intxausti when he was underground) spoke with this magazine.
CAMBIO 16: The party is nothing but skin and bones.
Jose Sanroma: N~~ at all. Contrary to what might be inferred from certain
- reports, the defections have been minimal. Of the 90 members comprising the
executive committee only 13 have become officially separated from the PT, and
none of them are from the ORT.
C 16: Not formally, but the truth is quite different. _
JS: Possibly, although it would have been democratic for them to submit to
the conclusions of the special congress for clarification to be held from 24 -
to 27 June; but never that drop-by-drop separation of the old members of the
Spanish Labor Party.
G 16: A congress which, to put it briefly, will be attended only by those of
- your faction. _
JS: Well...although they have publicly promised to participate, I doubt the
- attendance of the so-called radical line members. At the moment, they have -
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not attended the National Congress of Andalucia, the first one of those sche-
d uled for the nationalities or regions before the special one. It should
also be pointed out that many non-radical former members of the Workers
Party will not go either.
C�16: That does not preclude the leaders of the dispute being ORT and PET.
J S: The existence of the original parties has not been a deciding factor in
the dispute. We are suffering from the development crisis that is being
bo rne by all the revolutionary forces in Spain at present. I would go so
- fa r as to call it the upheaval besetting the party system itself, This prompt-
ed the need for a very intensive debate in the new party and, if it were not _
he ld in the depth required, the old mistakes of sectarianism which were eli-
minated with the unification would be repeated.
C 16: With this general breakdown in the so-called revolutionary left, what
are your short-term predictions on its activity?
JS: In our opinion, this phase will result in the advent of a plan for unifi-
. cation of all the Marxist-Leninist forces. This operation would entail the
creation of a new political party, ideological renewal and the reinterpreta-
tion of the theoretical bases.
C 16: You are inventing another radical movement like.the one sponsored b,j
the "gang of four," your former colleagues Eladio Garcia Castro, Pina L~ ~ez,
- Enrique Palazuelo and Heronimo Llorente. The difference is that they g~ b~-
yond a party.
JS: I may recall it, but that is all. We are convinced of the practical in-
viability of the radical movement. There may be a glimmer of reality concern-
ing its role, but we shall have to see how far it goes.
~ C 16: Isn't it possible that what is happening to many "revolutionaries" who
are actually extraparliamentary is that they are dying for a seat and, when
tYiey do not obtain everything they revert to quarreling? And the Workers
Party obtained..some representatives in the municipal elections.
JS: It is true that our separa~tion would not have been so easy.if we had a
presence in Parliament, and that, at the present time, we lack su.fficient
leverage to influence the society. Wherein lies the mistake? It is possible
that we have not adjusted well to the change. Our problem, retained since
Fr ancoist times, is that we have not subjected our theoretical bases to the
ne cessary period o': readjustment based on the development that has taken place
in the European societies. We had other priority concerns at the time which
prevented us from discovering those issues.
C 16: Is this your self-criticism?
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JS: It may be interpreted as such. And I might add that we have also erred
in directing ourselves in an absorbing manner toward the inside of the party.
It was a mistake to leave work, study and even personal life aside in order
to concentrate all our efforts on concrete party activity. By not leading a
life in society, we failed to relate to reality, to some extent. i~ow, we
have nothing else to do other than what the population as a whole is doing.
C 16: To be specific, what is the party's chosen political task at present?
JS: To associate all the revolutionary and reformist forces and battle against
anything emanating from the state which could damage the workers' interests;
but without risky action which would offer an excuse for reaction. We are
not better or worse on account of this. We want alternatives that will be _
part of a program that can be accomplished.
C 16: Finally, don`t you think that the rapprochement between Peking and Car-
rillo's PCE [Spanish Communist PartyJ is a slap at the PT, and at the ORT's
pro-Chinese group in particular?
JS: No one with a minimum amount of accuracy could accuse us of having under-
_ taken ~ction on behalf of the Chinese people that was not considered from the
standpoint of the interests of tfie struggle in Spain.. We never engage in imi-
tation; and we differ with the Chinese leaders on key issues, such as NATO and
~ the Portuguese revolution. We are observing day by day that the relations
between the Chinese Communist Party and the Spanish Communist Party need not '
be exclusive. As a precedent in this regard there is the example of Romania,
which has simultaneously been approaching the PCE and the former Workers Par- -
ty.
COPYR.IGHT: 1979, INFORMACION Y REVISTAS, S.A.
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SPAIN
- BRIEFS
ETA LEADER IN ALGERIA--Miguel Angel Apalategui, alias Apala and one of the
_ high ranking leaders of ETA-Military [Basque Fatherland and Liberty Groups],
was seen in Algiers at the end of May [1980]. Nothing had been heard of
Apala--one of the most mysterious figures in the Basque organization--since
September 1977 when he was put on trial at Aix-en-Provence (France) and
subsequently released. [Text] [Madrid CAMBIO 16 in Sp~~tish 22 June 80 p 5]
UCD CONGRESS--The Democratic Center Union [UCD] will not hold its congress
- during the planned dates. The congress, which was to be held in October,
~ will be postponed for several months. It is hoped that it will be held
before Christmas 1980. [Text] [Madrid CAMBIO 16 in Spanish 22 Jun 80 p 5]
CSO: 3110 END
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