JPRS ID: 9282 USSR REPORT ECONOMIC AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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- JPRS L/9580
2 March 1981
. . . , ~ : : tt~ . . .
_
~ Sub-Saharan Africa Re ort
p
FOUO No. 710
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FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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" 2G February 1981
NOTE FROr1 THE DIREC'I'OR, FBIS:
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JPRS L/9580
2 Marc.;h 19 81
SUB-SAHARAN A~RICA REPaRT
~'OUO No . 710
CONTENTS
INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS
~ OAU States Urged To Define Position on Chadian-Libyan Merger
(Editorial; MARCHES TROPICATJ~C ET MEDITERRANEENS, 16 Jan 81).... 1
: Uncertainty Regarding Future Libyan Role in Chad
' (MARGHES TROPICAUX ET I~DlTERRL~I~TEENS, 23 Jan 81) 5
I Photographer Describes 'Liberation' of Nd.jamena by Libya
, (Tanguy Loyzance; AFRIQUE-ASIE, 5-18 Jan 81) 8
I ANGOLA
!
Partial Data on Central Committee
j (MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERit.ANEENS, 9 Jan 81) 12
CAMERG~ON
Briefs
Gas Liquefaction Plant 13
;
~ CENTRAL AFRIC~+N REPUBLIC
!
Brief s
~ UNCA Established 14
CHAD
~ Prospects Said Tc Be Bleaker Than~ Any Time Since Independence
(John Howe; AFRICA, Feb 81) 15
COMORO ISLANDS
Resurfacing of Opposition Discussed
(Elie Ramaro; AFRIQUE-ASIE, 5 Jan 81) 19
- a- [III - NE & A- 120 FOUO~
Cl1D l1FFi!'T A i i TCF (1NT V
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CONGO
Chief of State Makes Progre5s on 1980 Economic Policy
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 9 Jan 81) 21
LiBERIA
Brief s
Preparation of New Constitution 2~
ROK Trade Agreement 2~
MOZliMBIQUE
A~alysis of 1981 Central Plan
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 9 Jan 81) 28
' NIGERIA
Erief s
Italian Airplane Purchase Negotiations 30
RWANDA
Report on Country's Economy for 1979-1980
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 5 Dec 80) 31
SENEGAL
� President Said To Have Begun His Rule Weli
(Kin-Kiey Mulumba; AFRICA, Feb 8I) 34
Radicalization of Senegalese Democratic Party
(MARCHES TROPICAi1X ET MIDITERRANEENS, 16 Jan 81) 36
Truden Pays Official Visit to Country
(MARCHES TROPICAiTX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 16 Jan 81) 38
Central Fund Grants Over 4 Billion CFA Francs in Loans
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 16 Jan 81) 39
~
Briefs
Stirn's Visit 40
Increased Gasoline Prices 40
SEYCHELLES
Solidarity Congress Reviewed
(Erbaf Seiler; AFRIQUE-ASIE, S Jan 81) 41
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TANZANIA
- Decline in Food Production
- (MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 16 Jan 81) 43
Sisal's Industry Decentrali.zation
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 16 Jan 81) 44
~ Briefs
Taater, Electric Power ~fficials 45
Increased Traffic in Tanga 45
Increased Electric Power Sales 45
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INTER-AFR.ICAN AFFAIRS
~AU STATE5 URGED TO DEFIPIF POSITZON ON CHADIAN-LIBj'AN MFRGER `
~ Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 16 Jan 81 pp 115-117
~ [Editorial]
I
[Text] As soon as it became known, the commitment by Chad and
Libya to work toward achieving complete unity between the two
countries" caused a wave of reactions within Chad itself, in
~,~rica, in France, and in the Western chanceries. Despite the
ambiguity surrounding its signing--for example, the presence in
Tripoli on 6 January of the GUNT [Transitional National Union
GovernmentJ foreign minister of Chad, Mr Acyl Ahm~~, known for
his pro-Libyan sympathies, was only revealed several days later--
the document, whic~. seems to be essentially a statement of
intent, obliges the governments concerned to def ine their
position with respect to Libya's expansionist policy.
~ In Chad, Colonel Kamougue seems not to have been involved in the Tripoli negotiations
I conducted by the delegation headed by Goukouni Oueddei. Once again on the eve of
the negotiations Col Kamougue underlined the necessity of "rebuilding the Chadian
nation" and of reconstructing a national army based on the Chadian Armed Forces (FAT)
which he commands. His first reaction to the announcement of an accord which
entrusted Libyan soldiers with the responsibility for mainCaining order was to deem
~ it "an impossible marriage," adding that it was not possible "to sell away the
I sovereignty of Chad."
' Both the Chadian press agency and the office of the president in Chad minimized the
~ scope of the Tripoli agreement. According to the former, Mr Goukouni Oueddei "made
i no formal commitment to the Libyan side," while the latter said that "there is no
merger, much less an annexation of Chad by Libya. There is the intention of
alliance which it is up to the Government of Chad to conf irm or nullify." The sig-
natory of the Tripoli document, Mr Goukouni Oueddei, has made no official statement. _
He seems, since his return to N'djamena, to have devoted considerable time to
explaining his position to his partners in the GUNT.
Keen Concern...
The mere possibility of a merger between Chud and Libya has aroused the most keen
' . concern among the states bordering Chad. As the crossroads where the white Africa
of the north and the black Africa south of the Sahara meet, virtually the entire
continent is concerned by the maintenance of or the.threat to equilibrium resulting
from colonization which was ratified by the Organizatlon of African Unity, whose
golden rule remains the inviolability of borders.
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The proposed merger program cannot in fact be considered to be a free association
between two states retaining full sovereignty, since Libyan troops are still present
in Chad. In Africa it has been seen as expansionism by Libya, abusing the superiority _
it enjoys by virtue of its army, its modern military equipment, and its oil
" revenues. Ridiculed in Uganda, where the freedom of the survivors of its exnPdi-
tionary corps had to be bought through ransom, and in the BET [Borkou-Enneddi
~ Tibesti], where Libyan detachments were wiped out by Goukouni's troops, the Libyan
army, reorganized and supported by East European advisers and technicians, appears
today, after the con:~uest of N'djamena, as a formidable war machine in the service
of Col al-Qadhdhafi.
Even progressive Ethiopia ha~ condemned the Libyan plan by reaffirming its support
for the "principles of territorial integrity, nonintervention, and respect for the
independence of states." It was Egypt, the object of an explicit warning--as was
Sudan--in the Tripoli accord, w'~ich reacted~most vigorously to Libyan inter~tions.
- But condemnation is almost universal throughout West Africa.
...And Some Uncertainty
The acting president of the OAU, Mr Siaka Stevens, called together in Lome some 15
heads of state, including those who make up the organization's ad hoc commiLtee on i
Chad, starring on 12 January. But it was decided that it was an informal meeting
for an excfiange of views and not, contrary to the wish expressed by certain heads I_
of state, an off icial meeting of the OAU, which would have given more impact and
authority to the decisions or recommendations of the conference. The active
presence in Lome of the Libyan foreign minister, Mr 'Ali 'Abd al-Salam al-Turayki,
who left in a huff to protest against the presence of Egypt, and the obvious haste
with which the meeting was convokP3, which may have offended some sensibilities,
threw into relief a certain hesitati~n about the position ta adopt toward Libya.
Some states have already broken diplomatic relations with Tripoli. This is the
Others
case with Senegal, Ghana, the Gambia, Egypt, and since 13 January, Niger. ,
such a~ Nigeria, have shown their teeth without going so far as a rupture. At the
most re;:ent Lagos conference, 7 of the 13 participating states (Sudan, Senega~., Togo,
Guinea, Cameroon, rliger, Central African Republic) refused to sign the final com-
munique because it did not explicitly call for the withdrawal of Libyan troops from
Chad. The f inal communiaue was accepted only by Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Congo,
Benin, and, naturally, by Libya and by Chad itself.
The first Lagos accord, which was endorsed by the OAU and accepted by the 11
Chadian factions, prohibited, in effect, the presence on Chadian ter~itory of troops
belonging to a neighboring state, demanded the departure of French troops, and
envisaged the presence in the field of an inter-African armed force supplied by
Congo, Benin, and Gui.nea. The accord also stipulated that the transition government,
. the presidency of which had been entrusted to Goukouni Oueddei, was to get a mandate
to prepare general elections to permit Chadians to decide on their institutions.
Did Mr Goukouni Oueddei from that moment have the power to commit the future of the
Chadian people without having consulted them? On the other hand, of all the com-
mitments made, only one of them has been honored: France has withdrawn its troops.
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The African states tirelessly and with gooc~ reason demand the right to resolve their
differences among themselves, and exclusi~:~ely among themselves. But with rare
exceptions up to now they have shown thems~etves powerless to act or effectively
oppose a policy of force in violation of co~mitments made. Now that Libya, as Col
al-Qadhdhaf i has never hidden, is embarking on *ne realization of its plan to create
a vast Sahelian entity, the same states which bef~r~ were demanding the removal of
French troops have come around now to asking foc guara~ztees xegarding their
threatened security, calling on France and even the Unit~d Sta;es, where the
representatives of the Carter administration as well as the future secretary of
state, General Haig, have declared themselves concerned by the situation in Chad.
France's Attitude ,
'I'he first sign of resistance to Libyan ambitions came from Paris, where the govern-
ment seems to have been surp�rised both by the rapidity of the Libyan victory in
N'djamena and by the proposed merger between the two countries. Bouar garrison, in
Central Africa, near the Chadian border, has been reinforced, as will those of the
other French bases in the states linked to France by defense agreements. The French
minister of foreign affairs, Mr Jean Francois-Poncet, said in Abidjan, where he was
making an off icial visit, that France will respond "with determination and without
~ hesitation" to the requests of the African countries if the latter feel their
~ security threatened as soon as they appeal for solidarity.
i This firmness expressed off icially in the 8 January communique af the French Govern-
ment puts an end to a period during which French policy showed itself to be uncertain
to the point that it was even possible to entertain the hypothesis of a tacit
~ accord between Paris and Tripoli, giving Libya a free hand in Chad. The diobolical
cunning of Col al-Qadhdhafi in choosing the very moment of the proposed merger
agreement to announce the granting of prospecting rights on Libyan territory to Elf
Aquitaine placed the French Government in an awkward position, and it is difficult
' to believe that it was unaware of the negotiations the French company had been con-
~ ducting for a whole year. Anxious to defend itself against the accusation of giving
~ too large a place in its policy to considerations that could be called "mercantile,"
i the French Government stated that it would oppose any move by Elf to commi~ explo-
, ration funds in thP new territories.
At the same time, France sent a military expedition to Sudan and decided to impose
an entry visa requirement on Chadian citizens, an obligation to which previously
only Libyan citizens had been subjected.
The hardening of the French position, in contrast to its past weakness which had
caused it to agree to the return of the French ambassador in dangerous conditions
after the.sacking of the French Embassy in Tripoli last February, seems to have
set off intense Libyan diplomatic activity. The Libyan minister of foreign affairs,
Mr al-Turayki, went to Lome. Major Jallud, the diplomatic troubleshooter, on 12
January made an open visit to Algiers, where he was received by President Chadli
Bendjedid. Algeria, linked to Libya by the 1975 treaty of alliance and a party to
the Lagos accords, is showing a certain anxiety in face of the Libyan initiatives,
but does not seem to want to endanger Arab solidarity within the "Solidarity
Front."
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What can France--criticized today for having withdrawn its troops from Chad and after
having taken military measures intended to reassure both its friends in Africa and
its partners ir. the West, particularly the United States, where doubts were
expressed about its capacity to defend the position of the free world on the black
continent and to oppose attempts at destabilization remote-controlled from the
Soviet Union--do now?
Having assured the states that wouldheef~ufTicansythedrespcns bility~totresolveWamong
support them, it can only leave to t
themselves a problem which concerns them the most. This is also the position of
Great Britain, whose foreign secretary, Lord Carrington, invokes the jurisdiction
of the OAU.
France cannot substitute itself for the people of Chad. But without shirking its
respo~lsibilities, it should insure that they have the opportunity to freely choose
their own destiny. It would, moreover, find itself in an impossible dilemma if a
portion of the Chadian p eople, refusing to become Libyan, were to call on it to
guarantee the exerc~se of their free choice. Neither can France substitute itself
for the African states directly concerned. The primary responsibility for clearly
def ining the position which they intend to adopt with regard to the attempted Libyan
merger rests with them and with the organization which represents them. France I
could do no more, if it were asked to do so, than provide the means, including the ~
I
military means, for implementing a decision that was incontestably the will of t e
OAU.
When an internationally recognized legal authority has been reestablished in Chad,
France should--if Chad desires it--continue the economic and cultural cooperation
which it endeavors, within the li.mits of its resources, to maintain or improve
with the African statess including those which never in their history were under
its authority an~d those which have adopted an ideology contrary to its own.
Meanwhile, from a eomlelr.estoresnormallconditionslwhereetheythave beentdestroyed
help the Chadian p p
or damaged.
Finally, Ivorian Pr esident Felix Houphouet-Boigny was right in pointing out recently
that instability was the daughter of misery and that helping the Africans to sur-
mount political problems also involved providing them with the conditions indis-
pensable for the security of their economies and thus guaranteeing a fair and
stable remuneration for their agricultural and mineral products. Some Western
states, concerned bY hould1workltirelesslsttoimake~them awareeofnitare of this ~
basic truth. France
In any case, the wors~he hoce thatdthe Libyan willlbe~satisfiedewithrtheCextent of
� deluding itself with p
his conquest.
. COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie, Paris 1981
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INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS
UNCERTAINTY REGARDING FUTURE LIBYAN ROLE IN CHAD
~ Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 23 Jan 81 pp 17, 18
~ [Text] As Merlin used to say, he whr~ wishes to deceive another often winds up
~ deceiving himself.
~ One might meditate on these words by la Fontaine following the publication of the
Libyan-Chadian agreement of 6 January (MA~iCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 16
January 1981, p 117), and after the declaration by the chiefs of state who met at
_ Lome on 14 January .
I
There were two surprises right away: Although Libyan intervention in Chad--mili- _
= tary but also administrative--was quite well known, nobody expected Golonel Qadhd-
hafi so rapidly to take the initiative in announcing a blueprint for "complete
unity" between Libya and Chad.
Likewise, the debates that took place at Ndjamena within the GUNT (Transitional
National Union Gc~vernment), following the return from Libya of President Goukouni
Oueddei, rev~al the full difficulty of this undertaking. Colonel Kamougue, vice
- president of the government and spokesman of a South which has no intention of
being reduced to total dependence in a Muslim Chadian state, oriented toward the
Pdorth, in particular demanded that his authority be spelled out in writing and
protested that he had not been aonsulted prior to the signing of the accord on
6 January. _
+ The second surprise took place at Lome, when, on 1'+ January, 11 chiefs of state
(Togo, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon, ~he Central African Republic, Sierra-Leone,
~ Guinea, Nigeria; Senegal, Benin, and Congo) and the representatives of the govern-
~ ments of Niger and Egypt (the Libyan secretary of foreign affairs, Mr Triki, had
left the conference) dared declare, wi.thout the slightest hesitation, that "the
merger accord between the Arab Libyan Jamahiriya and the Transitional National
Union Government of Chad violates the spirit and the letter of the Lagos accord"
and denounced it.
This declaration moved Nigeria closer to a group of countries considered "moderate"
within the OAU, countries which semiof�icially protested against the Libyan move
and were worried about its consequences. This was a sufficiently important event
to persuade President Goukouni and Vice President Kamougue to meet with the Nigerian
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chief of state, Mr Shehu Shagari, in Lagos, on 16 January. It was probably in the
course of this visit that the Nigerian officials, accor:iing to the TIMES of London,
learned that the president of the GUNT was in fear of his life even while he agreed
to sign the 6 January accord. This confidential news item, which remains to be
confirmed, would be another ma.ni.festation of the reluctance of the GUNT to acceptthe
_ views of Calonel Oadhdhafi. But one must not exaggerate this reticence. The
_ government in Ndj amena, which owes its victory to Libya, can still detect some ad-
vantages in the alliance with Tripoli: it has just asked for Libyan financial aid
to pay its civil service personnel whn, as we know, for the mos t part withdrew to
the South ever since 1979,
The game in Chad is far from over. The Lome declaration certainly is a victory of
the "moderates" in the OAU. Fran ce, which has just beefed up its military presence
in Central Afr:ica and which is ready to help its friends in danger, has every reason
to be happy over these developments. But the participants in the Lome meeting are
not the spokesmen of a majority current in the OAU; that organization was not of-
ficially consulted on the Chad issue. It would be unwise to anticipate the resu.lts
_ of such a debate.
Nor must we imag~ne that Libya--in turn bogged down in the internal problems of {
Chad--could not overcome the dipl~matic setback at Lome. '
_ The Libyan reaction to the 14 Janu~~ry declaration is skillful: a diplomatic offen-
sive in Africa and concessions to save tfie essence. While Libyan emissaries--Messrs
Triki and al-'Ubaydi, went to Angola and Rwanda, the People's Foreign Liaison
Bureau in Tripoli responded to the Lome communique on 15 January.
According t~~ the JANA Agency, the Bureau "was happy with all of the paragraphs in
the text of. that communique, except for paragraph 2(equi~valent to paragraphs 2-5
included in the AFP [French Press Agency~ version) which constitutes unjustifiable
interference in the affairs of Chad." And Txipoli developed the following argument:
"The withdrawal of the Libyan forces from Chad as a matter of fact can be demanded
only by the party that has already demanded the intervention of these forces. The
Libyan forces intervened in Chad in accordance with a treaty and a request from the
president of the Chadian people who has every legitimate author ity becuu~e he is
the founder of FROLINAT [Chadian National Liberation Front the ma~z who directed
the liberation struggle for 20 years, the man who pushed armed combat all the way
to the Chadian capital and overthrew the puppet government of Ma lloum. Thus,
Goukouni Oueddei has e~2ry legitimate authority which enables him to ask for and
keep the Libyan forces there. He is the only one who could ask for their with-
drawal. Libya will respond only to the request of Goukouni Oueddei and will with-
draw its forces when he asks. (...because he is) the depository of revolutionary
- and legal legitimacy and they in turn enable him to demand the withdrawal of the
Libyan forces."
On the other hand, "the People's Foreign Liaison Bureau stresses the fact that
political unity between the two countries cannot be accomplished without consulting
_ the Chadian people through. a referendum on that subject and that the content of the
commur.ique issued after the meeting of the African presidents a~ Lome regarding the
union of the two countries is illegal.
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"In taking up this sub~ect, the African presidents were misled by words; the OAU
, Charter ca11s for the unity of countries of the continent and stresses the fact
that unity among the African countries must be an objective that must be~attained.
~ Under these conditions, how can the African presidents allow themselves to defend
a cause while opposing the text of the OAU Charter and its objectivea."
It is extremaly difficult for the GUNT to keep its distance from the Libyan govern-
ment under such circumstances. The communique published on 15 January at Ndjamena
by ATP (Chadian Press Agency) also stresses the fact that the. Libyan-Chadian merger
"can only be the result of the freely expressed will of both peoples involved" and
� the government here reaffirms "its devotion to the clauses of the Lagos accord
= which expressly exclude the maintenance of foreign bases on Chadian national ter-
ritory," while once again thanking Libya for having "enabled it to put an erid to
the rebellion"; but one cannot reallq see where this sort of thing might lead,
except for the prospects of "normal relati.ons with countries that entered into co-
operation agreements, particularly France." Is this the beginning of resistance
in Chad? It is too early to interpret correctly the information on the fighting
among the Libyans and the Chadians near Biltine and Arrada.
Besides, Colonel Qadhdhaf i in response to the dispatch of fresh French troops to
the RCA [Central African RepublicJ, in turn announced on 14 January a"strengthening
of Libyan forces in Chad." The airport at Nd~amena, still denied to the Chadians,
is st i11 in the hands of Tripoli, How, under these conditions, could one implement
paragraph 7 of the Lome declaration on the dispatch of an ir~ter-African force "over
the entire extent of Chadian national territory?" At this point the diplomatic
- victo ry at Lome runs the risk of having no future for the "moderates" and their
Western allies, in the absence of a more general and more concrete response to the
ambitions of Tripoli which--and that is the least we can say--are encouraged by
- the Soviet bloc.
COPYRZGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie. Paris 1981
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INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS
PHOTOGREIPHER DESCRIBES 'LIBERATION' OF NDJAMLNA BY LIBYA
Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French 5-18 Jan 81 pp 45-48
[Article by Tanguy Loyzance: "Myths and Realities"]
- [Text] During the recent months of the long war in Chad, no foreign newgman =
was there to cover it. Observers were in the Cameroonian settlement
of Kousseri on the opposite bar.k of the river, and when they occa-
sionally left their base, it was to go to the distriets occupied by
Hissein Habre's FL~N [Northern.Armed Forces). As a result, an the i
basis of half-truths and half-lies, a whole arsenal of propaganda -
_ against GUNT [Transitional National Union Government) and at the same
time against Libya, obviously the main target of this off ensive, was
fabricated. A photographer and neutral observer. has just spent _
several mcmths in Chad, where he witnessed the 'liberation' of
Ndjamena, of which he brings us his account. Scandalized by Lhe way =
in which the war in Ndjamena between the united forces of GUNT and
Hissein Habre's troops has been reported abroad, he describes what
he saw and heard.
Sunday, 14 December 1980: After a brief resistance, the Northern Armed Forces of
Hissein Habre had to abandon the Camp of the 13 (formerly Camp Koufra), which has
always been a kind of symbol. Consequently, when the president of GUNT, Goukouni
Oueddei, and Colonel Kamougue made their way in, they did not doubt for an instant
that the end of the war was near.
- Indeed, at 1000 hours the following day, when I arrived at the Chagoua Bridge at
the southern end of Nd~amena, aft~r crossing the entire capital accompanied by the
foxzner mayor of the city, Mahamat Djerma, there were no more traces of the FAN as
such. Nor was there any question of running up the colored banners (which once
distinguished the supporters of each faction) for those who would come to pray
~aith the president at the mosque spared by the guns, finally silent. People met
and embraced one another warmly, sometimes after 8 months of separation. A large ~
part of the city has been destroyed, and the burned trees, the ripped off roofs,
as in the case of the cathedral, and the walls pockmarked by thousands of impacts
bear witness to the bitterness of the f igl~ting. At the Place de 1'Independence,
- the body of a soldier, his clothing torn and trouser~ red with blood, is still
stretched out on the ground one of the last to fall., Nearly 9;000 others like -
him fought the war for peace. At Kousseri, on the Cameroonian shore of the Ubangi-
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Shari, a crowd of spP^.ial envoys "observed," in a very strange manner, it would
appear, "and spread t;iroughout the world the ~ildest information on the military
positior,s of both sid~~s, President Goukouni's so-called "move" far from Nd~amena,
- the arrival of squadroi~s of bombers or the massive flight r,f the entire population
as tracer bullets rained down. If one were to believe them, Ndjamena was another
Kabul, crisscrossed by some 50 tanks.
I just spent several months in Chad. Many time$ I vi~ited the b~ttlefields as a
photographer. I spent 6 months at Fareha, where I experienced the anguish of the
people when the shells sometimes fell on the land concessions. I learned to cease
~ speaking the names of soldiers, same of whom were my friends a~d who we knew would
never return. I was sometimes afraid, like everyone else, and I saw terrible sights
- I shall never forget. But it was a different war, not the one I saw taking place
in Chad, that was reported on Paris.and on Radio-France In~ernationale, usually
on the basis of trumped-up or imaginary sources but, alas, repeated en masse by all
the different media. ~
Among the events that marked these recent months until the general attack of 8 De- '
cember, I noted one important date, that of 6 Oetober, when the fighting reached
an extreme pitch, leaving nearly 700 dead in 2 days. On the evening of 5 October,
Hissein Habre had distributed money to his soldiers and urged them to take the old
. French military base, the objective which, in his mind, constituted the last chance
to win. The plan put into effect consisted of infiltrating enemy ranks, the gen-
darmer.ie and the military base. In this way, on the morning of the 6th, Habre's
- troops attacked, surprising everyone. The fighting that followed was of unaccus-
tomed violence. The counterattack (whieh ~ personally witnessed), led by President
; Goukouni and Acyl Ahmat (minister of foreign affairs and leader of the Common Ac-
tion Front, the FAC), was rapid and decisive. Stalin's organs, operated by members
of the Revolutionary Democratic Council (CDR, grouping the FAC and the lst Army),
, provided the united forces of GUNT with such firepower that all the positions, with
the exception of part of the gendarmerie, were rapidly retaken. None of the in-
filtrated FAN soldiers would be able to regain his base. Night fell on a spectacle
of horror. The entire zone of the gendarmerie and the base was strewn with bodies. ~
That day enabled GUNT which had super~or firepower (Stalin's organs and BRDM's
; [expansion unknown]) to realize that with a single cb~and, it was possible to
; invest the FAN positions in a rather short span of time. The great strength of �
the Northern Armed Forces in fact resided in the fact that they obviously had a
single staff, which permitted great speed of attack without any possibility of
escape. On the other side, the united factions of GUNT each had their own autono-
mous military leadership. Everything changed at the end of November when Colonel
Kamougue was given the task, following a Cabinet meeting, of officering the differ-
ent factions of GUNT. For that purpose, the Chadian Armed Forces, w~ich up to that
time had waited beyond the Chagoua Bridge, were taken to Ndjamena by helicopter and
based at the gendarmerie. Several times during the transfer I heard the sound of
the helicopters, some of which were piloted by three of my Chadian friends who had
studied in F'rance and Italy. However, it was at that time that the "observers"
~ based in Kousseri would see the American CH 47's piloted by Libyans. Soon Radio-
France Internationale, then Freneh television, followed by all the Western media,
announced a"Libyan invasion." It was as if Qadhdhafi himself were getting ready
to enter Ndjdmena at the head of his troops. A veritable international propaganda ~
campaign began using the excuse of the aid, very real but limited in nature it
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is mainly technical and sanitary lent by Tripoli to warn against the danger of
Chad's occupation by Libya's "Islamic army." Nor are certain African chiefs of
stste removed from the effort. It will be noted that most of them have had their
- dif�erences with Libya~ leaders and furthermore, nearly all of them are the mosC
1oya1 spokesmen for the moods and des.igns of the Elysee Palace, as if Chad had
truly become the alibi.
In September, the foreign affairs minister of GUNT, Acyl Ahmat, summed things up
very well: "The people who are attacking us today think that they can solve any
problems they might have with Libya in ~his way. They would do better to settle
them directly with Tripoli," he said.
Unequaled Violence
But what was happening in the field? 'Fhe week of 8 to 14 DECember saw the resis-
tance of Hissein Habre's forces fritter away. The attack, waged on all fronts, was
of unprecedented violence. The weapons were sophisticated. The time of the under-
ground and MAS 36's is over. The Chadian Armed Forces (FAT), the members of the
_ People's Armed Forces (FAP) and those of the Democratic Council of the Revolution
and the Western Action Front {FAO) had Kalashnikovs and Belgies and knew how to i
use Stalin's organs and the BRDM's as well, while some groups have Chadian personnel
able to use the 106 and 120 canons. At a press conference in November, President i
Goukouni Queddei, questioned about the source of GUNT's weapons, responded as
follows: "You know that we do not manufacture weapons in Chad, but the list of
friendly countries that support and aid us would be too long to read."
In Douala recently, one minicter belonging to the Chadian government coalition to
whom I put the inevitable question about the presence of a Libyan army in Chad an-
swered in the following terms: The newspapers have spoken of 5,000, even 20,000
Libyans on Chadian soil. How can you think for~ a second, if.you know the slightest
bit about Chad, that its people, who have been fighting and suffering for 15 years,
would be willing to accept a�ny army of occupation?"
End of an Era
And everyone knows: The Chadian people chose long ago to live free and fight any
form of exploitation and foreign tutelage. All the wars that have followed the
manifesto issued by Ibrahim Abatcha, founder of the FROLINAT, show that it is not _
possible to envisage any accepted meddling in Chadian affairs of state. Acyl Ahmat,
who is always gresented as the mo$t pro-Libyan member of GUNT, told me in Septem-
ber: "Colonel Qadhdhafi aids and supports the Chadian revolution, but it is to-
tally out of the question for anyone to dictate our policy. Those Chadians who
now label us as Libyan pawns forget too easily that at one time or another, they
also played the Libyan card and used it. But they now want to look like intransi-
gent nationalists." He continued: "We will always need France, to which we are
linked by history. But there is no question of remaining under the tutelage of
the former colonial power, just as there can be no question of bringing in another
force to replace France. The language used concerning us, which is too reminiscent
of the language of ruler-to-ruled, must change."
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Over and over in Ndjamena, when with members of GUNT I heard the following comment
concerning relations with France: Tombalbaye and his time are indeed dead, even
- if France has difficulty admitting it. We shall never again aeeept any form of
colonization, whether economic or military, or even if it is expressed in the form _
of one-way cooperation."
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Afrique-Asie
11,464
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AN(~OLA
PARTIAL DATA ON CENTRAL COI~iITTEE
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET I~DITERRANEENS ia French 9 Jan 81 p 98
[Article: "The 12 new members of the Central Committee"~
[Test] "As we published on page 42 of our last number, the long-awaited official
biographies of the 12 new elected members of the Central Committee of the I~LA-
Labor Party have been published in Luanda. They emphasize the peaeant or working-
class origin of most of them.
"The ~ddition of working-clase and peasaat blood should ~aark the beginaing of a
more dqaamic phaee in the life of the partq," President Jose Eduardo dos Santos
had declared several days before the opening of the firat eatraoridinary Oongrese
- of the I~LA on last 17 December. It is zmphasized that four of the new members are
peasanta or workers, one is director of an agricultural unit and most of the others
have responsible positions in the party. Three are deputies, two of them in the
proviacial assemblies and one in the Natioual People'a Assembly.
Two-thirds of these members participated in the national liberation atruggle
against the Portugueae. M~st of them come from the provinces of Bengo and Rwanza
North. Oaly one woman wae elected to the Central Committe~~. 'i'he ages of the new
members rua from 32 to 66 years.
It is knawn that 8 seats on the Central Committee remain vacant, as the membera
of the Congrese did not succeed in coming to an agreement on the assignment of all
20 places. Furthermore, the 7 supplementary members of the Central Committee have
- been made regular members by decision of the Congreas.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie., Paris, 1981
- 12,116
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CAMEROON
$R~EF3
GAS LTQUEFACTTAN PLANT--Tt ~.s xumored that after the discovery of a gas deposit
in the Krib3, region, the Tota1 Company, in associat~on with other oi.1 companies
and a~ the request of the Cameroon Government, 3s study3ng the bu~.ldi.ng of a
gas 1i.quefaction plant. Tts presen~ cost ~ts est3,mated at more ~han 700 billion
CFA francs, including a11 labor up and downstream of the plant. (See MTM
18 July p 1802 and 7 November p 2968). The construct~.on of this plant, not
f ar from the sma11 f ish~.ng vi.llage ot Ebod~e, could begin 3n 1983 but, the size
of the job would not a11.ow its completion before 1986 or 1987. Th3.s construction
- is linked ~o that of infrastructures, speciallp the Edea-Kr~bi-Campo road (a
bridge is under construction on the Lobe, on Kr~.bi's southern exit) and the
Rocher-du-Loup port, a rocky small island off Ebod~ e. [Text] [Paris MARCHES
TROPTCAUX ET MEDTTERRANEENS in French l2 Dec 80 p 347.0] 9626
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CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
BRIEFS
UNCA ESTABLISflED--A new political partq, the Natiofnal Central African Union (UNCA]
has ~ust been created in Bangui by Mr Michel Adama-Tamboux, former President of
the Central African National Assembly aad former Ambassador. The founding chair-
man of IINCA, Mr Adama-Tamboux, 52 years of age, was Preaident of the National
Assembly from 1960 to 1965. Se was also Ambassador of the Central African Republic -
to the United Nations in New York (1970-1974), then ambassador to Egypt (1974-1979). ;
Accordiag to him, this new partq desires to develop a spirit of national unity and ~
solidarity at the coat of ethnic and regional solidarity. UNCA will encourage both ~
private initiative and foreiga investments in conformity with the legislatinn in ;
effect. Finally, for Mr Adama-Tambowc, it is indispensable to take into considera- '
tion the progressive aspirations of the Central Africaas in the framework of democ-
racy. [Text] [Paria MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 9 Jan p 86]
12,116
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CHpiD
PROSPECTS SAID TO BE BLEE~KER THAN ANY TIME SINCE INDEPENDENCE
, London AFRICA, in English Feb 81 pp 45, 47-48, 57
~ ~Asticle by John Howel
i
~ ~Text~
~ In a manoeuvre reminiscent of its abortive unions witF~
~ several neighbouring states, Libya last month announced
~ yet another intended mergerwith trouble-torn Chad.
Apart from its wider political implications, many African
- states see the move as the beginn~ngs of even more
danqerous Libyan military adventures in the region.
ALL doubts as to the extent of had been kept o~en. Cut off from their -
Libya's military involvement in source of supplies, the FAN troops in
Chad disappeared at the beginning of Ndjamena ran out of food as arrillery
December when Libyan tanks and bombardment intensified. In the end,
troops in Libyan unifomn launched a Libya'sfirepowerprovedtoomuchfor
major attack on the positions of His- Hissene Habre, and he ordered his
sene Habre's Northern Armed Forces men to withdraw from the capital on
(FAN) in and around Nd'amena. the evenin~ of 14 December.
Preceded by artillery fire whic~ caused Habre hunself fled to the Cameroon,
civilian casualties in the po~ular quar- where President Ahidjo persuaded
ters in which the FAN were implanted, him to sign the ceasefire ininalled by
the first tank attacks were repulsed Goukouni at ~ the end of �November.
fairly easily. There was a short pause His troops withdrew in good order,
before renewed heavy attacks during some across the river to the Cameroon
i the second week of December started where they were disarmed by the
an eaodus of some 10,000 refugees authorities, others heading for eastern _
~ who crossed the river to the Cameroon. Chad. At the' same' time the FAN
! At the same time, it was reported g~son in Abeche broke through the
that the FAN rear base at Abeche, in encirclement and withdrew to the
the east close to the Sudan border, had mountains around Biltine, taking its
been surrounded and the town of Ati, equipment. ,
mid-point on the road between Habre signed the Lome ceasefire
Abeche and the capital, had been cap- agreement on 16 December. But in a `
tured by troops of the Government xnes of remarks and interviews ,
nported over the next formight he
coalition. ~
Since the fighting between former ~~~ted thathe intended to contmue
Defence Minister Habre and provi- ~e stru$gle' and lead `resistance to the
sional President Goukouni Oueddei Libyan invasion . Under the new cir-
broke out last March, this road, which ~stances the FAN would abandon
continues across the frontier to Sudan, ~~ic war tactics and develop a guer-
illa struggle. Contrary to reports, the
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former. Defence Minister said, his 3Vithin days, sources close t~
forcesdidnotsuffer heavycasualties in Goukouni were pointing out that what
Ndjamena and are `almost intact'. had been announced was only a

_ Hissene Habre's present where- project, and the details remain to be
abouts are unkno~wn a*~d Cameroon worked out. Abba Siddick, Higher
issued an official statettient on~ 1 Education Minister in the GUNT and
January saying that he had not asked leader of `Original FrolinaY (lately
for political asylum and that `if he resident in Algiers) also came out
does, it will not be granted'. strongly against the project. -
Nigeria hosted yet another peace So did all of Chad's neighbours, the
conference on 23 December, attended OAU, France and the United States.
b~+ Chad's neighbours. Goukouni and Only the Soviet Union among the
the Libyans announced in advance foreign powers, and Senin and Congo
that they saw no sense in a conference in Africa, have supported the project.
involving Hissene Habre, whose In those African countnes most closely
troops had been `annihilated', and concerned, opposition was unanimous.
which proposed to discuss Libyan 'I'he change was most noticeable in
involvement in Chad. The conference the case of Nigeria and that of Niger,
took place behind closed doors and both of which until the announcement
produced a bland communique had tried to be tactful and `live with'
couched in general termswhich did not the Libyan Presence in Chad in the
name Libya. Despite the mounting hope that Libya could be persuaded
anxiety among the leaders of Chad's tactfully to withdraw. On 5 January, i
neighbours, discretion prevailed in the even before the announcement had ~
hope that the situation could be `de- been made public,. Nigeria gave
fused' without creating rifts in the members of the Libyan `People's
aAU. Bureau' in Lagos, which had just aban- ~
All this tact became redundant doned its claim to be an Embassy, 42f
- when, on 6 January, Libya and Chad hours to get out of the country.
announced that they were going to (See�Page45).
work towards `complete unity Nigerfollowedsuiton 13January,at ~
between the two countnes, a unity of the same time denouncing Libyan i
the masses in which the power, the interference in its own internal affairs.
wealth and the arms will be in the Apart from border problems and !
hands of the people and its instru- violations of airspace, N~ger is thought i
ments, the congresses and people's to be particularly annoyed by Colonel ~
committees'. Gaddafy's recent remarks about the
The announcement came at the end Tuaregs, mcluding the allegation that
of a four-day visit to Tripoli by these oppressed `Arabs' and `Libyans'
Goukouni, who said that French were bemg kept in `extermination
troops would never again be authorised camps' in Niger and Mali. In Nigeria's
to enter Chad. The communique also case, it is now ruc~oured that the
mentioned the `reconstruction' of the Foreign Minister's complaints about
Chad army by Libya and the opening Libyan purchase of supplies in Maidu-
of the frontier between the two gun (see AFRICA No. 113) followed
countries. , violations of Nigerian airspace and
1fie announcement was the sixth of unauthorised landings. The reinforce-
its kind to come out of Tri li. Like the ment of Nigeria's north-eastern air -
~ve earlier romances ~ith Egypt, defences suggests there may be some
Sudan, and Syria and Tunisia) the new truth in the rumours. There have also
one appeared to be a source of embar- been allegations (so far unsupported)
rassment and anx~ety everywhere of a Libyan connection in the tragic
except in Tripoli, and not least in Kano rioting.
Ndjamena. Colonel Kamougue, Vice-
- President to Goukouni in the Tran- $ummit
sitional Government of National
Union (GUNT) described the `union' Meeting from 12 to 14 January, a
immediately as `an impossi3le mar- restricted OAU summit compnsing. .
riaRe'. ' . the eight members of the 17th Summit
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Bureau of the OAU and the members On 14 Januar~r, however, an
of the OAU ad hoc committee on. `informed source' in Paris indicated
Chad, 12 Heads of State in all, also that France would intervene militarily ~
attended by President Houphouet- `if Libya pushes its pawns too far' and `
Boigny and observers from various on condition that the country con-
countnes including Egypt, met in ~rned asks it to'. Apart from existing
Lome (Togo) to discuss events in defence agreements with the CAR,
Chad~. Niger and Cameroon, France is coop-
The ~ communique issued on 14~ eratmg (by means of a mission) with
January condemned the paroject of Sudan which it says is `wlnerable' to
fusion, urged a return to the terms of L'rbyan action. Libya's response to
the Lagos accords, called upon Libya these moves was to announce that it
to withdraw its troops, and decided to was strengthening its military
send OAU observers and an OAU presence in Chad to counter an alleged
peacekeeping force from Benin, threat of invasion 'from France and
_ Congo, Guinea and Togo to supervise Sudan', and to launch a`diplomatic
secunty in Chad and organize elec- offensive' in defence of the project of
~ tions. The LTN is to be asked for help. fusion and its�presence in Chad. -
Various Heads of State not immed-
' iately concerned by events in Chad-
~ Gabon's President Bongo, King Has- Exeitement
i san, President Houphouet-Boigny,
~ former President Senghor an d Presi- There was a tendency among some
i dentMoi-have made stiff comments observers to forget Chad itself amid a1L
! on `Libyan subversion' and from these this excitement. The cessation of eight
i quarters, and Washington, there has months of fighting must have provided
i been a tendency to see a Soviet some relief to Ndjamena's remaining
; shaddow behind Libya. Bot6 among inhabitants. It was clear however that
~ these, and among francophone Afri- few members of the government coali-
I can countries wrth real interests at tion, even among Goukouni's own
( stake, there has been a certain sour- men who not long ago fought sharp _
ness about recent French actions. battles with Libyan troops in northern
; It will be recalled that not long ago Chad, regard the Libyan presence as
~ Libya and France appeared to have an unmixed blessing. Libyan arms,
i reached some sort of agreement over money and supplies are an ~rresistible
; Chad, and the announcement of the lure in a country ruined and ravaged by
; project of fusion interrupted the war. But Chad's very real rivalries and
~ s~~mng of five new oil concesstons by jealousies were apparent even in
+ ~,ibya and Elf-Aquitain. This sharing out the Libyan largesse.
j produced a row in France between the It seems likely that the project of
Government and Elf, which neverthe- fusion ~etween Libya' and Chad will
less a week later announced a new pro- finish Goukouni as a national leader,
~ gramme of heavy oil investment in however long'he remains President.
; Nigeria. By the same token, sympathy for
~ � France's reply to its critics was that it Hissene Habre is said to have
remains ready to help its allies. But increased among Chadians, especially
' Chad had asked it to withdraw its as most of the civilian casualties in
troops, it had done so, and nobody had Nd1'amena were produced by GUNT
invited them back. It offered to and Libyan, rather than FAN, artillery
increase its military aid to countries fire. Habre has tried to reassure the
~ordering Chad and within days had country's southern populations by
reinforced its garrisons in the CAR droppmg his earlier references to
and sent a contingent of military Islam~c `revolution'. He retains an
experts to Niger. Troops, aviation and effective armed force and is `open to all
~ armour are also stationed in Gabon, possibilities' of outside support. The
Senegal. Ivory Coast and elsewhere. mgredients for another civil war there-
_ fore are all in place.
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In this context, the OAU will have to
move fast, and will need a lot of luck, if
it is to pacify Chad on the basis
of the Lagus a~cords. Even this very
remo,te possibility presup~oses a sw~tt
Libyan climb-down, which in mid-
January still looked very unlikely.
Some substitute would have to be
found for the resources now being
poured in by Libya, and which used to
come from France. There is no sign of _
what this substitute might be. Mean-
while prospects for Chad look bleaker
than at any time since independence,
and there ~s a very real danger of inter-
national conflict around its borders. ~
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Africa Journa.l Ltd
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COMORO ISLANDS
RESURFACING OF OPPOSITION DISCUSSED
Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French 5 Jan 81 p 49
~ [Article by Elie Ramaro: "The Reawakening of the 'Soilihists"']
~
; [Text] Several arguments are in confrontation within
an opposition that feels stxong enough to show itself
in broad daylight.
A shameful masquerade, a pitiful production, reprehensible haste; what else can you
call the process that has allowed the "special court" instituted for the occasion by
President Ahmed Abdallah, to sentence, hurriedly and almost clandestinely, the prin-
cipal friends of the former chief of state, Ali Soilih, who has been held in Moroni
I prison since the coup d'etat of Bob Denard in May 1978?
The proceedings were opened on 9 December after a secret "hearing," with the lawyers
_ retained by the families being unable to become familiar with the dossier, meet with
the accused or evaluate the sentences incurred. On 13 December Michel Zavrian, also
_ representing Mourad Oussedik, came into a catastrophe in Moroni; his efforts to ap-
proach the prisoners, meet with judicial authorities or penetrate the hearing room
were vain. And on 18 December it was announced that Mohamed Hamada and two former
superior officers had been sentenced to life imprisonment for their attitude in the
affair of the village of Iconi (where 10 persons were killed on 18 March 1978).
Eleven other co-defendants were sentenced to 6 months to 20 years in prison.
I
Thus the worst has been avoided, at least for this proceeding: the death sentence.
' Undoubtedly the regime of Ahmed Abdallah was afraid to displease its principal pro-
~ tector--France--, which already has enough to do these days with. the repercussions
' of the escapades and crimes of Bokassa, the former emperor of Central Africa. But
this judgment is evidence that the friends of Abdallah are afraid and are trying to
avert, with spectacular gestures of this kind, the reawakening of an opposition that
feels its hour is drawing near.
We have described the shock produced within the Comoros' traditional political class
by the resignation of Ambassador Said Ali Kemal* and his decision to form a national
public safety committee in exile; the "treason" of a man who had played Abdallah's
game for two years while occupying a key post in Paris--is not most of archipelago -
policy decided, as in the time of colonization, from the French capital?--disturbed
the avenues of power, in the government as in t he National Assembly. It is true that
Kemal is the son of the late Prince Said Ibrahim, one of the few Comorian statesmen
*See AFRIQUE-ASIE, No 229: "Ubu in the Perfume Archipelago." -
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whom Ali Soilih had been close to hefore he himself came to power; this counts, in
a small country where the political life is vexy personalized, not to say "familial."
The Fear of Abdallah
But although the initiative of this personality contributed to smashing the regime
from inside, it does not make for unanimity with the Comorian opposition, at home as
abroad. Thus, the foreign branch of the Union of Comorians (UNIKOM) believes that
Kemal's past hardly speaks in his favor; having lived for the most part in the West,
he does not know the Comorian people and above all appears to be tempted to use as a
springboard or allowance the situation given to him by his familial ancestry. In
addition, his position in Ali Soilih's regime never was clear; and hardly anything
happened, in any way, that might have been favorable to him, whatever he says today,
Finally, among Abdallah's principal agents for two years, he did not dissociate him-
self from him until his own interests were found to be contradiction with those of
the regime.
Some opponents who are claiming a pure "Soilihism" are afraid, therefore, that one
day Kemal may be the instrument of a new "Central African comedy," the Elysee being
on the lookout--this is no secret to anyone--for a"Dacko" replacement for the
Comorians. They are opposing the little people who are fighting and suffering"
against a privileged person in'exile who "jumps on the bandwagon," represents no on~
but himself and is in danger of dragging the Comoros into a new adventure.
But at a time when the political prisoners of Moroni, like a number of clandestine
opponents, are experiencing the thunderbolts of repression, it is a time for the
patriotic mobilization for unity, the defense of human rights, and against the d i-
vision of the archipelago by France. This is chiefly the meaning of the solidar ity
actions organized in this month of January in Paris, in liaison with the French Com-
munist .3nd Socialist Parties, the N'Krumah Committee and the French Association for
Friendship and Solidarity with the Peoples of Africa.
COPYRrGHT: 1980 Afrique-Asie
8946
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- CONGO
_ CHIEF OF STATL' MARES PROGRESS REPORT OIQ 1980 ECONOI~'IIC POLICY
Paria MARCI~S TROPICAUR ET t~DITERRANEENS in French 9 Jan 81 pp 87, 88
[Article: "Economic policy nnd the pnblic aector in 1980"J
[Text] In the very long presidential message to the nation ginen at Brazzaville
on 31 December as part of the celebration of the llth annivereary of the Pi.T
[Congoleae Labor Partq~ aad of the "42ad anaiversary of its founder" (Presideat
Ngouabi, assaesinated in 1977), Col ~aesou Nguesso, the Congoleae chief of state,
specifically preaented the balance of the ecoaamic policy for the qear 1980 and
more preciselq the balance of the coaplementary program which concerned the public
sector.
Ee recalled that in February 1979 ths third eztraordi.aary congress of the PCT
' had recommeaded that a plan of econamic aad social dev~lopment be drawn up for
~ 19~2-1986 aad "while waitiug for auch a plaa to be put into effect," a program
for 1980 and another one for 1981 alao be prepared.
According to the presideat, the total cost of the complementarq 1980 program in
ita definitive version~ "ia other Worda, ta3cing into accouat the ad~ustments made
at the time of approving the total budget," amounted to 89.7 billion CFA [African
Finaacial Commuaity] fraacs identified according to rheir sources as followa: the
etate, 33.1 billion CFA francs; income of the enterprises themselves (auto-financing)
7 billion; local banlca: 3.6 billion; foreign contributioas, 45.5 billion. He noted
that anticipated foreign finaacing had been realized to the extent of nearly 40 per-
ceat.
Setbacks ia 1980 Program
The Chief of State also revieWed thc projects aaticipated in ~he 1980 progfam ~hich
it has beea intpossible to complete.
"Thus, in the domain of the rural aconomy, the production of tobacco on the level
of the Congoleee Tobacco Office and the production of mangos by the Loudima. fruit
station, of manioc and wet rice by the Mantaoumba farm of beef cattle and swine by
. the N'Gamaba and Kombe farma are not reaching the lower goals.
"The iastallaCion of a foreatrq management unit in the Sangha has beea impossible
to accomplish.
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"On the lenel of the DepErtment of Mines aad Energq, the SOCOREM [expaasion un-
knawn) program ia experiencing severe difficulties and the development of '~e
Yanga-Koubanza mine has been delaqed. The Works of the M,oukondo power atation
have been cotupromised for this year. The Impfoudo We11 could not be completed.
The construction of the working-claes city in Bouenza has been delayed. The
works to pipe water to Gamboma, Boundji and t~ladingo-Kayes have suffered delaq.
"Gn the level of industry and tourism, the Pointe-Noire Motel could not be com-
= pleted as anticipated in the complementarq program. The production of olive aad
other fruit oil and of oil cake has not achieved the goals desired on the HUILKA
_ (expansion unknown] lenel.
"Just like the prnduction of ineal by the cattle-feed mill at N4cayi, cement by
CIDOLOII [Domanide de Loutete Cement P1aat], imprinted textiles and dqed textiles
by SOT~RCO [expansion unknown].
"As far aa the Department of Transports is concerned, the installation of a water
distribution network in the purt of Pointe-Noire, the acauisition of tanker barges _
for navigable routes, a tugboat for the Port of Brazzaville, rF~~lacement parts for
river transports, the works on the Zmpfondo Airport, the rep.~'.r of the Brazzaville
runway, the lighting of the Pointe-Noire run~ray and the construction of a mainte-
nance workshop for Lina-Congo [Congo NationaZ Airlines] are either delaqed or ;
compromised . ~
"In the domain of public works and construction, the worics on the land-regiatry
building at Nkaqi, the acquieition of the civil engineering material for the RNTP
[Congolese National Administration of Traneporte and Public Worksj have suffered
a delaq.
"As for the Department of Posts, Telecomimsnications and Information, it can be
no ted by the extention of the onerhead and underground networks in Brazzaville,
Loubomo and Pointe-Noire, the construction of a commutation road at Pointe-Noire
and the installation of a network of teleprintera for the ACI [C8N~8LESB INFORMA-
TION AGENCY] have also suffered delay.
- " In the Department ot Co~aerce, Che construction of the OFNACOM [National Market-
ing Office] depots at Oyo and at Mossaka, the construction of the ONLP [expansion
uaknotirn] etore at Impfondo and the maaagenent and equiping of a supermarket at
Mpila are progressing at an unsatisfactory rate.
"On the level of the Ministry of the Interior, the construction of the Enyelle PCA
[Adminiatratine Control PoatJ, of the regi.onal directorates of state security at
Sibiti and at Kinkala, of the public security post of Talangai and the remodeling
of the Owando ~raterworks have been iapossible to fullq comple,t~ in 1980. The situ-
ation ~.s the same with regard to the conatruction of the buildings for the regional
labor inepection at Oueaso and Makoua se far as the Labor Ministry is concerned.
- "On the sociocultural level, certain lacke have also bten observed. Thie is the
caee with the Gamboma Secondary School and of the Uninersity Pavilion in the domain
of national education; of the Loubomo Hospital and the medical centers at Divenie
asid Loutete, the management of the infante' care center and public nuraerq at
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Mak.elekele, the management of the aocial center at Owando, the construction of the
social ceater at Impfondo and of the medical ceater at Madingou for the Health
Depart~ent."
A chief of state then reviewed the "verq real pxogrese" realized in 1980:
.
"In the domaia of rural economy, the production of palm oil by the RNTP [expaasion
unkaown] has been accompliahed in suitable quantitiea at Etoumbi and Koimda in com-
parison with the anticipated goals in apite of considerable difficulties. The pro-
ductioa of wet rice and of corn by the agricultural and stock-raising company has
achieved the anticipated figures. This is also true of the production of coffee
and to a certain degree of cacao even if the results do not eaceed thoae of the
preceding years.
"The production of ineat by the Luila ranch corresponds overall to the anticipated
productioa. The production of ineat-type chickens by SONAVI [expansion uaknown] is
satisfactorq on the whole.
"The areae cultivated on the level of certain uaits correspond to the anticipated
figures and at times eaceed them. This is the case on the level of the former
SOCOTON [eupansion uaknown] for corn and wet rice, the manioc farm at Makoua for
the cultivated areas of manioc, on the level of the Matsoumba farm for corn and
wet rice. In relation to credits, the production of wood both in logs and sawn
lumber is on the whole satisfactory, on the level of SNEB [expaneion uaknown] and
of SONITRAB [expansion unknown) in spite of manq difficulties.
"Overall forest production is eaperiencing a positive evolution. The works of
' planting pines and eucalyptus are progreasing normally and in a satisfactory way
on the level of the IIAB [expanaion uaknawa].
"The construction works on the Owando and Loubomo mixed farms are progressing nor-
' mally on the whole in spite of a few bottlenecks. The performance of the OCB
[Congolese Wood Office] is improving. As o� 30 November 1980 the OCB bought
275,971 cubic metera of loga from the woodcutters and it exported 270,000 dubic
' metera of loge, while in 1978 the amount exported was 182,666 cubic meters. The
' cash flow of the OCB on 30 November 1980 was 8.36 billion CFA francs or 176 percent
of the 1978 caeh flaw.
"As for the Department of MineB and Energy the works of conatructing electrical
- stations at Talangai, Kitaoundi, Mfilou and Dongou are being carried out normally.
The acquiaition of tranaport and dietribution material by Hydro-Congo has been
accompliahed. The reprd.r of the refinery is progressing satisfactorily. The con-
struction of the atation on the high-tension line for Loudima-Pointe-Noire is being
carried ouC suitablq while at the beginaing nothing more than a study was antici-
pated. The strengthening of the meaas of productioa of energy in some secondary
centers hae been accomplished: in Owando, Makoua, Oueseo. The same is true of the
extension of the water-supply network to Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire. The equip- -
ment for the drilling at Pointe-Noire has been acquired.
"The works for the construction of the water works at N'Kaqi and of the water treat-
ment plant as Well as the installation of the primarq network have been carried out
on. the whole.
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- "As far as induatry is concerned, the production on the level of SUCO [expansion
uaknowaJ can be considered as relativelq satisfactory taking into account the
anticipations as well as the production by SOTERCO [expansion unknowa] as far as
bleached textiles are concerned. The works of installation at UTS [expanaion un-
known~ are being carried out in a aatisfactory Way.
"In the tranaport aector, the works of dredging the channel and the baain in the
port of Pointe-Noire have been conectily carried out as well ae various works ia
the port. The works of realigning ttie railroad are being condLCted normally. The
anticipated works in the ports of Moesaka aad Ouesso have been accomplished in a
auitable way. The rebuilding of the Pointe-Noire airport has been completed aad
the works on the Owando airport are being carried out at a satisfactory rate.
"Oa the level of the Ministry of Public Works and Construction the 384 housing
units anticipated on the level of SOPROGI-SONACO [National Constructian Company]
have been completed. It is proper to point out that ia one year, the numUer of
housing units constructed approaches the number constructed since independence.
The road-maintennnce program is fairlq well kept up on the whole. The works of
asphalting the Etsouali-0bouya road are being carried ouC normslly and according
to the prior planning. ~
"On the level of the Commerce Ministrq: the management and the equipping of the ;
OFNACOM [National Marketing Office] entrepots in Brazzaville aad Loubomo have been
accompliahed. The works of installing the refrigeration entrepots at Pointe-Noire~
Owando and Brazzaville are going forward at an acceptable rate. As for OFNACOM,
fo~ a long time considered as chronicallq ill, we are witnessing at this moment a
vigorous recovery. The cash f low in 1979 was 4.45 billion. On 30 November 1980
the cash flaw had risen to 6 billion. The gross income in 1979 was 115 million.
On 30 November 1980 it was 453 million.
"On the level of the Interior Miniatry: the construction of the PCA [Administrative
Control Poat] at Louingui and Mnurgouadou has been carried out in a fairly suitable
- way as well as the w~rks of construction of the criminology laboratory, the repair
of city routes on Terenkyo number 17. The works of electrification in Brazaaville,
the centenary bridge and the negotiationa for acquiring collective transport vehi-
cles for the city of Brazzaville are being carried out as anticipated.
On the level of the Ministry of National Education a certain number of pro-
;ects that were held back, like the remndeling of dormitories or the complet~.on of
certain labors, equipping laboratories, opening three regional secondary schools
(Ouesso, Kink.ala, Mouyondzi) etc., have been carried out in a relatively satiafac-
tory way. The productive work at the school has experienced a particular develap-
ment thanks to the effective and creative application of the word of order "one
school, one field," which deserves a very sp~cial mention here. On the levels of
culture, arts and sports and scientific research, the essential part of the pro~ects
held back has been carried out in a normal way. On the level of h,ealth:
the pro,jects conc~rning the struggle against euch acourges as trypanosomiasis, the
great epidemics (onchocercosis, tuberculosis, leprosy...), the completion of the
Ntaffi dispensary, the repairing of the A.Cisse Hospital, etc., have been carried
- out satiafactorilq (���l�~~
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Solidarity Fvmd
Finally, the Chief of State spoke of the balance of the National Solidarity Fund,
inAtituted in 1978. He distinguished the 1918-1979 period and the year 1979.
In 1978-1979, according to President Sassou Nguesso, the resources of the funda
were divided as follaws (in millions of CFA francs):
M~niatry of Rural Economry: the Pointe-Noire bird-raising com~lex, 628.14; the
8waado mixed farm, 595.92; the Loubomo pig farm, 449.19; the bovine experimental
center, 300; the catctle-feed factory, 40; the Cuban bird~raiaing pro~ect, 282.82;
the Makoua maaioc farui, 82.2; the I~e manioc farm, 84.3; the Mantsoumba maaioc
farm, 231.76; specific actions in the present enviornment, 259.
j Ministry of Public Works and Construction: Construction of houaing by SONACO-
SOPROGI: 1.2 billion CFA frsncs. The council of ministere has added to theae
-j activities the purchase of inedicines amouating to 342.54 million CFA francs. The
total for the 1978-1979 pro~ects fiuanced by the fund came to 4.49 billion CFA
francs.
I In 1918-1979, the National Solidarity Fund (raieed by wage deductions~ brought in
~ 5.61 billion CFA fraacs. Some 800 miZlion CBA fraacs from the 1.12 bil~.ion CFA _
~ franc surplus were used for the aforementioned housing program, as complementary _
financing.
The 322.2 million CFA balance has not yet been appropriated for a specific goal by
' the governme~t.
; "As for the National Solidarity Fuad for the qear 1980, receipts in haad as of 13
i December 1986 are calculated at 2.77 billion francs ahowing a aurplus of 222.7 -
i million francs with respect to anticipations. Let us recall that the Naticmal
~ Solidarity Fund in 1980 was one of the lines which permitted the complementary
program to be carried out," the Preaident declared after emphasizing elsewhere
~ that the framework of a series of ineasures in the direction of "a progreasive
improvement in the conditions of eaistence of the masees," the fund had been
suppreased during that year. He noted that the state had also reestablished -
I� "advances with a financial effect" and had recruited "more than 4000 qoung people"
I and that it would recruit others "as the overall situation will permit."
1981 Perepectives
Touching on the perspectives of the government's economic policy, the Congolese '
chief of state declared:
"The recovery of the atate sector is an absolutelq indispensable operation and an
important factor in future plane. The reconerq of tlis aector must begin in 1981.
"In fact it would be absolutely uselesa to create other enterprisea if thoae that
exist do not woric and constitute a more snd more unaupportable load for the
Congalese people. On the basis of the directives given by the political leader-
ship, a national c~onference of atate enterprises, meeting in three phases during =
several months (in 1980) made an exhauative diagnosis of the present situgtion of
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the etate sector and drew up a recovery plan for each state enterprise. The con-
ference of the state enterprises permitted, in addition to drawing up recovery
pla:ts, the adoption of a charter of the enterprises which "defines the general
principlea which should henceforth regulate the life of the state enterprises for
their recovery and profitability." We think thus to consolidate one of the funda-
mental bases for constructing an independent national economy, in other words, the
state economic sector, and avoid the infernal cycle of creating and curing whose
final term alone will cost us 400 6illion CFA francs for the next 6 years.
' "The construction of infrastructures for the purpose of opening up a country is an
essential goal in a country where the induatrial investment effort has been very
small. The construction of roads, bridges, ~oaritime and river ports, railroads,
airports, ade~uate telecommunication, infrastructures such as radio be~ams, terres-
trial stations and the strengthening of national radio broadcasting, play an essen-
tial and decisive role in the economic integration of our country, the formation of
a veritable national market belonging to the Cangolese nation. It constitutes at _
the same ti~e one of the major ob~ectives of future plans and the condition of tts
auccess. SoWever, the infrastructurea cost a lot of money. Adding then to the
1981 program constitutes a manifest indication of a will and of a tendency which
must turn out to be irreversible. ~
i
COPYRIGHT: Rene Mnreuz et Cie., Paris, 1981 ~
12,116
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LIBERIA
BYtIEFS
PREPARATION OF NEW CONSTITUTI6N
Master Sergeant Sam~el K Doe, the chairman of the
Natioaal Redemption Council, announced on 24 Dece~ber in his Christmas message to
the nation, the forthconing appointment of a comm~i.ttee which will be charged with
writing a new democratic conatitu'cioa. "We seized poWer to restore a political aad
- social system based on democratic priuciples," he declared, as he reaffirmed "the
promise of the soldiers to return to their barracka." The Liberiau President addi-
tionally epecified that in his November speech (MTM for 21 November, p 3100) he had
ia no way imposed a total freeze on emploqment. "The gonernmeat has not prevented
prinate enterpriae from giving ~oba tn the people," he declartd. "I would be happy
for them to help the revolution to provide more ~obs. Theq muat noC use govern-
ment measures as a pretext to stop hiring." [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAU~ ET
_ MEDITERRANEENS in Freaich 9 Jaa 81, p 82J 12,116
~
ROK TRADE AGREES~NT--Ma~ Joseph N Douglas, the Liberian Miuister of Iadustry and
Transport, aigned a trade agreement between his co~mtry and South Rorea on 22
December ~t Seoul. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET ~DITERRANEENS in French
9 Jan 81, p 82] 12,116
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MOZAI~IQUE
ANALYSIS OF 1981 CENTRAL PLAN
Paris MARCHES TR~OPICAIIR ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 9 Jaa 81 p 98
[Article: "The People's Asaembly defines ecoaomic aad social goals for 1981"]
[Excerpts] The seventh session of the People's Assembly of Mozambique, which has
juat been held at Maputo, completed its labors on Christmas Eve and President
Samora Machel summad up its accomplishments at the cloaiag session.
The deputiea atudied and approved the 1981 central state plan and the 1981 budget.
The 1981 central state plan should be "the first assured step of the decade of _
victory over underdevelopment," Samora Machel declared. He aims to correct the
sometimea insufficient results which have been obtaiaed ia previous years and which
are resumed in the following table (indexed oa the base of 100 in 1978):
1978 1979 1980 Goal 1980 Realized 1980 Goal
Percent Realized
Agriculture 100X 937 135x 114X 84X
Stock-Raising 1007. 128x 150X 164x 114X
Industry 100y 997 130X 114X 71X
Construction 100Z 93% 130X 130x 100X
Provisioming 100X 93x 110X 98X 89x ~
It ia obvious from this table that in 1980 the goal of the plan was exceeded in the
stock-raising sector and achieved in the conatruction sector. In the other aectors
the percentage of realization was lawer thaa the goals, for diverse reasons: lack
of ineans or of raw materials, malfuactioning ~f traasport, drought, insufficieat
manpower, etc.
'L'he central state plan for 1981 sima at two principal sectors: that of strategic
products for export (caehew nuts, sugar, cotton, prawns, lumber, tea, coal, cement, -
tantalite, bagasse, molassea, citrus fruit, aisal, teatilea) and that of strategic
producta for the provisioning of the people (corn and wheat flour, rice, potatoea,
fieh, edible oils, meat, milk, soap, textiles, matchea, electric batteriea, salt).
28
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All structures and sectors directly or indirectly involved in production, in
marketiag, in distributi.ng and in transporting those products ahould take all
necessary measures to realize the planned goals, which are fixed thus ent;
lation to the 1980 estimated production: agricultural production, P
industrial production, 136 percent; transport, 142 percent.
As far as strategic products for export are concerned, the ob~ective aimed at is
to export the maximum and always to exceed the planned levels. For the strategic
products for supplying the people, it is a question of reducing the level of im-
porte by increasing national production.
The 1981 central state plan, in its sqnthesis, makes a special reference to liquid -
fuels. Taking into accouat the incrPase in prices of imported crude oil and the
�act that a part of production is destined for export, it has been ~udged necessary
to adopt some concrete measures aiming at the reduction of the domestic consumption .
of fuels: thoae measures will be taken on the lenel of each province.
It is Co be noted to complete thie chapter that the goals fixed for the 1981 central
state plan have taken the form of a law to clearlq mark their obligatory character
and to make of them "a platforin for the talceoff of the Mpzambican economy." ~
I
We have few details available concerning the general state budbet for 1981, pre- ;
sented as the financial component of the central atate plan and the guarantee o�
the mobilization of finaacial resources for executing the plan approved at 16 mil-
lion meticaie, the principal part of the income still derived from taxes, in apite
of the profound transformations already carried out in the economic structures of -
Mozambique. -
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie., Paris, 1981
12,116
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~ NIGERIA
BRIEFS
ITALrAN AIRPLANE PURCHASE N~GOT?ATIONS--Negotiations are naw going on between
AERITAI,IA and the Government of Nigeria for the purchase by the latter of six twin-
turbined G-222's to equip its air force. [Text) [Paris LE MONITEUR DE
L'AERONAUTIQUE in French Feb 81 p 9]
J
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RWANDA
REPORT ON COUNTRY'S ECONOMX' FOR 1979-7,980
Paris MARCHES TROPTCAUX ET MEDxTI~RIt~NEENS 3.n French 5 DeG 80 p 3360
~ [Text] Rwandan Republlc P1ann~.ng M~Lnistry recent7.y pub7.ished 3.ts reports on
the economic and cyclical country's outlook at the end of December 1979. This
report was completed with the 1980 forecast figures.
Compared to 1977 and 1978 which reg3,stered a susta~.ned ~,ncrease, 7.979 was
. m~rked by the closing of the border with Uga~nda, whi.ch brought with it a lack
of supplies and a ceasing of transport for the f3rst 5 months of 19'9.
The consequences were felt unt~1 the end of December w~,th a decline of activities -
in the industrial sector, delays in the completion of development pro~ects, in-
flation on the order of 20 percent, a sharp increase of private and State financi.al
charges and a disorganization of trading circuits.
Extraordi,nary emergency aid supplied by international organizations and
industrialized countries is computed at 844 mi113on FRw (1 FRw= FF 0.045) during -
the last months part of it as gifts in kind. Wi.th the grant of an ai.d of 57.000
tons of food praducts donated by the international commun3.ty, the food situation
of the country was clearly improved dur3~ng the first months of 1980.
~urchases o~ marketable coffee totalled 30.540 tons in 1979 compared to 23,665
tons in 1978, therefore exceeding the goals assigned by P1an TT. The coffee's
inferior quality, unchanged since 1974 has somewhat improved. The Coffee
I Bureau exports measured ovPr 40,625 tons of which 10.175 tons ~.n view of the
- previous program and which, wi.th the price increase produced a return of
~ 12.8 billion FRw compared to 4.5 billion FRw in 1978. Forecasts for 1980 are
' in the order of 24.000 tons and should obtain 7.3 billion FRw in export revenue..
In 1979 the production of tea mills totaled 5.800 tons of processed tea, compared
to 5,300 tons in 1978. Four new procesaing facilities should start now up to
th~ end of 1981. Financing is being assured by foreign bidding (EDF [European -
Development Fund], Kuwait, West Germany and FAC [Communal Agricultural Farm]).
Export forecasts for 1980 bring over 6,100 tons and should obtain 1.2 billion
FRw i,n revenuee -
Far beh~nd P7,an x~'s ~oxecasts 3.s the pyrethxu~ y~,e7,d whi.ch d~td not xeach moxe
than 795 tons ~n dried flowers 3n 1979, providing 37.4 tons of ra~r extract at
32 percent. A7.so, fa1liY~g short of the P1an's goal i.s the product~on of
qui,nquatna baxk which did not excesd 544 tons 3.n 7.979. -
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ThQ pxoduc~:lon o~ su2a35~ ons o~gre~3n~ed~sugar~3,n9~.979x~~Fordt~he~curx~nt yeax
T,T goa7,s, produc~,ng ,
the tonnage should go s~,3,ght7.y over this P3gure.
Purchases of el.ectri.c3ty 3n Za~.r~ caused an exp~nd~.tuxe o� 86 m~.llakon FRwr 3.n
1~79. They shou7.d exceed 100 mi1~13.on in 1980,
Zn 1979 m3,n~ng pxoduc~~on, underwx~,tt~n by the Rw~and$n M~.n~,n8 ~a~~~Y sh�WS a
s~t~back, w~,th 7.,91.0 tons o~ cass~t~x~te, 47 tans o� colombo tantal3te, 782 ~ons
o~ wnl~x~tnt, 86 Cons oP beryl and ~5 kg o~ go1.d. Th3.s production repxc~sen~ed
an overa7.1 v~a7.~ of 1.8 b~113~on FRur (compared to 2.1 billion 3n 1978) .
Th~ madexm~ stna7.~, 3.ndustxy', whose annu$7, growth rate ass~gned by ~1an I~ ~S
7. ~~xcsntt, b~Gomes an ~tmpox~ant 3~n,v'estment e~Yort . But, private inv~estments
d~Cr~asqd ~A a~,arge exfi en~. T$~ publ.ic program concerns the eountry's equipment _
�px t~a ~~,7,1,s, re~~.ni.ng of pyrethruai extract, a~ac37.ity for banana fermentation
~o~ the pxodu~t3,on of "beer" and banana ~utce whose production ~.s running aga3.nst
a~,ot o~ d3,ff3cu~onQfoundr~h~rQ~ect~w~as~Che~ob~ectQOPdabnewpstudy for the ~d
X987, ~ ~.'he p~.g i Y' P i
stoxing of raw~ mater~,al.s (imported scrap ~.xo~) � '
ut was ssri,ous7,y ~ff~G~sd by th~ cr~,s~,s. ~n addit~,o~, t~~ ~
Manu~actux~ng outp
compan~:es suPfer from a lack o~ ~echn~.ca7, personnel. and an 3,r~suff3,ciency of
operating cap~tal.. However, the product~.on of soap should mark an increase
~n 1981.
Cetn~nt, 3.mported 3,n its en~~,rety frosa ~Uganda and Kenya, has been in shoxt supply
for 5 months and constructi.on activs.ty decreased sharpl.y.
In other resp~ets 1979~ eas1a~ dent~coeff3c3ent~dropeto~7.5~percent ~ox he holeng
of new hotels made th mp y'm
country and to 21 percent for Kigali.
Because of the coffee export and market3ng campaign peak autput, the trade '
balance for 1979 was posit3,ve by 3�recasts~cliznbedctoP21e7 b1111on~FRwtfor 1980,
3.1 bi1].i.on FRw' ir~ 1978. Tmport fo
shipment and insurance included, compared to 1~-~oducts,i2n3~bil~.ion~s of which:
Coffee, 7. 3 b~.11ion; tea, 1.2 b~113on; m#zt~;ng P
Au~ to the closing of borders for 4 monChs, there were less impoxt regul,at3~ona
tha,n ~,n ~.978 and, ur3.th theded~7r1bb3.11ionfFRw~r~the particulargbalance ofagoods
o~ payt4ents for 7,979 excee
and s~x~v~~.ces ~ntervening with a posit~.ve sum of 1.1 bi11~.on.
_ The regular budget for the 1979 f3.sca1 year was austere, xevenue and expenditures -
balanced at 9.2 billion FRw. Therefor~, the sharp rise of coffee ma.rket
pr3.ce produced a reveaue surplus of 2.7 billion. The regular budget for the
1980 fiscal year rema.ined balanced at 11.2 bi113on (more than 22 percent over
the preceding Y@a6>b3113one~..n3 979htod2,2~b3113.on 3.ng1980~twi~h 1~21b~11~.onng
increased from 1..
3.n national loans.
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At the end of December ].979, the natfi,onal pub7.~,c deb~ i.s fixed at 3,S b~~.~.3,on
FRw. This represents 4 percent of the gxoss national product and 3ts of~~,ce
absorbed 9 percent of the regular budget. A~ th~ same t~me the ra~e of foreign
public debt represented the exchange vaXue oP 10.7 b3,11ion FRw, sum total
less than the year's exports and ~orrespond3ng to ~.2 percent of' the gross
national product. During the year, the Fed~ral Republic of ~er~any' annull.ed
the debt 3ncurred with them (1.5 b3.11.ion). Tn 1979 the ~ore3.gn debt office
absorbed 3 percent of the regu7.ax budget; this percentage uri7.~ x~3.se to 5 percent
~.n 1980, tak3ng into con9~.derat3on ~he drawr~ng made on the ~marg~.n yet ava3.lab~e a~
- the end o~ 1979 (9 bi113on).
W~.th 89 b3,11.i,on FRw, the gross nat~or~a7. product for the year of 1979 rssu7,ts i.n
an i.ncrease, at current prices, of 16.5 percen~ over 1978. The ~oxecasts for
1980 bring over 103.3 b~],1ion, i.e., a progression of 16 percent. The GNP is
entered at 15,890 FRw 3.n 1978, per cap3~a or $171. Its 1eve1 ~ri11 1et this
fi,gure rema~n s~abl.e i.n 1979.
The ~,ncrease of pr~.ces uras brisk 3.n 1979. Frv~ over 7 percen~ to ovex
23 percent on products of great consunrp~ion. Tmported 3.nflat~.on is expected
to exceed 14 percent i.n 1980.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Mor~ux e~ C3,e Par~s 1980
I 9626
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SENEGAL
PRESIDENT SAID TO HAVE BEGUN HIS RULE WELL
London AFRICA in French Feb 81 pp 25-26
i
[Axticle by Kin-Kiey Mulumba~
~
~ rTextJ
BBREAKING with one-party rule, T7nis amendment exptains the succes-
estabGshing a moderate multi- sion on 1 January of Prime Minister
party system, running in Presidential Abdou Diouf to the Presidency
elecUOns against an opposition candi- without the elections unti11983 when
date with authorised access to the mass the five-year term to which President
media, Leopold Sedar Senghor was Senghor was elected runs out.
recently already looking like a different However, this amendment was
statesman on the African political passed in April 1976 by President
scene where the retention of power,at Senghor who had just celebrated his _
all costs is the rule rather than the 70th birthday, and came at a time when
exception. the ~arliament - composed solely of
In deciding to resign his post as SocialistParty(PS)members-gauied
Head of State last December when a certain reputation for passing several
nothing a~parently forced him to do so laws restricting civil liberties. It has as
- no ma~or~ health worries or threat- a result always been contested by the
ened impeachment - the Senegalese Senegalese opposition, legal or clan-
leader ts conforming to his own destine, which demands its out and out
concept of power and ~s strengthening annulment.
the characteristics of an image which In the eyes of the opposition, when
can be understood b~tter with these the Presidency fell vacant, there
words spoken the day after the should have been a naw democratic
announcement of his departure: `In choice. In other words, it is demand-
politics, you should know when to go!' ir,g tnat on the death or resignation of
I Parado~cally, Senghor's exit raises the President fresh elections should be
' more problems than it solves. Under heid. With the departure of President
an amendment to Article 35 of the Senghor, the opposition seems deter-
Senegalese Constitution, on the death mined.more than ever to raise the issue
or resignation of the President orwhen with obvious implications on the legiti-
the Supreme Court rules to impeach macy of the men delegated to take over
him, it ~s the Prime Minister who takes power and the retention of the amend-
over the duries of the Head of State ment. '
until the Presidential mandate But does the opposition have
expires. he names a New Prime Minis- enough muscle to topple President
ter and forms a new Government.
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Diouf in an election? The SenegaIese `barons' who - dur~ng the lU years
Democratic Party (PDS), led by Dakar that Diouf was Prime Minister -
lawyer Abdoulaye Wade, constitutes dampened their ambition because of
the matn op~osit~on group, and the President Senghor's charisma. They
only oppos~tion party represented in have built themselves political strong-
the parliament. But ?t only has 16 holds which Diouf - although Prime
members ~n Parliament compared Minister - had not succeeded in
with the ruling party's 84. forming, even in his own region of
In addition, the PDS's ~~,age is Louga:
somewhat tarnished in oppos~tion In h~s farewell address to the nation,
circles; it has been reproached for Senghor told the country that the new
flirting with Senghor's people. Like President was more v~gorous than
most cnembers of his party, Wade some thought him to be and that he
defected from the PS. He left the party would not hesitate to provide proof of
only after a petty ideological struggle this. These words must have sounded
wh~ch did not go h~s way. The alterna- like a free advertisement. Certainly,
tive political programme proposed by President Diouf will keep the `Senghor
the PDS, according to its cntics, differs hat', at least he has said he will. He has
very little from the programme of the vowed to continue with the same
ruling party. It has also been said that vigour the recovery plan, and, without
some wind was taken out of the PDS's doubt, with the co-operation of France
sails when a large number of reforms which at the same time as the new
- that it had envisaged were implemen- President was takin~, office,
ted by the PS in its attempt to defuse announced that it would give Senegal
the cnsis which was shaking the - throu~h the Caisse Centrale de
Cooperation Economic (CCE) - an
count `excePtional' loan of FF120 million so
that it could face up to the difficult
The threat economic situation. On the political
front, the new President is said to be
thinkin of widening the dem~cratic
The real threat to the regime of S ect
m in Senegal. In fact, President
President Diouf, it would appear, ~~ouf seems rather to have begun his
comes less from the opposition, un~ted ~le well. But will he keep up the
or not, than from the PS itself, more momentum? �
particularly from the so-called
CQPYRIGHT: 1981 Africa Journal Ltd.
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SENEGAL
RADICALIZATION OF SP,PiEGALESE DEMOCRATIC PARTY
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERF:ANEENS in French 16 Jan 81 p 134
(Article: "Toward a Radicalization of the Senegalese Democratic Party"]
[Text] The Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) has held its national conven-
~ tion in Dakar on 5-6 January; according to party reports, there were 1,600 ~
' delegatea representing the 32 department and city federations, plus repre-
sentatives of organizations integrated into or affiliated to the PDS.
i
~ On this occation, Maitre Abdoulaye Wade, general secretary of the PDS, -
~ presented to the delegates an introductory report entitled: "The PDS in
the Face of the Crisis." The main conclusions of this second national
; convention show a determination to "radicalize the party."
I
i
~ According to the resolution, this radicalization of the opposition offer~d
i by the PDS (a party with liberal leanings) to the government and to the
Socialist Party (now in power) shall express itself through a strengthening
of party organization, discipline, and mobilization. It shall not involve
the resignation of the PDS deputi.es at the National Assembly wheze this
party is the only political opposition group represented (it holds 16
seats out of 100), although such a resignation had been contemplated.
However, the convention reserves its right to have recourse to "any extreme -
solution" should the government attack PDS leaders.
The convention reco~nends that PDS leaders accept to discuss the modifica-
' tion of the present voting system and prepare themselves for a"possible -
; confrontation" with the Socialist Party should the latter "persist in its
attitude." It also advocates an intensificat.ion of their efforts to have
all political parties recognized, and to achieve the coordination of the
o~position parties "committed to change." _
With respect to Mr Abdou Diouf's accession to power, the convention has
- condemned P.xticlP 35 of the Senegalese Constitution whicr~ has made it
possible and it considers that "the present power is illegitimate." There-
fore, the delegates are demanding that free and democratic elections be
organized immediately.
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As they see it, however, elections must be preceded by a revision of the
voting code such that magistrates would become involved in tr~e supervision
of the polls. The PDS demands that the truthfulness of the polls be
guaranteed by "the police force's effectively supervising the polls instead
of being placed at the disposal of the polling station chairmen who use
them to trample the rights of the opposition."
Accordingly to the general secretary of the PDS, "the division of tY..e
opposition has made Senghor's strength." He stated that tY..e opposition had
decided to unite against the Socialist Party. Maitre Wade indicated that
"the PDS~ with its 700,000 active members, will support unity for the
installation of a government of the people."
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1981
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SE~T�~GAI~
TRUDEN PAY3'UFFYCIAL VISIT TO COUNTRY
; Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 16 Jan 81 pp 134, 135
i
~ [Article: "Canadian Prime Minister's Visit"]
i
~ [Text] Mr Pierre Elliott Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister, made an _
official visit to Senegal on 11-13 January. Mr Trudeau was received twice
by Mr Abdou Diouf; this was the first official visit of an important
I foreign personality to Mr Diouf, who became president of the Republic on -
1 January. Mr Trudeau also had a meeting with Mr Habib Thiam, Senegal's
new prime minister.
Dakar is the second stop in a trip aimed at resuming the North-South ~
dialogue; Mr Trudeau had cancelled his 4fficial visits to Austria ar:d
- Algeria when he found himself held up by avalaiiches in an Austrian ski
resort.
Dakar, in a way, is the counterpart of Mr Trudeau's stop in Nigeria: one
of the two countries speaks French, the other English; one is essentially
an agricultural country and it has suffered a lot from the drought and
from the energy crisis, whereas the other has large oil resources available
for its development. However, politically speaking, as is stressed in
i Ottawa, the personality of the former pxesider.~t, Lecpold Sedar Senghor,
I his international r~1e among French-speaking countries, and hi.s influence
in Africa, have made Senegal a privileged partner in discussions with
i Canada. -
The two countries, which agree on subjects such as the North-South dialogue
or maritime law, have frequent consultations, especially at the United
Nations. These close relations have been translated into facts during
President Sengtior's six visits to Canada.
Although trade relations between the two countries remain modest, Canada
still ranks second as Senegal's partner with respect to cooperation
(agriculture, health, fisheries, energy) after France, and about equal
with the Federal Republic of Germany.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1981
9294
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- SENEGAL
CF.NTRAL FUND GRANTS OVER 4 BILLION CFA FRANCS IN LOANS
P~ris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 16 Jan 81 p 135
[Article: "Reafforestation and Cement Plant; Cooperation: Three Loans From
the Central Fund for Economic Cooperation Totalling 4,705 Billion CFA
Francs"]
[Text] The Central Fund fcr Economic Cooperatiori has just granted Senegal ;
~ three loans for a total of 4,705 billion CFA francs. The first one is a i
loan for 30 years, with rei.mbursement deferred for 10 years, and a low rate I
of interest: 1.5 percent per year during the deferment period, L percent i
- later on. Its amount is 705 million CFA francs and it is intended to ,
finance part of a reafforestation program. This program will cover 2,000 ,
hectares of industrial eucalyptus plantations, 3,000 hectares of rural
- plantations, and the development of 10,000 hectares of natural forest. ~
_ The remaining four billion CFA francs have been granted to SOCOCIM Industries
[West African Cement Company] to finance part of the expansion of its
cement plant. Two billions ar.e loaned at market conditions; the remaining ;
two at an annual interest rate of seven percent. Both loans are for 15 ,
years, including 5 years' deferment of the reimbursement.
With this loan, SOCOCIM will be able to undertake its expansion program ~
aimed at increasing its 3nnual production capacity from 360,000 to 825,000
tons. Its present production is he,rdly sufficient to cover the needs of ;
. re have been s radic shortages. ,
the country, and the Po
This expansion program has been judged preferable, far the time being, to ;
the construction of a second, larger cement plant which would produce much
more than the market requires, and at a cost higher than SOCOCIM's.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1981
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SENEGAL
BRIEFS
STIRN'S VISIT--Mr Olivier STirn, secretary of state in charge of Foreign
Affairs, will visit Senegal on 16-17 January; this visit falls within the
scope of his new position with Mr Robert Galley, French minister for
Defense and Cooperation. During his visit to Dakar, Mr Stirn will meet
the president of the Republic, Mr Abdou Diouf; he will also have discussions
with the pri:ne minister, Mr Habib Thiam, and with leading members of the
new Senegalese government. These discussions will bear on bilateral rela-
tions, more particularly on the future of the cooperation between the two
countries and on the present situation in Africa. [Text] [Paris MARCHES
TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 16 Jan 81 p 134] 9294
- INCREASED GASOLINE PRICES--On 11 January, the prices for regular and
premium gasoline in Senegal were raised by 25 CFA francs. According to
an official press release, this new increase, which raises tY~e price of
premium gasoline from 170 to 195 CFA francs, and that of regular gasoline
from 160 to 175 CFA francs, is the result of the price increase decided
by OPEC, of the increase in the exchange rate of the dollar, and of the
creation of a 15 percent tax on the importation of oil prcducts into
Senegal. At the same time, the prices for the Diesel oil used in fishing
boats and outboard motors have been decreased. [Text~ [Paris MARCHES
TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 16 Jan 81 p 135] 9294
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SEYCHELLES
SOLIDARITY CONGR~SS REVIEWED
Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French 5 Jan 81 pp 48-49
[Article by Erbaf Seiler: "The Solidarity Congress"]
[Text] The Second '~Tational Congress of the Seychellois Peovle's Progressive Front (SPPF)
, was held last 10 and 11 December in Victoria, and was attended by over 100 delegates
from all over the country. Special schedules--from 1600 until late at night--had
, been chosen so as~not to disturb the country's economic activities.
' As President Albert Rene emphasized when he opened the sessions, those attending the
, congress, who throughout the year were tuned in to the people's needs, had as their
essential task the defining of the broad directions of the political, economic, so- -
cial and cultural life of the country. Putting the results into operation will then
I be the province of the Central Executive Committee, whose duty it will be to outline
work directives in the various fields for the ministerial departments concerned. -
i
"To discuss truly serious problems and take really important decisions," such was
the watchword put forth by President Albert Rene at the opening session. The dis-
cussions were also dominated by the concern aroused by the excessive militarization
of tre Indian Ocean, and the congress was a demonstration of international solidarity
~ with all of the liberation movements and progressive countries of the world. Those -
~ were two of the main themes of the congress. Several resolutions were adopted with
respect to them. One of them recalls the SPPF's proposals to make the Indian Ocean
a peace zone, and reaffirms the determination of the Seychelles to carry on the
struggle for the demilitarization of that region, by dismantling foreign military
I bases and the departure of the forces of foreign powers. _
j At the same time the congress condemned the military escalation in the region, which
~ is being carrieei out under the fallacious pretexts of ensuring the protection of the
oil route or dealing with recent events in the Gulf. In this connection, the reso-
, lution deplores the attitude of certain states bordering the Indian Ocean, which
have agreed to grant facilities to the foreign powers or to have military bases in- -
stalled in their territories, these measures contributing to the intensification of
the militarization of the region. In conclusion, the congress reiterated the SPPF's
~ appeal in favor of the dismantling of the Diego Garcia base and the return of the
Chagos Archipelago t4 Mauritius.
With regard to the general policy resolution, it reaffirms the militant solidarity
and the support of the Seychelles for the African liberation movements, especially
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the SWAPO in Namibia, the ANC in South Africa, the Polisario Front and the Palestine
Liberation Organization. -
Finally, the congress, which adopted a modification of the party statutes, reaffirmed
its full and complete confidence in President France Albert Rene as president of the
SPPF and chief of state; it also proclaimed once again its devotion to the socialist
principles contained in the party's program and its determination to carry on the
revolution of 5 June 1977.
[Sidebar]
An Avant-garde Party _
Founded in 1964, the Seychelles Peoples United Party (SPUP), shortly after the revo-
lution of 5 June 1977, became the SPPF. This transformation marked a deepening of
the party's political role, more precisely the passage to a higher level, from the
struggle of a mass party for independence to that cf an avant-garde party responsible
at one and the same time for setting the broad directions of the country and wa*ching
over the setting up of the program of action evolving from it.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Afric{ue-Asie ~
~
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� TANZANIA
DECLINE IN FOOD PRODUCTION
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 16 Jan 81 p 148 _
' [A~ticle: "Considerable Decline in Food Prcduction"]
[Text] The Tanzanian National Milling Corporation (NMC) which has a mono-
poly on the purchase of the farmers' food production, has just announced
; that its 1980 purchases totalled only 294,300 tons, compared with 345,000
; tons in 1979. This represents a drop of over 40 percent in the marketed
- food production of Tanzania last year.
; According to the general manager of the company, Mr C. Y. Mpupua--as quoted
by the Tanzanian press agency SHIHATA--this decline is mainly due to poor
~ � weather conditions.
' Most purchases were made around Arusha (48,657 tons), Dodoma (39,173 tons),
Rukwa (21,777 tons), Iringa (19,104 tons), Nmeya (16,389 tons), and
Ruwma (14, 546 tons) . ~
~ The 1980 figures for each crop are given below, the figures for 1979 are
~ between parentheses: corn, 94,575 tons (139,425 tons); paddy, 4,606 tons
; (25,171 tons); rice, 7,472 tons (9,122 tons); wheat, 25,964 tons (24,544
i tons); manioc, 39,341 tons (3,910 tons); millet, 318 tons (1,268 tons);
~ sorgho, 17,928 tons (23,709 tons); small millet, 1,324 tons (14,009 tons);
beans, 12,291 tons (26,076 tons); peas, 18,578 tons (27,392 tons).
; It should be noted that corn was purchased primarily in the areas around
Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha, l~ukwa and Songea. As for rice, it comes from the
Mbarali farm, near Mbeya.
In 1981, the NMC expects to purchase from the farmers 226,000 tons of.
- food products, including 100,000 tons of corn. This is a forecast which
has been adjusted ~o take into account the poor results of 1980; forecast
- purchases for the past season were 400,000 toas.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1981
9294
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TANZANIA
STSAL INDUSTRY~S DECENTRALIZATION
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 16 Jan 81 p 148 -
I~ticle: "Decentralization of Sisal Industry"] '
IText~ In accordance witTi decisions made i.n August 1979 by 'the sole party, ~
the CCM (Chama Cha Mapinduzi), the Tanzanian sisal industry has just become
decentralized. ;
Five independent companies have been created by the Tanzania Sisal !
Authority (TSA) formerly the sole organization in charge of the sisal ~
industry in the country.
Under the new system, which came into effec.t last 1 January, TSA retains
only tfiree functions: defining a general sisal policy; passing on to the
other companies- any information conc.ern~.ng sisal; marketing the production. ~
The five companies are as follows:
- Muheza Sisal Company which.has its headquarters at the Kibaranga farm,
in the Korogwe district; its manager is Mr Peter Feer.
- Ngombezi Sisal Company, also in the Korogwe district; its manager is ~
Mr N. M. Nnko.
- Mombo Sisal Company, in the same district; it is managed by Mr A.t4. ;
Lukwaro.
_ - Morogoro Sisal Company, managed by Mr G.O. Seng'Enge.
- Kimamba Sisal Company, in the same area (Morogoro); it is managed by
Mr S.A. Shoo.
As a result of the creation of thESe companies, TSA has had its staff ~
reduced by 250 to 150 people. There have been no lay-offs, though, just
a transfer of administrative personnel to the newly created companies.
COPYRIGHT: Rene bioreux et Cie Paris 1981
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FOR ~FFICIAL USE ONLY
TANZANIA
BRIEFS
~ WATER, ELECTRIC POWER OFFICIAIS--The Tanzonian government has just appointed
a team of three, headed by the ~oxmer head secretary at the Ministry of
Development in the capital, Mr G. B. Minja, to supervise the construci:ion
of the water and electricity supply systems in Dodoma, the future capital
of the country, in the center of continental Tanzania. The city, which
~ now has some 75,000 inhabitants, is not yet adequately supplied with water
and electricity. [TextJ [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in
French 16 Jan 81 p 148] 9294
- INCREASED TRAFFIC IN TANGA--According to officials of tr.e Tanqa port, in
North Tanzania, traffic there has increased in 1980: 345,360 tons against
304,385 the year before. The goods were distri.buted as follows in 1980:
143,174 tons leaving the port, and 202,186 tons entexi.ng the port; this
does not include the 80,000 tons handled at the wharf of the Tanzanian -
- Fertilizer Company. Last year has seen a decrease in the amount of goods
, leaving (191,731 tons in 1979) and a marked increase in the amount entering
the port (112,654 tons in 1979). It should be remembered that the port is
used by Uganda as a way of access to the sea and that exportations also
include some of Tanzania`s agricultural prodution (sisal and coffee).
[Text] (Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 16 Jan 81 p 148]
9294
I INCREASED ELECTRIC POWER SALES--According to its 1979 annual report, the
; Tanzania Electric Supply Company (Tanesco) had increased its sales of
electricity in Tanzania by 10 percent in 1979; its earnings amounted to
~ 301.9 million shillings, compared with 274 million in 1978. Industrial ,
activity is the main cause for this increase (+13.6 percent in electricity
, purchased). Tanesco's net profits amounted to 1.7 million shillings in
' 1979. The number of its customers increased from 105,117 to 116,574.
The production of electricity was 753.71 million of kWh compared with
682.72 million in 1979. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS
in Frenc h 16 Jan 81 p 148] 9294
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