SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT BELYAYEV, A. F. - BELYAYEV, A. I.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R000204610003-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: January 4, 2017
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENCEAB

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[Acc sszo "
powder at pressures shave 10 acm is a heteroseneous process, in the!
initial .stage, a dispersed system of gas.eou~ decomposition products
and solid particles .is gormed;'.in a later stage,
. exothe~mic reactions
of the gaseous products take place on the surface ofI the glowing solid
particles, which accelerate ~he reac~ton~ o� the gaseous products,
and this stage becomes (he-controlling ~actor for Ch~ b~rning velocity.
of ~he expl0s!ve.. Expeviments were also carried ou~ ~ith the burning
of other explosives (~r?tyl, hexogen, and a mixture .of t~otyl ~lth
ammonium nitrate) containing 3~61 charcoal. These ,experiments also
confirmed that the presence 'of charcoal acceleratos the burning of
explosives, o~ing to the formation of a dispersed system ("smoke")
with gloving solid part'lCles.. Origo-art, has, I figure
A$$0CIATION~ Institut khimiCl~esk0y �1ziki lkade'mii hauk SSSR
tu~e of Chemical Physice~' 'Acaclemy Of Sciences SSSR) ':
i~SUBHITTED, lgFeb6& ./. ATD PRI[SS~ .3062 ENCL~ 01
'i'SUB' CODSs FP~ WA '.'NO REF. I~OV, 006 � OTHER~ 002

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!
: AC~'~88Z�II IlRI AP4042207

_1 I.[ I I ]LI, L~J~.

J~lll,t'l'l III ~1 IIIJ

� . P ---~- .

1. Dependen ce: -u E:-bUra Lng ve~'

locity on pressure .

3'- ~KTH.+ charcoal~,..

,.: .~ ...

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"Card

� ACCESSION NR: AP4033397 $/0076/64/038/003/05?9/0582'

TITLe.: Realization of detonation condztzons~for black poWder

SOUlq, CE: Zhurnal fiziche.skoy-khim/ii,'v~ 38, no. 3, 1964, 579-582

TOPIC TAGS: black pow'der, detonation, Steady state detonation, critical dia-
meter, combusti'on r a t e � no,Steady state convective burning, explosive

ABSTRACT:Conditions.for the stead~"State detonation of black powder have been
realized for the first'time. 'Since the critiCal, diameter of black powder is large
andits rate of combustion at high pressures is relatively low, it is ~mDos~ible,
to cause detonation with a capsule, detonator or with a detonating fuse passed
through the powder. Detonation of considerable masses of loose black powder
requi.res an intermediate detonator of large weight, e. g. ,a char~ of finel.y
ground !ow-density (0.6-'0o7 gm/Cc) trinitrotoluene. The deWnation races of

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,,

i
!i ACCESSION l'il,.. A.p.a.G~33~7"

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black poWder and ammoniuTM nitrate Were
bLackpowdero� di�/erenc derastries (0.9 and 1.1 gm./�C),when the diame.ter of the
charge was greater than critical, the rate of detonation increased almost linea
ly with density.. 'l~e value of about 400 m/sec ~iven earl .
Vzrv*vchatv,e vesh~. ....... .. _ . . ., ter (G. Kast, �
of clecona~tonal c~2~.?~v~a~4~s, re_~s~,v~.[vo, splameneniy;, 1932) for the rate
- --,,,-,=,o,.,,,, u~ o~ac~ powder is app~rencl�"chac �or
non a~eady s~a~e convective, burning,

AS, SOCIATION: ' Akademiya nauk SSSR'~. InsCicuc khlmicheskoy ~iziki.
~Acader~y ��-$cl~ncea..S$Sl~-,'.Ins~i~ute of 'Chemical Phyeica)

SU BHITT~.D: 29Dec62 '.-' ":.. '-: ATD PRESS: .3057 ENCL-.. O0
SUg CODE.,
z ...'" NO RIfF SOV:' 008 OTHER:

similar. In experiments run with

000

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BELOGUROV, Yu.A.; ..~BE~_YAYEV, ~.F.~ VISE~'fSKIY, P.; ZAKP~P~V~ V.N.~
KAG~ER, M.~ ~.~ARGOLIM, L.M.~ PASHKOV~ YuoS.; POEYAKOYA~ Ye.A.
SMIRNOVA, S.I.

In the Main Administration of the t~rometeorolo~ical Service.
Meteor. i gtdrol, no.6:~ Je '6~ (~SRA 17:8)

In tho institutions of the Hydrameteorological Service. Ibid.:
63.

Meetings, confer~ces~ seminars. Ibid.:63-64

Abroad. Ibid.:64.

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.......... . . ~.:;

~ 7678-(:~ EPA/~(m)/D~p(ell~nnl~,,mr,~,,l~,nc~,~/,,,,.,,,, ...... ,
~6~{~F~026023 ' ~ SO,CE CODE. ~7040~/65/000/00i/~25/0030

u. ~%.,%nosc~)~ ~arf~ffov~ A. K.
~: none ,

S05~OE: Nauchno-%ekhnicheskiye P~oble~ go~eni~ i

TOPIO TA~: p~opellan% solid
b~ng velocity - ~/9~/~ propellan%
A~CT: ~ re~tionship be~een ~e ~rn~g velocity (u) and presses (p) of
~co~ite propel~n~ has ~en studied at su~tg~c presses, A~oni~
~X perchlorate-~yls~ po~ssl~ perchlorateZtro~yl~oni~ perc~a~asphalt~
a~onium Pe~'chlorate-~raf~aldeh~es ~ndTa~oni~ ~rchlorate-polyst~ene
were ~o~ to 20 to 40 ~ and ~te~ive~ ~ ~d c~pact~ to 98% of the
~um de~i~. Although the pro~llants had different fuelss oxidizerss
polar b~ders, ~e u-~-p re~tionshl~ were linear. Therefores it appes~s
that s~te~ ~hich cdn~in s~ciently f~e componen~ a~ a fuel which can be
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L 7'~78-66
ACC ~R: AP502602~ s ~erie Rres~eo ~e ~er~en~l res~ ~et,her
gas~ied ~ dec~p~iti~ ~olysie, ~ e~p�rati�n' give l~ear u-~-P
' ' ress~es, obeyed
...... ~s at su~tmo P. ~-.~.ies at ~gher P .... ~ ~l~.pre~s~e
with an e~i~u-/-.~.. +.~. foli~zng ~u~ .~_o . (D = 1)$ 2) the
pre~OUe~ i~ica~ ~"'~ ~"l~ne ~lam~ fret up to about 2 atto
me front with a nonlinear
re,On charac~rized ~ a . ~- a mult~la - ~ ~ ~b.nres~'e regi~
r ~ . .~l~_tionsnlp ~ ' ~---+ but with a i~-~__
c~rac~r~%% ~ arm; an~ ~ a ~.~-- along the
1~--2~ %o 1~~ . of fl~eS, which propagate
Mul%~me f~n~ consiu%..__~ t=o ~%- has: 6 fig~es:
into'~e pro~a~,,-. ~ ~
bo~aries --,- ~. ~G R~: 009/ 0~{

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*~*?'"' .... "-~" ' .... '�' 'l;" :Y/- ' -:. ; : ..." ,-i:. "'" 'i' ' .'-'Y ":- 7'.' :.';-Z .
I,":~703~:; - . ::'~: ---' ',:::::' :' .. '::'::!;': ,._..V.!~::':::--':-.-
...... ' i ';~' i~'':'::'':~-:':- ,,.~:.:,:::.:...:~;~_.;..~.::.;i-':':'::..::':'.'. ' '- _: - '-: � '. ....: : :~:
,~o~ .... "' -'-' ~'" ..i~' - -' -' ' ~ i -

il $OU~CI~: ~hur~al'ii%lchemi~y khimii, v. 3~, co, 2, 1~65, b~-536
I ' '
i'i TOPIC'~(;S: explosive ~heory, e--'rPlosive �oembuati~u,
-' ,'l co~us~iou dieter, nt~o derivative "-.. . .
!-'-I -" ':'::-- ...... : '". .... :-: "' '-,::':':-:':-::,': '!~ : . ....... ..... ' - - '' t .... --'

_j' his ra U -
tek~niches~Bo uchili~h~a (~ic~l Faculty o~..the
} he 8pent app~ox~ate!y ~ ~ar at .the Yhysicai Chemiat~y In~titut~

:;L~ ::tt~-: %.:: - ': ']-.:--:-:- :-::::: :::d=:::- :--'~:..>-: "' :-:---~.-::'

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.' f_i~g the 3~ years_ of his ~cfent'tffC C~reek').-K._ K._-~dreyav, publish~ s~f:i~' I50
' ~ Re- ~t'udied extensively the c~bUsti0n 7o~. e~iostves, and the kinetics and
;of-their ~he~l deCo~osition;_ ~be ~rans~tion 0f comb~tton ~o e~losio, n a~d
_ .{ t0nation; ~he detonation capability of explosives, and powders; their ~en~iti-v[ty i mechaalcal int~rac~ions

around' the-maii~- -Point-;': th~'-~th~o~y-�f-'C~b~-tion of:-e~-plosiven
~'to studyi more ti, ah' 30 Y;ars '~g0, the co s. He yas 'the first
~bustion of s~coudary p~los v=~ in
thirties and forties he designed now ~miverzally accepted inctruments fo~: the
study, at nonstant plessure, of-~he combustion'of e~lOsives. He establ;',shed
ferences in the combustion capability of 'various e~lostves and proposed, as a
I criterion,-the critical combustion diameter' -He io~ulated qualitativelY, ~he'con
of igni[abilityof e~losiVes ang:-Soon, discovered ~he paralte!ism b!:~a~, the
i igvltabii!ty and c~bustton-espablltty,- ~e ~as one of ~ha first [o ~tug:, th~
]transition froa combus~i~n to expl.osion.'a~erimentally, In the mifl-fortl.es h:.
i Observed'the ~elf-agttation durin~ ~h~"c, vmb~r~o-~ 14~,,4~ ~--, ~-
=.~, Wa~cn .aa ~yen ~ryaic~e~it~eoretiealty h. D+--~ndau.. In contradistinction
n~erOus researchers a~roaa, Andreyev..also studied the the~al decomposition Of
mondhitrates at that time and investigated nitroglycerin, nitroglycot; n~ troc=t'u
loge,-and the tike. '~e showed.. thai the ,~ec6~osition of polynitratoa is actually

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~ portance that he ~ay .rightly b~ C�~t~t/ed the. fouler
o~"ee~ence. In 19~ tOgether

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~combustion proceeded upward. Combustion time was measured with a p!ezo-
.electric pickup. To record accurately combustion completion, a small
:amount of fast-burning potassium picrate was placed at the upper end of

I 2 3

.98

Fig. 1. Oharge heating

1 -Hot-air stream; 2 - potassium picrate;
3 - thermal insulation; 4 - body of heater
(stainless steel); 5 - thermal insulation
(asbestos); 6 - spiral for ignition;
7 - thermocouple; 8 - charge; 9 - igniting
compositi on.

ithe charge. The data given in tabular and graphic form involve TO val-
ues from -65 ~o 200C, combustion temperatures from 1500 to 2900K, and
~pressures from i to 100 atm. It was found that in all cases u is mono-
ironic'Increasing with TO. The dependence u(To) was conveniently !_
i~haracterized by the temperature coefficient $ = dlnu/dT0. ~ was highly:
aependent on the fuel/oxldizer ratio (~). The curve ~(a) had a minimum ~
?Jhose position corresponded to that of the burning velocity peak. For .
:mixture compositions not too far from stolchlometrlc~ ~ increased wl~h !~
Cord 2/~ .I*

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."6xldizer particle size. The ex~oerimental results were in good agree-
-'im~nt with the idea that ~ is determined by the temperature (Tb) in the
combustion zone region which determines She burning velocity~ If Tb is
large, ~ ls small and vice versa. Orig. art. has: 5 figures and 7
~ables. ~w. A. 68~ �

S~ CODE: 21/ ~U~M OATE: 08Apr66/ ORZO R~: 005/ OTH REF: 004 �

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RUDKOV, G.V.; BELYAYEVs

~lr method for reconditioning ~he ~acket of M753 diesel engine cylinders.
Elek. i tepl.tiag& 7 no.ll:l? N '63. (MIRA 17:2)

1. Zamestit~l' nachal'nika Kustovogo proyektno-tekhnol~giche~Ro�o otdela
po remontu i ekspluatat~ii teplovozov pti zavode im. Ii'icha~, Zhdanov
(for Rudkov). 2. Starsh~,y inzh. Kustovego ~royektno-tekhnolo{%cheskogo
otdelm po remontu i ekspluatatsii toplovozov pti zavode ira. ~[l'icha,
Zhdanov (for Bel~a~e�).

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BELYAYEV~ AoOo, inzho

Reoonditioning of cylinder Jaokets of the ~753 d~esel e~ines.
Maehinostr~nie no.2~:102 Mr~p '65. (~ l~s6)

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~(~P~V, N.~.~ pref.~ GR~IN~ P.8., ka~d.veterlnarnykh nauk~
..~A~., veter~a~ ~a~ [dece~]
~e ~~ee of da~ cows ~thout s~lls. T~y ~ 26:
23~9 '~. (~ 16:2)

1. ~tori~ zoogigi~y Vseso~ogo ~sti~ ~sper~'-
noy veter~ii,

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.......................... :.ee

/ in ~ ~lec. fufl~'. The ~il ~e~xl~.'e~1 ~ta, il~'d t,p I~

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{ ~ ~ ~ J. ~ ~v (~ ~ (~ ~e~), 1~ (3), 1~24l.
~ '. ~ ~t~ ~ ~. ~ m)lu~ty ~ slum~ium oxide ~ thb

oxkl~tkm oeeurml.--l). N. I~.

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~E~.~�V, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 1902-
The ].~tallurgy of lifht metals, Moslcca, Gos. nauchn.-tekhn, lz,~-vo lit.-ry po chernoi
i tsvetnoi .~etalurgii, 1944. 543 p. (49-55391)

TN775.B345

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ime~ (~ ~) ~ ,~, ~wtd thlt the ~ i~ly

al?nina u~d I ~: t~t::l)'~ M II,~h

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BELYATAW, i. I.

"Metallurgy of Light Metals," third edition, MoSCOW, 1949. 428 pages.

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~t, I AY ,0 A~Ii~ w ~ n U' #.# I t # i~ II ~t ir II

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�**eo.oooo ~~ ,. ,.., ,._, , , , �

**:: : : : : :,

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?~f/,~r~V, Aleksandr Ivsnovich.

~',ikolay ~ikolayevich ~eketov, ~rdayushchiysya ~usskiy ~iziko Khimik I :.'.eta!iurg
~'~ikolay NJto!ayevich Beketov, Out,~.tanding Russian Physical Chemist and ~.'et~l!urgls~
1827-1911. ~.oskva, ~'~etallurgizdat, 1953.
130 p. Illus., Ports.

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PHASE I TREASURE ISIAND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REPORT AID.~$6 - I

BOOK Call NCo: TNIIS,B337~
Authors: BELYA~EV~ A~ Io~ RAPOPORT.~ Mo Bo and ~IRSANOVA.~ L. A~
Full Title: ELECTROMETALLURGY OF ALUMINUM
Tra~lsliterated Title: Elekt'~ometallurgiya alyuminiya

Publishing Data
Originating Agency:
Publishing House:

None
State Scientific and Technical Publishing House of
Literature on Ferrousand Nonferrous Metallurgy
Date~ 1953 NCo pp~ 720 '~ NO. of copies: ~,500
Editorial Staff
Reviewers: Garbarchuk~ Go I~ Winne~ of Stalin Prize and
Sushkov~ A. Io~ Engineer
The authors express their thanks to Prof. Dr. V% A.
Pazukhin, Prof. E~ I~ Zhukovskiy~ Eng. Ac Io Sushkov~ Eng.
G~ I. Garbarchuk~ Engo B~ 1~ Itsykson and Po Ko Kovshikov.
Text Data
Coverage: This is a fundamental study of the modern development of
aluminum alloy electrometallurgyo It gives a detailed analysis of
the theory and practJ, ce of the electrolytic production of cryolite
al~minumalloys~ the electrolytic refining of aluminmu and the pro-
duction of aluminum-silicon alloys .In electric furnaces. Design of

1/lO

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Elektrometallurgiya alyuminiya

AZO 436 - z

reduction plants and calculation of aluminum baths and electric
furnsces for melting aluminum-silicon alloys are briefly discussed.
The theoretical part is based mainly on Soviet sources which, in
the authors' opinion, by far excel in scope and scientific value
the non-Russian literature on the electrometallurgy of aluminum.
The practical conclusions are dr~n from the achievements of the
aluminum industry in the USSR, according to the authors' note in
the preface. In the text, however~ no reference is made to any
installation in operation now in the Soviet Union�

The authors have collected in a single volume a large amount of
information from the very extensive and extremely scattered ref-
erences on the subject treated� The book is written in an easy,
comprehensive language, is provided with numerous illustrations
and diagrams, and gives a good picture of the methods used in
electrolytic production of aluminum in the Soviet Union at the
present time.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
Foreword 8
.Introduction 9

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.E lektrome ta llurgiya a lyuminiya

SECTION I ELECTROL;ZSIS OF MOLTEN CRYOLITE ALUMINA
Ch o I Properties of Altm~inum
lo Structure of the atom and crystal lattice
2o Physicochemical properties
Bo Thermochemical properties
Ch o II Properties of Alumina
4o Structure of the crystal lattice
Physlcochemicai propertle3
Thermochemical properties
Ch o III Properties of Carbon
?o Structure of aluminum crystal lattice
8o Physicochemical properties
9. Oxidation
Ch o IV Properties of Alumin~un Fluorides and Fluorides
of other Metals

10o
11o
12o
Cho V

AID ~36 - I
PAGE

17

~5
~7
53

Structure ~
Physicochemical properties
Ther~ochemical properties 67
Properties of Systems formed by AlumlnumFluoride
and Fluorides of other Metals
Systems: Aluminum fluoride - fluorides of alkali metals 70

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E lektrometa llurgiya a lyuminiya

14. Systems: Cryolite - fluorides of alkali metals
15. Systems: Cryolite - fluorides of bivalent metals
Ch. VI Properties of Systems formed by Fluorides and Oxides
16. Systems: Cryolite - alumina 88
~ Systems: Cryolite - oxides 96
~ Ternary and binary systems formed bY fluorides and oxides 99
Ch. VII Theory of Electrolysis of Cryolite A!mnina Smelts
19. Decomposition voltage of cryolite alumina and electrolyte
components 115
20. Structure of molten cryolite alumina 132
21. Process of current transfer in aluminum baths 135
Ch. VIII Electrolytic Processes at Electrodes in Aluminum B~th$
22� Processes at cathodes 143
23. Processes at anodes 157
Cho IX Output of Molten Cryolite-Alumina per amp. and kw/hr
2~. Basic conceptions and mathematical relations 179
25. Effect of ~arious factors 187
Ch. X Const~uction of Aluminum Baths
26. Development of aluminum baths construction 194
27. Modern aluminum baths 198
Ch. XI Design of Aluminum Baths
28. General design '206
/lo

AID 436 - I

0
81

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Elektrometa llurgiya a lyuminiya

29.' Electrical design
BO, Thermal design
BI. Material design
B2. Example of design
Ch. XII Mounting of Aluminum Baths 3~. Materials used
3 � Sequence of mounting operations
Cho XIII Starting Operation of Alumtnum Baths
35. Starting new baths with a continuous anode
36. Starting baths after major repairs
37. Starting multi-anode baths
38. Period of operation following the Start
Cho XiV Operation of Aluminum Baths
Materials for baths
Operations and maintenance
41. Organization of working crew
42� Control of production in the electrolytic shop
Ch. XV Life of Aluminum Baths and their Demounting
43. Effect of various factors on the life of aluminum baths
44� Sequence of operations in dismounting alumtntua baths
Ch� XVI Regeneration of Electrolyte in Aluminum Baths
45. Carbon film flotation ~
5/lo

AID ~S6 - I
PAGE
216

229
229

253

259
265
266
269

275_
27~
3o6
3O8

310
320

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AID 436 - I

Elektrometa llurgi2a a lyuminiya
46. Gas absorption and regeneration of cryolite
Ch. XVII Chlorination, Remelting and Casting of Aluminum
47. Properties of initial aluminum
48. Purification of aluminum by chlorination and remelting
49. Casting of aluminum wire bars
Ch. XVIII Planning of Electrolytic Aluminum Plants

50. Location
51.
52.

55.
5~o
57.
58.

Ch. XIX 61. Properties
62. Fields of application

PAGE
327

333
35

345
346
Output (efficiency) 347
Selection of d-c source
OPeration conditions of aluminum baths cormected in series351
Arrangement of aluminum baths in series and determination
of the main dimensions of the electrolytic workshop 358
364
Transportation 369
Ventilation 3?3
Equipment for the aluminum refining division 375
Mechanical workshop 375
Determination of storage space 376
Technical and economic calculations
SECTION II ELECTROLYTIC REFINING OF ALUMINUM
Properties of Highly Pure Aluminum and its APplication383
386

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AID 436 - I
PAGE

Ch. XX DeveloPment.of Methods of Electrolytic Refining
of Aluminum
Developmentof the "Two Layer" electrolytic method
~ Development of the "Three'Layer" electrolytic method
Cho XXI Theory of Electrolytic Refining of Aluminum
 Electrochemistry of aluminum refining
~ physicochemical properties of the electrolyte and
almminumalloy anodes for aluminum refining
67. Determination of voltage for electrolytic refining
of aluminum
68. Mechanism of curren~ tranSmission in the electrolytic
refining of aluminum
69� Current efficiency in the electrolytic refining of
aluminum
Oho X~II Technology of Electrolytic Refining of Aluminum
70. Construction of baths for aluminum refining
71. P~l~a~ticn of ~alta used as starting matey~al and
of the electrolyte
72. Preparation of aluminum alloy anode
~ ~eration of aluminum alloy anode
[ Control of electrolytic alu~,.inum refining

389
393

403

405

4o9

416

418

420

426
426
437

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AID
Elektrometallurgiya a lyuminiya PAGE

75. Organization of work in the electrolytic aluminum 439
refining workshop
76. Electrolytic aluminum refining from technical and 440
commercial viewpoints
77. Electrolytic refining of secondary aluminum
SECTION III ELECTRIC MELTING OF ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS
Ch. XXIII Use of Heat in Metallurgy of Aluminum Alloys
78. Development of heat: processe~ 458
79. Advantages of electric heat processes
Ch. XXIV Physicochemical Principles in Production of
Aluminum-Silicon Alloys from Ore 462
80. Difficulties in reduction of aluminum oxide 472
81. Production of aluminum alloys
82. Thermodynamics of reduction by carbon of aluminum

83.

Ch. XXV Raw Material and Preparation of Furnace Charges 85. Ores with high alumina content and their concentration
86. CarboniC reducers and their properties
8/lo

oxide and silicon oxide � ~76
and their behavior in the reduction process
Conditions of Joint reduction by carbon of Si02 and A120~
517
537

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.Elektrometallurgiys alyumlniya

87, ~in requirements for furnace charges used for the
reduction of aluminum-silicon alloys
88� Technology of briquetting ore charges for the reduction
of aluminum-silicon alloys 562
89, Calculation of furnace charges 571
Ch, XXVI Furnaces for Smelting Aluminum-Silicon Alloys
90, Various charge zones in the electric furnace chambers 582
91. Effect of electric characteristics 586
92. Single-phase and three-phase electric furnaces 601
~ Determination of electrical furnaces characteristics 606
Some requirements for the design of furnaces 616
Ch. XXVII Reduction of Aluminum Alloys
95, Reduction of silicon 627
96. Reduction of ferro~.aluminum 637
97. Operating conditions of the furnace in reduction of
aluminum-silicon alloys ' �
98. Defects in reduction of aluminum-silicon alloys and
means of their prevention 647
99. Control of reduction of aluminum-silicon alloys 652
Ch. XXVIII Remelting of Secondary Aluminum-Silicon Alloys
Produced by Electric Heating Process
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AID 436 - I
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Elektrometallurgiya alyuminiya

100. Properties and applicatiOns of aluminum-silicon alloys
101. Production of eutectic silumin
102. Obtaining of aluminum from aluminum-silicon alloys
and from aluminum scrap with the help of alloy-
combined metals 675
103. Reduction of aluminum from electrothermic alloys by
distillation through compounds of low valence 700
105. Electrolytic refining of primary aluminum-silicon
alloys 709
105. Properties and applications of silicon by-products 712
Purpose: The book is intended to provide information on the subject
treated for engineers, technicians and scientific workers of the
aluminum industry as well as students of advanced courses in the
elect~ometallurgy of aluminum.
Facilities: None
No. of Russian and Slavic References: Numerous Russian references
in footnotes.
Available: Library of Congress.

AID 436 - I
PAGE
658
665

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PHASE X TREASURE ISLAND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REPORT AID 608 - X

BOOK Call No.: AF6~4~31
Author: BELYAYEV, A. I., Prof. Doc. . .....
Full Tltle~ METALLURGY-OF LIGHT METALS. (GE~'~RAL COU.RSE).
Transliterated Title: Metallurgiya legkikh m..tallov (Obshchiy
Chetv. izd.
PUBLISHING DATA
Originating Agency: None
Publishing House: State Publishing House of Scientific and Technical
Literature on Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
Date: 1954 No. pp.: 403 No. of copies: 9,500
Editorial Staff
Appraisers: Prof. Ye. I. Zhukovskiy; Staff of the Chair of Metallurgy
of Light and Rare Metals of the Leningrad Mining Institute (Prof.
Doc. N. S. Greyver, Prof. Doc. V. M. Gus'kov and Dotsents
I. D. TsaPegorodtsev, P. V. Fileyev and V. K. Gusakovskiy).
PURPOSE AND EVALUATION: This is a textbook on the subject of the metal-
lurgY Of light metals approved by the Ministry of Higher Education
for students of institutions of higher learning. This very well
written and comprehensive book covers in detail the processes of
metal production starting with the ores and extending to the ob-
taining of the pure metal. When compared ..ith various American

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'- Metallurgiya legklkh metal!ov (Obshchiy kurs) AID 608 - X
� Chetv. izd'
books on the same subject, it is found to inclUde fewer metals and
to present only the metallurgical side of their treatment. However,
in this limited field the subject is covered much more extensively
than in corresponding books in our literature, and no similar text-
book in English could be found. Books which were consulted include:
Bray, J. L., Non-Ferrous Production MetallurgM, 1947; Institution
of Mining and-MetallurgY, The Refining of Non-Ferrous Metals:
, 1950; Roberts, ~. R., The Extraction of Non-~errous
950; Dennis, W. H., MetaYIurgY 6f the Non-Ferrous Me~.~l~s,
1-~5~ayward, C. R., An Outline of Metallurgical P~ctic~, 1952;
Malcuit, S. V., The Aluminum Industry, 19~b, and various other
books on metallurgY.
TEXT DATA
Coverage: This. is a comprehensive textbook on the metallurgy of light
metals, covering in detail aluminum and magnesium, and to a lesser
extent~-beryllium, calcium, barium and lithium. The book docs ~t
cover the field of mining or preparation of the ores. It alsc. does
not outline the fabrication of those metals and their products, nor
the technology of their alloys. Presented are: the properties of
each of the above-mentioned light metals, its application, the prin-

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Metallurgiya legkikh metallov (Obshchiy kuts) AID 6~ - X
Ohetv. izd.
ciples of the theory of its processing, and in detail the technology
of its production.

Table of Contents
Preface to the 4th edition
introduction
PART ONE METALLURGY OF ALUMINUM
Ch. I ?roperties of Aluminum, its Role in Technology,
and the History of its Production
1. Properties of aluminum and its importanCe'in present- l~
day technology 16
2. History of Russian aluminum metallurgy 22
Ch. 2 AluminTM Ores 22
Geochemistry and mineralogy of aluminum
~i Types of aluminum ores, their occurenceWand deposits 23
� �

.~.~ Bauxites 32
Nephelines 32
Alunites 33
Kaolins and clays
Sillimanite ores

Pa ~,e
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Metaliurglya l~gkikh metallov (0bshchiy kurs) AID 608 - X
Chetv. izd. Page

Ch. 3 General Characteristics of Methods of Alumina 34
Production
~i Alumina as material for electrolysis 3~,
Some physicochemical properties of alumina 3~i
Polymorphism 38
Thermal propertieo 38
Chemical properties
7. Classification of methods of alumina production ~
Ch. 4 Properties of Aluminate Solutions 43
8. Stability of aluminate solutions 44
9. Nature of aluminate solutions 45
10. System A190B - NaR0 - H~O
Ch. 5 Production of Alumina by the Bayer Wet Alkaline 48
Method 48
ll. History of the Bayer method
12 General technological scheme of the Bayer method 4.9
� : 51
13. Preparation of bauxite 5~
14. Leaching of bauxite 5~
Basic reactions in bauxite leaching
Significance of the mineralogical composition of
bauxite !58

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Chetv. izd.

20.
21.
22.

Ch. 6
23.
24.
25.

AID 608 - X
Page
Influence of different factors on the leaching of 60
bauxite 6B
Technology of bauxite leaching in autoclaves
15. Separation of the aluminate solution from red mud 69
16. Hydration of the aluminate solution by precipitation 71
17. CalcinatiOn of alUminum hydroxide 80
18. Evaporation and caMsticizing of r~verse alkaline 87
solutions ~.
19. Cycle in the Bayer process in the system ~.- 88
Na20 - AI~OB - HyO
Alumina ShOp. Production data 90
Bayer method and causticizing soda ash with lime 91
Production of alumina from alunites and kaolins by 91
the Bayer method
Production o~ Alumina by the Dry Alkaline Method 95
History of the dry alkaline method
General technological scheme of the sintering method
Sintering of bauxite with soda and lime in a rotary 98
kiln llO
26.Leaching of sinter cakes

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AID 608 - X

Chetv. izd.
2?, Removing of silica from alumlnate solutions
28. Carbonation of aluminate solutions
~29. Application of the sintertng method for the complex
treatment of neph~lines
BO. AppliCation of the sintering method for the ex-
traction of alumina from clays and other alumino-
silicates
B1. Method of sintering with sodium sulfate
32. Obtaining of .alumina from the calcium aluminate
~slag
Production of alumina by the combined alkaline
method.
34. Summaz~ end dissemination of working methods of
innov~.to~s in alumina production
3~ Automatization of alumina production
3o~ .Cost price of alumina
Ch. 7 Production of 0ryolite and other Fluorine Salts

37. Requirements i~posed on cryolite
38. Natural cryolite
39. Production of artificial (synthetic) cryolite
by the'acid method
by the alkaline method ~12

]?age
117

125

128
129

130

132

135
18-

145

1~8
157

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Metallurgiya legkikh metallov (0bshchiy kuts)
Chetv. izd.
Ch. 8
40.
41.
42.

45.
46.

47.

48.
49.
Ch. 9

AID 608 - X

Page
Production of Electrodes 162
Purpose of electrodes and their classification 162
Use of carbon electrodes in light metal metallurgy 164.
Raw materials used for the production of electrodes 166
Technological scheme of carbon electrode productior~ 170
Calcination of solid carbon materials 172

in retort ovens
in rotary ovens
Grinding and classification (sizing) of solid
carbon materia3.s
Mixing of solid carbon materials with binding
material
Pres~4ng$of electrodes ~:~,- ~ press
B.v ~hing press
Annealing of raw electrodes
Coating carbon electrodes with graphite
Theoretical Principles of Electrolysis of
Cryolite-Alumina Alloys

173
175

176

178

182
183
18

200

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Metallurgiya legkikh metallov (~bshchiy kuts) AID 608 - X
Chetv. izd. Page
50. PhysiCochemical properties of an aluminum bath R00
electrolyte 201
Electrolyte fusibility
Dissolution of alumina in'molted electrolyte 202
Density of molted electrolyte and ~luminum 207
2O9
Viscosity 209
Surface tension 211
Electrical conductivity
Decomposition stress of electrolyte components 213
51. The mechanism of electrolysis of cryolite- 216

52.

53.

alumina alloys
Phenomena occuring on electrodes in the electrolysis
of cryolite-alumina alloys 219
Anode effect 219
Dissolubility and losses of aluminum in
electrolyte 224
Influence of different factors on the yield in
relation to the current and to the amount of
energy in the electrolysis of cryolite-alumina 228
alloys".:: 229
Influence of temperature

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� Chetv. izd.

Ch. 10

54.

57.
58.

AID 608 - X

Influence of current density
Influence of interpolar dlstance
Influence of the composition of the electrolyte
Technology of Electrolytical Production of
Aluminum 2B5
Design of aluminum baths 235
Mechanization of operation of an aluminum bath 241
Conception of the stress and the heat balance of
an aluminum bath 242
The electrolysis shop of an a~uminum plant 244
Putting the baths into operation and their work

59.

Page
23O
231
233

60.
61.

62.

afterward 247
Work of baths during normal periods of exploitation 252
Charging with alumina 252

Servicing of the anodes 254
Extraction of aluminum 260 �
Adjusting of the electrolyte ' 261
Disturbances in the work of baths 264
Organization of labor in a crew of electrolysis
workers and methods of work of innovators 269
Gas absorption. Regeneration of cryolite 273
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; Me~allurgiya legkikh metallov (Obshchiy kurs)

AID 608 - X

Chetv. izd.

Ch. ll
64.

Ch. 12
67.
68.
69.
70.

Page
Cost of aluminum 275
Refining of Aluminum 277
Quality of aluminum 277
Refining of aluminum with chlorine and resmelting 2~9
Electrolytical refining of aluminum 2 1
Electrothermics of Aluminum and its Alloys 287
Reduction of alumina with carbon 287
Electrothermics of silicon-aluminum alloys 290
Electrothermical silumin 291~
Methods of extracting aluminum from silicon-
aluminum 297

PART TWO
Ch. lB

71.
72.
Ch. 14

METALLURGY OF MAGNESIUM
Properties of ~agnesium, its Role in Engineering
and the History of its Production BO1
Properties of magnesium and its applications 301
History of Russian magnesium metallurgy 303
Magnesium Ores and Raw Materials BO5
Geochemistry of magnesium BO5
Types of magnesium raw materials and their
preparation 305

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Chetv. ~zd.

Ch. 15
75.
76.
77.
Ch. 16

78.

79.

Ch. 17

80.
81.
82.
83.
Ch. 18
84.
85.
PART THREE

Production of AnhYdrous Magnesium Chlorides
Dehydration of bischofite
Chlorination of magnesite
Production of anhydrous carnallite
Theoretical Principles of Electrolysis of Fused
Magnesium Chlorides 324
Physicochemical properties of electrolytes of a
magnesium bath 324
Yield in relation to the amount of current and
energy in electrolysis of magnesium chlorides 333
Technology of the Electrolysis of Magnesium
Chlorides 339
Construction of magnesium baths 339
Technology of electrolysis 344
Refining of magnesium 348
Cost cf magnesium 355
Production of Magnesium. by Thermic Methods 35
The ca~bothermic process 354
The silicothermic process 358
METALLURGY OF BERYLLIUM, CALCIUM,
BARIUM AND LITHIUM 367
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.aid 608 - X
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311
317
321

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Metallurgiya legklkh metallov (Obshchty kuts)
Chetv. izd.
Ch. 19 'Metallurgy of Beryllium
86. Properties of beryllium and its applications
 Production of beryllium oxide
~ Production of metallic beryllium by electrolysis
of beryllium chloride 374
89. Production of metallic beryllium by the fluoride
reduction process 378
90. Smelting of beryllium alloys by the electrothermic
process ~ 381
Ch. 20 Metallurgy of Calcium and Barium 386
91. Properties of calcium and barium and field of
their application B86
92. Technology of metallic calcium production 388
93. Technology of metallic barium production 391
Ch. 21 Metallurgy of Lithium 395
94. Properties and applications of lithium
95. Production of lithium* salts ~ 396
96. Metallic lithium production
Literature ~

AID 6O8 - X
Page
367
367
369

No. of References: Russian 30 (1935-1953).
Facilities: Names of many Soviet scientists and workers are mentioned
in the text.
.12/12

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. '~ ::::-~{~;~�~'-~-~::' .-~._~-_-.~-_".~ ~:~.'_.~;_~.~-Z :. 5._~Z_: ..... L ~' '.~ ---~ L~.-..:~i ...... ~ .... ,.~_~'.. ; ~' "_ "

q~ht~, of el~nca] ~ml~tit,ns ~:~t'l]~t a~d d~ ~t~on ~' heat-

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T ~ .... ~._ .~Z~-~;~% I17~t~Z~ ~.'

c~'ofite ratio with 1 of 2-gl the ~m~gn~t~=c

to
thc

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1. Mintsvetmetzoloto. (Aluminum--Blectrometallur~�)

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BilKONUR0V, 0.~.; BELYAYE�, A.I._j BOOOMOLOV, �.Io; VANYUK0�, �.~.; OAZARYAN,L.M.;
GLRK, ~.P.;-~0It~YE{, M.I.; KARCEEVSKI]f, V.~.; I[LUSHII{, D.I{.,
D.A.; L~]~'V, B.N.; LISO�SKI�, D.I.; LOSKUTOV, F.M.; MITROPANOV, S.I.;
MOLCHANO�, A.A.; NOSIIYI?IN, I.N.; OL'KHO~, N.P.; OSIPOYA, T.B.;
PLAK~IN, I.N.; PONOMARBV, V.D.; RUMYANTSEV, M.�.; SOKOL~SKIY, D.�.;
SOKOL0�, M.A.; SPASSKIY, A.O.; S?RIOIN, I.A.; SUSHKOV, K.�.;

~hosrov lur61novieh lvs~!sian, obituary. TSvet.met.27 no.3:66-68
My-Je t.5~. (MIRA 10:10)
(Avetimian. ~ho~rov Xurginovich, t900-1~5~)

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Causes for the destruction of carbon cathode blocks in atartin~ aluminum
cells. TSvet.mot. 27 no.6:~-46 N-D '54. (MIRA 10:10)
(Cathodes) (Aluminum--~lec t romet aliurgy)

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~J~C~e~Lc~L ~ecZmolos~. Ch.emtcal Products and ~heir Application.
Electrotembntcal ~nufactures. Electrical Precipitation.
C~ cal ~mrces of Current.

Abs Jou~: Referat Zh.-Kh., No 8, 19~7,

Author
Tn~t
~itle

: Electrolyte Co_~mpoeition of Industrial Baths an~ Possibilities of
Its Improvement.

Orig Pub: Ec~s~z. ~apok, !9~, 19, No 12, 516-523.

A~stmct: No abmtmct.

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Translations from:

AUTHOR:

TITLE:

PERIODICAL:

ABSTRACT:

137-1957-i2-23437

Referativnyy zhurnal, Metal!urgiya, !957, Nr !2, p 87 (USSR)

Belyayev, A, I.

The Role of the Surface Phenomena in the l~teliing of Secondary
Aluminum With Fluxes (Ro],txnrerkhnos.~0~kh yav!eniy pri plavk�
vtori_chnogo alyumini'Ta s flyus~ami)

Sb. uauch, tr. Mosk. in-ta tsvetn, met. i zolota, 1955, Nr 25,
pp 180-194 _

Bibliographic entry

i. Secondary melting 2. Aluminum Fluxes-Applications

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/
~nYAY~, A.I.

Eighth scientific and t~hnical co~ere~e off ~tudente off the
Noso~ lnetitute of No~e~oue Netals and Gold, T~vet,~et, 28
no.3:75-~ ~-Je '55. (M~ 10:11)
(No~errous metals)

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professor, doktor.

Induetri&l aluminum-bath electrolytes and w&ys of improving them.
T~et.met. 29 no.5:~,~-60 I~ '.~6. (l~Jl~ 9:8)

1. Xintovetmetsologo,
(Aluainu~--l~lec trometallurgy)

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Ninth Scie~.ti?.c ami Technical conference of students of the Moscow
Institute of Nonferrous Metals and of Gold, TSvet,met,29 no,6:72-73
Je '56o (MI~A 9:9)
(Nonferrous metals-~�ongresses)

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~BELYAYE~, ~natoliy Ivanovich; ZHEMCHUZHII~A, Yelen. Aleksandrovn&~
KOSOLAPOVA, N.Fj~'re~'; ~4IEHAYLO~A, ~.~., tekhn.red.

[Microscopic analyais of cnrbon materi~ls and electrodes]
Mikroskopicheskii analiz ug!erod~stykh materialov i elektrodov.
Moskvn, Goa.nauchno-tekhn.izd-vo lit-ry~o chernoi i t~vetnoi
metallurgii, 1957. 75 p. (MIRA 1l:1)
(Coal) (~lectrodee)

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[I~h~rsicsl chemistry of soluble salts] Fizichesksts khi=ita raeplavlen-
a~kh soleto Momlcvs. Gos. muchno-tekhn, i,d-vo lit-fy po chef, o! !
tsvetnot metallur~ii, 19~?. ~9 P. (aIRA 10:11)
(Selt~. ~oluble)

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[Hetallurgy of nonferrous metal~] Hetnllur~!ia tsvetnykh metallov.
~on~va, Gos.nauchno-tekhn.izd-vo lit-ry po chernot i tsvetnoi
metal].urgii, 1957. 535 p. (MIRA 11:1)
(Nonferrous metals--Metallurgy)

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BELY:\Yk~, ,%. I.

"Univalent Aluminum and its Role in the Electrometallur~v of Aluminun,"
paper presented at %he ~tallurgical Congress in Ck~caEo, 6 Nov 1957.

Kalinin Inst. for Nonferrous ~ta!s and Gold.

Eval. ~nd Abst. B. - 3,095,520, 6 Nov 1957

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AUTHOR: Belyaev, A.I., Zhemchuzb~,a, E.A. and Firsano~va, ~..A.
' 1 -5-

b_ath electrolyte. (Ispy~aniya ftoristogo mag~iya kak kom-
ponenta elektrolita alyuminievykh vann. )
PERIODICAL: "Tsvet~y.e M~tall~" (Non-ferrous Metals), )1957, No.5,
pp. ?0- 74 (U.S.S.R.
ABSTRACT: In the first sectio~ of this work laboratory experLmez~s
to elucidate the joint influence of magnesium and calcium
fluorides on the properties of aluminium-bath electrolyte are
described. The results are shown graphically as a fusion
diagram for the qua_si-binary system: [2.5 NaF.AiFx + 5 wt
CaF2 + 5 wt % MgF2J - A1203; as a grgph showing t~ne infl-
uence of magnesite calcining temperature on th8 rate of its
solution in cryolite melts at i 000 and i 020 C; and as
plots of solubility of aluminium in the electrolyte, solubil-
ity of ale,mt=a, augle of w~tting, conductivity, density and
melting point against the weight % of CaF2 and MgF2. The lab-
oratory results indicate electrolytes should contain 6.5 - 7%
MgF2 for a total content of the fluoride of up to l0 wt %, a
suitable cz~.yolite ratio being 2.5 - 2.6. The second part of
the paper deals with full scale tests of magnesium-fluoride

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Tests of magnesium fluoride as a component of aluminium-bath
electrolyte. (Cont.)
containing electrolytes, started at the Ural Aluminium Works
(Uralskom Alyuminievom Zavode ) in 1955 an~ is still continuing.
These tests have shown the following favourable effects of
MgF2 additions: increased yield with respeet to current and
energy; a lower bath working temperature; decreased consump-
tion of anodic material; higher CO2 content in the anodic
gases; lower consumption of aluminlum fluoride; better oper-
ating conditions and improved working of the bath. Reasons for
these effects are discussed mud it is noted that favourable
effects have also be~ obtained at aluminium works in Czecho-
slovakia and at Fushm in China (Chu Tzu Sen. "Influence of
magnesium fluoride o'..~ the electrolysis of cryolite-alumina
melts". Dissertation, Nukden, 1956.). At the latter works,
sixteen MgF~-containing baths are working at the present time.
There are 7-references, 5 of which are Slavic.

ASSOCIATION: Mi ~tsvetmetzoloto.

AVAILABLE:

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~ --,iV.A,.'-and.,Belyayev, A.I. '

AUTHORS: Garmata electrolytic refining
........ e elektrodny~d~ prot~ossov pri
TIT~: study of electrode processes
ele,~t~oliticheskom rafinirov~ii al)~iniya).
~ - 5S-Se (USS~).
PERIODICal: Tsvet~'e ~detally, 1957, ~o.9~ �
ABSTP~CT: The author describe~ smd ~ives results of investigations
s i~ the electrolytic refi~n~
orocesse , dur~ ~ ~.~ .The experiments
of electrode ~ ~the t~eo-layer ~ .......
of al~minim~
~erc based on t~e~ study~a~ polarization at the cathode and
lati'on to the c~r~ent ~en~ temperature,
anode tn r~ .... '-~ol~e eiecvru~= material~ nature
co~Do ~ e~e factors w~re carried cut
of the ionic diffusion ~d 'other' factors Laboratory
....... ~ents for stud~-~nE ~h~Z~+~=~ laboratory v:o~k on the
deter!~ination of the elect~ical~o t d~~d
linuidus tenoerat~es of c..~lori -
electrolytes were made in a palladi~ cell. Back e.m.f, a~,
polarization of electrodes were studied on industri~ cells,
. � .- ~ic recordinc of current and voltage
wzth osczlloe~.~Ph ....... ~-hor~ conclude that in the -

� lO � 'zn~ ~-
(Fzg~'7,~ ~-,,~loride-fluoride (f~ BaC12 + 2~% A~3 +
electrolysis uz
17% t-~aP) ~d fluoride ~/~ AlP; + 1~% ~aF + 18% BaFp +
',ard 1/2 OaF2) ~r~ary P c th~ cathode is the-

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!i' !:-i - 10 / l-'~
Study of eloct!.cde :_)::J~:,l:;s,~:: in N..o olecti"oly{;ic r. efiuinj of
al~ini~l.
discN~.l'Se of .ii!il..~ii~ili.: ioLs ~%nA oN 'h~ ~ode tho electro-
cheuic,'~ ............ ~]~'{;798

An Investigation of the Reaction (cont.)

t~tanate. The stmultaneous presence of Ti and Fe oxides during the leac
of alumina also weakens the ne~dtive effeci of TiO2 somewhat, The presenc~~
of MgO and BaO in addition to CaO increases alumina exiractmn ~n ,he
lng of diaspore-bemite bauxiies. The best: results in lhe leaching of bauxi!es
by NaOH solution are attained by adciitmn of M�O.

GS
]., Bauxite components--Reaction 2. Au~',oc]ave--P,.-oeesses--~.pp~ca~io:',~

Card 2/2

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137-58-4-6569
Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, 1958. Nr 4. p 36 (USSR)

AUTHORS: Belyayev, A.I.~ Zhemchuzhina, Ye.A., Firsanova, L.A.

TITLE: An Investigation of the Physical Chemical Properties �:f Alum-
inum Bath Electrolyte Containing Magnesium Fluoride {Issle-
dovaniye fiziko-khimicheskikh svoystv elektrolita alyu;-r~i-
niyevykh vann, soderzhashchego ftoristyy magni�)

PERIODICAL: Sb. nauchn tr. Mosk. in-t tsvetn-met, i zo]ota i VNITO
t.svetn, metallurgii, 1957, Nr 26, pp 143-161

ABSTRACT: MgF depresses the temperature of onset of crystallization
ofNaF+A1F3 melts more than does CaF2. The rate of'solu-
tion of AI?.O3 in melts containing MgF2 is higher than that of
melts containing CAF2. MgF2 increases the wetting angle of
coal by NaF+A1F3 melts more than does CaF2, The critical
D of melts of NaF+AIF3 with added MgF2 is greater than the
critical D of the same melts containing CaF. Losses of A1 in
melts ofNaF+AIF3 with added MgFZ are smaller than the
losses of A1 in melts with added CaF2. When direct current is
superimposed, the losses depend upon the Dk, while when

Card 1/2

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137-58-4~6569

An Investigation of the Physical (cont.)

D>0.2 amps/cra2, A1 losses diminish, Liberation of Na at the cathode is
diminished somewhat by adding either CaF2 or MgF2. The density of
NaF+AIF3 melts increases under the effect o� MgF2 to a lesser de~ree than
under the effect of CaF2. The electric conductivity of NaF+A1F3
minishes under the effect of addition of 5% CaF2~ 5% MgF?_ a little more
than under the effect of addition of ?~ CaFa. Or'the whole~- MgF2 exercises
a more favorable effect on the physical chemical properties of the electro-
lyre in A1 baths than does CaF2, and it is therefore desirable lo use. M�F2
as a component of the electrolyte,
I,G.
1, llmminum coatings 2. Electrolytes--Properties--Analysis

Ca rd 2/2

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SOV/137-58- 7- 14644

TranslatiOn from:Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, 1958, Nr 7, pl00(USSR)

AUTHORS:
TITLE:

Belyayev, A.I., Firsanova, L.A.

Melting Al-Si Alloys from Secondary Aluminum Treatment
Slimes (Vyplavka splavov Al-Si iz shlamov ot pererabotki
vtorichnogo alyuminlya)

PERIODICAL: Sb. nauchn, tr. Mosk. in-t tsvetn, met. i zolota i VNITO
tsvetn, metallurgii, 1957, Nr 26, pp 162-171

ABSTRACT:

A description is offered of the results of laboratory and.
larger-scale experiments in the melting of slimes and the dis-
tillation of A1 from the alloys obtained. The possibility ~s
established of obtaining Al-Si alloys containing 50-60% A1 :m
reduction melts. These melts, enriched by filtration under
pressure, can be used to distill pure Al via an A1 subchloride
in a vacuum distillation furnace using graphite heaters.
L.P.

1. Alumin~n-silieon alloys--Production

Card 1/1

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137-1958-2-2593

Translation from: Re�erativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, 1958, Nr 2, p 55 (USSR)

AUTHORS: Firsanova, L. A., ~_B, el~y~i~.,e3.:.~A_i,!L.,.:

TITLE: Obtaining Pure Bery]lium Chloride by Chlorinating Beryl
(Polucheniye chistogo khlorida ber~lliya khlorirovaniyem berilla)

PI~.RIODICAL: Sb. nauchn, tr. Mosk. in--t tsvetn, met. i zolotaiVNITO
tsvetn, metallurgii, 1q57, Nr 2.6, pp 184-192

ABSTRACT:

Card 1/1

Laboratory tests were made to ascertain the feasibility of
chlorinating beryl with C1Z and recovering pure BeC1Z from a
mixture of Be, Al, Fe, and Si chlorides by vacuum distillation
and re-distillation. The possibility is shewn of a direct chlorin-
ation of beryl with C1Z in the presence of carl~onaceous substances
at la00-1300�, with a resulting mixture of chlorides. Conditions
of fractional distillation and vacuum re-distillation were studied
in detail. The beryl used was composed of 11.5 percent BeO,
18.0 percent A1zO3, 60.0 percent SiOZ, 4.1 percent FezO3. Before
vacuum distillation the BeC1Z conta;.ned 0.6 percent FeC13 and
1.59 percent A1C13~ Vacuum-distilled it contained 0.12 percent
FeC13 and 0.086 percent A1CI3~ G.S.

1o Bery~_~vm ohloride-~Productiau--Theory

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SOV/137-58-8- 16634

Translation from:Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, 1958, Nr 8, p 55(USSR)

AU T I-{O ItS:
TITLE:

Vatslavik, E., ~I.
An Investigation of Melts of a Cryolite-Alumina-Alumimm~
Fluoride-N4agnesium Fluoride System as Electrolyte for thc
Aluminum Bath (Issledovaniye rasplavov sistemy kriolit-
glinozem-ftoristyy alyuminiy-ftoristyy ma?dy kak elektrolita
alyuminiyevoy vanny)

PERIODICAL: Sb. nauchn, tr. Mosk. in-t tsvetn, met. i zolota. 1957. Nr
27, pp 163- 177

ABSTRACT:

Investigations of the physicochemical properties of cryolite
melts containing MgFz {fusibility, density, electrical conduc~:-

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S�V/137-58-7- 1457.8
Translation from:Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, 1958, Nr 7, p 84(USSR)
AUTHORS: Matin, K.G., Belyayev, A.I.
(~. - r '~e Behavior of Alumina in Aluminum-bath
TITLE: An Investigation o: m v
Electrolyte (Issledovaniye povedeniya glinozema elektrolite
aiyuminiyevoy vanny)

PERIODICAL: 5b. nauchn, tr. Mosk. in-t tsvetn, met. i' zolota, 1957, Nr
27, pp 178-192
ABSTRACT: A study is made of the effect of the temperature of the ca!-
cination process and the addition of mineralizers on the phas. e
alumina (A), and of changes in the bygrosc�pTM
composition
CitoYdOf A, of the fusibility diagram of cryolit? .a.ndi It 'is
m ifications, and technical A) and of the rela:lonsmp
solubility of A in cryolite melts to a number of factors.
established that rapid dissolution of A is possible when it con-
tains Z5-35% ~' zO3 ani when the grain size is 0.063-0.106
� A~. ' le to reduce calcination temperature
mm. Thxs makes st poss, x.u~ ~rocess with neghgxble rxse
by 100-150% (or to speea u~ ~,
hygroscopicity. The addition of mineralizers on calcination
rotary ovens is undesirable because of the high consumption of

Card 1/Z

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SOV/137-58~7-1452.8
An Investigation of the Behavior of Alumina in Aluminum-bath Electrolyte

fluoride salts. Emplosnnent of Awith elevated �-AlgO3 contents instead of
A consisting of a-AIzO3 has a negligible effect on redu'cing the temperature
of crystallization of the cryolite melt. All additions of sults to the fused
cryolite inhibit A dissolution and reduce the degree of saturation of the elec:~
trolyte therewith. A standard for the amount of Ato be charged at one time
is established, namely, < 8% of the amount of fused electrolyte.

L.P.
l. A!umium oxides--Processing 2, Elec%ro~vtes--u~epa~a%icn 3. Cryolite
--Properties -

Card 2/2_

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SOV/!37-58-9- 18739

Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, 1958, Nr 9, p 84 (USSR)

AUTHORS:
TITLE:

Garmata, V.A., Belyayev, A.I.

Investigation of Electrode Processes in Electrolytic Refining
of Aluminum (Issledovaniye elektrodnykh protsessov pti elek-
troliticheskom rafinirovanii alyuminiya)

PERIODICAL: Sb. nauchn, tr. Mosk. in-t tsvetn, met. i zolota, 1957, Nr 27,
pp 193-?.14

ABSTRACT:

Card 1 / 2

A study is made of the relationship of electrode potentials to
current density, temperature, and melt composition in the case
of a chloride-fluoride electrolyte (E) (60% BaC12, 23% AlF3,
17% NaF) and a pure fluoride E (48% A1F3, 18% NaF, 18%
BaFZ, 16% CAF2). It is shown that the switching method of de-
termining potentials is not applicable to the study of this pro-
cess, in view of the comparatively small rate.of inc,'ease in
electrode potentials, varying unevenly with c'd when the current
is turned on, and also in relhtion to the rate of drop in elec-
trode potentials which undergoes very great and uneven changes
after disconnection of the polarizing current. The use of a

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SOV/137-58-9- 18739

Investigation of Electrode Processes in Electrolytic Refining of Aluminum

magneto-optical oscilloscope to investigate high-speed electrode processes
is recommended. The cathodic and anodic current efficiency of either E is
studied. It is found that the current efficiency is 3-4% higher with pure
fluoride E, and therefore the latter is more desirable than the chloride-
fluoride type. The conclusion is drawn that contamination of the cathode
metal by Cu is attributable to the fact that the surface of the anode electrode
becomes low in Al, and this creates conditions favorable to Cu going into
the melt and being precipitated at the cathode. The study performed con-
firms the conclusion that the primary cathode process is the discharge of
Ai3'~ ions.

!. A!umin~m--Purifieation 2, Eleetr~es--Performnce 3. Electrolytes--Properties
a. :?2et ro!y~,es--Chemical reactions

Card

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Investt~ation of the physical and chemical properties of electrolytes
for industrial alu~inu~ eleotrolyzers. Th'vet, met. 30 no.11~6-5} N
(~lu~lnu~--Blec t ro~e tallurgy) (Rlectrolytes)

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C1'A-RDP86-00513R000204610003-5

ZHT/~OV$�IY, Ye.I. prof.; BELYAYE~, A.I.~ prof.; EUZ~?SO�, S.I., dots.

Conce~l~ the renew of the book by 7. A. ~zel' SAl~i~ ~od~tlon.'
~t. ~t. 30 no.11:82 N ~7. (~ 10~1~)

1. ~d~shchty ~edroy "Met~l~giya legkikh ~tallov" ~vero-
~v~zsk~o gorno-~tall~gicbesk~o instituta (for ~ovskiy). 2. 2a-
ved~bchiy ~fe~oy "~etall~gi~ legkikh ~tallov" Moakovsk~o in-
atituta t~et~vkh ~tallov i zolotm ira. M.I. ~alini~ (flor ~l~ev).
3. Zaved~shcbiy ~fedroy ~etall~gi~ legkikb ~tallcv" Ural~skogo
politekhnicheak~o lnstltuta im. ~.M. [tro~ (for E~netaov~.
(~) (~ze~', V.A.)

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BELYAYE�, A.I., professor.

I~mort~ut contribution to the utiliz~tion off nstura! resources ~
our c~ut~; cn~bine trestment ~ ne,helines. Prir~a ~ no.~:~l~2
Je '57. (~ 10:7)

1. Ho,~ovskiy lnstitut tsvetnykh ~et&llo? i zolo~n im. ~!.I. E~lin[rm.
(Neoheline)

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81~lt

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( Chic a~o--Met allur~y--C ou~re a me � )

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Translation from:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

SOV/137- 59- 1-462
Referativnyy zhurnal. Metallurgiya, 1959, Nr 1, p 58 (USSR)

Belyayev,~:.. I., Firsanova, L.A.
Refining of Aluminum by Distil!ation in Conjunction With Subhaloid
Compounds {Rafinirovaniye alyuminiya distillyatsiyey cherez
subgaloidny~ze soyedineniya)
PERIODICAL: Izv. vyssh, uchebn, zavedeniy. Tsvetn. metallurgiya, 1958, Nr 1,
pp I 16-
ABSTRACT: The proces~s of refining of A1 by means of disti!lation {D) in conjunc-
tion with subfluoride and subchloride was investigated with the aid
a laboratory uacuum device; the behavior of impurities was studied
concurrently. It was found that the behavior of the impurities is
identical during D of Al with either subfluoride or subchloride. Si
;tnd Fe ma~, be present in the initial Al in significant quantities with-
out passing into the refined metal; Cu, Ti, and Mn pass ~nto thc
refined metal more readily, where Mg, Zn, and Ca pass into the
final metal so easily that their concentration in the initial A1 must
be kept to ~[ minimum. The purity of refined metal varies from
Card I/2 99.8% Al, cluring D of Si-A1, to 99.999% A1 during D of primary Al.

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