WHY NO FISH?

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100140015-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 9
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 16, 2012
• Sequence Number: 15
• Publication Date: September 17, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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RESflICTEQ'
Tbo rob~m o?f tho pnt stto of UdR fia}_
oduotion ?an only
bo Oxpl ,ih~d aat1~ 'ao orjii wo firot oxam.
ino the pt,
Tbo i'a.r ~rmst tin h~#~ ~lw 6 foots
oD pritns importanee in tho Rus.
Dian fiob jnciunr~ry, for t}te Oi~hotsk m n1 Japan does.. abound in fisks, Ths
2'io}t inauntry t}toz'o has boon rotardod ~ ; R~e$ 1" thrso main o2eu r ~) tho re?
moton~no of the artaa b) t}so n r reo po .
p'' pt atio t, and o) tho abnonoo of
oalt,
Noro fawvrr:blo ooortoiio aonditionn woro founds
in tho Caapian doa~
whoro fiah wore abundant, and in this rosnaot tho
Canpian wan unoc~ualod~
A~tonC floh found thoro woro boluCa (great ntur
Coon), aoveyugo, ~aoiponasr
atoUatua), atttr~eon, hUrrfrtC, Caopian roaob pike
porch, oa~p, tLnd breams
This abundnnoe of fiah win due to tho rivera
which rin into the Caapian,
mainly he Vo1Ca1 , AooorrlinC to the Aondo off' dci
~` onoo th~ Vol~a annu,y
brought mi11iona of tons of orgnic tto:t' into the C~spitn, inoludinC
hundred oi thQU~and~ of tone of nitro cn th
~ , oun~nda of tortn of phogp}ear?.
out, and `other elemcntn which~ terved ae primary food for ,finh. The Ca...
plan han many advantagos as ti epi.wnin
ground; the wctters tsenr t}i~ ~},cite
erg' s1 Fif y ~.ft:} lt~~refdr~t awttbio for sp ~t~?-ir . i
ah industri~a of tho
CaspJn were proti=idoc~ wlU 1~ih c~ualit salt
y frog the naskunchak s~1t
ltUcQS, Large mar}Co'ts Ln -Central Russia
..were also rels,tively close at
}sand,_
The AOVr1ack dsa ba~tn gets of great importance in the fish induts.
try, lspeolali1 Vauablo fish auch as v ~'
~nb~~~1Cerc}1 herring are found in
the Azov Sea, The Azov dea w~ts a ual t
~ to the Ccf,spis,n as a epaymjn~ ground,
The ~altic Sea ?~,s also liti ortant a6
p a ~ouree of Fish. Them used
to be sprat,
nes,andKtsnlta, The well~ara,nized
fish?attriin~ indtx~try of the Ba1tio exported aat~ned fish, thus providing
the Ru :tan Tros.suiy much inaonme ~
RESTRICTED
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In addition to tho ubOVO the 1c onto 0oa, Lake ~n1 A~ o
do g, one n and Chin the mouthy of h
~ ~ o ob ~d Ycnicoy rivcx'o, etc.,
wcrc of feat ciifionnee.
In 1913 tho each from all the above Aros t~tiod 1 ~~iOQ
acntnorc, which proviclod 107,6 oontnoro of finh pox' thouccnd pcrconc~ The
x?91 rich ouch wn oq ivalont to the u1au htor woi ht o L U mi11?on hoed
of obttle proclucod t}ut.t yet'.
The abovo ?ioh c toh from govornmoht QOcrveo waa stable and cup..
~
arvisod by wo11-ar, an od Covcrnin nt inopootion tachni uca whioh mado ouzo
that tho f inhinC,roo s were aorrootly exploited
The ocont Ctditior of hei hin Indust
CoUeotivi~atior waa inatitutad/ sftor tho 1i:=uidation of privatto
farming and indiv iduc:l Pishin~ wr~c united into hu~o suite "raxma " under
a spocial l4inistry of Fish` znduetzy,
Tho fish industry is wolf=aquip~od, and hovor 7,000 motor fichin
boa'bs, more than 100 trbw1ora, ~ntny refrigerated ctu'go boot and towboats;
it hc,s ito om radio network, airplnoe for observin ahoalc of fish
~ , fish
canncrios and othcr onterprioee for the catching and procoSSirij of fish.
Coed fishing oquipniont, however, did not orantoc a rise in the
fish catch in the sacialist economy; the fish catoh not only is not ris-
ing, but is d'oppin year by ycar. Thua, only 15,000 000 contno of fish
were aau ht in 193E1, which monns there were only X8,4 contners por thou
sand (persons) of population, The 1940 tako of fish was even
lower than
in i93s, and this situation is can:tinuinC in the post-wer oars, We ma
y y
therefore conclude that the fish cc.tch for 194 barely reoched 12 000
~ ,0a0
contnors, providing only 60,9 centnors per thousand pcrsons, The loser..
ing trend was not stopped in 1949, Aocoi..in to ds.ts, ubli
g p shed by doe..
plan USSR, dish production in 1949 was only 97 percent of plan for the
First ou~rtor, percent of rilan for the second quarter, and 1 ~arcd
9 ~ nt
of plan for the third quttxter-, or 93 percent of plan for the whose year
-
R$T RICTEt1
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Tho roruAt~ of the fish oatoh it home watoro Civoo the ?ollowin
pieturo 1
111ioh Cateh in US&i (irk millions
of cehtners 1C, 13,0 12,0
Aotrnt av1ilab1o poi 1,000
population (Qontnors) 107.6 8, 60, 9
Cateh Index 100 , 0 82,0
6 , 6
Con iumption Indox 100,0 2.2
In ordar to pioturo more fully the gonsral condition of tho moat
supply in bus?ia wo must obsorvo tho drop in livootovk-raisin,
P? Ono Thous nc1 Poll , a joY;
Kindo of- Livostoc1c s 16 193 9 (in ;
of 1916)
Cattle 647 372 248
5 0
Sheep and coats x`80 600 364 40,2
Hogs 160 15 57 35.7
With such a drop in the fish catch and in livestock, it is nAtu a1
that tho meat enpply for the popu1..tion diminishod.
As mentioned above, the Caspian was the math region for the fish ii
dustry up to 1930. Now the fish industry has moved to the East and North,
with the main reions in the Far East being the Okhotsk and Japan Sea bas-
ins. The Far Est supplioo 2~ percent, and the Csspian only 20 poroont,
of the fish catch, with the &.rents Sea taktC thud pl&co.
The decline in the fish catch is due to the following reasonc:
1) The catastrophic drop in the Caspian fish catch wao brought' on
by too intonsive fishing. Results of intensive timber cutting in the
basins of the rivers which run into the Caspian (the Volga with its tribes
taries and the Ural) immediately affected the inflowis g fresh water and
It
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RES TRIO TED
the food tnttor it carrion, Thud, the w for love off' the CaspL&n, wMi h
w?~a n2waya ~ubJoot to fluotuation, began to drop Aoao di to AcadQ
of Saiena, d?at?t the w for level dr?ppod O aontimatora during the past
too J oa o?, and the ?ora o as for ?ioh wao reduced oov?rul tiioa fur"
ink thdt period
The rapaaioua aploittion of fioh is aontinuin together with the
nnlinftion of the moot produotive aroa of the North Caspian; the pre.
Soviot period the ntRto provontod intonaivo oxp1oitation, but under tho
Soviets those intoi;eatad in the prevention of oxj 1oitation of the fich
roaorvoa era in aonfliat with those doniring exploitation in ?tho Soviot
governxnont, This n:tuation hcn lad to tho intonsivo oxploitction of all
of tha country's fish ronorvoe; the rnau1ts Fora leas noticocbio in tho?o
arcaa opanin on ocoans than in ono1osed wctors, such cs tho Caspian,
Adov, and Aral S' n:s srcl the fro 1ti1co0. Thoao sous and lad oo lmva 'be
colli? salty through constant expioitetion, c condition difficult to romo&y.
Tho fishing industry in the 'remating enclosed seas (Black, Baltic,
and Whito Soas) is in the same state as the Caspian.
The Outlook for the Fish Industry
After tho Second World War the Soviet government attemptcd to ro..
store the fishing industry to its earlier ,~tc.ttas by moving the ce~ator of
open tioni to the l'ar Et, e,S, to the Okhotsk and Japan Seas, aspeci-
ally cinco Japan i~ no loner a competitor in these rich waters,
The more productive of the two seas in the Soviet Far East is tho
Sea of Okhotsk, which is bounded by Kamchatka and the Mouth of the Anru'
fiver. The most important fish there are herring, Eorbusha (hwnped.?back
9a1mon), and Siborian salmon.
Until. recently the goading c,nd transport of the fish catch to
fish plants was carried on in a very primitive mariner; however, this
roSion has boon induetria1ized within the past few yoar, On the coast
ti '/
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is
thoro 1o a notwok a' moahani~od pint, Tho outira oo~t, From Nikolo-
yov&c on tho Anir U vor to ounhinnk Ty (Oub ?o nhinok V~ . ~.
Y) t
horotok io ird1od b i ohdin of ?iahin kolkho oo whop hre wo .
oquippad ?'?r tiohinj and tranoportation, Wo Iny jud o tho ota o of
mcchani ftian ro ohod by thou f ohin koll ho o b t?tkin ono of
by ~ thorn,
tho Uorthor dawn (&tgjvot ovara) Kolkho, locatod ncar Okhotnk;
~t
hoo w ~tor.trou h , oonvoyorpboltn, olovrtoro, h o o and iA ociui d
.. Ap to
unload and trnnaport froohly-oau ht fi th, The kolkho also has a r
fichin C2cot,
Thb grid coast eng the Ica of Okhotsk ba>~ voj roaently boon
ohan;od into an industrialjzod fish r arcs, ho labor probior has boon
oolvod by ~stabl:shing concontr~tion opc on Kamohatkc and all along
tho Okhotsk conct end i:1so by racruitin~ aucoaosful'ichormon from tho
old f3 Ghir g areas of tho Carpi ~ Nov , and White Sans, x : Qrien
~ odd
fishoiiion were rcozi itoCI from those nraaa and brou ~ht to the f`ar` E
~ -aot
for ono or two scasonn. Thoy were than obli:ad to rorn in tho
~ ro Uof
their own froo will" until' the and of tho ourront Five-Yrjctr ?lar
man,Y'
are thrown into the conaontratfon camps ?or slight offonnos, Th this
way tens of thousrtncis of seasoria1 workors ~I.re assured for work Jn the
Far Fast industrien and koikhozes.
Ono of the most difficult problems for tho development of ~4 largo
fdx ? `
Ott,
fishing tdustry for the See of sottling the Okhotsk coant
has boon solved, Solved, but the prior was the lives of many tons of
thouoonds of fussian people who died a:nd are pirishin in the c
~ oncontra.?
Lion cam?n from the sevor a olimto, bad local conditions and the ox.
cossivoly hard and dangoroun work or the waters of the cn riclous So a a of
Okhotsk,
The salt-nuppl,y px'oblom is espoci&11y difficult arid ocmp1icte1
for the Far Ernst fish incluetry~ In contact to the Cian and A
p ?y
ft h iriduetrjec which are loot ted very near to the chop and high grade
salt of the T3ackunchalc Salt Likes, the Far East does not have local aa.li,
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but mdat i nport it ?r in ropcan ~ It is Iran ported to the Fig
It Y r1 thz'ou h tho who1 of it r t, or from the D1no1 by
hh tp f'rounU the acntincnt oi' Aaia, T'ho di~t~tn?o over whiah the aft
mat btvrinaporte 1, and the same di tnnoc the fish pvoduato mat bo
ohrricd bnok troy the bordorc oiuaoia to the cantor) mkoa'r mat
fish oxocaaivoly oxpcnoivo on the domcctio rakat,
1 von with the f ioh indu try' a bi i'lcot, its own p =~ nos # radio ayo~
tc n and ote,, T rorj~latjon in the in luctry is droppin from your to year.
'iah io appcarin leas nnlcoc on tho omoatio nu 1cet, Once the moat
oorr on A nd ehoap food product o ~ the popula Lion , it hao bocomc an ox-
panaivo "doficit pro1uct, II is obvious that no rotor how high -
I
chime production y bO unr1or ti'oc lahor, whonf they aro workout by torccd
l:tbor as yin the cr~oo in tho fiehin koltcho~ea, Choy booor o much lees pro-
ductivo and cannot b fu11y utili od1 P shin in caian watoro will
regaiti ito `?orincr place only whon lave labor di~opp ;ors in Ru ia. d
vita place io taken by froe ltbor.
Togethor with the (tttornpt to) rovive the GtLapian by divortirn~ the
Amu-Darya into it, other methods have been proposed to revivo both the
Caspirin grid .A;~ov 5oaei The projects now under uay which will provide
shelter belie and roaervoir~ in the Va ga, Don, and Uri baairte are in-
directly connected with the fish industry, The rcalization of this
project, however, would 'equire the expediture of onormouo sets over
a long period of tine. The shelter bolt project will take fifteen years,
d the doubtfui reSuits will probably not bo colt for thirty to `forty
years, Dut it will be impossible to wait such h. long t~Une bocauae of
the increasing lination of the Caspian and the corresponding decrease
in food matter Tr the fish, The 5ciontific Eacoarcti Institute for the
lea Fishing Industry is at present trying to Dave the fishing induetry
by introducing new i'auna to the region which would be suitable for Oaaw
plan fish, The institute has found & pn1yohaet t r,ereyie worm with a
STR1CTED
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high o 1? c V4 %i wh ah is s t n bti v 1ii& f h n otho ~ T1
o
w6:'fl1 way `ir~t brought to the Cap i?tn in - ~~ , dhin which tin
c , Qc c n~ro it wry w w dope ito 1 at cu' poifltf Ln the O pitn whore
they f ,au i h d ~ The worm wore ?u n1 n the ot~ma~h ~ i r as
early 9M and b' 19 opooia ,iota fount that they nhabtto 1 than
the t?Lndo o:' oquwro kid orotoro, ~o ordin tc~ the Soviet prooo ho noroyio
hay boom p to nt or f c v all honthio dish in the Caspian,
Another tonk whLch the aiontifio ooaroh lnotitute for ho
ink lncit~ t 7 ~ C hay t f ortthon conaioto in inoroasinp the biolo ical
prothtctivitr o(' the rosorvoir. It has boon oboorvod that tho larva of
star oon perish on rntsoo and only t fcw roach marhatablo ago. In order
to prevent this the lnotituto racomtltonclo that iiohit3 ontorpriooo build
artificial rotrorvoiro for two and throo~month old oturtoon. The recotn-
TtreMed faoci for thQm is ll wo rt s and crawr'ish. Soviot ociontiatc
have olso boon wort it on problemci of the hybridi=nation of ?ioh. The
Reooarch Institute is aloo worlcinp on tho brecdinr of it 1 indc of oturw
goon actaptable foci roproductiott eider new conditiono.
Tho task of producin supplies of volba, brown, and pike porch was
considered necessar bar the research Tr titute and is boirt carried out
bj the nstFtblithr nt of a t peaial type of ?ichinr on the river deltas.
prodatory and waste "i t twat be kept out of the re,go "ioire by means of
ornbrtnl ante cund slutcae, The vory procosc of fish breodin ia~ bt rci on
putting one or a few kinds of ton"cornpetative fish to other. Tie expori-
rnont, not generally practi=ced `olsewhero, producod very rfooc1 mt uJ to,
The numbor of yotin ; fish wtag thus increased by 5-6 times as compered
taith ordinary spawning grounds. The exterxt of this type of fiahin in
thn North Caspian is not treat, sinoe they take up only about l portent
of all the spurning grounds of the Vo1ra delta.
tIESIR
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uoh ttn xi~t~ ov ors in ~rniton tho ?'ih
i nary on tho Azov on1 do
fly Qh onno the oviot ntto nptin to ~ ~p tho 1'p in
rothotion ~n to ro~taro pp:1 ~ o oh in 3oviot n ~ I t nk~
ho~rovor, that u 100 ho $oviot not p hyth w io wo' 4'1n1 m 41e,
they tiU not b' &a to ro:n d tho ~ituntion by huil din t how ro o r-
voiro nor to ~ Moro the O~ pin nn Azov ta. thou ?"orror pooition, OV
ao ~ , th4 cliv torn oV 3oviot fioh int otryy hnvo 01~o oomo to this
?onolttoion, In tho U$ work uu now boo nt? rtoc1 on i provin con l!
tion of tho w to' in tho Cr pion. Ths itin job in this ophoro i to
ohtno th? ooiu~o oL tho A~~or ern oo it will r into tho Caspian;
work io hoin oarrio i on in tho Kra- w~ (~hoort) i oh o which hay
oocl to tho praoti1 1 of j jo, ThQ roali ation oI tho /uini-Dtr pro-
,joct not only o ont oct into ~Qat for tho ?i h in1nritrv, but it 1o
~r.11 into. to ? o A u-Dtr'y into -thy river n twor3: oL' USSR, onc1 will
opon tip many now arocu for cotton,
?arr Pq,d ~, r
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