JPRS ID: 9068 USSR REPORT ENERGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200080005-6
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 118
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• Sequence Number: 5
• Content Type: REPORTS

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2 MAY 1980
(FVULa 6f )
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JPRS L/9068
2 May 1980
J
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USSR Report
- ENERGY
- (FOUO 6/80)
FB1~ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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- xoTE
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JPRS L/9068
2 May 1980 -
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 6/80)
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Falaleyev on Electric Power Indu.atry
(Pavel Petrovich Falaleyev; ENERGETICHESKOYE
STROITEL'STVO, Jan 80) 1
Construction Organization of Atommash
(Ye.A. Bazhencv; ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO, _
Jan 80) 13
Overvieca of Central Heating
(Ye. I. Borisot, V. P. Korytnikov; TEPLOENERGETIKA,
Feb 80) 22
Condensation Electric Power Stations for Central Heating
_ (Yu. A. Aberbakh, et al.; TEPLOENERGETIKA, Feb 80).. 31 .
Fuel Economy in Central Heating _
(D. T. Arshakyan; TEPLOENERGETIKA, Feb 80).......... 42
Cylindrical Structure for GAFS
(0. V. Sitnin; GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO,
Feb 80) 53 -
FUELS
Reliarility Analysis of Prospective Gas Reserves
_ (A. A. Gorelov, 0. I. Filonenko; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I
GAZA, Jan 80) 61
Water Content af Output From Water-Displacement Recnvery
- (M. M. Ivanova, et al.; GEOLCGIXA NEFTI I GAZA,
Jan 80) 66
- a - IIII - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Types of Oil, Gas Pool.a of Siberian Platform
(V. N. Vorob'yev; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, Jan 80).... 74 ~
Oil, Gas Bearing Sediments of Southern Siberian Platform
(A. S. Antsiferov; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, Jan 80)... 81 '
Petroleum Prospects of Caspian Depression
(Z. Ye. Bulekbayev, et al.; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I
GAZA, Dec 79) ...............~o....................... 89
Oil and Gas Prospecting in Kalmyk ASSR, Astrakhan -
(A. V. Ovcharenko, et al.; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I
GA7.A, Dec 79) 98
New Exploration Target on Mangyshlak Peninsula
(I. A. Khafizov, et al.; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA,
Dec 79) 10 7
- b -
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ELECTRIC POMIEP.
UUC 621.31.002.2
FALALEYEV UN ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
Moecow ENERGETTCHESKOYE STRUITEL'SNU in Rueaian No 1, Jan 80 pp 2-6
LArticle by Pavel Petrovich Falaleyev, USSR first deputy minister of power and
~ electrification7
ffext7 "...Organization, i. e., the further improvemant of
economic management in the broadeet aenae of the word, be-
comes the critical link."
Leonid I1'ich Hrezhnev (From the tinancial
report of the 25th CPSU Congreas)
The Gommuniat Party of the Soviat Union is giving particular attentian to a
unilateral atrengthening of ths economy, an increase in economfc efficiency,
and an improvement in tha management of operationel conatruction. Once again
serving as evidence of thie ia the reaolution of the CPSU Central Committee
and USSR Council of Ministers adopted 12 July 1979, "The Improvement of Plan-
ning and Enhancemant of the Influance of the Economic Syatam on Increasinq
Production Efticiency end Work Quality."
The resolution desiqnated the means tar the furthar improvement of planning
end managemant with the aim of a significant increaee in the efficiency of
general public production owing to tha acceleration of ecientific-technicel
progresa, the growth of labor productivity, end the improvemant of product
quality, which, in the finel analysis, should provide for e steady upaurge in
the nation'e economy and, consequently, proeperity for ths entire Soviat nation.
Of major importance in the improvemant of the economic eyatem are tihe growth of
the role of the atate plan as the chief inetrument tor implamenting the econam- _
ic policies of tha party, and tha reiforcement of the plen'e integral relation-
shfp with achievmentB in the field of science and technology.
- The primary aim of all planning work is to eelect tha most etfective meana for
achieving high r+ational economic reeulta, an efficient combination of eectoriel
and territorial development, long-range and current plane, and aleo for the
impravement of the intereectoriel and intreaectorial retioe which eneure the
balenced growth of the nation's economy.
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The resolution stipulates the following procedure for drar+ing up long-range ~
plans for economic and social development. The USSR Academy of Sciences, the
USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, and the USSR Goeotroy are de-
vdloping a complax progrem of ecientific-technicel progrees over a 20-yesr per-
_ iod(in five-year segm,nte), while the USSR Goeplan, boeed on the social-econo-
mic objoctivee and compihx proyrame of �cientific-technical progreao, ie davel-
oping jointly with USSR miniatriea and departmentm ond councile ot minietare of
union republico a deaign of the besic di,rectione in the economic and aocial
development of the USSR over a ten-year period. In line with thie, during the '
- firat five-year segment, plans are developed tor all of the years, while during
the aecond, thd major indicators tor the last year of the Five-Year Plan(in
terms of capital invostments for the Five-Year Plen as a whole) are formulated. _
- In accordance with the deeign of the basic directione of the netion's economic
and social developmont, the USSR Gosplan establishes the projected figures based
_ on besic indicatora and aconomic norms for the forthcoming Five-Year Plan and
submits them to USSR ministrias and departments, as well es to councils of min-
istera of union republics, who, tor their part, must provide for submission oP the projected figurea to aasociationa, enterprisea, and organizations within a
- month following recuipt'of them from the USSR Gasplan. _
Complex proyrams in the 20-year period end basic directions in the 10-year per-
iod will be "sliding"--�overlapping: they Will be extended through aach fiva
years to the following five-year segment and be runewed on the basa-s of the
latest achievmenta ot ecionce and technology. Thia will promote aiynificant
reinforcement of the role and the influence of science in planning for the de-
velopment of the national economy, and will aleo promote an increase in the
_ accountability of ecientitic and planning cTyanizations for providing e high
level of quality in the development of the plan.
Ot major importancu is the position with rayard to the stability of the Five-
Year Plan indicators by individual years, which for power industry construction
meens the stability of yearly plana for operational eapacities, capitel invest-
mente, and volumes of construction commoditioa production. This, on the one
- hand, ensures the establishment of a solid perspective in the operatione of
construction-installation orgenizatione, and, on the other, becomea the limit
which determines the maximum level of expenditures for the implementation of
enterprises, capacities, projocts in the planning atages, and for the commiss-
ioning of standard construction starts. The application of this principle Nill
be possibl4 only with the development of truly optimal indicators for the el-
_ located capital investmenta, construction schedules, and the implementation and
management of new capacitiea.
Fulfillment of the Five-Year Plans will be evaluated by the cumulative total
for the years sin.e the beginning of the plan. The yearly plana, being the
- definitiva components of the Five-Year Plena, must enaure their fulfillment
beyond projectad Pigures. The evaluation of the fulfillment ot yearly plens
must bo based an the cumulative total from the beginning of the year.
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five-Yc:ar Plana and yaarly olans should be constructed on the basis of the pro-
jucted tiyurea for lower-levul units(asaociatiana, enterpriaes, and organiza-
tions), with tha activH participation of labor collectivda, which adopt expand-
ed yeArly counter-plans.
The resolution stipulates a strict /balance/Zin boldface
7 in the plans for each
' year af the Five-Year Plan with respect to tinancial, material, end labor re-
sources, and--in construction--with resNect to the capacities of construction-
installation organizations as well. It furthar etipulatee that the responai-
bility of planning bodies for providing this baleRCe be increased. In the e-
vent of circumetancoa not foreaeen by the plana, ministries and deNartmenta are
alloweu to dump material and financial reserveo. The etebility of Five-Yaer
Plans must also be guarantaed by the nonvariance thrnughout the plan of whole-
- sale prices in industry, estimated pricea in capital ccnctruction, end tariffa
in freight tranaport.
The entire complex aciEntific-trichnicel, ecanomic, and eocial proyrams for de-
veloping separate regions and territorial-production complexes mUet become one
of the basic componont parts of long-range state plana for the economic and
social cif:velapment of the country. This has psrticular importance for power
industry construction in that ell such prograrna, as a rule, are baeed on the
_ accelereted devalopment of electric power.
The USSR Ministry ot Powar has always aasigned e great deal of importance to
the drawiny up ot lonq-range plans and programs. Theee programo bear except-
ional aignificance for the electric power induetry in view of the critical
effect of alectrification on the development of the praductive poNer of tha
nation as a whole, as well as in connection with the capital interssiveneea and
length of construction time of power projects.
The inadequate ti+orking through of such long-range complex programa in the re-
cent past is the cause of current ditficulties eriainq in the occurrence of e
fundemental change in the dHVelopment of atomic and hydroelectric power, and
in the use of local aolid fuels, netural gas from the eastern regidns, and alao
in the construction of powerful long-renga transmisaion lines. The USSR Minis-
try of Power and the ministry equipment suppliera heve turnad out to be inede-
quately prepared to resolve all at these problema: they da not canform to the
roquired level of oevelopment in technical documantation and equipmant design.
The same could be said of the capacitiea and technical capabilities of conetruc-
tion-installation organizationa and the enterprises which produce thia equip-
ment.
Deapite the fact that much has been done and is baing done by the Ministry ot
Powar and Electrification of tha USSR in the area of eetabliahing long-range
plans, there ere still serioua shortcomings in the work being dona on thie
matter. Thug, ae of now there is atill no clear-cut plan or program for devel-
oping and technically equipping and managing the nation'a ';aESCunified alectric
power syatemJ, nor has the agreement been finalizad with regard to long-range
programa for constructing the all-important electric transmission linea and
.
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eevaral problems in the further development o` dictrict haeting in cities of
the European pert of the country, nat to mention the developmant of repair fa-
cilities and enterprises of the construction industry.
Nithin the USSR Ministry of Powar and Electrification there are serioue inade-
yuacies in providing project documentation, in the organization of construc-
tion production and shipment of structural materials, and in the supply of ma-
terial-technicsl equipment; violations of production and state disciplina ere -
allowed to pass; the soundnesa of conotruction plans is syatematicolly under-
mined. There are practically no construction proj ecte for which capital inveet-
ment� could ba alloted every yaar in accordance with approved title liats(there
hdva even appeared such terms ae, "floating titleo"). This occure both becausa
of the reduction in overall capitol investments allotad to the ministry(com-
pered with those approved in the Five-Year Plan), and because af a ayatematic
tailure to complete the majority of conatruction atarts in the oatablished
yearly work volumes. But deapite this, construction of a number of new pro-
jecta get9 underway, each year. Thue, in 1978, 23 construction projecte were
etarted for alectric power ztations alone, of which 20 did not fulfill the
plan; in 1979, 17 conatruction proj ecte r+ere etarted, but 15 did not fulfill
the work plan within eight montha.
A9 a result, a completely intolerable situation is created, wherein construc-
tion of the majority of projects ie not completed within the normal achedula,
and the length of time needed for conatructing projects and eatabliahing capa- `
= citiea increases unconecionably. For example, thermoelectric power stations
are now being built in an average time which ie one and a half timas longer ~
than the acheduled time period. The complstion of work on a number of GES's
now on-line was delayed due to insufficient allocation of capital inveotmente
for these purposes.
The total surplus of estimated expendituras for elactric power statione oper-
ated rt full cepacity amounte to around 450 million rubles--nonetheless, up to
120 million rubles is allocated euch yeor for the completion oP construction of
theee power etations, ond thie aum ie distributed among numarous pro,jecte(in
amounta of 250,000 tn 500,000 subles, and, at baot, one to one and a half mil-
lion rublos), and the plan for 1980, unfortunatoly, did not manage to avoid
such diatribution.
The oft-schedule implemen4ation of power capacitiee leads, as we knoW, to an
increase in the amount of unfiniahad conetruction and to the freezing of cap-
ital investmants without en increase in preparedness for project etarts. For
example, the delay in activating the power-blocks of the Kursk and Novovoro-
nazh AES's in 1978 led to an increase in unfiniahed construction amounting to
240 million rubles by January l, 1979, while the overall coet of the failure
to fulfill assignments related to the implementation of fixed production cap-
ital 2ast year amounted to 1.3 billion rubles.
Uncompleted production within construction organizations for the USSR Ministry
of Power as a whole amounts to three billion rubles, in fact, for the firat
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thrae years of the current Five-Year Plan, it increa$ad by 1.1 billion rublea.
It should be taken into account that every fourth ruble of this overall aum
wae genarated at tha direct fault of the builders themselvas, which in the main
ia a reeult of diatributing equipmnnt and rdaourcea to a graat many projscts
on internol-conatruction titla list@. For USSR Miniotry of Power titleo olone,
the number of projects simultaneouely undargoing aome phaoe of constructicn
. graw from 8,200 to 11,800, i.e., by 40 percent, in the first threa years of
the current Five-Year Plan.
The prohlern of balance in the plane ramains a matter of urgency. Tha perform-
ance in thie areo by the functional subdiviaiona of the USSR Ministry of Power-
--G1avPEUZM-ain Administretion for Economic Planniny7, GlavniiproyektfM_oin Ad-
miniatration of Scientific Reaesarch and Planning OrganizationJ, GlavsnabfFain
Administratian of Material and Technical Supply,7, GlavenergckomplektfM-ain Ad-
ministratian for Supply of Electrice.1 Equipmant for Electric PaNer Stations,
Subatationa, and Networks7, AdminiLt-ration of Worker Cadres, Administration
tor Labor Norms and Meges, Main Tvchnical Administration, Fuel Trsnsportation
Adminietration, anci Financial Administration--cannot be regarded as satiefac-
tory, inaofar as the ministry as a whola, as well ae its production and con-
struction subdivisions, ore experfencing aerioue difficultiAS in providing me-
terial-technical equipment and suppliea. Thie situation wao to a great extent
engendered by the uneatisfactory technical substantiation of the norms and
� plens tor all types of support,atarting with proj ect documentation. This de-
_ valopment ie fully related to the balance of labor roeourceo; it wi12 suffica
to point out that the current shortage in the labor force for power induetry
conatruction ie roughly eatimated at 40,000 people.
Plans for economic and social developmant have baen augmented by new epecial
sactions detailing a broad range of ineaourea in the area of social development,
which are aimed at improving labor conditions, raieing worker qualificationa,
improving living conditione and-cultural lifestyleo of workern, ar.:i including
plane for raising the technical atandard of the sector, Which call for the in-
troduction of new high-quality gooda and materials, progreasive tachnology, an
improvament in praduction quality, and measures for praserving the environment.
- The insertion of these neN eections naturally requires a substantia3 reworking
� of the planning system with the involvc3ment of Glavniiproyekt, the Main Tech-
nical Administration, G1avUR5Lgain Administration of Worker SupplyT, and a
number of other subdivisions of the USSR Ministry of Power.
The resolution introduces eubstantial changes in the baaic indicotora of plana
_ both in induatrial production end in capital conetructian. The work of each
anterprise in the industry will now be rated, not aceording to grnse output,
- but according to such speci*ic indicators of an organization's performance ae
net production increase, the filling of specific ordars from coneumorc, etc.
While for construction these indicatore will be: putting on line production
capacities and projecte, volumea of deliveries of construction commoditiea, ao
well as levels of labor productivity and profits. The intsaductiion of this
system of indicators wil-l permit a more goal-directed oriantatian of the oper-
ations of conetruction subdivisians in terms of completing constructicn prn-
jecta, and an objective evaluetion of their individual contributiona toward
increasing tha efficiency of the oector.
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The most important change in the eystem of induatrial planning indicatora is
the converiion to planninq production output in natural standards of ineasure-
ment. Accordi.ngly, ths method of working out planning objectives "from past
accompliahment" is being replaced by more precise engineering estimates With
the introduction of naw highly efficient etandordsa for the expanditure of re-
sourcas in the autput of finished pmduction.
We ahall not dwell on all of the indicatoro of industrial production plano(they
ara elaborated in detoil in the reoolution), especially cince Nith reepect to
power production it Was apecified in paragraph 10 of the resolution that, iri
vieW of ito opecfal natura, authorization be gr.anted to establieh other indi-
cators which more exactly reflect the dynamic of production, the increase in
its afficiancy, and the grokth of labor productivity.
The present operational syetem of planning indicatorc in the power industry haa
proved to be contrary to the objectivec of a maximal economy of fuel-power re-
0ourcea, aa aell as to the operations of the power enterpriaes which make up
- the YeES of the country. Thie gives rise to a great many corrections of the
production plana of power eystema, electric power stations, and network enter-
priaee involving a11 indicatora, which quite fre4uently is employed to caver up
inadequacies in their oaerationa.
The special urgency and sensitivity of this problem is made clear in the fact
that thd reeolution obliges the ministry to ensure the stability of yearly and
quorterly plans, not permitting them to be modified by lowariny the current
level ot their fulfillment. Strict accountability for auch modificatione hie
boen instituted at all levels of managemant.
- The resolution stipulates that the USSR State Committoo for Science and Tech-
nology, together with other interested minietries, isaue during the period
_ 1979-1980 an appraisol of the technical level of equipment baing produced, with
the aim of developing measurea to increase its technical-economic indicators
' and to remove obsolete producl:s from production.
The tachnical administrations, Glavniiproyekt, Glavanargokomplekt, Glevenergo-
ntroymekhanizataiyaZM-ain Administration fnr Mechanization of Canstruction/, and
scientific-research inatitutes muet take the most active participation in this
effort, the results of which will have tremendous importance for improving the
qualxty of power-gnerating and alactrotachnological equipment supplied by the
power-machine-building enterparises.
The resolution stipulates the makeup of the USSR Goaplen, along with the USSR
Gosenab and minietries representing a territorial belance or production and
- distribution of the most important kinds of producta. According to the USSR
P1inistry of Powar, it ie aesential that this eituation be exploited for a pro-
per territorial distribution of limits on the canaumption of electric power
accordiny to the aectors involved, ahich i.a very urgent in connection with the
certain degree of tenaion existing in the fuel-power balence.
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The resoiution has davotad much attention to matters having to do with tha im-
provdmant of capital conetruction. As wae noted at the 25th CPSU Congresa and ~
subsequant planums of the CPSU Central Committee, as of yet thr,re are etill ~
serioue shortcomings manifestad in the capital cnnstruction sector, which are -
reducing the effectivenaes Af capital investmenta and the whole of general pub-
lic production. Normative and planned time schedulee for construction and on-
line activetion of production cepecitiea and projects are being upeet and ma-
tdrial aupplies and equipment are being scattered whila the volume of uncomplet-
ad rrork is increasing.
An increase in the effectiveness of cepital inveetmente, a qualitative gror+th
in fixed capital, end an accaleration in the on-line implementation and manage-
ment of power capacities all take on apacial importance with the growth in the
dimensiona of building production.
The resolution has supplied apacific recomendations for improving the planning
and control of capital construction end for reinforcing economic estimation and
economic stimulation with the aim of rapidly achieving finished reaults in con-
struction operations.
Principally, the nea procedures are:
planning for on-line implementation nf pnwer capacities to be done by tha aub-
contracting organizationa which are cerrying out the inatallation of up-dated
_ equipment;
a gradual transition in the llth Five-Year Plan to plenning for labor produc-
tivity in construction-installation organizations besed on net(normetive) pro-
duction or some other indicator Which mora exactly reflects tha change in the
labor wage atructure, while planning for wage asaete will be based on tha norm
per ruble of productfan coat;
the completion in 1981 of a transition to tha making of estimates emong custo-
' mers and contractors based on fully complated and operational construction
starts of complexes, sections, and projects medo ready for production output;
in line with this, the expenditures of contracting organizations on uncomplet-
ed production of construction-installation work will be carried only at the
expanse of banking credi.ta; `
- a transition to the making of estimates among design-devalopmental organize-
tions and their customers based on completaly finiahed designa for conatruc-
tion of enterprisea and construction starts of complexea, aectione, and pra-
j ects;
the issuance of ordars to m;nistry-manufacturera for the supply of baeic tech-
nological and poaer-generating equipment for the entire periad of construction,
and tor the supply of inetal atructures for construction for no lnsa than two
- years; accordingly, orders(authorizetiona)for equipment supply issued,by the
USSR Gosenab will remain in effect until their complete execution.
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Mordover, in ordor to ansure the oparational continuity of capitel construction
_ Rlens, the approved title lists will becoma unmodified planning documenta for
- the entire construction period, and beginning with the 1961 plan, a new tima
- period for aubmiBSion of ooerational designs is being established: up to July
- lst of the year preceding the plan year(the previoua deadline Has Soptember lst). -
Unfortunately, at the present time, about 15 pE:rcent of the yearly volume af -
operations ia not covered by documantation--even by Septembe.r lst, while for
certain complicated proj acts, the situation is even worse. Thic particularly is
true for atomic power atations. Thus, at tha Ssptember lat deadline in 1978,
_ only 70 percent of construction on the Chernobyl'skaya AES was coverad by toch-
- nical documentation; 40 percent at the Balakovakaye AES, and 20 percent at the
- KrymskAya AES. The situation with the development of documentation for con-
etruction of high-tension electric power transmission lines is no better.
In particular, it should be noted that resources for the construction of new
enterprises and the expansion of existing ones will now be allotted only in
cases whare the demands of the national economy for a givan type of product
cannot ba met by the existing enterpriaes with allowences for their reconatruc-
tior, and techniCal modernizetion. Therefore, planning balance sheets And eati-
mates related to the use of existing production capacities and fixed capital,
as well as summary plans for ths technical up-grading of enCerpriae equipment
muet be developed within the design framer+ork of ministerial and departmental
five-year plans. The means to these ends must be set forth as a first priority.
The distribution of construction-installation work volumes according to a con-
- struction schedule wiil be handled jointly by customers and contractors owing -
to the nacessity for enauring that contracting organizations operate on a ryth-
mic basie and for establishing a technological atockpile r+ith en eye to the
standards for the length of construction time. The time liyr.it for the complet-
ion of construction remains unchanged. The failure to fulfill a yearly plan
_ must be compenaetod in the following year at the expense of surplus material -
resourcos of the contractors and reserves of the ministrios. This situation
raquires serioua adminietrative--and even paychological--restructuring. _
Currently, design institutes of Glavniiproyekt ara allow3ng sorious ovoresti-
mates in tha eveluation of the p:^ojocted coet of poWar projects under construc-
tion. Thus, during the yoara 1976-1978, there occurred a cost overrun in the
astimates for projecis under construction amounting to more than one billion
rublea, including 400 million rubles for hydraelectric statione and 300 mil-
lion for atomic.
The USSR Gossneb has been charged Nith completing in 1981 the tranaition of
construction projects to a complex supply system which drawe materiale from -
USSR Gossnab territorial organs filling ordnrs from construction-installation _
organizations. The importance of design for a proper determination of the
requirements for equipment, matarials, and structural membere r+ill become cru-
cial in this reapect--a fact Nhich is baing underestimated at preaent. As an
examplo, there is the leas than satisfactory situation with the development of -
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now standards for the use of inetal in electric power transmission lines: eati-
m.ites worked out from designe af Energoset'proyektZM-ein Technicel Administre- ~
tion for Conatruction and Deaign of Electric Power 5tetione, 5ubetations and -
7have been returned repeatedly for modification.
- Grids
Even now, serious errors are being permitted in the compilation of apdcifica-
tions for requisite matarials, equipment, and structural parts.
The rasolution calls for serious measuros to improve material-technical supply
to the construction industry. Thie primarily concerne the problem of standard-
~ izing the delivery of foreign supplies. However, this does not mean that one
- can expect to obtain resources on the basis of poorly substantiated requisi--
tions. Planning balance presumes the supplying of resourcos only on the basis ~
of their efficient uae and unconditional adherence to standards far consump-
tion, for surplusea, and for inventory control, as well as for the proper dis-
tribution af resources.
In view of the fact that power industry construction is shifting over now to -
induatrial methods, which means that to a large extant it ia bocoming dependent
on deliveries of structural parts from construction industry plents, it is in-
, cumbent upon tha ministry to assure the conformity of tho interssctorial mater-
ial-technical construction auppiy system to the requirementa of the resolutian.
Serious shortcomings still exist in this important area. Time schedules fnr
the delivery of structural materials ere being disrupted and, with the emphasis
on production volume, the coordination of deliveries is upset, particularly as
a�result of the fact that the delivery of etructural parts to the conatruction
site is accomplished from eeveral different planta. Thus, as of September 1,
1979, power station conetruction sitea hed been undersupplied by 20,000 cu6ic
meters of precast reinforced concrete, even though a ministry order hed speci-
fied campletion of these deliveries by August 1; power stations under canstruc-
_ tion had been undersupplied by 27,000 cubic meters of precast reinforced con-
crete and 10,000 tons of inetal structures. For power transmission lines and
substation construction projdcta, 74,000 cubic meters of precast reinforced
concrete hed been undersupplied.
As a result of the incomplete delivery of structural components, a number of
SMRZc-onstruction-installation wor.K/schedules have been disrupted and major un- ~
wanted surpluses of precast reinforced concrete(1,368,000 cubic meters) and -
matal structures(181, 000 tons) have been built up; there hae been a freeze on
deficit matarial resources.
It is incumbent upon GlavenergostroypromLMain Administration of Plants and Pro-
- duction Bases of the Construction Industry7, Glavenergostroymekhanizatsiya, and
other main administrations of the construction induatry which are the suppliere
of structural components to adopt drastic measurea to forestall the occurrence
of similar such statistics.
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It goas 4+ithout saying that the timely and complete supplying of structural com-
ponents to corstruction projocts large'Ly depends on the transpurtational acheme -
~ used to mova them. The tendency in recent yeara to specielization in construc- -
tion industry planta is leading, in certain ceaea, to an increasB in ehipping
distancus.
The main condition for fulfillmen�t of the rosolution is a atrict adherence to -
state discipline and production atandards(this appliea to capital construction
_ as well), end, ebove all, to planning procedures. Within the USSR Ministry of
Power, the performance in this area is atill not fully eatisfactory. Thus, in _
the 1979 effort to lower specific fual coneumption(in the conversion to conven- -
- tional fuel) by 2.1 g.--after eight montha, the actual reduction totaled 0.6 g.
It is commonly known that the timely on-line activation of power capacities hes
great importance, in equal measure both for the oliminetion of gaps between the
_ rated capacity and the available capacity of poaer etations, anzl for the reason =
that thie amounts to the ecquisition of additional cepecities. The present
situation with respect to this mattar could not poaeibly be called aetiafactory.
The forthcoming economic reorganization ia aimed at all adminietrativa and plen-
ning activity, as previously indicated, in an effort to obtain higher end re-
sulte. Tha euccess of the construction industry ia to a aignificant extent de-
terminod by its proper technologicel preparedness and organization.
The reaolution obligea the ministry to develop and implemont specific measures
to improve capital construction control, by means of which conversion will be
effected to a two-three-staga system of control during 1979-1980. Of course,
the USSR Ministry of Power hes been directing itself to this matter for saveral
- yeara now, but to date has not completed its work. One cannot, tor example,
= regard ae normal the existence of about 300 smell cantracting organizations
with en annual work volume emounting to one to two million rubles apieca, half
of which eystematically fail to carry out planning objectives, according to
' basic economic indicatora.
The rasolution hes devoted conaiderable attention to mettera related to the
further devalopmunt the economic ertimate and enhancing the role of economic
levera and stimuli in the area of industrial production control and capital -
conscruction control. _
Devolopment of the economic estimate is callad for on the basie of relieble in-
dicators and economic norms of the five-year plan. There ie en increase in the
role of qualitative indicai�ora in the formation and utilization of capitel for
economic stimuletion. Much importance is atteched to the development to a eys-
tem of economic norms relative to planning far and a�?mulating production, in-
cluding norms tor the dietribution of profite. Provicion is made for strength-
- ening the stimulative role of the common fund for the development of science
and technologyf ahich wae establiahed in minietries and departmonts to be paid
for out of their profita. This very important meaeura was aimed at the stimu-
lati.on of the activitiea of the scientific aector, the strengthening of ita
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tiea with tha production sector, the rapid introduction end application of ov-
- ery scientific and technical advanca, as well as promoting the tulfillment of
nationel economic plans and tne echiavment of higher end resulta from praduc-
tion. In cannuction with this, there will be an incraase in the accountebil- -
ity of functional subcontractore of the USSR Ministry ot PoWer, as Nell as da-
sign, scientific-rasearch, and regulatory agenciee for tha timely and well- -
_ plannod davelopment of progreesive standards end for the compilation of pesa-
- porte for dnterpriees and productian eeeociationa.
A major role in the reaolution ie given to problems related to increesing lebor
productivity, all means of economy and afficiency in the uee of labor resaurces.
It was deemed adviseble to eatablish a limit an the size of the labor force, as
well as to raeffirm the objective of reducing the amount of manual labor. This
ia a very serious problem, bearing direct aignificance for power induetry con-
struction workers: in fact, in construction alone, more than 200,000 workers
are involved in manual labor.
In order to improve the use of labor resources end stimulete the growth of la-
bor productivity, e new procedure ia establiahed for paying otf surchargea to
tarrif ratea and tax ratos at tho expenae of economy in the wage fund.
The resolution called for an increase in the si=e,of bonuaes far the timely on-
line activation of power eapacities and for a reduction time neoded for activa-
tion.
The brigade met.hode of organizAtion and wage payment aill recaive further do-
vHlopmc3nt. Unfortunately, this progreseive typa of orgenizetion of labor is
inadequately employed in ministry eubdivieiona--ae yet, only ebaut 20 percent
af thtj SMR volunes parformad are covered by it.
- Thus, in the light of thP objectives put forward by this naw resolution of thE:
CPSU Central Crnnmittee and tho USSR Council of Ministers, the USSR Miniatry ot
Power muat, in the near futuro, promote efforte for the etfective improvement
of poacr industry construction.
It is essential that:
' G1avPEU, Glavniiproyakt, GPTU,[Rain Industrial-Technical Adrninistration7for'Con-
struction, Glavsnab, the Administration of Cadres, and the Financiel Adminis-
tration--ensure strict balance in yearly plans according to financial, materi-
al, and labor resourcea and eccording to the capaciCies of construction-in-
stallation organizations;
Glavniiproyekt, the Scientific-Technical Council, the USSR TsDUZC-entral Dis-
_ patch AdminiatratioJof the YeES, and the Energosat'proyekt Inrtitute--complete
- as soon as poasible a review and coordination of the long-range trende in the _
development of the nation's electric power statua and the plan for the devel- -
opmont of YeES in the USSR, and also to davelop a program for its technicel
improvement;
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G1avPtU, GlavtekhupravleniyeLRain Technical AdministratioJ, GPTU for Construc-
}ion, and the Main Conetruction Administration--guerantee for construction pro-
jecte the fulfillment of yearly work volumec established by etato plan; aingle
out those puaor stations undergoing installation work, which must be afforded
the meana for full completion of constructian work, and whorever such need is
not indicated, move decieively to closa out the eetimates;
G1avPE:U, Glavtokhupravlaniye, the Adminiatration for Labor Norma end Wages, and
the Financial Administrdtion--urgently organize the development of eupplies
- according to neW indicetore for the elactric power industryi
Glavenergostroyprom--at the etart of 1980 convert to the fully integrated aup-
ply ot and cAntrali=ed payment for structural components intended Tor electric
power grid construction, and at the start of 1981 expand this aystem to supply =
' structural componenta for AES; -
- Glavniiproyekt, GPTU for Construction, GlevteploenergomontazhfM-ain Administrb-
tion for Installation of Thermal Power Equipment for Elactric Power SystemJ,
and their inetitutes--convert to releasing deeign-estimate documentation by
July 1 of the year preceding the year in which the work ia dona; provide, on e
timely besis, for the inclusion in design drafte of date on the requirement
for materials, structural components, and partc for the entire periad of out-
fitting of projects broken down by years; beginning with 1981, stipulate the
ddvelopment of etandardized technological complements of psecast reinforced
concrote structurea in dasign dratts;
Glevunergoetroyprom, Glavenergostroymekhenizatsiya, GPTU for Construction, and
the Main Conatruction Administration--casefully anblyzo existing methods for -
shipping structural componants and develop effective measures for optimizing -
these methads.
Improvoment of the economic system manifests itaelf within the fierce atruggle _
= to fulfill tha objectives and socialist committments of the lOth Five-Year
Plan. Thore is no doubt that the personnel of the Ministry of Power end Elec- -
_ trification will do everything necessary for the realization of ineasurea out-
lined by the party and the govornment, and by the same token, will make a
heavy contribution to the further conaolidation of the power of our eocialist _
homeland: -
Publiaher's note: With regard to the urgency of the iasues
raised i.n the resolution ot the CPSU Centrel Committee and
U5SR L'ouncil ot Ministers, "The Improvement of Planning and
Enhancement of the Influenca of the Economic 5ystem on In-
creasinq Production Etficiency and Work Quality," we are be-
ginning to publiah materials devoted to tha objectives of
USSR Ministry of Power subdivisions and organizations in
light of the above-mentioned reaolution. The editore re-
queat that readers and authors actively participate in a
diecuesion of the issues tuuched upon in this resolution.
- CUPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya","Energetichoskoye stroitel'stvo", 1980
9461 12
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ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 621.31.002.2
CONSTRUCTION ORGANI2ATION OF ATOMMASH
Moscow ENERGETICHESFOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 1, Jan 80 pp 7-9
[Article by Eng Ye.A. Bazhenov: "Construction Organization of Atommash"]
[Text] From the Editors: The first stage of the gigantic
- nuclear-power machine-building plant, Atommash, is beinlt
prepared to produce its first output. In connectton with
the apecial nature of this facility an entire complex of
organizational and technical problems was solved during its
conatruction. The group of builders accumulated valuable
practical experience in erectinR technically complicated
facilities under unfavorable engineering and Reological
conditions. The selection of articles which is being pub-
_ lished, illuminating the advanced practical experience of
the Atommash workers, is cextainly attracting the atten-
tion of our readers--the builders of electric power stations. -
DurinR the next few years the principal increase in nuclear electric uower
capacitv must occur by means of increasing the integrated capacity of electri.c
power units (1000 MW and more) at newly built AES's. In order to induetrialize
the conatruction of such electric vower stations, we need to create epecial-
ized machine-building enterprises engaged in producing basic and auxiliary
equinment for AES's. The practical realization of the nlan to develop nuclear
electric power engineering began with the construction in the.city of Vol-
godonsk, Rostovskaya Oblast, of a machine-building plant to turn out electric-
power and auxiliary equipment for the Atoaunash AES. This plant's annual pro-
ductivity is eight sets of equipment with a capacity of 1 million kW each.
- The plant`s construction has proceeded in two stages. It is planned to carr,y
out the introduction of the plant's capacities in three steps (the first start-
uv complex, amounting to three electric-power sets for the AES, was introduced
in 1978).
The Volgodonek Atommash Plant is the largest (in our country or abroad) cus-
tom built complex of specialized workshops with a complete production cycle
for manufacturing equipment for nuclear electric-power stations. With
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regard to the volune of output being produced it is among the top 3--5 per-
cent of the oountry's particularly large enterprises.
Thia plant incltt3es six principel production Winge with a total a,rea, of
730,000 sq. The lugsat of theae are Winga No. 1 and 4o with axeae of
2800000 and 200,000 eq. � respectively. In their technical eqvipeent and
construction paraseters they are unequa,lled among machine-building types
of enterprisea.
Located in iiings No. 1 and 4 ie epecia,lly edade domestic and iieported equip-
eent, desigred to make the houaings of reactors, steeun ganeratora, xater
atorage unite,3A0Z j xpansion unIaiom7, voluae coupensators, steaa separa-
tors, VIQ1 Cxa,ter and xaste disposalJequipeent, prina,ry-loop heat-exchange
equipvent, bioprotection systems, and transport apparatus.
i11ng No. 1 consiats of a rectangula,r building with a floor plan seasuring
744-*393 m and a maximum haight (to the loxer girder zone) of 40 m. Taking
into coneideration the specific characteriatice of the productlon techno-
logy, as Kell ss the scale dimensiona of the equipment to be located in
this wing, tha egans in it xere adopted as equal to 30 aad 42 x# with co-
lumn spa,cing aa 18 and 36 m. In connection with tha above-indicated di.een-
sions of the building itself and the necessity for using within it cranas
having a large load-hoisting ca,pe,city (up to 1200 tons), the vertical load
capdcity on individual aectiona of the footinge amounts to 500 kN with a
moment of 200 M. m= thie ie 5--10 times higher tha,n the load capecity on
the footinge of exiating naehine-building planta.
Wing No. 4 haa a floor plan seasuring 558x 363 m, the naximum heigfit to the
loxest girders reaches 48 s, aad the span length is 42 M.
Ming No. 2 hag been deeigned be.sically to aianufacture SUZ (Centra,l Ura.ls
Plant) drivea, xhile Wing No. 6 is to manufacture special xelding electrodea
and fluxes, wings xo. 3 and g ha,ve ancillasy purposese they Will produce
non-atandard equipnent, instruaents, and the like.
In order to eneure the technological needa of the plant, a nwaber of la,rge
electric-power supply facilities are also being built (Volgodonskaya TETs-2),
CP'P's Aain 9tep-Down Subatations,7 with 110-kV electric-power transalission
line8, wa,ter-supply systems with a j+ater-isola,tion unit froA the Tsimlyansk
Reservoir and xa.tar-purifica,tion structures, a xater-circulating unit, and
a complex of drainage facilities with xa,ter-plrifying seerage atructures.
The creation of an industrial entexprise is inextrica,bly linked with the
construction of a large nusber of non-productive types of facilitiea. Thus,
xe axe faced with the task of erecting apa,rtment houses with a total area
of 1,600,000 sq, m, with a complete complex of cultural and domeatic faci-
litiesi xe aust create an industrial-coasunity znne. A considera,ble aedount
- of congtruction Work at the Atoiaaash plant haa to be carried out xithin com-
preased ti.me periods.
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The principal physical amoun`.i of xork comprise the following: 75, 960,000
cu. m of excavation and earthxork, 5,760,000 cu. m of monolithic concrete
laying, 2,782,000 cu. m of inetalling precast reinforced concrete (includ-
ing 1,260 cu. m of industrial), 369,000 tons of inetalled metal etructural
componente, 717PO00 cu. a of bricklayingg and 3,896.000 eq. a of roofing
inatallation.
Our country hae accumula,ted a great deal of experienca in the ra,pid con-
- struction of large industrial facilities (for example, such giant com-
" plexee as the Volga and Kama Motor-Vehicle Plarts). At Atomaash, the con-
- atructlon of Which hsa been antrusted to the USSR Miniatry of Power and
Electrification as the general contractor and the U38R Minist�y of Instal-
- lation and Special Construction Work as the principal subcontractor, this
experience was adopted as a bnsisl however, under the conditiona of the
city of Volgodonsk it was developed flirthero
The principe,l structural unit at the p].a.nt construction site is the general
contractirYg Volgodonskenergostroy Trust, which was created in May 1975 on
the be,ais of the Volgodonskprosstroy Administzation The nerrly formed trust,
like the installatinn subdivisions, was conironted Kith a conplex taak--to
develop production capacitias at a rapid rate and to create a group ca,pable
of carrying out its assignment xith regard to tha construction of the lead-
ing nuclear electric-power machine-building plant xithin the eetabliahed
time periods. In order to auccasstully aolve fihis problea in the firat
stage, an enormoue aeount of Work was carried out by the trust's supervi-
eors and its social organizations xith the rendering of continuoue aid from
the leadarship of the US3R Ministry of Poxer aad Electrification, along
xith that of the Pa,rty organs of the city of Volg+odonsk and Roatovskaya Ob-
last. Coming to the oonatruction of Atommaah were workera and engineers
from analogous conetruction projects of the US9R Hinistry of Poxer and Elac-
trification, xorkers dent in the form of organized, recruited groups from
various regione of the country, othere who xere comandeared froA Roatovskaya
Oblast, Komsoaol conatruction deta,chments, and eo forth (No emall role was
played in attracting peoplo to this conatruction aite hy the privilegea
which xere granted to the builders of Atoamash). During a period of 2.5
yeara the population of Volgodonsk aore than tripled, and at the present
tiae amounts to over 100,000.
Z'nus, one of the complex problexs was the distribution of personnel. In or-
der to resolve it auccessfully, along with the apeeded-up construction of
apartment houaes as aajor projects in the city of Volgodonsk and the eet-
= tleoent of Krasnyy Yar, tempoPary reaidential settlements xere built of
PDU (Production Road Administration)-type houses.
Office sreas of the cityls enterprises have alao been utilized aa tempora,ry
dormitories. It ghould be noted tP1at thare was a precipitous groKth in the
operational load of the public-dining enterpriaea, aunieipel trading poats,
_ and other organizations.
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Aaid such a rapid groxth in the group of bui2ders there aroae definite dif-
ficulties ir: solving the problems of organizing construction operations at
the aite. It xas necessary to organize the training of xorkers Who did not
have construction specialized skills, to form brigades, sectione, an SMU
(Construction end InstalYation Adminiatration), to begin the conetruction
of everyday-service facilities and baee areaa, Mhile at the eame time in-
augerating the conatruction of the plant's aain xings, as Kell aa apertment
houaes and cultural-donestic facilities. Of great importance at thie step
xae the practical experience of the engineers and technicians Who had pasaed
through the "schools" of the VAZ (YolgiL Motor-Vehicle Plant), KamAZ (Kama
Motor-Vehicle Plant), and the country's other construction pro3ectB.
Ift 1976: eoristruction and inetal].ation operations were already ca,rried out
to an extent valued at 114.5 million rublea, I. e., 3.8 tiiaes more than in
1975� The plant's production wing No. 3 and the hot-Fra.ter boiler were put
into opera,tion; the plan for housing construction was over-fulfilled by a
considerable anount. During the yeara following the a.mounts of Work ac-
complished by the truat grex intensivelyj in 1977 by 24 percent, in 1978 by
15 percent= in 1979 a 42-percent increase (as compared to the 1978 level)
in the voluue of xork rras provided for.
The increase in the construction groxth ra,te occurred along txo main liness
erection of baeic facilities on the site of the Atommash Pla,nt and the con-
struction of non-production factlities in the expanded southxestern and new
micro-dietricts of Volgodonsk. Step by etep the folloxing were built and
put into operationi xa,ter-purification etructures xith a throughput cape.city
of 75,000 cu. m per day and Ma,ate-water-purificatian structures.
Two poxer units were put into operation at TETs-2 ahea.d of the planned time
periods. All this alloxed energy resources to be ensured for the construc-
tion of the plant and the city. During the years 1976--1977 some 525,000
sq. m of housing were built, along xith 10 kinderga,rtens with accoteodabions
for 2,560 children, three schoola with pla,ces for 3070 pupils, txo poly-
- clinics, and a number of other facilities.
The physical volumes of construction and installation xork completed are
cited in the table belox on a year-by-year basis.
- operations 1976 1977
_ Earthwork (in mil. cu. m) 6�3 7
Laying monolithic concrete and re-
inforced concrete (in thou. cu. a) 432 463
- InstaZlation of precast reinforced
concrete (in thou. cu. m) 177 235
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1978 1979
(8 mos.)
9�1 7
635 503
257 190
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ETection of brick-laying xork
(in thou. of cu. m) 51 60 76 55
Inatallation of inetal etructural
coaponents (in thou. of tona) 51 48 46 49
The daily volume of concrete laying during the aunuer exceeded 4,000 cu. m.
The maximum completion of construction and inetallation Work per �onth
reached 21.6 aillion rublee in construction as awhole, including 18.2 mil-
lion rublee on the Atoomash facilitied.
The year 1979 xas also characterized by ftiirther expansion in the volume of
construction production. During the firat nine manths of that year an
amount valued at 117.6 million rubles of construction and insta,lla.tion work
kas completedo which is 17 percent uore than the volume of Kork completed
during the same period of 1978.
At the present time the efiorts of the builders are directed at ensuring
that in 1980 production of electric-poxer equipsent for the AES xill amaunt
to a capacity of 1 million kjl. For all practical purpoees this Will com-
plete the construction of the first atage of the Atomuash Plant.
At the present time the trust tncludes the folloxing, seven construction ad-
ministrations, xhich have undee their 3urisdiction 25 construction and in-
stallation administra,tiona, a ootor-vehicle production aseccia,tion, a pro-
dtiction and technological administra,tion, the ZhIQC (Housing and Commuriity-
3ervicea Office), an energy aection, and a service for the construction and
operation of comnunications netxorke. The subcontra,cting organizationa of
tha USSR Miniatry of Foxer and Electrification, the US3R Minietry of Inata-
llation and 3pecia,l Construction Works and other �iniatziee havs at the con-
atzuction aite individual coat-accaunting sectiond and conetructlon-inatal-
lation administrations. A tota,l of 30 aubcontracting organizatione are
taking part in the construction.
In viex of the laxge number of participsnts one of the basic principles of
- operational organization is the specialization of aubdivisions by types of
- operatione and objects of construction. Thus, the principQl a.raount oP earth
- xork is being carried out by the Adninietration for the Mechanization of
Construction Operations, the ].ayinrr doKn of engineering netxorka and roa,ds
has been entrusted to the Promstzey-2'Conatruction Adminietration, finiah-
ing operationa at the indastrial facilitiee are performed by the Otdelstroy
Construction Operation, xhile the Zavodetroy and Promstroy-2 Adminiatra-
tions are engaged in erecting the baeic typsa of facilitiea for the plant
and the industrial basa. In order to apeed up the co'pletion of operationa
on the poxer-angineering faciiities, the Atomenergostroy Adminiatration was
created in 1979, Subcontacting organizations have also apecialized aa to
tygea of operations (for example, the Yuzhstal'konstrukteiya 1rvst of the
U3SR Miniatry of Inatallation and Special Construction Work is ca,rrying out
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the installation of the principal mass of inetal structural componente of
the xinga, the entire amount of the roofing operationa is being done by the
3peteproe$troy Trust, and so fort'n). 3ince 1979 the entire cycle of opera-
tions involved in building the apartnent houses and cultural and domestic
facilities haa been perfozmed by the DBK (Home-Building Combine)-7 of the
- All-Union 3oyuzatoeenergostroy.
'I'he eyatea which ha$ been adopted for the apecialization of the conatruc-
. tion orgnnizationa has facilit,ated the operative and efficient adminiatra-
_ tion of the construction project, heightened the responaibility for adher-
ing to the time periods for opere,tional production, and it haa a poaitive
influence on their quality.
The construction of this plant ie baing carried out in tandem with the crea-
tion of an industrial base for the construction organizations. In 1975 the
construction pro3ect�a Pioneer Camp was esta.blished, deeigried to carry out
operations aeaunting to 15 million rubles per year. During the last few
yeara the capacity of the conatruction camp xas increased to 70 million ru-
blea. At the present time facilities of the construction canp's aecond
sta,ge are being builti after their introduction into opnra,tion (in 1980)
its capa,city xill grorr to 200 million rubles.
During the initial constzvction period in Volgodonsk there xere not the ne-
ceasary c,apacities for turning out precast reinforced concrete either for
industrial or for civil construction. The construction pro3ect has been
supplied with items ahipped in from all parts of the country. The slogan
"Atonmash is being built by the entire country" has found its embodiement
prixarily in the delivery of plant-manufactured structural components and
iteme. The overKhelming ma3ority of miniatries and departmental suppliers
have coped xith the task of organizing precise deliveries to the construc-
tion pro3ect. A great deal of rrork along theae lines is being conducted
by the territorial organs of U39R Gossnab--the UMTS (Material and Techni-
cal 5upply Administration) of the Northern Cauca,sus Region.
At the same time it aust be noted that the use of materials shipped in from
the outside brought about difficulties among the buildera. Thus, for buil.d-
ing up the municipal districts obsolete series of houses Were sometimes de-
liveredl they did not correspond to the architectural nesds of the project
and hindered the comprehensive build-up of the districts. Moreover, the
multiple loading and unloading of items during the transportation process
inevitable leads to a xorsening of their quality.
In connection xith this, 1979 xitnessed the building of a la,rge-panel home-
con$truction pla,nt xith a capacity of 140,000 sq. m of housing per year, p
stepped-up rate is being used in the construction of a second, additional
plant, engaged in producing keramzit-gravel pe,nels. Construction Kork is
nearing completion and preparations being made to put into operation a ZhBI
(Reinforced Concrete Iteas) plant with a productivity of 100,000 cu. m per
year and a pla.nt turning out meta,l structural components Kith a productivity
af 20,000 tons per year. Conatruction xork is beginning on a silica,te-
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materia,ls plant. The putting into operation of these enterprises Will al-
lox us to fully guarantee to the construction a supply of the necessary
items of local production.
One of the chara.cteristica of the Atommaeh project ia the introduction of
the method of psrallel planning and construction, a nethod xhich xas teeted
earlier on other construction projects. Provisions are siade for working
out the TEO (Technical-Economic Grounds) and Korking draKLngs without ie-
auing an engineering plan and, consequentlyp xithout a plan for the con-
atruction organi2ation. Moreovar, during the period xhen the first stage
of the plant xas being carried out, there xas are-planning of a number
of Wing No. 1's xorkshops for the purpose of increasing their planned ca-
pacity. All this led to definite difficulties in ensuring paroduction with
engineering docuaents. The coapres$ed tiae periods for conatructionp the
participation in it of a large nwaber of subcontracting organizations, the
unusual na,ture of the structural elements of the wings, footings, and un-
derground aystem required certain changes in the chaxa,cter of the work of
the technicel services of the builders with regard to the engineering pre-
paration for production. The lack of a plan for the conetruction organiza-
tian coapelled the builders to increase the volune of PPR (Operational pra-
duction Plans) on the spot, including xithin thea eleients of P03 /expan-
sion unIonown/ xhen nacesaary. Also draWn into thie xork xere the specia7.-
ized planning institutes of Gidroproyekt and 9rgeneroetroy of the U99R
Miniatry of Power and Electrification, as xell as the planning institutee
of the USSR Ministry of Installation and Specisl Construction Work. From
1975 through 1977 alone the Gidrproyekt Inetitute, xhich xsa the g+eneral
planning office with regard to the construction orgarization, aa:irsll as
its eubcontracting planning orgenizatione, Korked out the docunentation
with regard to the engineering preparation to an extent valued at 755,000
rublea. The total asount of p].anaing operationa concerned with tho engi-
neering preparation for the construction of the plant's �acilitiea up to
1983 xill come to abaut 3 million rubles.
It ahould be noted that the custom-built qua,lity of the Atomaash plant's
Mings brought about the necessity of utilizing nex typea of atructural com-
ponents, building saterials, and methoda of operational production. In
pdrticular, in connection with the fact tha.t the plant's winga aixe being
erected on shifting $oils of Type No. II0 the planners and buildera xere
confronted with caeplex taaks with regard to salecting structural eompo-
nente and a Aethod for installing the foundatione. It xaa deeided to uti-
lizo foundations on drill-compacted pilea, rhich alloxed a compreheneive
solution to a nuaber of very important problems, guch as the tranafer of
large loada to the aoii bdse, the reduction in the amount of earthxork,
a raiaing of the level of the prc,duction atandards, and a decreaue in the
construetion time periods. The drilling operations xere performed by spe_
cialiste of Gidroapetatroy of the U33R Miniatry of Poxer and Electrifica-.
tion. Thanks to the high qua,lity of the operations, this eoiution turned
out to be very effective.
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The metal atrwctural components of the principal wings are being erected
xith the use of the progressive method of large-block tnstallation. This
method may be used for the installa,tion of enlarged blacks xith a ma:imum
area of 5+0 sq. m and aweight of as much as 120 tona= aoreover, a com-
pleta outfitting of the block ia carried out xith appropriate elements of
ventilation syetems, electzic eupplyp and roofing. Unfortunately, further
increase in the volune and xeight of the atructural componenta being
hoisted up ars reetrained by the technical capabilities of the exidting
crane equipnent.
The exterior xalls and roofing of the plant'a main Wings are made of
lightaned, three-layer irall panels og the "sandrrich" type, as xell as a
profiled frame xith heat insulation of minoral-KOOl panels. Such a so-
lution alloxs the aaximun mechanization of operations and a reduction of
their duxation. HoWever, in connection xith the fact that the "Elektro-
shchit" Kuybyshev plant until noW has still not mastered the technology of
introducing a fireproof additive to the polyurethane foam in manufacturing
the "sandxich" panels, it is often necessary to install in pla,ces xhere the
fire danger is particula.rly great panels made of keraazit con-,rete or to
erect a brick lining.
In the installation of an interior technological zero cycle in Wing No. i
specia.l measures and techraical developments had to be ca,rried out. The
need for this fra,s explained by the fact that the building's framework had
already been erected, xhile the footings under the equipaent Were la.id at
a great depth. It was decided to insta,ll drill-compacted piles (at the
construction pro3ect this method xas designated as the "pile wall in the
ground"). The organization of xurk on constructing the technological zero
cycle in the Ning according to tha principle of the technological flox, ae
xorked out by the Gidropzoyekt !nstitute, alloxed the on-schedule begin-
ning of the inatallation of tho equiptent in the wing.
Also deserving of attention ia the experience in organizing the mechanized
operations. The principal typea of machines are concentrated at the present
tinie in txo administrationss in the USMR (Inter-Regional Construction Ad-
ministration) (heavy machinery for the production of earthWOrk and crar,.e
equipment) and in the UMM (Local Machine-Building Adminietration) (the prin-
cipa,l Faxt of the means for sma.ll-scale aechanization). 3uch a apecializa-
tion allox3 the achievament of a rational utilfzation of machines, as xell
as finding new wa.ys to raise the level of mechanization and labor pzoducti-
vity. For example, it turned out to be nery effective to create mechanized
complexes for the production of earthxork; they include machines for loosen-
ing, yorking, tranaferring. and compacting soils, as Well as dump trucks.
5uch brigades have becoma a fine basis for introducing brigade eubcontract-
ing in transport.
The volume and nomencla,ture of operationa being carried out by the Adminis-
tration of 3ma11-3cale MechaniZation are constantly expanding. In 1977 it
amounted to 2,768,000 rubles, and in 1979--4.2 million rublee. Concentrated
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in the UMM axe the meens of inechani2ation xith more than 400 deeigna-
tions (over 169000 iai.ts). In August 1979 an All-Union school sras con-
ducted in Volgodonsk on atudying progressive experience in sec.hanizing
finishing operations= 'Lt affirmed the correctnesg of the conatruction
~ trend selected xith regard to the qu&ation of nechanizing operationa.
In the conetruction oi Atommash great importance ia attached to tkie de- `
velopaant of aocislist competition. The administration, Party, and -
- trade-union organizatfona are constantly xorking to improve the forma ~
of competition and to increase its effectivene$s.
COPYRIGHTi Izdatel'atvo "Energiya,", "Mnergeticheskoye stroitel'stvo",
1980
2384
C30t 1822
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ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 621.31.697.34
OVERVIEW OF CSNTRAL HEATING
Moscow TEPLOENERGETIKA in Russian No 2, Feb 80 pp 2-5
_ [Article by Ye. I. Borisov, USSR first deputy minister of power and electri-
fication, and V. P. Rorytnikov, director of the All-Union Scientific Re-
search and Planning Institute of the Power Industry]
[Text] In 1970-1977, the.world consumption of fuel and energy resources in-
creased approxima.tely 3.3-fold, and more than 6-fold in the USSR during the
same period.
In the USSR, just as in the majority of large industrially developed coun-
- tries, about 95% of the consumed energy is produced by burning organic fue1.
In the USSR, hydropower engineering satiafies about 3.5-5 percent of the
total needs in energy, and atomic energy accounta for less than one percent.
- The program for the construction of atomic electric power stations which ia
being developed and implemented in our country is expected to satisfy almost
completely the entire increment of electric power needs within the limits of
the European part of the USSR. Hawever, even a�ter the implementation of
this program, the share of AES [nuclear electric power stations] in the over-
- all fuel and energy balance will increase only to 10-11%. Thus, organic
fuel will remain to be the basis of electfic power supply practically to the
- end of this century.
At the same time, the steady growth of fuel consumption will result in a ra-
pid depletion of the known reserves of the best types of fuel, auch as oil
and gas, and a simultaneous increase in the capital intensity of the branchea
of the fuel and energy complex.
- As the economy of the Soviet Union develops, more and more atteation is gicen
to the problems of the rationalization of production and the diatribution
and consumption of energy. Under modern conditions, this problem is of pri-
mary importance for the entire scientific, technical, and economic acCivity
of the country.
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At the December Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee of 1977, Comrade L. I.
Brezhnev streased that among large-scale intersectorial problems nothing is
more important than the fuel and energy problem, _
- A specisl place in ensuring further reliable power supply to the national
_ economy belongs to two main forms of energy: electric and thermal (of inedium
and low potential). Our country spends about 60% of primary energy reaourcea
on the production of theae two forms of energy.
In 1978, heat conaumption in the USSR reached 12.5 billion GJ (three billion
Gcal), and the fuel consumption for the production of heat exceeded 600 mil-
lion tons of reference fuel, which is 1.5 times greater than was used for _
- the production of electric power.
In the Soviet Union, unlike other countries, the development of the produc-
tion of electric and thermal energy has been following the line of concen-
- tration and centralization for many decades. The fullest realization of the
idea of the centralization of production was district heating, which is one _
of the main directions of rational utilization of fuel and energy resources.
At the present time, our country has about 1000 TETs [heat and electric: power
stations] with more than 3000 turbines of total electric capacity of over
70 million kW. The annual delivery of heat from TETs is approaching four
- bil2ion G,T (one billion Gcal), which satisfies approximately 33% of the total
heat consumption of the national economy.
Average specific consumption of reference fuel (net) for the delivery of
electric energy from TETs for general use was 267 g reference fuel/(kWh) in
_ 1978, which was 91 g less than the average specific con3umption of fuel for -
condensatian electric power stations (KES).
- The development of heat supply from TETs is of great economic and social sig-
nif icance.
1. District heating systems produce a great saving in fuel. At the pre-
aent time, annual savings in fuel from district heating amount to about 38
million tons of reference fuel; the average rate of annual decreases of
specific consumption of fuel for the delivery of electric powex from TETs
- is 5-6 g reference fuel/(kWh),
2. As a result of the development of district heating, the pollution of the
environment decreases, the amounts of harmful substances injected into the
_ atmosphere are reduced, thermal pollution of water reaervoirs is lowered,
and the sanitary condition of cities ig improved.
3. Centralization of heat supply from TETs cuts down the need in the oFer-
ating personnel of heat-generating facilitiea to 4090.
4. District heating yields a saving in the expenditures of the power indus-
- try of 5-12% in comparison with the separate method of heat production in
boiler rooms and electric power at KES.
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5. District heating, as a rule, ensures a high-quality and reliable heat
aupply to the conaumers, as well as a reliable supply of electric power to
cities and induatrial centers.
Reliability improvement is one of the most important goal6 of heat supply.
It must be solved in an integrated manner. During the designing stage, it
is necessay to select heat sources correctly and soundly with considexation
for their individual indicea of reliability, location of the heat sources
in the heat supply system, and redundaacy poeaibilities.
Analysis of the operatioh of heat-aupplyi-sy.stema under extreme conditions ~
showed the presence of serious df.fficul'ties and d.efects in the organization -
of the operation and management of tHe syetems of cent:ralized heat supply,
as well as in their designing and construction. Serious complaints againat
- plants manufacturing the equipment were;revealed.
Much work has to be done for evaluating the selection of heat supply systems
and creation of reliable equipment for municipal peak sources of heat. The
existing hot-water boilers have the following faults: -
- their heat-production capacity decreases when they work on mazut;
the life of the low-temperature part of the boilers is short due to inten-
aive external corroaion;
- their sensitivity to the quality of the network water is high (rapid scale
formation if the water regime is disturbed);
auxiliary equipment does not work sufficiently reliably.
It is necessary to create a reliable peak hot water boiler for working on
gas-mazut fuel, determine the type of the peak source of heat for TETs op-
erating on solid fuel, and to design the structural part of buildings for
peak boilers.
_ Many of these faults are due to the underestimation of the importance of
heat supply and the importance of the timely provision of high-quality pipes,
materials, and equigment for this branch of the power industry. In order to
develop district heating, it is necessary to strengthen ita repair and oper-
- ation facilities and mechanize their work. At the present stage of the de-
velopment of district heating, it is necessary to create a more flexible
and reliable system for defect deCection and elimination.
In the process of the analysis of causes of the deterioration of the quality
of heat supply in a number of systems under extreme conditions, i*_ was re- -
vealed that it is necessary to refine and reexamine some normative rules of
the construction norms and regulations (SNiP), technical operation rulea
(PTE), norms for the designing of thermal electric power stations and ther-
mal networks, and guidelines for water preparation and the chemical regime
of water in thermal networks.
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In August 1979, a meeting was held by the scientific and technical council
of the USSR Minenergo [Miniatry of Pawer and Electrification] at which -
changea to the norms of technological designing of thermal electric power -
- stations and thermal networka were examined and approved. Proposale were
prepared for introducing changes in other normative documents.
The insufficient reliability of heat supply is explained to a considerable
- degxee by the abaence or underproduction of many components of thermal net-
works, equipment, and materials. There is a need in high-quality pipes,
corrugated compensators, locking and regulating equipment, heat insulation
and hydraulic seals, corrosion-resistant coating for pipes, etc.
The production volume of automatic control and protection equipment, remote
= control equinrnent, devices for registering and monitoring the operation of
heat supply systems, and automatic regulation of temperature for consumers
is totally insufficient. Work on the wide introduction of the enamelling
of pipes of the thermal networks ie progressing slowly. Practical applica- `
tion of the results of studies in the area of heat supply conducted by the
institutes of Minenergo and USSR Gosatroy is inadequate. Thua, it is neces-
sary to do a very large volume of various jobs for raising the effectiveness
of district heating.
Balanced development of the national economy is accompanied by a rapid growth
and concentration of heat conaumption.
Different conditions of the development of the industry and the housing and
municipal sector of populated centers, as well as the special characteris-
- tics of the fonnation of a long-range fuel and energy balance in varioue
regions of our country predetermine different routes for the development of
heat supply.
In European partsof the Y3SSR, according to numerous calculations of the or-
ganizations ofthe USSR Minenergo and the USSR Academy of Sciencea, it is ad-
vantageous to build large TETs working on coal and gas even if a large-scale
AES construction program is implemented.
Moreover, such TETs are more economical than separate heat and electric sup- -
ply (AES + boiler rooms) practically in all regions of the European part of
the country. It follows from this that the construction of AES is more ef-
fective until they replace the basic KES.
Only nuclear sources of heat can compete witt TETs. Preparations for the
use of nuclear fuel for heat supply are conducted at the present time in ac-
cordance with the directive of the 25th CPSU Congress.
Nevertheless, the insufficient experience, the attained state of development,
and inadequate utilization of the potentialities of the power machine build-
ing facilities make it impoasible to expect a wideapread uae of nuclear
_ sources of heat until 1990. Therefore, in the next 10-15 years, there is no
other aufficiently realisCic alternative to the development of TETs on
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organic fuel in the European part of the country. There is no doubt that
it is necessary to accelerate studies on a wider use of nuclear energy
sources for diatrict heating.
The lawering of the development rate of district heating, first of all, in
the European part of the country propoaed by some apecialists who believe
that this'can~:substantially reduce the importation of organic fuel fram the
eastern regione would be a wrong solution which could result in exteneive
national economic losses. The unsoundneas of thia opinion can be seen from
aimnle examplea. Let' us examine a TETs with a capacity of 100 MW whicr can
deliver anriually approximately four million GJ (one million Gcal) of heat
and 0.5 billion kWh of electric energy, using 290000 tons of reference fuel.
In order to obtain the same amount of heat from large boiler rooms and elec-
tric energy from RES, it will be necessary to upe 400,000 tons of reference
fuel a year, i.e., the importation fuel must�be'increased by 33%.
Evenlif weoassume that it will be posaible t-o produce the entire electric
energy at an:A,E;S, then, it would seem that it ie possible to lower the im-
portation of fuel by approxiiinately 20%. ATever, here we should examine
the real structure of the operating electri,c:power faci,lities.
In the next 10-12.yeara, it is impossible to count on the creation and suf-
ficiently wide use of maneuverable AES adapted for operation in the semipeak
part of the daily schedule of electrical loads. Until 1990, this part of
the achedule will be covered primarily by TL+S [thermal electric power sta-
tiona] and a certain part of GES. It has been proven by numerous calcula-
tions that heat and electric power stationa are the beaC and most economi-
cal maneuverable facilitiea.
The operating I?ES of electric power aystems of the European part of the coun-
try have a considerable number of small old and outdated turbines. On the
- average, theae RES operate with a specific consumption of reference fuel of
390-400 g of reference fuel/(kWh). Some of them will be modernized accord-
- ing to plan and changt3 to a diatricc-heating mode, which, by itself, will
save up to 50,000 tons of fuel per each 100 MW. However, it is impossible
for many reasona to change a11 uneconomical turbines to the district-heating
mode. In many instances, it is more economical and socially correct to build
new TETs at the locationa where they are needed, and place otd KES in re-
serve and dismantle them partially. Replacement of uneconomical KES with
, highly effective new TETs will save up to 100,000 tons of reference fuel a
- year per each 100 MW of the new installed TETs capacity.
Thus, as a result of the implementation of a rational technical policy, the
development of district heating in combination with a program of AES con-
struction wi11 preduce asubstantial saving of organic fuel, and not ita
- overexpenditure.
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At the same time, many specialists believe that the rate of the development
of district heating in the country is atill not in line with the develop-
menC rate of the national economy.
_ Scientiate of the Siberian Energy Inetitute of the Siberian Btsnch of the
USSR Academy of Sciencea, in cooperation with the organizations of the USSR
Minenergo, optimized the development of the fuel and energy complex of the -
_ entire country with consideration for various levela of the development of
the heat supply facilities. Calculations showed that the scale of the de- -
velopment of district heating lags behind the optimal scale.
Tl:e USSR Gosplan should urgently examine the proposals prepared by the USSR
Minenergo on the main directions and rational scale of the development of
district heaCing in the country. These proposals take into consideration
the difficulties with the transportation of large amounts of fuel from east
to west, real possibilities of the expansion of the power machine building
facilitiea, the developing structure of the growth of heat consumption in
the national economy, and the requirements of environmental protection.
When determining the technical policy of the development of dietrict heating
in the European part, it is necessary to give serious attention to the utili-
zation of the operating RES and thoae under conatruction for heat supply to
nearby comsumers.
At the present time, the USSR's KES have more than 100 turbines with a unit
capacity of 200 MW and lesa which have been changed to the district heating
mode. There are proposals and plans to use K-300-240 turbinea yielding 500-
837 GJ/h(120-200 Gcal/h) of heat. On the average, each condensation power
unit used for district heating saves 70,000 tons of reference fuel a year,
_ reducing the expenditures on the power industry by approximately 1.5 million
rubles a year.
The opinion of some specialists that the changeover of condensation power
unita to the district heating mode lowers sharply their maneuvering possi-
bilitiea is hardly valid. If the steam bleeding from the turbine ia removed
properly, its maneuvering properties remain practically the same, and the
loading of the boiler of the power unit levels out as a result of the modea
- of direct supply of fresh steam to the district-heating heaters (during the
- hours when the turbine is stopped).
- In recent years, attention is given to the use of AES for aupplying heat to
nearby cities and hothouse combines. Plans have been developed, but, on the
whole, work in this area is just beginning.
Plans for the developmeat of district heating must be coordinated with plans
- for the conatruction of large boiler houses. In the opinion of the authors,
boiler houses with a capacity of over 210 GJ/h (50 Gcal/h) combined optimal-
ly with TETa are sufficiently economical and quite modern (promising) sources
of centralized heat supply.
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It is necessary to expand scientific research and design studies on the
_ creation of new highly reliable hot water and steam boilers of high capaci-
ties.
It is expedient to bring the unit capacity of hot water boilera to 1050 GJ/
h (250 Gcal/h), and the productivity of steam boilera with a presaure of
about 4.0 MPa to 160 t/h, increasing their reliability. As experier..ce shows, large.bo3ler houses can operate with a specific consump-
_ tion of 40.4-40.7 kg of reference fuel/GJ (169-170 kg of reference fuel/Gcal), -
i.e., conauming 10-12 kg/GJ lese fuel than heat sources of decentralized
heat-supply systeme.
- The development of centralized heat supply is accompanied by an increase in -
- the length of thermal networks and expenditures in them. At the present time,
.the USSR has 180,000 km of thermal networks including about 20,000 km of main
syatems.
In most cases, heating mains are laid under the surface of the ground in
impenetrable channels of various designs. In recent yeare, a channelless
method of laying atarted being used widely, when the heat and water incula-
tion layer on the:pipelines is made sufficiently strong to endure the prea-
sure of the-.soil, vehicles, ground water, etc. One of the methods is to lay
pipelines in autoclaved reinforced foam concrete. This method has been used
quite successfully in Leningrad for about 30 years.
The first experiment in laying with the use of heat and water inaulating
atructurea based on a bituminous binding material (bitumoperlite, bitumover-
miculite, bituminous poroua clay filler) yeilded satisfactory results only
in good soil conditions. Therefore, extensive scientific atudies are now
in progreas in order to improve this type of insulation.
tolymer concrete is a promising type of insulation for channelless lay-
ing. But it is still necessary to do a large complex of research joba in �
order to find polymeric compositions with the required complex properties.
Most of the damage to the pipelines of thermal networks is caused by exter-
nal corrosion. Intensive corrosion of pipes is responsible for more than
80% of all damages in thermal networks.
Measures are takcn to protect pipes against corrosion by means of enameling,
aluminizing, and painting with special paints. In cities, protectian of
pipes against electric corrosion (drainage, cathode, protective) is being
introduced quite widely.
_ In the last 10-15 yeats, organizations of the USSR Minenergo and USSR Gos-
stroy have done much in developing reliable designs of thermal networks. A
unified series of sectional impervious reinforced-concrete channels has been
developed and introduced, heat insulating structures and structural components
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of supports have been standardized, and unified normative materials have
been developed for calculating the strength, thermal and hydraulic proper-
ties, as well as norma of technological designing, SNiP, and othess.
In order to eneure the delivery of heat from centralized heat aupply sources,
100,000-110,000 km of thermal networka will have to be built in the near fu-
ture.
At the present time, the rate of the introduction of thermal networks is lag-
ging very much behind the introduction of thermal capacities. As a result
of this, much harm is done to the national economy.
The obtaining of high-quality energy-producing fuel for city TETs by repro-
ceasing and dressing of coal and combuatible shale is an important national
economic problem. One of the importanC methods of dressing is purification
by the power-technology method with high-speed pyrolysis and a combined heat
carrier. The process of thermal processing of coal in vortex chambera also
appears to be promising. It is necessary to speed up the creation of large
experimental industrial units of the above types.
In connection with the raising of the requiremente for clean air and special
- characteristics of citq planning, as well as changes in the fuel structure
of the power industry in the direction of increasing the ahare of solid fuel
- and, in the near future, of nuclear fuel, many high-capacity TETs will be
located at considerable distances from the areas of heat consumption, often
far beyond the city limits, which will require the construction of long heat-
supply pipelines. This requires additional studies, but should not be viewed
_ as an obstacle for the developmeut of district heating systems.
When a TETs is located 15-20 km beyond the city limits, specific capital in-
veatments in long-distance heat-supply lines are approximately 2400 rubles/
GT/h (10,000 rubles per 1 Gcal/h), and the annual saving in fuel due to com-
bined production alone amounts to 48 tons of conventional fuel per 1 GJ/h
(200 tons of conventional fuel per 1 Gcal/h). Therefore, the initial ex-
penaes for the construction of long-distance heat pipelines conetitute 40
rubles/ton of the annual savinga in fuel, which is 3-4 times lower than the
specific initial expenses for the creation of a fuel base and the correspond-
ing fuel-transportation communication systems.
On the wtnole, the use of pipes for centralized heat supply will continue to
grow. The USSR Gosplan, USSR Gosstroy, and USSR Gosenab must help in satis-
fying the needs of the power industry in pipes.
. Tn principle, nobody objects against the development of district heating in
~ the eastern regions of the country. The orientation of the nationaI. economy
of these regions toward the development of such heat-consuming industries
- aa chemical and petrochemical, pulp and paper, and wood chemistry, in com-
bination with the severe climatic conditiona predetermine accelerated growths
of heat consumption and its considerable concentration. Moreover, if we
29
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consider the presence of sufficient quantities of a relatively cheap coal,
ehortage of manpower reservea, great need in electric power, and the neces-
eity of cleaning the air of Siberian cities which is conaiderably polluted
by emall boiler houses, then it becomea obvious that it is expedient to de- _
velop district heating systems on the basis of TETs operating on eolid fuel _
_ beginning with thermal loads of 1680-2930 GJ/h (400-700 Gcal/h).
HeaC supply to the conaumers of the extreme north ie an extremely complex
_ problem. This complexity is due to the selective development of natural
resourcea, focal distribution of industries and houaing, severe climatt, low
concentrations of thermal loads, and high costa of the transportation of fuel,
materials, etc. Most probably, it will be promiaing to introduce amall nu-
clear plants there in combination with the use of traditional methods of
- heat and electric power supply within reasonable limits.
~ The unquestionable advantages of district heating are now recognized all over
the world. District heating is being introduced widely in socialist and
capitalist countries. Scientists of various countries are working success-
fully on the improvement of heat supply systenns and creation of new and more
~ eeonomical equipment. = District heating is one c+f the main sources of increasing the effectiveness
- of this industry. The technical policy directed toward maximal development
= of district heating must continue to be the leading trend for the next few
~ decades. '
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Teploenergetika", 1980
- 10,233
= CSO: 1822
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- ELECTRIC POWER
_ UDC 621.311.22.002.51.658.264
CONDENSATION ELECTRIC PO'WER STATIONS FOR CENPRAL HEATlNG
Moacow TEPLOENERGETIRA in Russian No 2, Feb 80 pp 6-10
[Article by Yu. A. Aberbakh, V. P. Brazovakiy, M. I. Gitman, G. I. Goncharov,
_ L. I. Levin, T. A. Maslova, S. V. Privezentaeva, and S. Z. Pruse, engineera]
[Text] The development of the power industry in the European part of the
country in the next period is characterized by the construction, chiefly, of
atomic electric power stations and aimultaneous increase in the variable
part of the schedule of electrical loads. This leads to limitations ia the
construction scales of new TETs operating in the basic part of the achedule
and requirea raide involvement of KES [condensation electric power atations]
power units operating on organic fuel for covering the variable part of the
echedule of electrical loads [1, 21.
Theae KES, particularly those with power units of 160, 200, and 300 MW can
be made more economical, if there are conaumera of heat near the atations,
by reconstructing their turbine units for combined production of heat and
electric energy. Hawever, such reconatruction is connected with some loss
in maneuverable power. Therefore, studies were done for the opti.mization
of the conditiona when such power unite are changed to the district-heating
mode of operation. Expedient forris of using reconatructed power units of
RES for district heating were determined.
The reconstruction schemes of power units used in this study were developed
by the Khark:ov Branch of the TsKB [Central Design Office] and some of them
were used at the operating RES [3].
The effectiveness of reconstruction was determined depending on the type of
the turbines, initial modes of their operation before reconstruction, clima-
tic conditions, type and cost of fuel, thermal load, calculated values of
alpha T, T r.H and Q oT 6 , temperature chart of the netw+ork, and the
dietance at which heat has to be transported.
The natural decrease in the thermal loads during the houra of minimal elec- ,
trical loads was not taken intn coneideration in the calculations due to the
probability of a considerable tranaportation delay when heat is to be trana-
ported at long distances.
31
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In establishing the initial operation modes of power units before reconstruc-
tion, it was taken into consideration that in most regions of the European
part of the country, due to the necessity of lowering considerably the gan-
erating capacities during the hours of minimal electrical loada, units of
150-300 MW are partially unloaded and partially stopped at night and days
of rest. It ie permissible to unload power unita by 30% if they work on
solid fuel, and by 50% if they work on gas and mazut. The stopping of power
units is practiced more frequently during days of reat chiefly at gas-mazut
KES and, essentially, is limited to K-150 and K-200 turbines [1, 41.
In determining the operation modes of power units after reconstruction in
the European part of the country, rated power was examined for each variant
in three zonea of the,schedule: minimum, semipeak part of the schedule (work-
ing day), and peak hours. The rated pawer in the minimum zone in the case
of unloading for each value of steam bleeding was determined as the power at
- the minimal passage of team into the condenser. The minimum calculated value
of bleeding was taken to be such at which the consumption of live steam for
the turhine is equal to the minimum permissible value for the boiler. In
the case of the stopping during the minimum hours before reconstruction,
. analogous stopping after reconstruction was taken into consideration, aince
giving it up would lead to the replacement of the semipeak mode with the
basic mode for a part of the unit power and this, in turn, would require a
considerable increase in the introduction of semipeak capacities in the power
- syatem, which is practically unrealistic and, according to calculatio:s, is
economically disadvantageous.
Due to structural difficulties connected with the presence of industrial
overheating, the variants of the stopping of reconstructed turbines during
the minimum hours with transmisaion of the bleeding loads to pawer-plant
boilers through epecially installed ROU [pressure-reducing and cooling units]
and boilers were not examined and it was considered that the stopping is pos-
sible only for the entire boiler-turbine block.
In the semipeak part of the schedule, it was assumed that reconstructed power
units will be working at the rated value of steam bleeding and nominal flow
rate of live steam.
We examined the economic expediency of partial "restoration" (boosting) of
the pawer of power units during peak hours by lowering the bleeding load and
: its transmission to specially installed hot water boilers. Calculations have
- shown that this is not justified economically in comparison with alternative
sources of peak power (GTU [gas turbine engines] with the use of the heat
of outgoing loads),
In Siberian regions, where it is not required to unload power units during
minimum hours, reconstructed power units operate around the clock with nomin-
al consumption of live steam and rated steam bleeding.
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In order to compensate the changes in the power of reconstructed pawer units
over the zones of the 24-hour schedule, the follawing alternative sources of
power in the OES [Integrated Power System] were conaidered:
during minimum houra (basic part of the achedule) AES (in the eastern
regions, RES operating on organic fuel);
in the semipeak zone aemipeak KES on solid fuel (with the poaeibility of
using more economical sources of semipeak power semipeak steam-gas KES,
_ aemipeak TETs, GAES [pumped-storage electric power stations] and others,
the effectiveness of the reconatruction of RES blocka increases, which cre-
ates additional reserve in the calculationa).
- The annual production of electric energy by a reconstructed power unit was
determined from the condition that the useful delivery of electric power
- after reconstruction plus (minus) the delivery of electric power from alter-
native sources would be equal to the useful delivery before reconstruction.
- Calculated values of Q oT 6[bleeding] changed fram the above-mentioned mini-
mum value to the maximum value determined by the method of reconstruction.
The calculated values of the consumer load changed from 1250-1670 to 6270-
8370 GJ/h.
The changes in the share of hot water supply fr.B[hot water supply] with
two-pipe transportation of heat within the limits of 0.10 to 0.20, according
to preliminary calculations, practically do not affect the reaults, there--
fore, a constant value of (Pr.ff 15% is taken hereafter.
The values of alphaT in the case of a two-pipe transportation method of heat
varied within the limits of 0.3-0.65.
Two calculated temperature schedules were examined for K-200 turbines: nor-
mal of 150/56 degreea C and a higher $chedule. Calculations have showed
that the use of the higher temperature schedule woraens the effectiveneas
of reconatruction (within the limits of heat tranaportation diatance which
is equally economical with a separate scheme), since it is connected with
great energy losses.
The difference of this conclusion from the conclusions obtained earlier in
the calculations on the transportation of heat from TETs is explained by
greater energy loasea when reconstructed turbines are put on higher temper-
ature schedule in comparison with district-heating turbines and by an in-
crease in the cost of these lossea due to higher costs,of fuel.
Due to the similarity of the maneuverability requirements and relatively
small changeg in the climatic conditions in the European part of the country,
calculations for the reconetruction of units were done in application to one
OES of the South.
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The closing expenses on fuel in the European part were taken to be 35 rubles/
ton of reference fuel for coal and 43 rubles/ton of reference fuel for gas
and mazut; in the OES of Siberia, in the regiona of cheap fuel (Kanak-
Achinsk coal)seven rubles/ton of reference fuel and in regions of expensive
fuel (other regions) 17 rubles/ton of reference fuel. The closing expenses
on the electric power for atomic atationa are taken to be 14 rubles/(MW�h)
at Tg = 6500 h/year. Hest transportation distances varied within the limita
of equal economy with separate achemes.
In connection with the fact that RES are located outside of municipal hous-
ing construction areas-and their areas are limited, the construction of peak
hot-water boile-a in all instances was planned in the regions of heat con-
sumption, and heat transportation was taken into consideration only through
main pipelines.
Expenditures on a separate scheme were determined in application to the
construction of new boiler rooms. It was considered that, in the prese,zce
of operating rayon boiler rooms, they can be used both in the separate scheme and as a peak �acility during reconstruction.
For the separate scheme, just as for peak hot water boiler rooms in the re-
construction variant, it was considered that the same type of fuel is used
as at a reconstructed KES.
The main effect of reconstruction on the balance of capacities in a power
syatem is the loss of power during the daytime and peak hours. The effect
of the operation modes of a unit during the hours of minimal electrical loads
in the European part of the country consists in the fact that, during unload-
ing, the power of the power units in this zone of the schedule changes after
reconstruction, and, depending on Q oT 6, this can eomewhat reduce or in-
crease the extent of the unloading.
As the calculated value of the bleeding increases, the maneuverability of
the power unit deteriorates, since its power decreases during the maximum
hours, and increases during the unloading during the minimum hours. However,
the share of combined output increases simultaneously. When the power unit
is atopped during the minimum hours, the share of the combined output will
be lower in all instances.
Tab1e 1 illustrates this by the data for a R-200 power unit which had a power
of 210 MW before seconstruction, and during the minimum hours when it was un-
_ loaded 147 MW for coal RES and 103 MW for gas-mazut RES. `
Calculations have shown that the variants for R-200 turbines in the case of
reconstruction are approximately equally economical and optimal in the en-
tire range of consumer loads at the value of p~.T = 0.3 ~ 0.4.
The maia reason why the power unit is economical at a low value af dtVT is
a relatively higher share of the combined output which, on the whole,
34
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Table 1
Limit Values Type Pescentage of Combined
Qo 6[bleed- of POwer, MW production' 7', '
ing] GJ/h Fuel Maximum Minimum at At unloading When stopped
Unloading during mini- during mini-
mum hours mum houra
Maximum 630 Coal, gas, 188 147 39 32
and mazut
Minimum 495 Coal 197 134 31 24
- Minimum 270 Gas,mazut 204 103 17 13
Note. Indexes were calculated at a normal temperature
schedule and a t- 0.4.
is considprably smaller for reconstYUCted RES than TETs with district-heat-
ing turbines, which is explained by a greater assiciated condensation power
and one-atep removal of heat to the network heaters. Calculationa have also
shown that, for these turbines, changes of Q oT 6 in the entire possible
range practically do not affect the ecoi:omic nature of reconstruction at a
constant value of a T. Therefnre, in order to reduce the number of recon-
- structed turbines, the calculated value of the bleeding ahould be taken close
to the maximum value.
- Table 2
Loads
Average bleeding load, GJ/h
Average conaumer load per
one power unit, GJ/h
Consumer load range (GJ/h)
for the f ollowing numbers
of reconstructed power
units:
2
3
4
S
6
R-200 (coal,
565
1700
up to 3350
3350-5000
5000-6700
6700-8400
R-300
Coal Gas and ma
590 460-500
1300-1420 1050-1130
Up to 3550
~3550-4800
4800-6100
6100-7100
,7100-8400
Up to 2500
2500-3550
3550-4800
4800-6050
6050-7100
For K-300 turbines, due to a higher pressure in the bleeding, a higher tem-
perature schedule is used. The optimal value of OlT will be 0.4-0.5. For
Che same reason, the maximum bleeding of a K-300 turbine which is equal to
965 G;T/h is not optimal, and changing from a smaller number of reconatructed
turbines with large bleeding values to a la:.ger number of turbinea with a
lower bleeding value increases the effectiveneas of reconstruction. There-
fore, the optimal bleeding value for reconstructed coal unirs K-300 can be
taken to be close to the minimum permiasible value for the boiler 545 GJ/h.
The calculated bleeding value for gas-mazut units can be still lower. How-
ever, in the case of the Iowest bleeding (251 GJ/h), the share of the com-
bined output is very small, the nunber of reconstructed turbines per a unit
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of consumer load increases sharply, and the additional gain in the power
- capacities is not great. In thfs connection, as well as taking into con-
sideration the undeairability of reconstructing an extremely large number
- of turbines, the calculated bleeding of gas-mazut units K-300 should be
taken to be close to the calculated bleeding of unite operating on coal.
The load of 545 GJ/h can be considered as the upper limit.
Optimal thernial capacities and loads corresponding to average valuea of 0~ T ~
~ 0.35 for R-200 units and 0.45 for R-300 are shown in Table 2. _
Under the above conditions, the effectiveness of reconstruction wi11 be con-
' siderably higher than that achieved at the present time, when practically
all of the thermal load is covered from the bleeding of turbines ( &T = 1),
which leads to the reconstruction of excessive numbeYS of turbines and great
- power losses. However, in this case, due to law costs and the short dura-
tion of reconatruction, it is expedient to start district heating by recon-
- structing KES with subsequent construction of peak-load boiler rooms as
thermal loads grow.
The main technical and economic indices of power units after *econstruction
are compared with analogous data before reconstruction in Table 3. T4ao val-
ues are given for specific fuel consumption after reconstruction: for the
power unit proper and with consideration for leveling in the system, i.e.,
with coneideration of fuel consumption by alternative sources (semipeak
units). Changes in the consumption of nuclear fuel at AES were not conaid-
ered, therefore, the index does not fu11y characterize the changes in the
consumption of all types of fuel in the power system.
At gas-mazut KES which are unloaded during the minimum hours total expenses
of organic fuel practically do not decrease as a result of reconstruction,
since the entirQ saving obtained through combined production is absorbed by
the overexpenditure of fuel at semipeak units which must be introduced in
order to compensate the decrease in the extent of unloading, Hawever, this
will produce a saving of nuclear fuel due to a decrease in the AES power.
- In accordance with the above data, general indices of normalized expenditurea
on the reconstruction of KES, delivery of heat from them .3nd the leveling in
the power system are differentiated for various operation modes in the mini-
mum hours. During stoppage, this expenditures are greater than during unload-
ing by 5-20%. Further interpretation of the obtained data consists in the
evaluation of the share of units used itY each of the above-mentioned modes
_ and determinatian of inedium weight indexes of normalized expenditures during
their reconatruction. For K-200 turbines, the following combinations of
opErating modes of power units before reconstruction are examined:
unloading during the minimum hours 70%, stopping 30%;
unloading during the minimun hours 50%, stopping 50%.
_ 36
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_ 37 �
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For K-300 power units, only the first of the above-mentioned combinations is
examined.
_ For K-200 turbines, the relative effectiveness of the reconstructi.or of coal
and gas-mazut KES ia practicarly identical. Tliie ie explained.by the fact
that reconstruction of gas-mazut units enaures savinga of a more expensive
fuel but leads to greater losses of inaneuverabiTity during unloading in the
minimum hours. The.maximum distance of heat tranaportation (equally economi-
cal with the separate acheme) changes from 17-18 km with a consumer load of -
2090 GJ/h to 22-25 km at 6280 GJ/h. At a load of'4190 GJ/h and heat trana- -
portation distance of 10 km, the specific economic effect of the reconstruc- -
tion is 836.rubles of normalized expenditures per 1 GJ/h, or 1.4 million
rubles per one power uni:t. ,
For reconstruEt,ad R-300 power units, unlike K-200, the maximum transportation
diatance of heat far coal and gas-mazut KES differs and depends to a greater
degree on the conaumer load. For example, at Qconsumer ' 2090 GJ/h, this
distance for�coal units constitutes 23 km, and at 6280 GJ/h it is 38 km. ~
For gas-mazut units, these distances are respectively 30 and 50 km. The
- specific economy of the normalized expenditures in comparison with the sep- _
arate scheme for a distance of heat transportation of 10 km is 0.95-1.4 thou- -
eand rubles per 1 6J/h for coal units and 1.7-1.9 thousand rubles for gas-
- mazut units. A relatively greater effectiveness of the reconstruction of ~
gas-mazut uni'cs in comparison with coal units is explained, chiefly, by a
smaller calculated load of the bleeding per one power unit, which ensures
lower power losses and greater costs of the saved fuel.
Calculated for an indentical consumer load, the reconstruction of K-300 units
yields a considerably greater effect than the reconstruction of K-200 units,
particularly for large loads and long distances. This is explained by the
fact that, due to a higher rated value of O~ T, the yield of heat from the
bleeding of R-300 turbines referred to a unit of consumer load is approxi-
mately 20% greater than that of K-200, while the expenses on thp tranaporta-
= tion of heat are lower. Therefore9 if there are turbines of both types at
a KES, it is expedient to use R-300 power units for heat supply first of all.
Additional possibilities for thia are created due to a considerable increase
in the economically expedient distance of heat transportation.
The dietances mentioned here were obtained in the assumption of a conaider-
- able increase in the cost of fuel and stable prices on metal. If we assume
for the verification of these conclusions that the cost of heat transporta-
tion increased by a factor of 1.5, which corresponds to an increase in the
cost of pipes not less than by a factor of 2, then the maximum distance of
heat transportation.for which it is espedient to reconatruct power units in _
the European part of th2 country will be approximately 12-17 km for K-200
turbines and 15-30 km for K-300 turbines.
In the OES of Siberia, where reconstruction of K-200 power units operaCing
- on coal was examined in connection with the existing KES equipment, due to
38
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a lower cost of fue1, calculations for a higner temperature schedule have
also been performed. Calculations showed that it is not expedient to use a
higher schedule nand that the reconstruction of power unite ia conaiderably
lesa economical than in the European part of the country. Thus, reconstruc- -
tion of power unite in a region of cheap fuel is practical only when the
KES is in the immediate vicinity of heat consumers (L AC 2 km), and in the
ragion of expensive fuel it is expedient if the heat tLansportation distan,ce -
- is not over 8 km. In 1978, requests were received for designing the reconstruction of KES power
units for a total thermal load of approxiniately 63,000 GJ/h and a distance
to heat consumera, chiefly, within the limits of 10 km. With the obtained
maximum valuea of the heat transportation distance, the value of the thermal
= load on the KES can be estimated at least at 168,000-209,000 GJ/h, to which
corresponds a thermal capacity of reconstructed units of 67,000-84,000 GJ/h.
In this case, only 2590 of the entire available thermal capacity of the power
units and about 3570 of their optimal thermal capacity wi11 be used. The uae
_ of such thermal capacity corresponds to the introduction of more than 100
_ new turbines of the T-100-type at a TETs, but requires immeasurably smaller
capital inveatments. �
The overall effect of reconstruction in this case will exceed 100 million -
- rublea of calculated expenses, and the annual saving in organic fuel wil be -
about 8 million tons of reference fuel.
The obtained values of the effectiveness of reconstruction were determined
- on the basis of the necessity of constructing semipeak RES in order to com-
- pensate losses of power during reconstruction and the decrease in the extent
of the unloading of gas-mazut units during the minimum hours.
In reality, it is possible to avoid the introduction of new semipeak capa-
cities if, in order to compensate losses of power without lowering bleeding
loads, provisions are made during deai ning for the possibility of shutting
off the PVD [high-pressure superheater~ and increasing the passage of steam
- into the condenser, and, in order to lower the power of gas-mazut units dur-
ing the minimum hours to a value permitted before the reconstruction, addi- _
tional hot-water boilers are inetalled into whicr part of the bleeding loada
is transferred during the minimum hours. The increase in the productivity
of hot-water boiler rooms for R-200 units will amount to 25% and for K-300
to about 10% of their necessary productivity at rated values of 0(T and
- 4 oT 6 � With consideration for the discreteness of the type aizes of the
equipment, these values wi11 be still smaller.
Additional expenditures connected with the measLres enumerated above will
be considerably lower than would be required for the conatruction of aemi-
= peak RES.
39
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Conclusions
1. Under present conditions, reconstruction of KES power units of 150-300
MW for the purposes of heat supply is practical and yields a great economic
and social effect, expanding the area of the application of centralized heat _
supply and ensuring a considerable saving in organic fuel without- any eub-
etantial losa of the maneuverable power in the power system.
2. Because of the condition for enauring maneuverability, the operation
modes of reconstructed units must correapond as much as possible to their
- operation modes before the reconstruction. For example, proviaions have to
be made for their stopping during the minimum hours of electrical loada in
the same volume as before their reconstruction.
3. The optimal value of the coefficient of district heating with a two-pipe
transportation system of heat is 0.3-0.4 for reconstrucred R-200 and K-300
turbines.
4. For consumer loads of up to 6280 GJ/h, the number of reconstructed units
at a KE: will, as a rule, be not more than three or four, which in the major-
ity of cases will not exceed one half of all installed units.
- 5. Specific consumption of fuel by reconstructed units decreases by 20-25%,
and, with consideration for the leveling of the output of electric power in
the power system, it decreases by 10-20%.
6. The maximum distance of a two-pipe transportation system of heat equally
economical with the use of a separate scheme in a range of thermal loads of
2090-6280 GJ/h is:
in the European part of the country for K-200 turbinea 18-25 km, for K-300
turbines operating on coal 23-38 lan, and those operating on gas and mazut
30-50 krn;
in Siberia, in the regions of cheap fuel (Kansk-Achinsk basin) up to 2 km,
and in other regions up to 8 km.
7. Further improvement of the reconstruction schemes of KES power units for ~
heat supply must be conducted in the following directions:
_ lowering of the associated condensation power for reducing specific fuel
consumption and ensuring a more extensive unloading during the minimum hours;
creation of the possibility of stopping the turbines during the minimum
hours while maintaining the operation of power-plant boilera and switching
~ thermal loads of consumers to them;
- creation of the possibility of increasing capacities of reconstructed unita
during peak hours without lowering the bleeding loads. _
40
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Bibliography
1. Chernya, G. A. "Daily Load Schedules of Integrated Power Systems and
Problems of Increaeing the Maneuverability of Power Equipment," TEPLO-
ENERGETIKA [Heat and Power Engineering], 1975, No 11, pp 23-27.
2. Vol'kenau, I. M., and Volkova, Ye. A. "On the Operation Modes of Atomic
Electric Power Stations in Power Syatems," ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII
[Electric Power Stationa], 1978, No 3, pp 7-9.
3. Kosinov, Yu. P.; Averbakh, Yu. A.; Lyakin, A. V., et al. "Experience
in the Modernization of Steam Turbines for the Purpoae of Increasing
- Their Heat-Generating Capacity," ELERTRICHESRIYE STANTSII, 1976, No 11,
PP 19-22.
4. Vol'kenau, I. M., and Volkova, Ye. A. "Main Tendencies of the Develop-
ment of Integrated Power Syatems," in the book "Rabota TETs v ob' edi-
- nennykh sistemakh" [Operation of TETs in Integrated Power Systems]~,
Moscow, EnergiyA, 1976, 216 pages.
COPYRIGRT: Izdatel'atvo "Energiya", "Teploenergetika", 1980
10,233
- CSO: 1822
.
41.
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LLECTRIC POGTtR
FUEL ECONOMY IN CENTRAL HEATING
UDC 621.311.697.34
Moscaw TEPLOENERGETIKA in Russian No 2, Feb.80 pp 14-18
[Artfcle by D. T. Arshakyan, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Armenian
Scientific Reaearch Institute of Power Engineering]
[Text] Almost in all developed countries of the world, the consumption of
power resources for the purposea of heat.supply subetantially exceeda the
consumption of energy resources for electric power supply. Therefare, the
problema of the improvement of heat supply and its fuel resources are be-
coming exceptionally urgent.
About one third of the consumed energy resources are used for the purpases
of heat aupply. A aubetantial share in these energy resources belonga to
high-quality types of fuel, such as natural gas and petroleum products which
are very valuable for other sectors of the national economy.
In recent years, the above circumstances have strengthened the tendenoy to-
ward rapid development of heat supply systems on the basis of nuclear energy
almost all over the world [1-3].
The development of power engineering in the USSR at the present stage is
characterized by accelerated introduction of new capacities primarily through
construction of large hzat and atomit electric power stations. In the Euro-
pean part of the USSR, it will develop, chiefly, through construction of
large atomic electric power stations equipped with high-capacity pcxaer units -
WER-1000, VK-500, RBMIIC-1000, and others; in the eastern regiona of the coun-
try, chiefly, through constructian of large GRES equipped with high-capa-
city power units working on solid organic fuel (primarily brown coal).
At the preaent time, the problems of optimal development of power sources
on organic fuel are becoming particularly urgent. This refers particularly
to the development of district heating on organic fuel which plays an excep-
tionally important role in the economy of energy reaources, increase of la_
bor productivity, as well as in protection of r_he environment againat harm-
ful ejection of combustion products.
42
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Under the present conditions, it becomes necessa=y to examine special
characteriatics of the development of diatrict heating using organic fuel
- in high-capacity developing pawer systems. It is necessary to examine the
degree of economy of the develo ment of diatrict heating in conjunction with
_ the conatruction of large AKES ~atomic condensation electric power atationa]
in the European part of the USSR and the conatruction of high-capacity GRES
ueing solid organic fuel in the eastern regions.
Analyais of the results of atudies on the determination of the degree of
economy of district heating ueing organic fuel in large developing power
systems ia given belaw.
The economic criterion in the optimization of the development of district
heating in power systems ia the economy of proportionate adjuated expenaes
per unit of electric power of a TETs normal expenses 3 3x and with con-
sideration of adjustment 3nR . It is evident that the optimal variant
will be the one satisfying tge conditiona 33k max, 33~ --.p max [4].
Expenses in a combined and a separate schemes of power supply muat be cal-
culated with consideration of the fact that they occur at different times
- over the yeara of calculated period, which is done by their adjustment by
the compound interest formula to some one year [4-6].
Capital investments and annual operational expenses in the year i of the
calculated period can be determined on the basis of the existing materials
on the norms, instructions,and methods and functional relations developed
on their basis [4, 6].
The moat difficult part of such studiea is the determination of the actual
fuel consumption at a TETs which is in a complex functional dependence on
the parameters and operation modes of the installed equipment in a given
heat aupply system, climatic conditiona, etc. A mathematical model has heen
developed fqr determining fuel consumption at TETs equipped with disttict-
heating turbines of the types R, PT, and T with consideration for all of the
above-mentioned variable factors [7-9].
The actual fuel consumption at a TETs determined by the developed model is
6-8% lower than the fuel consumption determined on the basis of average
normative data [8, 91. This may play a decisive role in the determination
of the expediency of the development of district heating for a g3.ven load
and in given conditions.
- Studies on the optimization of the development of district heating using or-
_ ganic fuel were done on the basis of district-heating turbines T-100-130,
T-175-130, and T-250-240 in different power systems and under different
climatic conditions: from Yerevan (climatological coefficient Kk = 2850 h)
to Yakutsk (Kk = 3980 h) for periods n= 5, 10, 15 years when. the full ther-
mal load reaches the calculated value [4, 7].
43.
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Comparison is made of the degree of economy of district heating when TETS
operate on solid organic fuel, and when peak-load boiler rooms and replaced
_ rayon boiler rooms operate on gas and mazut. The degree of economy of dis-
trict heating when a TETa worka on gas and mazut is also examined. Analyais
ia made of the operation of developing power systema based on high-capacity
condensation electric power atations using organic fuel (GRES-4800 with
power units K-800-240 on solid fuel) and nuclear fuel (AKES-4000 with WER-
1000 units). The cost of fuel 3T is taken to be 30, 40, 50 rubles/ton
reference fuel.
rv-~,Pys(f~;,~�A~6r)
301
_ 20
!0
0
-1o
-2G
K
(2)
N
.
-lC
(3)
C,y1 -
r
vv
_

~ ~

y00
-
600
-
i
x
~ *
~
x
40 0
IAOO
200

-

400-
----Z
x
700
_--{x
-J
-x-
----4-
?DO

-
-
~
'
~ -
200
~
-30
2800 3000 J?00 J400 J600 JB00 y
Figure 1. Dependence of the Degree of Economy of Propor-
tionate Adjusted Expenses on the Climatological Coeffi-
cient 3ar=( (KK) and 3ae=q,(K.; : or the T-100-130 Turbine
with the Adjustment Period r. = 15 Years (TETs Using = Solid Fuel, Replaced GRES-4800 with Power Units K-800-
240).
1"' 3 3x at 3 T = 50 rubles/ton reference fuel;
2-- 3nz)R at 3T = SO rubles/ton reference fuel;
3~- 33x at 3T ~ 30 rubles/ton reference fuel;
4'- 3 3K at 3T = 30 rubles/ton reference fuel.
Key: 1. Thousand rubles/(year�MW)
- 2. TETS
3. MW
- 44
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Yl
16
0
-/G
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ro~c. pyd~(~od � .c~Br~ ~'1~
30
-20
7B00 J000 3100 J 400 J600 3B00 v
~
�T
~
Q)
)

.
Nr~y =I1930MSt
700
JSO
- -
M
~
- -
~
700
3S0
~OSO
x~�
7W
JSO
3S0
KM
Figure 2. Dependence of 33x a f(Rk) and 33~C = ~~x)
for the T-175-130 Turbine at n= 15 years (TETs on Solid
Fuel, Replaced GRES-4800 with Power Units R-800-240).
See Figure 1 for designations 1-4.
Key: 1. Thousand rubles/(year�MW)
2. TETa
3. MW
In examining the degree of economy of district heating, the following TETa
capacities are taken: for the T-100-130 turbine from 200 to 600 MW; for
the T-175-130 turbine from 350 to 1050 MW; for the T-250-240 turbine
from 500 to 1500 MW.
Figures 1-3 show the dependence of the degree of economy of proportionate
- adjusted expenses 3 3K and 3~K on the climatological coefficient Kk for
turbinea T-100-130, T-175-130, and T-250-240 when TETs uses solid organic
fuel and the length of the period when a full thermal load ia reached n=15
- years [4, 71'.
The curves in Figures 1-3 shuw that the degree of economy of district heat-
ing depends considerably on the correlation of the initial steam parameters
at the TETa and replaced GRES, unit pawer of the turbines, and the total
power of TETs and GRES, thermal load, its density and growt-h dynamics, type
and cost of fuel, as well as on climatic factors.
For example, if the TETs is equipped with powerful turbines T-175-130 and
T-250-240, district heating is absolutely economical for the coat of fuel
3 T = 40 rubles/ton reference fuel and higher for any of the above-mention-
ed TETs capacities, and for all ranges of changes in Rk, i.e., for al re-
gions of the USSR. When the cost of fuel is 30 rublea/ton reference fuel,
� 45,
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rro
c~y~~ia
MBrI
~ 1~
//0

- -
1
t2)

(3)
Nr~y= .'SOOMBr
.10

~
~
1.500
/000
~ ~ - -
?0

~
- ~ ~
snv ~
- - . ISOO
X~
iG1A~
"
x
i
/0
~
x~
JS00
~
1000
_ _ ~
S00
- - -2
- -
-
i
- -'r- _9
-
0
.
~ ~
spo
-4
-70L I I I I 1 KJ
2800 J000 JZ00 7400 J600 9800 y
- Figure 3. Dependence of 331K = f(Rk) and 33~
- for the T-250-240 Turbine at n= 15 Years (TETS on
Solid Fuel, Replaced GRES-4800 with IInits R-800-240).
See Figure 1 for designations of 1-4.
K.ey: 1. Thousand rubles/(year�MW)
2. TETs
3. MW
the use of T-175-130 and T 250-240 turbines is economical for all regions of
the USSR if the TETa capacity is high (700 MW and higher for TETs with tur-
bines T-175-130 and 750 MW and higher for TETs with turbines T-250-240);
TETs with T-100-130 turbines is found to be economical only for high capa-
cities of TETs, high cost of fuel, and in more severe climatic conditions.
The use of T-100-130 turbinea in the southern regions is not economicar even if the cost of fuel is high (up to 50 rublea/ton reference fuel). The degree
of economy of district heating on organic fuel increases substantially when
TETa uses gas-mazut fuel. Studies showed that in such cases distri.ct heating
on the basis of TETs equipped with turbines T-100-130, T-175-130, and T-250-
240 is absolutely economical for all regiona of the USSR, for any of the
above-mentioned TETs capacities and cost of fuel.
The above conclusiona regarding a relative economy of diatrict heating on
the basis of the above-mentioned turbines were made without conaideration
of the effect of the dynamics of growth of thermal loads, i.e., without con-
aideration of adjustment. The analysis of the results of this study indi-
_ cates that the growth dynamics of thermal loada has a substantial effecC on
the degree of economy of district heating of cities, particularly if TETS
- 46.
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uses solid fuel and the period of reaching full thermal load is long (n=15
- years). For example, district heating on the basis of a powerful turbine
T-250-240 is economical for all regions of the USSR if TETs capacitiea are
1000 MW or higher and the cost of fuel 3T a 30 rubles/tone reference
fuel. It is economical to uae T-175-130 turbines for all regione of the
USSR if TETs capacitiea are high (700 MW and higher) and coet of fuel 3T ~
40 rublea/tona reference fuel and higher. If the coat of fuel ie relatively
low, TETs with capacities of up to 700 MW are not economical for all regiona
of the USSR.
The effect of the growth dynamics of thermal loads on the degree of economy
of diatrict heating is particularly substantial when district heating tur-
binea have a relatively low unit power. For example, at n- 15 years, dis-
_ trict heating on the basis of TETs equipped with T-100-130 turbines is not
_ economical for all regions of the USSR for TETs capacities of up to 400 MW
and fuel costs of up to 40 rubles/ton reference fuel; a 200 MW TETs is not
- economical even in the case of high costs of fuel ( 3 T- 50 rubles/ton re-
ference fuel).
I'L the period of the achievement of full thermal load is relatively short
(n = 5 yeara), the effect of the growth dyaamics of thermal loada on the
degree of economy of district heating is not very pronounced. For example,
a TETs-500 based on a T-250-240 turbine becomes economical for all regions of
the USSR if the cost of fuel 3T s 50 rubles/ton reference fuel, in moat
_ regions of the USSR at gT = 40 rublea/ton reference fuel, and in severe
climatic conditions (Kk = 3700 h and higher) at 3T - 30 rublea/ton refer-
ence fuel.
- Studiea have ahown that the effect of growth dynamics of thermal loade on
the degree of economy of district heating ie inaignificant if a TETa warks
- on the gas-mazut fuel. For example, district heating based on TETa equipped
with turbines T-100-130, T-175-130, and T-250-240 is economical for all re-
gions of the USSR for any of the above-mentioned capacities of TETs and
cost of fuel even if the period of the attainment of full thermal load is
long (n = 15 years). The effect of the d,ynamics of growth is expresaed by
the absolute value of economy in adjusted expenses 3~~ which decreases as
the length of the period of attainment of the full thermal load increases.
The results of the studies show that the degree of economy of district heat-
ing depends considerably also on climatic factors, particularly for TETa
based on turbines of a relatively small unit power using solid fuel in most
power systems with high-capacity GRES on organic fuel. For example, diatrict
heating Qn the basis of a T-100-230 turbine is economical for a TETs power
of 200 MW and over in aevere climatic conditiona, and 400 MW and over in the
southern regions of the USSR,
_ The effect of climatic conditions on the degree of economy of district heat-
ing is less subatantial when a TETs uses the gas-mazut fuel. In this case,
47.
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the effect of climatic conditions reflects on the economy of adjusted ex-
penses which increases with transition to more severe climatic conditions.
The effect of climatic factors increases whe�.i we consider the effects of
the growth dynamics of thermal loads [4, 7].
Detailed studies have also been done on the determination of comparative
economy of the development of district heating on organic fuel in large
power syatems developing on the basis of high-capacity AKES. It was con-
sidered that a large AKES-4000 with powerful atomic energy unita WER-1000
was replaced.
Considering that technical and economic indexes and studies of atomic
sources of power supply are definitely conditional, particularly when they -
are considered as alternative sources of a combinea scheme of power supply,
it is practical to determine the marginal cost of nuclear fuel 3T �a in
- a separate scheme of power supply under the condition that ita degree of _
economy is equal to that of the combined scheme.
The marginal cost of nuclear fuel 3T.A can be determined from the condi-
- tion of the equality of adjusted expenses in the combined and separate -
schemes of pawer supply. The latter can be represented by the following
expression: -
6.T R r 1
+ 3T.0R "-K . ~ 3P + 3T.A~A + 31'�~"-~~.H~
where Bk, BAH3C , Bp~k fuel consumption in the combined scheme of power
- supply, at replaced ARES, and rayon boiler rooms of the separate scheme of
power supply, thausand tons of reference fuel/year; 39�T.9 3P.T adjust-
ed expenses in the combined and separate schemes of power supply without the -
fuel component, thousand rubles/year; 3T.0,3T.A proportionate adjusted
expenses on the organic and nuclear fuel, rubles/ton reference fuel.
From expression (1), it is easy to obtaxn proportionate adjusted expenses
marginal cost of nuclear fuel 3T, A
i.T _'3f2.T _ ST.U (BK UP.K) l2 _
1
3r.x- BAK3C ~ -
The results of studies on the determination of the comparative economy of
TETa on organic fuel for a replaced ARES are shown in F.igures 4 and 5.
Figure 4 shows the dependence of the marginal coat of nuclear fuel 3T,ff on
the thermal load of the region QP for the climatic conditions of Yerevan
when a TETs uses solid organic fuel, and Figure 5 shows the dependence on
the climatolugical coefficient Kk for the operation of a TETs on the gas-
mazut fuel and different costs of organic fue1. -
1 48
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vS~/I
yr (1)
40S1.a . -
JO - ~ ` - - _ jr. o" SO~iy r.

20
- 10 , f, o s`JOPi,d iy T v
0 AV , 10~17 X 1, ~G6 lQawy ( 2~
Figure 4. Dependence of the marginal coat of nuclear
, fuel 3T, Aon the thermal load of the rayon Qp for the
climatic conditions of Yerevan (TETs on soiid organic
fuel).
Thermal load QP =1670 6700 GJ/h is covered by a TETs
' with T-100-130 turbines of 200-600 MW; Qp-3760 11300
GJ/h TETs with T-175-180 turbines of 350-1050 MW; Q
- = 4600 ; 16,700 GJ/h TETa with T-�250-240 turbines p
_ of 500-1500 MW.
Key: 1. Rubles/ton reference fuel
2. GJ/h
- The curves ahown in Figures 4 and 5 are boundary curvss separating the areae
of economy of the combined and separate schemes of power supply. It is evi-
dent that the combined scheme is economical in the area above the curvea,
and the separate scheme of power supply ie economical in the area below the
curves (TETs and replaced rayon boiler rooms iising organic fuel).
Analysis of the results of studies on the development of diatrict heating in
high-capacity developing power aystems with large ARES makea it poseible to
conclude that, under the present conditions of the development and price
formation in power engineering, district heating based on powerful district-
heating turbines T-175-130, T-250-240 an3 othera is absolutely economical
for all regions of the USSR for the marginal cost of nuclear fuel of 15-I7
rubles/ton reference fuel and higher if TETs use aolid orgttnic fuel and 9-10
rubles/ton reference fuel and higher if TETs use the gas-mazut fuel.
The curves shown in Figure 4 indicate that, as the therma.l load of the rayon
Qp increases, the marginal cost of the fuEl decsceases, i.e., the economy
zone of the uae of district heating widens. For example, if the thermal
load of the rayon QP a 2500 GJ/h, diatrict heating is economical at the coat
of nuclear fuel 3 T..,;F= 23 rubles/ton reference fuel and higher, and for QP
- 12,500 GJ/h at 3T..q- 17 rublea/ton reference fuel and higher (data for
the climatic conditions of Yerevan for th2 cost of organic fuel 3T. 0 ' 30
rubles/ton reference fuel). The above is explained by the fact that, as
the thermal load of the reyon graws, the source of district heating (TETs7
is enlarged, which makes it possible to use pewerful district-heating tur-
bine units. The economy zone widens subsCantially as the ctimatolog{cal
roefficieat Kk increases i.e., as we move to more severe cl:matic
49.
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' P.sj/'y. T (1) _
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75
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�
1%
Figure 1. Diagram of the Location of Oil and Gas Deposits in Pre-
Cambrian and Lower Paleozoic Beds of the Siberian Platform
Key: (a)
(b)
Bour.dariea of the Siberian Platform;
Outlinea of Largc Structures;
(I)�; Nepsko-$otuobinskiy Anteclise;
(II) Baykitskiy Anteclise;
(III) Katanga Saddle;
(IV) Sayan-Yenesey Syneclise;
(V) Angara-Lena Bench;
Petroleum-Gas Condensate Deposits;
Gas and Gas Condensate Deposits; .
(1) Bratsk;
(2) Atovskiy;
(3) Markovskiy;
(4) Yaraktinski-
~5) Ayanskiy;
(6) Middle Botuobinskiy;
(7) Upper Vilyuchanskiy;
(8) Kuyumbinskiy.
60 70
(c)
(d)
~ZIc
d
Despite the limited number of pools found, their structure varies quite
broadly owing to differe.r..ces in the composition o� the rock in strata
of different age and in the structure of different regions.
- The pools are controlled by anticlinal and non-anticlinal (monoclinal)
atructures. A diatinction ie made between layered and compact pools
depending on type of reservoir. Finally, pools are distinguished by
the morphology of the trap: arching, lithologically bounded, strati-
graphically screened, and other types (see Table 2).
Anticlinal type pools are found at the Atovakiy, Bratsk, Middle
Botuobinskiy, Upper Vilyuchanskiy, and Vilyuy-Dzherbinskiy deposits.
Arch-type traps are most typical, frequently with elements of litho-
logical replacement or tectonic screening (see Figure 2 below). Strati-
graphic screening of the "head" of the productive layer by a discon-
tinuity surface plays a significant role in the group of anticlinal
deposits, as is demonstrated at the Kharystanskiy pool of the Upper
Vilyuchanskiy deposit (see Figure 2C). Cases of productive horizons
atratigraphically 3ustuposed to outcroppings of the crystalline base-
ment are characteristic of the Bokhanskiy pool of the Atmvslci.y
deposit (see Figure 2D) and the Vilyuchanskiy pool of the Upper
Vilyuchanskiy deposit (see Fi.gure 2F)
Non-anticlinal pools are identified at the Markovskiy, Yaraktinskiy,
Ayanakiy, and apparently Kuyumbinskiy deposits. They are controlled
76
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77
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ra.ic UrriUir,L uaL wvLi
Figure 2. Examples of Oils and Gas Pools.
A $
+
. + +
4 4
~ T i 1 4 -
4 t 4 + i
"
~ 4 �
a
dW eEo + g~ hQ
Key: Types of Pools:
_ (A) Botuobinskiy (Middle Botuoubinskiy Deposit);
- (B) Kharystanskiy (Eastern Block of Upper Vilyuchanskiy);
- (C) Kharystanskiy (Western Block of Upper Vilyuchanskiy);
(D) Bokhanskiy (Atovskiy);
(E) Parfenovskiy (Bratsk);
(F) Vilyuchanskiy (Upper Vilyuchanskiy) ;
(G) Parfenovskiy (Markovskiy);
(H) Yaraktinskiy (Yaraktinskiy);
Types of Reservoirs:
(a) Oil-Saturated;
(b) Gas-Saturated;
(c) Water-Saturated:
(d) Impermeable Interlayered;
(e) Lithologic Replacements;
_ (f) Basement Rocks;
(g) Surface of Stratigraphic Unconformities;
(h) Disjunctive Dislocations.
by monoclinal slopes of f irst and second order uplifts. Lithologically -
bounded traps formed as the results of local improvement of the col-
' lector properties of productive horizons are most widespread. The
78
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- Parfenovskiy pool at the MarkOVSkiy deposit and the Upper Tirskiy pool
at the Ayanskiy deposit (see Figure 2g) are among such structures. The
pools in the beds of the Yaraktinskiy band at the Yaraktinskiy and
Ayanakiy deposits are controlled by traps of a more complex, lithologic-
strat igraphic type. In addition to local increases in the capacity and
- filtration properties of th e rocks, it is important in the atructure of
these pools that the productive layers are stratigraphically juxta-
poaed to the surface of the crystalline basement (see Figure 2h).
The pools at the Kuyumbinskiy degosit are r_lassified as r.on-anticlinal
stratigraphically screened. The screening of the productive layers
there is accomplished by the surface of a Precambrian discontinuity.
- The reservoir is most likely a layer type.
The pools of the Osinskiy productive horizon at the Markovskiy and
Middle Botuobinskiy deposits are compact lithological pools. The ac-
- cumulations of hydrocarbons are controlled there by increased jointing
and secondary leaching of rocks zones of tectonic deformation.
Lin ear orientation and & low degree of stratification of intervals of
oil and gas saturation are typical features of these pools. Thus, even
though the Osinskiy pool of the Middle Botuobinskiy deposit is associ-
~ ated with an anticlinal uplift, it cannot in fact be classified as an
anticlinal type of pool because it is not controlled by the bending of
the layers, but rather by a zone of heightened rock jointing in the
western subaxial part of th e structure.
- The survey of types of oil and gas pools we have made allows us to out-
line the basic patterns i.n their lateral and stratigraphic distribution.
In addit ion to traps controlled by anticlinal uplifts, nan-anticlinal
- stratigraphic, lithologic, and lithologic-stratigraphic traps are ex-
tensively developed in the Precambrian and Paleozoic beds of the
= region.
- The identification of strat igraphic traps where structures lie against
and over outcroppings of the crystalline basement is most likely in the
basal horizons of the Vendian-Lawer Cambrian and Riphean oil and gas
bearing complexes. Promising zones for possible development of them
are the slopes of anteclises and inherited first-nrder uplifts and
sectors witfi higfi gradients of change in the thicknesses of terrigenous
beds and differentiated hypsomet-ric readings for the surface of the
crystalline basPnent. In this respect t'_e articulation zone of the
Nepsko-Botuobinskiy and Baykitskiy anteclises with the adjacent struc-
tures of foredeeps, syneclises, and the largest inherited basins are
' especially interesting.
The stratigraphic pools screened by the surface of the Precambrian
regional discontinuity gravitate to the upper, erodeci part of the
Riphean oil and gas bearing complex. ThP most likely zones of sparial
79
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rva vrrtVl,RL UJt UNLY
localization for them should be the arch and subarch sectors of pre-
- Paleozoic and Paleozoic uplifts within which productl.ve i.orizons were
moved under the surface of discontinuity by Precambrian eroaion.
It is most likely that lithologic non-anticlinal pools (of the type of
the Parfenovskiy pool at the Markovskiy deposit) will be found in the
basal horizons of the Vendian-Lower Cambrian terrigenous complex in
zones of pre-Paleozoic erosion. The primary nrospects should be asso- -
ciated with sectors of consedimentation submergences which are most -
_ favorable for the formation cf basal sandst:,ne pockets.
- FOOTNOTES
1. Antsiferov, A. S., "Oil and Gas in Lower Cambrian and Vendian Beds
and the Efficiency of Oil and Gas Prospecting in the Irkutsk
Amphitheater," SOVETSKAXA GEOLOGIYA 1974, No 11, pp 20-30.
2. Afanas'yev, S. A., "Some Characteristics of the Structure of the
Productive Horizon at the Yaraktinskiy Gas Condensate-Oil Deposit,"
"T~-udy SNIIGGIMSa," Novosibirsk, No 222, 1975, pp 33-35.
3. Tokin, V. V., Safonov, Ye I., Gubkin, M. P., et al., "The Upper
Vilyuchanskiy Gas Deposit," in "Poiski i Razvedka Neftyanykh i
Gazovykh Mestorzhdeniy v Xakutskoy ASSR" [Prospecting for and
Exploration of Oil and Gas Deposits in the Yakut ASSR], Yakutsk,
1976, pP 24-28.
4. Dragunov, 0. D., Sokolova, L. I., Tokin, V. V., et al., "The
Geological Structure and Oil and Gas Prospects of the Middle
Botuobinskiy Deposit," ibid,, pp 16-23.
5. Vasil'yev, V. G., Maksimov, S. P,, Mandel'baum, M. M., et al.,
"Type of Gas Condensate Pool at the Markovskiy Deposit,"
NEFTEGAZ. GEOL. I GEOFIZ. 1968, No 12, pp 3-5.
6. Zolotov, A. V., Tyshchenko, L. F., Samsonovy V. V., et al.,
"Description of the Type of the Osinskiy Horizon of the Markovskiy
Deposit in Connection with Industrial Evaluation of 011 and Gas
Prospects," NFFTEGAZ. (EOL. I GEOFIZ. 1968, No 11, pp 3-6. -
_ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", Geologiya nefti i ga2a, 1980
11,176
CS0:1822
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FI]ELS
UDC 556.3:553.984(571.53)
OIL, GAS BEARING SEDIMENTS OF SOUTHERN SIBERIAN PLATFORM
Moscow GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA in Russian No 1, Jan 80 pp 5-9
[Article by A. S. Antsiferov, VostSibNIGGIMS: "Gas and Chemical
Zonality of the Layer Waters of Oil and Gas Beds in the Southern
Part of the Siberian Platform"]
[Text] In the southern part of the Siberian platform, as is commonly
known, the Lower Cambrian and Precambrian beds contain oil and gas.
They are aubdivided into two hydrogeological units: the subsalt unit _
(Ushaicovskiy and Motskiy suites and the lower part of the Usol'sk
suite incluaively to the Osinskiy layer) and the salt-bearing unit
(the Usol'ak suite above the Osinskiy layer and all the overlying salt-
bearing Lower Cambrian beds to the Angara and Litvintsevskiy euites
in-clueively). In ooth units water-bearing complexes and productive
layer-reservoirs are identified, separated by confining strata of
rock salt, varieties of clay, dense dolomite-anhydrites, and other
rocks. -
The subsalt hydrogeological unit is most promising for oil and gas,
- and withiii it the best prospect is the Ushakovski}-Lower Motskiy
terrigenous hydrogeological complex (terrigenous beds lying directly
on the basement of the platform) where several oil-gas-water bearing
layers of sandstones and aleurolites have been identified (Parfenovskiy,
Botuobinskiy, Vilyuchanskiy, and others). N1ost of the oil and gas
deposita discovered there are a'Lso related to them (the Markovskiy,
Yaraktinskiy, Middle Botuobinskiy, Upper Vilyuchanskiy, Bratsk,
Shamanovskiy, and other deposits).
The hydrogeological characteristics c.f theae beds have not been
thoroughly studied on a regional scale yet, but available findings
already permit us to outline a fairly distinct zonality based on both
- s composition of water-dissolved gases and other hydrogeological
indexes.
,81
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rux urIlClAL U5E UNLY
~ There are basically three types of water-dissolved gases in the subsalt
terrigenous complex in the southern part of the platform [2]: methane
- (more than 75 percent hydrocarbons), nitrogen-methane (25-50 percent
nitrogen, more than 50 percent hydrocarbons), and nitrogen (more than
75 percent nitrogen). Owing to the small quantfty of "acidic" gases
(C02 + H2S) there are as yet no grounds to identify other types. High
content of other types is observed only in the waters of overlying
sulfate-carbonate rocka of.the UppP.r Motskiy-Osinskiy complex and *_he
salt-bearing hydrogeological unit.
'Thq zonality of the composition of water-dissolved gases in subsalt
- terrigenous beds of the Ushakovskiy-Lower Motskiy complex is shown in
Figure 1 below. A zone of gases that are primarily nitrogen type ex-
tends in a narrow strip along the margins of the platform (along its
boundary with the Sayan-Baikal folded mountain rizg), The level of
gas saturation of layer waters there is usually not greater than
30-50 cubic centimeters per liter and elasticity (saturation
pressure) is also low, no more than 1-2 megapascal. In well No 2 at
the Bol'sherazvodninskiy site, for example, the gas saturation of the -
water is 20 cubic centimeters per liter, and the dissolved gas con-
tains 90.02 percent nitrogen, 8.05 percent acid gases, and just one
percent methane. Eighty percent of the nitrogen comes from the air.
The zone of nitrogen-methane gases directly adjoins the zc�:Le of nitro-
gen gases and also stretches in a narrow band, generally following the _
contours of the edge of the platform. In addition, this zone cuts
deeply into the central part of the basin as a band along the articu-
lation of the Sayan-Yenisey and Tunguska syneclises with the Angara-
Lena bench and the Nepsko -Botuobinskiy anteclise. The gas saturation
of layer waters there reaches 200-700 cubic centimeters per liter with
a content of 50-70 percent methane, up to 10-12 percent heavy hydro- _
carbons, 25-47 percent nitrogen, and less than two percent acid -
gases. 1'he total partial elasticity of g2ses reaches eight and some-
times 10 megapascal or higher. The entire remaining (interior) part of
the basin is the zone of distribution of inethane gases (with the ex-
ception of the above-mentioned strip along the eastern boundary of
5ayan-Yenisey and Tunguska syneclises). -
It should be observed that a zane of inethane gases has been identified
- in the northwestern part of this region (in the Sayan-Yenisey and
Tunguska syneclises) primarily from general geological assumptions.
At the nresent time it has been confirmed by a small number of wells =
drilled at the Kumyumbinskiy deposit and at the Vanavara and certain -
other remote sites. In the central 'part of the Angara-Lena bench
- and eastern slopes of the Nepsko-Botuobinskiy ant_clise, however, the
zone of inethane gases has been mapped with certainty on the basis
of many boreholes from the Sayans to the Botubinskiy gas field inclu-
sively. The gas saturation of layer waters there exceeds 500-700 cubic
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Figure 1. Diagram of the Composition of Water-Dissolved Gases of
Terrigenous Beds of the Usha?ovskiy-Lower Motskiy Complex of the ,
Southern Siberian Platform.
a~
b~
c~
/z d
+ +e
~f
Key; Zones of Distribution of Gases: ~
(a) Methane Type (More than 75 Percent Hydrocarbon by Weight);
(b) Nitrogen-Methane (50-75 Percent Hydrocarbon, 25-50 Percent
N2;
(c) Nitrogen (LMore than 75 Percent N2) ;
(d) Deposits in Terrigenous Beds:
(1) Shamanovskiy;
(2) Bratsk;
(3) Group of Pools in Markovskiy Region;
(4) Yaraktinskiy and Ayanskiy;
(5) Upper Chona;
(6) Middle Botuobinskiy; (7) Upper Vilyuchanskiy;
(e) Top of Nepskiy Arch Where Terrigenous Beds are Lacking;
_ (f) Southern Boundary of Siberian Platform.
Note; Types of gases are indicated according to [2].
- centimeters per liter everywhere, and the dissolved gases are all , -
methane in composition (75-90 percent methane, 5-15 percent heavy
hydrocar'oons, 3-6 percent nitrogen, and less than one percent acid
gases). The elasticity of the gases generally exceecs10 megapascal.
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It is distinctive that the gas saturation and content of inethane and
heavy hydrocarbozs here increase consistently toward the center of the
Angara-Lena bench and the eastern slopes of the Nepsko-Botuobinskiy
anteclise, reaching a maximum near the oil and gas pools. For example,
at well No S near the edge of the Yaraktinskiy pool the gas saturation
of the water (brine) reaches 1,392 cubic centimeters per liter with a
gas elasticity of 26.5 megapascal, which is equal to layer pressure
- (that is, the gas saturation factor Pgae PWater � 1). In all the de-
posits identified here freL gases are of the methane type with a high
content of heavy hydrocarbons and gas condensate. A particulaxly high
level of gas condensate is recorded in regions of the Nepsko-
Botuobinskiy anteclise where many pools have industrially important
oil fringes (Yarakticiskiy Middle Botuobinskiy, and others).
This kind of gas zonality cannot be satisfactorily explained by tite
lithology of the encompassing terrigenous beds (their content here is
_ fairly constant), the depth of the productive horizons (whicti ranges
from 1,500 to 4,000 meters in the methane gas zone), the conditions of -
oil and gas formation, or the degree of inetamorphism of the dispersed
organic matter of the Ushakovskiy-Lower Motskiy oil and gas mother
rock because, accordtng to paleoreconstructions, they were never sub-
merged in the Nepskiy arch to the depths necessary for the principal
phase of gas formation. Moreover, in the Baikal and Sayan paleofore-
deeps where such paleodepths did occur in the path, methane gases are -
not recorded today; by contrast nitr.ogen-methane and nitrogen gases
_ are found there. Therefore, we link the modern zonality of water-
dissolved gases chiefly with the ancient and modern hydrodynamic con-
- ditions of the water-bearing complexes.
Paleohydrodynamic reconstructiona of the terrigertous complex ahow
that throughout all geological history from the Vendian until the
present day the central sectors of the Angara-Lena bench and the
Nepskiy and Mirninskiy arches of the Nepsko-Botuobinskiy anteclise
(that is, the territory of the modern methane gas zone) were stable
paleopiezominimums and served as large regional zones of discharge to
which waters carrying signif icant amounts of hydrocarbons gravitated.
For example., in the elision stage (to 5ilurian inclusively) sediment-
derived water squeezed out of the Baikal paleoforedeep moved toward
these discharge zones in the east and water from submerged sectors of
the Sayan-Yenisey and Tunguska syneclises did so in the west. In
the infiltration stage, which began to develop as the result of gen -
eral uplifting of the platform in the late Silurian and continues to
the present day, the territories with methane-type gases have also
been regional discharge zones and are characterized by minimum cal-
culated layer water pressures. The piezometric lines of the calcu-
lated levels with low absolute figures (4�100 meters in the southern
part of the amphitheater outline the central part of the Angara-
Lena bench; prESSUres are even lower in the Nepsko-Botuobinskiy ante-
clise and decrease regularly toward the northeast, reaching a minimum
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in the Botuobinskiy gas field. Maximum pressures are recorded on the
margins of the platform, where they reach 500-600 meters above sea-
level [11].
The movement of layer waters in subsaYt terrigenous beds today goes
from the basic recharge zones, which are located on the margins of the
platform and have nitrogen-type dissolved gases (these beds have come
out on the aurface or are fed by meteoric water along the dis,junctive
faulta of the marginal suture of the platform) to the interior sec-
tors of the basin where the gases are first nitrogen-methane and then
typical methane type. In add ition, a movement of water is also ob-
served from the tecConically weakened zone of articulation of the
Angara-Lenin bench and Nepsko-Botuobinskiy anteclise with the Sayan-
Yenisey and Tunguska syneclises. At this point there is a"sup-
plementary feeding" of the terrigenous complex within the platform
by diluted (freshened) brines leached from overlying salt-bearing
strata. The gases here are nitrogen-methane typP, in a general set-
ting of inethane gases.
The zonality of mineralization and composition of layer waters (see
- Figure 2 below) is basically analogous to the gas zonality and also
reflecta the modern hydrodynamic regime of the terrigenous beds; the
lines of equal mineralization follow the contours of the piezo-
metric lines of calculated pressures almost in detail. As one moves
further from the primary recharge zone (from the margins of the plat-
form) the tota1 mineralization of layer waters increases quickly from
fresh and subsaline to chloride sodic leached brines with mineraliza-
tion of up to 300 grams per liter. The entire interior part of the
; basin, with the exception of the zone of supplementary recharge on
the boundary with the Sayan-Yenissey and Tunguska syneclises, is
_ characterized by strongly mineralized chloride calcium and mag-
nesium- calcium brine with mineralization of greater thPn 300 grams
per liter, and in the central part of the Angara-Lena bench, the
eastern slopes of the Nepsko-Botuobinskiy anticlise, and on the sides
of the syneclises (that is in the methane gas zone) mineralization ex-
ceeds 400 grams per liter.
ThereforeT Che gas zonality and geochemical zonality of the layer
waters of the subsalt terrigenous complex have a similar pattern of
occurrence here (regular alternation of zones from the margin of the
platform to the interior of the basin) and they are both primarily the
result of the hydrodynamic situation. The zones of maximum gas satur-
ation with methane-type dissolved gases coincide with the zones of
chloride calcium brines of maximum mineralization and metamorphism
(highly complicated water exchange regime, close to stagnant); the
zones of nitrogen-methane gases coincide with the zones of strong
chloride calcium and sodium-calcium brines with a lower degree of
metamorphism (difficult water exchange regime); finally, the zones of
nitrogen gases are confined to zones of fresh water and weak chloride
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DVi%. V~1'1~.1t~L UJP. V1VL1
Figure 2. Diagram of Mineralization and Salt Content of Layer Waters
of Terrigenous Beds of Ushakovskiy-Lower Motskiy Complex of Southern
Siberian Platform.
8
r
b
C
ELH (__j d
Q~] ~e
ke
- Key: Zones of Development:
, (a) Strongly Metamoxphised Brines of Chloride Calcium and
Magneaium-Calci-im Composition with Mineralization of
Greater then 400 Grams per Liter; _
(b) Same with Mineralization of 300-400 Grame per Liter;
(c) Metamorphised Brines o� Chloride Sodium-Calcium Compo-
_ sit ions and Strong Leached Brines of Sodic Composition
with Mineralization of 100-300 Grams per Liter;
(d) Weak Leached Brines of Chloride Sodic Composition with
Mineralization of Less than 100 Grams per Liter and -
_ Saline and Fresh Waters;
(e) Lines of Equal Mineralizat ion, Grams per Liter;
(f) Direction of Movement of Layer Waters. -
- Note: Remaining symbols explained in Figure 1. `
sodic leached brines, that is, to zones of infiltration and vigorous
_ water exchange.
It is of practical interest that oil-gas pools have been identified in
subsalt terrigenous beds in the southern part of the platfoxin or.ly in
the zone of inethane-type gases, which stretchea from the approaches to
_ the Sawans to the Botuobinskiy gas region. This zone haa favorable
conditions not only for the formation of pools (atab].e
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- paleopiezominimums were located there in the past), but also for their
preservation. Minimum calculated pressures (compared to surrounding
areas) are recorded in this zone and the regime of water exchange is
highly retarded, close to stagnant. According to calculations, the rate
of movement of tfle brine is measured in tenths and hundredths of a
cent imeter a year. Mineralization of the brines is close to the maxi-
mum poesible, reaching 400-450 grams per liter. They have a chloride
calcium and calcium-magnesium composition (chlorides of calcium and
magnesium reach a total of 80-90 percent equivalent and more), and
the degree of inetamorphiam is also maximal (Na/C1 < 0.4, dropping to
0.2-0.04). The brines contain a great deal of bromine (C1/Br < 509
decreasing to 40-35) and few sulfates (the coefficient 100 r SO /
C1 < 0.08. Brines containing no sulfate also occur. It is clear
from this that the zone of methane gases stretching across the central
part of the Angara-Lena bench and eastern half of the Nepako-
Botuobinskiy anticlise (from the Sayan foothills tG the Botuobinskiy
= gas region inclusively) should be viewed as the most promising terri-
tory to search for new oil and gas pools in the southern part of the
Siberian platform (see Figure 1 above). The slopes of the Sayan-
Yenisey and Tunguska syneclises are also very promising, but the
terrigenous deposits of the Motskiy and Ushakovskiy suites (and
their analogs) lie at great depth there (more than 4,000 meters).
In conclusion it should be observed that the regional patterns of
gas and chemical zonality of layer waters in the eubsalt texrigenous
complex that have been presented are basically repeated in the over-
lying upper Motskiy-Osinskiy hydrogeological complex, where the
Preobrazhenskiy, Osinskiy, and other layers of carbonate rocks are
productive (interstice-joint and cavern types of reservoirs). The
- only differencea are that the zone of inethane gases in the Upper
Motskiy-Oainakiy complex is broader in area, the dissolved and free
gases usually contain hydrogen sulfide a.nd carbon dioxide, and the
mineralization of the brines is even higher, reaching 500-600 grams
per liter. The regional paleohydrogeological patterns in them also
- coincide in large part because the development of the basin followed
a plan inherited from the Vendian. Therefore, the chief ;onclusions
on patterns of gas and hydrochemical zonality of layer waters and
the high promiae of the petroleum and gas zone of inethane gases
which were reached for the terrigenous Uahakovskiy-Upper Motskiy
- complex may also be applied to the Upper MotskiyrOsinskiy complex
adjacent to it. This complex is especially promising at the peaks
of the Nepskiy, Mirninskiy, and ather large arched uplifts where
terrigenous beds are absent or greatly reduced in thickness, while
the carbonate rocks of the Upper Motskiy subsuite and Osinskiy layer
- have greater jointing, which increases permeability and the ca-
pacity of a,jointed reservoir. Moreover, at the peaks of these
uplifts rock salt beds between the Osinskiy and the roof of the
Morskiy suite decrease abruptly in thickness, and in thQ Mirninskiy
arch they are completely gone from the crosa-aection. This
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promoted vertiical migration of hydrocarbons and their accumulation in
the Osinskiv horizon, which is in this case a convenient reservoir re-
gionally overlapped by a thick stratum of salt beds of the Usol'sk,
Bel'skiy, and other overlying suites of the Lower Cambrian. Oil and
gas pools in carbanatc layers of the Ugper Motekiy-Osinakiy complex
have already been discovered at the Middle Botubbinskiy,
- Preobrazhneskiy, Markovskiy, Atovakiy, and several other sites; all of
them are located within the methane gas zone.
These patterns of hydrogeolotical, gas, and chemical zonality of layPr
waters are important for predicting oi1 and gas proapecta in the par-
- ticular region, and for this reaaon they need continued study in greater
_ ~aetail.
~
- FOOTNOTES
_ 1. Pavlenko, V. V., Obukhov, V. F., Bronnikov, et al.,
"Gidrogeologicheskiye Pokazateli Neftegazonoanosti Dokembriyskikh
,.O~lozheniy Irkntskogo Ne`ftegazonoanogo Basseyna" [Hydrogeologic
Indicators of,0i1 and Gas Proapects of Precambrian Beds in the
'Irkutsk Oil and Gas ltegion], Moscow, ldedra, 1978.
2. Zor'kin,,.L.M., "Geokhimiya Gazov Plastovykh'Vod Neftegazonosnykh
Basseynov" [Geochemistry of the Gases of Layer Waters in Oil and
Gas-Basins], Moscov, Nedra, 1973.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", Geologiya nefti i gaza, 1980
11,176
- CS0:1822
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FUE LS
UDC 553.98.041:550.812(-925.22-11)
PETROLEUM PROSPECTS OF CASPIAN DEPRESSION
Mo scow GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA in Rusaian No 12, Dec 79 pp 1-7
- [Article by Z. Ye. Bulekbayev, Yu. A. Ivanov, V. P. Smetanina, B. S.
Zasybayev and L. P. Traynin]
[Text] A great deal of exploratory prospecting has been concentrated in
the eastern part of the Caspian depression. The success of this work
depends in large measure on proper choice of the most promising sites.
In this territory, regions with established industrial oil and gas show
of subsalt deposits are confined to extensive ridges of the substructure:
the Yenbek (Temir) and Zharkamya ridges. Within the limits of their tips
the surface of the substructure lies at depths of 7-7.5 km; on the -8 km
isahypse the dimensions of the ridges are 225 x 75 and 180 x 60 km with
~ amplitudes of more than 1.5 km.
Corresponding to the ridges of the substructure in the lower strata of
the subsalt complex (with respect to reflecting stratum P3) are extensive
upheavals (Fig. 1). It is assumed that the structure of stratum P3 is
characterized by Devonian formations that have not yer_ been tapped by
boreholea. Judging from the values af formational velocities (vg s 4500
m/s according to data of the coumon depth point method), terrigenous
rocks lie below the P3 stratum. Their thickness varies from 1500-2000 m
on submerged ridgea to 500-1000 m in crestal sections.
Or_ the eastern slope of the Zbarkamys ridge, against a background of
regional submersions to the east from 7200-8000 m, and toward the
so uthwest from 6600 to 8400 m, we find the Tobusken arch extending from
north to south to a distance of more than 70 km. The axial part of the
- arch is complicate:d by the Tobusken, Tortkol' and other upheavals.
The relief of the Yenbek upheaval is
which is identified with th e roof of
formations (on the -5 km isohypae its
amplitude of more than 1000 m). The
shown best by reflecting stratum Pz,
the Upper Carboniferous carbonate
dimensions are 75 x 25 km with an
central section of the upheaval is
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Fig. 1. Structural map of ttie surface of
the substruct+lre of the Yenbek-Zharkamys
region: a--isohypses of the surface of the
substructure, km; 6--isohypses for stratum
P3; e--Tobusken arch; 2--local subsalt up-
heavals; d--tectonic disturbances; e--
Uraltau zone; E--Yenbek ridge; Xf--Zharkamys
ridge; i{--Kzyldzhar ridge
bounded c a west by the zone of loss of
correlati, of stratum P2. To the east,
stratum P2 sinks toward the Ostansuk down-
warp to a depth of 6 km. A number of Iocal
structures show up on stratum P2 within the
- limits of the upheaval: Alckum, Akkuduk,
Baktygarin and others., These upheavals can
be traced from the roof (stratum P1) to the
. lowest beds of the subsalt complex (stratum
_ p3), Ths depth of occurrence of the surface
= of carbonates within the limits of local up-
heavals is 4.3-4.8 km, and the roof of the
~ subsalt formations occurs at 3.5-4.4 km.

EEa =6 MQ
me I ti '
v I
'1'he Zharkamys ridge has a more comp icate d, ' 0�
structure with respect to Carboniferous for-
mations. The carbonate formations in the
subsalc c.ross section occur only in the
~ eastern part the Tortkol'-Zhanazhol' o
zone. Reflecting stratum P2 is associated fla 1 M
with the surface of carbonates in ttie north
part. This stratum delineates a large arch
,
structure that joins the Zhanazhol', Priem- ~
ben and Kungur upheavals (on the -3 km iso-
hypse its dimensions are 17 x 5 km with am-
plitude up to 400 m). Further south on
stratum Pi, which is apparently�likewise
confined to the surface of carbonates, we find the Sinel'kovskaya,
Chudovskaya and other structures; the roof of the Upper Carboniferous
carbonate formations here occurs at depths of 2800-2900 m. Further to
the south, on the fields of Tuskum, Vostochnaya, Dal'nyaya, Tortkol'
- and Tobusken the nature of the surface of occurrence of carbonates is
not clear. To judge from drilling data, it coincides with stratum P1
on the East Tortkol' field.
The structure ot thE lower part of the carbonate complex in the Tortkol'-
Zhanazhol' zone is characterized by i.he conditions of occsrrence of
- stratum P2 (in well No 1 at East Tortkol' the underside of the carbonates
. is situated on an absolute cont',:ol ~oint depth of -3200 m, while the
vertical control point of stratum P2 is at -2400 m). This stratum shows
a monoclinal fold that sinks toward the west and is bounded on the east
by a tectanic disturbance.
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In the western part of the Zharkamys ridge, according to data of seiscnic
prospecting and drilling of North Kindysay well No 2, the Upper Carbo-
niferous carbonate deposits are replaced by terrigenous formations.
' The conditions of occurrence of these formations are characterized here
by stratum PZ. From this stratum, at a depth of 5-5.6 km, we find the
K,ozdysay-Karatyube terrace, complicated by local structures. Within the
limita of this terrace, the thickness of the formations between strata
P1 and P2 indicates a large arch extertding more than 100 km. Local up-
heavals of Akzhar, Kursay and others are confined to the west end of
thia arch.
T_he Yenbek and Zharkamys ridges of the substructure do not show up on
the surface of the subsalt complex (stratum P1): the subsalt b ed under-
goes monoclinal submersion from east to west, and is complicated by
structural terraces and local folds. The lack of correspondence of the
structural plans on the roof of subsalt formations to lower-lying strata
does not extend to local structures. Stratum P1 shows these local struc-
tures as chains; on deeper levels (Carboniferous and Devonian) they also
correspond to local upheavals with dimensions and amplitud.es that in-
crease with depth. On the described territory a total of about fifty
local upheavals have been discovered, represented by brachyanticlinal
structures with dimensians of 5-15 x 2-7 km with amplitudes usually of
100-200 m, and less frequently up to 300 m.
The nature of thickness variation of t:e Paleozoic complex as shown by
seismic data (,between strata F-P3, P3-P2, P3-P2+ as well as dri].ling -
results in the Kenkiyak and Aransay fields, which establish precipita-
tion from [he cross section of formations of the Upper and most of the
' Middle Carboniferous, give evidence of ancient origins, no more recent
r than the Devonian, and of an inherited development of the Yenbek and
'Lharkamys upheavals at least predating the Early Permian Epoch.
At the present time, at least two complexes with oil and gas show have
been found in the cross section of subsalt formations of the Yenbek- ~
Zharkamys zone: terrigenous Lower Permian and carbonate Upper Carbo- -
niferous. _
- Terrigenous Asselarian-Artinskian rocks 600-1200 m thick are made up of
argillites, aleurolites and sandstones with seams of gritstones and
- conglomerates. The LMolasse nature of the stratum is responsible for its
considerable facies variabilit,,, due to the occurrence of debris cones of '
coarsely fragmented material in the eastern part of the territory. To
the west, the Asselarian-Artinskian formations acquire a predominantly
argillaceous cumpositiun with inclusion of sandstone-aleurolite members.
The Kenkiyak, Bozoba and Karatyube petroleum deposits show up in the
~ower Permian terrigenous complex. The first two are situated in the
southern part of the Yenbek ridge. The productive strata of these de-
posits are characterized by comparatively low collector propertiea and
are not spatially extensive, which in combination with anomalously high
formational pressure makes it difficult to bring them under exploitation. _
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The carbonate Upper Carboniferous formations in the eastern part of the
, Caspian depre7sion are limited in extent. The western boundary of de-
- velopment of carbonate deposits is reliably indicated by seismic pros-
pecting based on the correlational method of wave refraction and the
common depth point nethod on the Yenbek upheaval, where it is associated
with a regianal zone of loss of correlation of reflecting stratum P2,
passing along the meridian of Kenkiyak-Yenbek strsctures, and with loss
- of signal from high-velocity refracting stratum dQc. To tne north, the
region of development of carbonates can be traced to the latitude of the
North Akkuduk structure. It stretches to the south along the eastern
slope of the Zharkamys ridge of the substructure west uf the Zhanazhol,
Tuskum and Tobusken structures, and extends to the South Emben upheaval,
where carbonates have been tapped on the fields of Sarykum (wells 1 and 2)
and Turesay (well vo 3).
The carbonate Upper'Carboniferaus stratum is tapped by isolated wells at
the present time. Occurring in the Zhanazhol fields (wells No 1, 5, 5)
under terrigenous Asselarian-Sakmarian rocks 350-550 m thick are a
sulfate-carbonate member of the Upper Carboniferous (130-240 m), carbo-
nates of the Middle Carboniferous (Upper Moscovian substage, 294 m),
which are complPtely traversed by well No 5 in the interval of 3119-3508
meters. The carbonate stratum is represented by biochemogenic varieties
of limestones made up of chemogenic calcite (50-85%) and organogeaic
residues (Bryozoa, Ostracoda, brachiopods and so on, 25%). Another cross
section has been tapped on the East Tortkol' field: directly under the
Kungurian Stage of t:te Lower Permian are rocks of the carbonate Middle
Carboniferous 421 m thick, and lower still are limestones of the Visean
Stage (748 m) with underlying terrigenous, chiefly argillaceous, for-
mations of the Lower Visean with a tapped thickness of 690 m. Within
the limits of the Yenbek arch, only the upper part of the carbonate
stratum has been tapped, with Bashkirian formations occurring in the
roof. Upper Bashkirian (Cheremshanian) have been brought up in well No 1
of the Aransay field in the interval of 4832-4868 m. Occurring beneath
th e Lower Permian rocks in Kenkiyak well No 89 are Lower Bashkirian
(Krasnopolianian) and Lower Carboniferous limestones with a tapped
thickness of 134 m, organogenic-detrital, sometimes with a brecciated
structure. To the east of the Yenbek upheaval in Alibekmola well No 13,
a terrigenous-carbonate cross section of Middle and Upper Carboniferous
formations has been tapped, represented by alternation of limestone and
sandstone-argillaceous members more than 1000 m thick.
1'hus the thickness and stratigraphic volume of tile carbonate complex
varies considerably over the area.
In the west section of the Yenbek ridge and the axial part of the 7.har-
kamys ridge, i. e. in the zone where carbonate strata are replaced with
terrigenous formations, apparently characterized by comparatively deep- _
sea conditions of sedimentation, we can expect the development of facies
that have a reef origin. The convergence of cophasal axes on the epochal
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, croas sections on certain stratigraphic levels shows the possibility of
structures of reef origin in iocal upheavals of the carbonate shelf of
the Tortkol'-Zhar.azhol region. Individual profiles plotted on the South
Tuskum structure show a"seismic wedge" between strata Pi and P2, which
_ is one of the indications of the possib ility of a structure of reef
origin here.
- The oil and gas show of the Carboniferous carbonate complex has been
proved: on the Zhanazhol field an openface check of limestones of the
Moscovian Stage in well No 4(interval of 2767-2894 m) gave an inflow of
- petroleum and gas (with a 13.5 mm pipe the daily yield reached 215.2
cu, m of petroleum and 176,140 cu. m of gas at a formational pressure of
29.1 MPa). The petroleum had a density of 0.817 g/cc, paraffin-.free,
sulfur content 1.03%. Gas composition, CH4--83, heavy hydrocarbons--
- 9.5, N2--2.2, C02---0.62 aizd H2S--1.28. In Zhanazhol weil No 5 'Ln a cneck
by a stratum analyzer during drilling, petroleum flows with dissolved
gas were obtained from carbonates of the Upper Carboniferous (2790-2819 m
with yield of 280 cu. m/day) and from rocks of the Middle Carboniferous
(2819-2842 m, 300 cu. m/day and 2848-2901 m, 277 cu. m/day). According
to data of wells No 4 and 5 this is apparently a massive planktonic for-
mation. The effective thickness of the productive stratum is 132 m, and
- the collector is cavernous-porous limestone with effective porosity of
up to 12% according to preliminary data. Further to the south, on the
East Tortkol' fields (well No 1), signs of petroleum and gas have been
fosnd in llmestones of the Middle and Lower CarboniferQUS (the well has
not been assayed). Petroleum and gas shows have been noted in other wells
that tap formations of the carbonate complex (Alibekmola 13, Kenkivak 89,
Aransay 1). Thus the carbonate for.mations of the Carboniferous in the
eastern part of the Caspian depression c;nnstitute a new area for explora-
tory prospecting.
If consideration is taken of the quite probable pre-Permian erosion, the
_ upper part of the carbonate complex may be of great interest; under the
predominantly argillaceous Lower Permian cover the carbonate collectors
may contain hydrocarbon traps.
The data given here on the geological structure and on the petroleum and
gas show of the Yenbek and Zharkamys ridges of the substructure show that
there is agood outlook for zones of petroleum and gas accumulation asso-
ciated with these structures. Within their limits are four oil and gas
- bearing r.egions: I--Tortkol'-Zhanazhol; II--Kenkiyak-Akkuduk; III--
Kozdysay-Karatyube-Karaoba; IV--Ostansuk (Fig. 2).
The necessity for immediate acquisition of the Tortkol'-Zhanazhol region
is dictated by the development there of a carbonate Carboniferous stratum
up to 1200 m thick with proved industrial petroleum and gas show occuring
_ at depths of 2100-2800 m, and by confinement of the region to the eastern -
part of the extensive Zharkamys anticline, complicated here by the large
ToUusken arch structure on the lower strata of the sheath (stratum P9.
~ -
- 93
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~y' !
o7 !l ~ 1
f
59, I ~ .
.6~ ~ � W. .A
1 `;'~i/4 ` b, � 1~~'
p)y 20
22 % ~2l
IN i ~ 7 -
~ ~ y~
\
fo)924
25pes
? 366?B.~ ~
0
0
p~0 tl/ ry 6 Du
3
yQ /
C2fo
~a ~d QM
Fig. 2. Map of the petroleum geology
zoning of the Yenbek-Zharkamys region
of petroleum and gas accumulation:
Isohypses: a--of the surface of sub-
salt formations (stratum P1); 6--
roof of the carbonate Carboniferous
(stratum P2); e--of stratum P2 in the
terrigenous Carboniferous; 2--line of
:~.;the loss of correlation of reflecting
strata; d--tectonic disturbances; e--
local subsalt upheavals; x--recom-
mended-garametric holes; 3--areas
recomnended for exploratory drilling;
u--recommended regional'profiles of
the common depth point method; x--
regions with different degrees of
promise: I--Tortkol'-Zhanazhol; II--
Kenkiyak-Akkuduk; III--Kozdysaq-
Karatyube-Karaoba; IV--Ostansuk;
n--deep holes that have been drilled;
.m--proposed western boundary of the
occurrence of carbonate formations
within the limits of the Zharkamys
ridge. Structures: 1--Zharyk; 2--
Dzhurun; 3--Baydzharyk; 4--North
Ostansuk; S--Subarkuduk; 6--Akkuduk;
7--Baktygaryn; 8--Akkum; 9--Aransay;
10--Lakkaragan; 11--Ostansuk; 12--
Taldyshoki; 13--Krqkkuduk; 14--Kara-
ulkel'dy; 15--Itasay; 16--Kenkiyak;
17--North Urikhtau; 18--South Motuk;
19--Kozdysay; 20--Zhanazhol; 21--
Sinel'nikovskaya; 22--Tasshiy; 23--
Akzhar; 24--Kursay; 25--Karatyube;
26--North Kindysay; 28--Tuskum; 29--
South Tuskum; 30--Dal'nyaya; 31--East
Tobusken; 32--Tortkol'; 33--East Tort-
kol'; 34--Chirkala; 35--Teleumbet;
36--Ayshuak; 37--Shotykol'; 38--
Borzher; 39--Kuyantakyr; 40--A1'murat-
konyr; 41--Taskabak; 42--Karat�e
According to the results of assaying of the wells, the carbonate collec-
tors are characterized by rather high capacitive and filtration propex-
ties. Within the limits of the territory, 17 local continuous rises
have been established, including the Zhanazhol, Kungur and Priemba rises,
which may form a single positive str~zcture measuritLg 17 x 5 km with an
amplitude of 400 m(according to the -3 km isohypse). In the eastern
part of the territory adjacent to the Ashchisay regional break we can
94
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- expect extensive development of non-anticlinal traps, while in the west,
= on the section of facies transition of carbonates to terrigenous varie-
ties, we can predict the occurrence of traps of reef origin. In places
on this territory the Lower Permian terrigenous formations may have a
- coarsely fragmented composition with favorable collector properties.
~ The terrigenous rocks of the Lower Carboniferous-Devonian, as pointed
out above, are characterized by favorable structural conditions. TF.e
roof of the terrigenous Lower Carboniferous-Devonian camplex occurs at a
� fairly shallow depth (3100-3300 m). Within the liinits of the territory
a salt-bearing cover extends everywhere, and on most of the region it is
Lower Permian argillaceous. Thus the outlook for oil and gas show on
this territory is associated not only with c~.rbonate formations, but
also with terrigenous Lower Permian and Lower Carboniferous-Devonian
formations.
The outlook for oil and gas show of the Kenkiyak-Akkuduk region is de-
termined by the discovery of the Kendiyak and Bozoba deposits in Lower
_ Permian rocks, and by the occurrence on this territory of a carbonate
complex with proved oil and gas show (Kenkiyak well No 107 and Aransay
- well No 1) at a depth that is accessible for drilling (4.5-4.7 km). This
region is situated within the limits of the large (75 x 25 km) high-
- amplitude (more than 1000 m) arch-like Yenbek upheaval over the roof of
carbonate formations. Despite inadequate seismic studies, 12 local
upheavals have been found within its limits, their dimensions and ampli-
tude increasing with depth. In the submerged parts of the Yenbek rise
we can expect the development of non-anticlinal traps, while traps of
reef origins can be expected on the west slope.
- In the Kozdysay-Karatyube-Karaoba region the industrial oil and gas show
af the Lower Permian complex has been proved by the discovery of the
Karatyube deposit. However, the prospects for oil and gas show of this
- region are decreasing in connection with deterioration of collector prop- -
erties and the deeper occurrence (down to 4100 m) of Lower Per:oian pro-
ductive strata. The carbonate formations of the Carboniferaus within
this territory, judging from seismic data, are replaced by terrigenous
formations in which we cannot expect satisfactory collectors. In this
- territory, 19 local upheavals have been discovered, most of which have
- been made ready for deep drilling.
The Ostansuk petroleum and gas region is characterized by shallow oc- _
currence (2.2-3.5 km) of Lower Permian terrigenous formations. The
petroleum and gas shows d,d considerable thicknesses of these rocks _
(about 1200 m) have been established by drilling of Ostansuk well No 38.
_ On the roof of the subsalt bed here, eight anticlinal upheavals have been
found with dimensions of up to 10-15 x 1.5-2.5 km. The western, most ex- -
tensively studied chain of structures consists of the Taldyshoki, Ostan-
suk and other folds; the Dzhurun, Zhar3k and other upheavals show up in
- the eastern part. The border zones of the dowrnaarp are promising for
- finding non-anticlinal traps. The occurrence of a Carboniferous carbo- -
- nate complex has been established here at a depth of 4.8-5.2 km.
95
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Future exploratory prospecting for petroleum and gas in the eastern part
of the Caspian depression should be aimed primarily at the most rapid
acquiaition of the carbonate Carboniferous formation. In the coming years
research and proapecting work will be concentrated in the Tortkol'-
Zhanazhol region and will be aimed at acquisition of productive carbo-
- nate formations and further investigatifln of terrigenous Lower Permian,
Lower'Carboniferous and Devonian complexes. During the 11-th Five-Year
Plan it is advisable to continue exploartory prospecting in the central
part of the territory as well on structures of Tuskum, South Tuskum,
Dal'nyaya, Vostochnaya and so on. The depths of exploratory wells intc
the carbonate Cazooniferous and Lower Permian "errigenous complexes do
- not exceed 3.5-4 km. Glells up to 5.5 km deep will be needed in studying
ttie Lower Carboniferous-Devonian complex.
The task of seismic studies and exploratory drilling is investigation of
_ the'eastern part of this re&ion for the purpose of finding tectonically
- shielded and non-anticlinal traps. The common depth point method should
- be used to study the southern continuation of the Tortkol'-Zhanazhol zone
_ of development of carbonates from the Karate structiire to Sarykum. On
the western part of the region it is recomanended that an investigation be
- made of the details of facies replacement of carbonate by terrigenous
formations in order to find bodi2s of reef origin.
In the Kenkiyak-Akkuduk territory confined to the Yenbek upheaval, the
acquisition of the Lower Permian complex on the K_enkiyak and Bozoba
deposits is tied up to a great- extent with resolution of the techno-
logical problems of well drivage and assaying. Here it is recommended
that drilling be continued on the Bactygaryn and Aransay fields, and that
the South Mortuk and North Urikhtau structures be brought under drilling
for the purpose of further investigation of the Lower Permian terrigenous
complex, and evaluation of the outlook for ail and gas show of the carbo- nate Carboniferous complex. Drilling to the Lower Permian complex will
require a well depth of up to 4.5 icm, while the depth to the carbonate
complex will be up to 5.5 km. Seismic studies should be done to get a
better idea of the structure of the crestal part and the periclinal zones -
of the YenbeY.: Paleozoic upheaval, the details of local structures, and
- the occurrence of the carbonste complex toward the north. _
- In the next most promising region of Kozdysay-Karatyube-Karaoba, Pxplora-
tory drilling of the structures of Shotykol' and Tereshkovskaya will ,
give a final evaluation of the Lower Permian and Carboni'Lerous terrige- .
nous complexes, and in case of positive results the drilling will be cor- -
tinued on the upheavals of Ayshuak, Kursay, Ciairkala, Karaoba and else-
where. ThP wells in this territory are 5-5.5 km deep. The goal of ?eo- _
physical research is to f ind the details of local upheavals and to study
the western and southern submersionG of the Sharkamys arch. `
In the Ostansuk region it is suggested that seismic research be done in
the 10-th and 11-th Five-Year-P13tn- to find and study local upheavals,
96
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- and that individual parametric wells be sunk to the Lower Permian ter-
rigenous complex (depth 3-4 km) and to the Carboniferous carbonate com-
plex (depth 5.5 k.m).
- The main volume of regi.onal work in the next 6-7 years should be concen-
~ trated within the limits of the Yenbek and Zharkamys zones of petroleum
and gas accumulation, chiefly to study the pre-Permian complex. Explora-
tory drilling will mainly cover depths tG 5 lan, and therefore the depth
of parametric drilling should be increased to 5.5-6.5 km. It is recom-
mended that parametric wells each 5.5 km deep be located on the fields of
Ak!:uduk, Sinel'nikovakaya, Tasshiy, Taskabak, East Tobusken and North
Ostanauk, in the crestal section and the sunken sections of the Yenbek
and Zharkamys ridges. In new territories on large subsalt upheavals in
the 11-th Five-Year Plan, drilling can be recommended on wells confiriaed
by regional studies in Kolandy and Karaulkel'dy, and also in Itaaay (the
depths of these wells to be 6-6.5 icw). Regional seismic studies should
resolve the question of the structure of the Yenbek-Zharkamys zone with
respect to intra-subsalt strata, and the posit:ton of this zone in the
_ general tectonic structure of the eastern border of the Caspian depres-
sion.
- Implementation of the proposed measures will improve the efficacy of _
exploratory prospecting for petroleum and gas in the eastern part of the
Caspian depression, and will help to meet the quotas of the 10-th and
11-th Five-Year Plans for increasing the rEServes of petroleum and gas.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", Geologiya nefti i gaza, 1979
6610
CSO: 1822
r
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~
FUELS
UDC 553.98.550.812(-925.22-14)
OIL AND GAS PROSPECTING IN KALMYK ASSR, ASTRAKHAN
Moscow GEOLOGIYA NEFTI i GAZA in Russian No 12, Dec 79 pp 7-13
[Article by A. V. Qvcharenko, N. V. Mizinov, A. Ya. Mordovin, D. L.
Fedorov and 0. G. Brazhnikov]
[Text] Exploratory prosFecting for petroleum and gas Yeas been going on
in the Kalmyk territory and Astrakhanian Povolzh'ye for a long time. In
the late fifties and early sixties several gas and oil deposits were dis-
covered with small and moderate reserves, now being used for gas supply
' to Elista and Astrakhan'.
Durirg the Ninth Five-Year Plan, after shifting the main volumes of geo-
logical prospecting from the southern slope of the Karpinsk ledge to the
southwestern regions of the Caspian depression, there was a considerable
improvement in the efficacy of the research being done, and the first gas
flows were obtained from subsalt formations on the Astrakhan' deposit.
- The high prospects of the Kalmyk territory and Astrakhanian Povo].zh'ye
have been scientifically substantiated in some detail jRef. 1-3]. This
region includes the southwestern part of the Caspian depression and the
_ Karpinsk ridge (Fig. 1). The principal direction for exploratory pros-
pecting was chosen on the basis of an assumed close relation between
tectonic forms favorable for petroleum and gas accumulation and possibly
productive complexes.
In the Caspian depression, the main areas for petroleum and aas searches
are subsalt formations, secundary areas are supersalt formations, and _
also Mesozoic formations (within the limits of the Karpinsk ledge).
The primary objects that have been set apart on the Caspian depression are
the Astrakhan anticline, the Karakul' arch and sub$alt structures of the
Karasal' monoclinal fold with average depths of occurrence of the princi- _
pal, possibly productive complex of 4, 2 and 5 km respectively. Of
these, the most accessible for study were areas of the Karakul' arch:
Sukhotinskaya, Vysokovskaya, Dzhakulevskaya and others (Fig. 2).
98
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Fig. 1. Tectonic di3gram of Kalmyk
ASSR and Astrakhanian Povolzh'ye:
ne a--boundaries of teconic elementa;
a 6--deep-drilling fielda (numbera in
C
Ito circles): 1--Sukhotinskaya; 2--
_ 'p,~y AlekseyPvakaya; 3--Karakul'skaya;
4--Vysokovskaya; S--Dzhakulevskaya;
a 6--Astrakhanskaya; 7--Krasno-Khuduk;
7--Umantsevskaya; 9--East Abganer-
. ovakaya; 10--Stepnovskaya (Karasal');
k,~~ ~ 14 r~ 11--Linstinskaya; 12--Stepnovakaya
6 (Astrakhan'); 13--Pionerskaya; 14--
6 Zavolzhskaya; 15--Aksaray; 16--Volozh-
kovskaya; 17--Shiryayevskaya; e--
ns
~r,y g4.c profiles; 2--projected regional geo-
~ c+oe~' physical profiles; d--deep-drilling
wells; e--region of erosion of Paleo- _
zoic carbonate formations. f16--
E~ a ~6Qa Oz a Qe Caspian depression; ICK--Karpinsk
ledgei f16--Promys?ovskiy Block; BA--
Voronezhskaya anticlise; ICM--Karasal' monoclinal fold; Cfl--Sarpinskiy _
dowrnaarp; COC--Saygachinsko-Obil'nenskaya anticline; AC--Astrakhan' anti-
cline; KC3A--Karakul'sko-Smushkovskaya dislocation zone; 66--Buzginskiy
Block; P6--Remontnenskiy Block; ICMrI--Kumo-Manychskiy downwarp; ,qC--
Divenskaya anticline; n311--Prikumskaya zone of upheavals
Paleontologfcally characterized rocks of the Upper Carborziferous have
been tapped by Vysokovskaya well No 4 and Sukhotinskaya well No 4. The
Karakul' arch is revealed by seismic prospecting from a reflecting
atratum confined to the roof of Artinskian formationa. Despite con- -
siderable discrepancies (200-300 m) in the depths of occurrence of strati- -
graphic levels and their correspanding reference boundaries, the struc-
ture can be assumed to have been proved by deep drilling since the ampli-
tude of the arch patently exceeds these discrepancies, ranging from 800
to 1500 m.
Signs of petroleum and gas show have been detected in only three of the
_ eighteen wells sunk within the confines of the arch. In Vysokovskaya
wells No 1 and 2 the petroleum yield was from 43 to 240 liters per day,
and in Karakul' well No 5 in fissured blanket anhydrites of the Kungurian
Era a brief influx of hot gas was observed from a amall trap with anomal-
ously high formational pressure.
The main reason for the negative results of prospecting on the Karakul' `
arch is the absence of collectors in subsalt Lower Permian-Upper Car-
boniferous formations. A monotonic stratum of unsorted terrigenous rocks
of an Artinskian Molasse occurs extensively throughout the structure,
which is a considerable detriment to the outlook for further petroleum and
gas searches in this territory. Individual loops of better differentiated
99
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C3CYXOTHNRAII AALKCEBEOCKAII K ~AKYA CIfAA /wCOkOELKAA (MAI(YEYG AF AHC~fI
w
 i ~ OS 91 1  a Q
0 Q.~ G��
i
31
-J s� r~~ ._r. ~ F
r.X r,,-. ~ illOll- -S 1'7,J r~b7'- i ""r I ~+s~1
t~
1 c I IC,~ c~
Ca C= I 1
-7 ~ tl I ~7 C'
,
~ ~
(G) I ~
~"TCIIMOSCNAII YMAM4E S. I II II t~ C~ ~K~ ~
. C' KAMCAIISCKAII 289 ~J) CAAOEAA WAP-yAIpLKM
NW f OM 1(H) S2 3697 -M 1 D 142 IOE
0
-1 SE
R
'
' I,I{ " ~r
O
7= 7,0
a ~y T' T~v 1
-s c s `.,x
,
C1
~
~ 0X
~
- Fig. 2. Cross sectional profiles of the Karakul' ttrch (I-I) and the
Karasal' monoclinal fold (II-II): a--deep-drilled wells; 6--boundaries
- of facies change; e--dolomites; 2--anhydrites; d--l.tmestones; e--salts;
x--halopelites
KEY: A--Sukhotinskaya G--Stepnovskaya
B--Alekseyevskaya H--Karasal'skaya
C--Karakul'skaya I--Umantsevakaya
D--Vysokovskaya J--Sadovaya
E--Dzhakulevskaya K--Shar-Tsarynskaya '
~ F--Astrkhanskaya
sandstones, in the opinion of some geologists, may possibly exist, but
- the reservoirs that they form are apparently small. At the same time,
the established oil and gas accumulations can be taken as evidence of new
objects located in the vicinity of this structure. Their existence is
confirmed by cores taken from Artinskian formations in the Vysokovskaya
and Dzhakulevskaya fields, and Astrakhan' test well No 4. Seams of
gritstones, gravel and conglomerates up to 15-20 m thick have been
tapped in the upper part of Artinskian, predominantely argillaceous
formations. Large poorly rounded detritus has been noted in the Dzhaku-
levskaya field, gravel in the Astrakhan' field, and gritstone in the
- Vysokovskaya field. These are limestones, effusives, flints, clay
_ slates and anhydrites. It should be noted that there is nearly a total
absence of feldspars. The clay slates in the detritus are enriched with
100
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sericite, and the flinty argillites are enriched with the remains of
sponges and radiolaria. The fact that coarse fragments of limestones
have been preserved in the redeposited form shows that they are com-
paratively close to the sources of drift, and the presence of gritstones,
gravels and conglomerates localizes this source to the south of the Dzha-
kulevskaya field (Fig. 1). The limestone detritua ahows microfauna of
the Middle-to-Lower Carboniferous, i. e, in the Artinskian Era there
was erosion of argillites of the Upper Carboniferous, limestones of the
- Middle and Lower Carboniferous, and possibly clay slates and deep-sea
flinty argillites of a more ancient epoch, probably the Devonian. Since
the wells of the Promyslovskiy Block show no Lower Permian formations,
and the Bajocian sandstones at depths of 1500-2500 m lie an an eroded
surface of more ancient formations, it is quite within reason that the
preaerved limestones of the Carboniferous are situated at acceasible
depths (3000-5000 m) on the periphery of the assumed region of erosion.
In the tapped cross section of the Karakul' arch (see Fig. 2) between
paleontologically characterized Artinskian rocks and argillites of the
Upper Carboniferous there is an anhydrite-dolomite member (3196-3337 m)
with seams of carbonate clays and argillaceous limestones in the base.
This stratigraphic member has been conditionally assigned to the Sak-
- marian-Asselerian Era. It sinks from west to east, has a tliickness of
200-293 m, and was apparently the only source of anhydrite detritus
eroded in the Artinskian Era on a hypothetical upheaval to the south of
the Dzhakulevskaya field.
Local structures mapped in the vicinity of the Karasal' monoclinal fold
by seismic prospecting have been rather poorly confirmed by deep drill-
ing. The results of sinking the first wells on the Umantsevskaya and
East Abganerovskaya structures brought about a considerable change in the
picture of the position of the anticline due to better definition of the
depth of occurrence of salt, and the velocity characteristic of the cross
section. Despite the low level of reliability of seismic plots, the high r
promise of the suUsalt formations of the Karasal` m~.,nocli^;l fold was
proved by drilling. In Umantsevskaya well No 2, when the bottom hole
reached 3631 m there was an open discharge of water with a yield of :
5000 cu. m/day with a small admixture of petroleum (less than 15 cu. m
per day).
Wells No 4 and 5 drilled later on this sam.e structure show an absence of
collectors in the subsalt formations represented by Asselarian-Artinskian
anhydrites with occasional seams of dolomites and argillaceous .'._imestones.
Bioherms and biostromes were found as a result of drilling East Sharnut
wells No 1 and 2 and Stepnovskaya well No 1 within the confines of the
Karasal' monoclinal fold. The thickness of the layer of Asselarian-
Artinskian sulfate-carbonate formations increases in this te-:ritory from
west to east from 690 to 800 m, chiefly due to the developn.Lnt of Assel-
arian limestones of reef origin. Further on, deep into the Casvian de-
pression, it thins out to 300-340 m. It is assumed that with regression
of the sea in the Asselarian Era there was a migration of the biohermal
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zone from west to east along the southwest slope of the Voronezh ante-
clise. The cessation of miogeosynclinal activity in the vicinity of the
Karpinsk ledge toward th e beginning of the Early Permian, and the rise
of this activity in the Sakmarian and Artinskian eras, i, e. the gradual
- abatement of the sea, suggests that there were three strata of bioherms
_ and biostomea of the Asselarian, Sakmarian and Asselarian eras on the
Karasal' monoclinal fold, and corresponding distributions of lagoon and
reef faciea in the cross sECtion and through the course [Ref. 4].
Thus Asaelarian-Artinskian limestones should be considered the main pj:o-
ductive level of this zone. The main objects for search are the three
assumed reef zones of the same era situated along the southeastern slope
of the Voronezh anteclise. In 1978 a gusher of petroleum gas with a yield of 5,000-8,000 cu. m/day
was broughr in from Artinskian dolomites in the Listinskaya well (inter-
val of 2680-2730 m, open shaft).
- F.:cploratory prospecting has been most successful on the Astrakhan' anti-
_ cline. The first indications of gas from the subsalt formations (Artin-
skian limestones and argillites) were noted here by gas logging as early
as 1970 in Stepnovskaya well No 1 at a depth of 4245 m; in 1971, column
tests produced 200 liters of petroleum from analogous rocks ir. Pioner-
skaya well No 1(3892-3977 m); in 1973 in Zavolzhskaya well No 3 the gas
flow was 15,000-20,000 cu. m/day in assaying limestones of the Middle
Carboniferous at a depth of 4260-4304 m; in 1975, there was a gas ejec-
tion accident in Aksaray well No 1 with the bottom hole at 3985 m in _
limestones of the Middle Carboniferous; in May 1976 in Volozhkovskaya -
well No 1 while assaying aubsalt formations (3904-4100 m) with a atratum
analyzer the yield of free-flow gas in drill pipes was 278,000 cu. m/day.
In August 1976 in Shiryayevskaya well No 5, gas with condensate was ob-
tained in tests of Bashkirian limestones in the drilling rig in the _
interval of 4070-4100 m; the yield of gas was up to 370,000 cu. m/day.
_ In July 1977 in Volozhkovskaya well No 1 while studying objects in the _
drilling column (4060-4085 m) a gas-condensate gusher was brought in with
a yield of up to 181,000 cu. m/day.
The main productive level Middle Carboniferous limestones is
covered by a layer of dark gray to black flint-clay argillites of the
Artinskian Era 50-150 m thick with seams of aleurolites, dolomites and
limestones. To judge from petrographic studies, this layer accumulated
under conditions of a deep open sea; it contains almost no collectors
and is the main cover within the limits of the Astrakhan' anticline,
beneath which are Middle Carboniferous formations with clearcut strati-
graphic unconformity.
The change in thicknesses of halide-sulfate rocks of the Kungurian Stage
from a few dozen meters in supersalt synclines made up mainly of argil-
laceous formations of the Upper Permian, to 3500 m on domes has no
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clear connection with the structural plan of the subsalt formations.
- This peculiarity of the geological structure in the aggregate with sharp
, variability of the velocity of propagation of oscillations over the area
and through [he cross section has apparently been the main reason for
imprecise mapping of the roof of subsalt formations by seismic prospect-
_ ing. Future areas for looking for petroleum and gas deposits within the
confines of the Astrakhan' anticline could be asaociated with levels that
obviously have their own structural plan, different from that of the roof
- of Middle Carboniferous limestones. These are apparently Lower Carbo-
niferous linestones and formations of the carbonate Devonian in the
crest section at depths of 5-6 km with a general cover of argillites of
~ the Bobrikovskian level, and also super-Vereian limestones of the Upper
and Middle Carboniferous along the periphery of the Astrakhan' anticline
at depths of 4.5-5.5 km separated from the main productive stratum by
. a terrigenous Vereian layer of the Moscovian Stage of the Middle Carbo-
nif erous.
however, another facies hab it of Upper Carboniferous formations is also
possible. For example in the wells that are closest to the Astrakhan'
anticline (Vysovskaya No 4 and Karkul'skaya No 6) the rocks of the Upper
Carboniferous are made up chiefly of argillites. The same cross sections
have been tapped on the Karasal' monoclinal fold, which is part of the
Caspian depression. This shows the possible differentiation of the actual
cross se, i of the Upper Carboniferous of the Astrakhan' anticline from
. the assumen ross section. Therefore an important task of future studies
~ in the southwestern part of the Caspian depression is to carry out
regional geophysical research to reconstruct the history of development
= of the major tectonic elements of the region the Karpinsk ledge and
- the Caspian depression including the Astrakhan' anticline ro construct
' a geological model from new theoretical standpoints with indication of
_ assumed new and possibly productive strata and ob,jects.
- The reduction in thickness of Upper Carboniferous formations to the point
of total extinction that has been established with in the confines of the
Astrakhan' anticline is apparently typical of the peripheral zone of the
entire Caspian depression s ince it has been noted in fields of the Volga
monoclinal fold, Aktyubinskian Uralia and South Embenskiy Rayon [Ref. 1,
5]. Therefore it cannot be ruled out that a productive level in the sub-
~ salt complex on the territory of the Saygachinsko-Obil'nenskaya anticline
that we have distinguished will also be represented by Middle Carbonif-
erous limestones. Its depth of occurrence in the crestal part of the
upheavals found here reaches 5.5-6 km (see Fig. 2).
A comparison of cross sections of Artinskian formations of the Astrakhan'
anticline, the Karasal' monoclinal fold and the Karakul' anticline shows
sharp gradients of tectonic movements in the Artinskian Era, which under
conditions of a warm sea with normal salinity that existed at that time
could have been conducive to reef formation on the north of the Karakul'
arch (10-15 km from its axis). It is possible that here between the
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Molasse formations of a submerged Artinskian downwarp and thin planktonic
sedimentatior.s of the Astrakhan' anticline there was a band of bioher:ns
and biostromes that can be coneidered as a new object for aearchea, and
, limestones of reef origin that can be considered as a potential produc-
tive stratum (see Fig. 2).
In the supersalt formations we can distinguish several possibly productive
levels of the 'Triassic, Lower Cretaceous and Paleogenic eras, and a set
of objects that are associated with salt-dome tectonics. The complexity
of the geological structuie of the traps, the intensive fractionation
into blocks make it difficult to count on the discovery of even modest
deposits, much lPSS ].arge ones, v-hich has been evidenced by the long
searches for salt domes.
However, despite the lack of success in searches for gas in supersalt
strata, the raork here should be continued since information on the depths
_ of occurrence and the surface morphology of Kungurian salts is needed to
improve the quality of geophysical research in mapping subsalt formations.
This problem can be solved only by deep wells in which the supersalt
stratum can be studied in addition to the investigation of the parameters
of the cross section and the depths of the salt-bearing stratum.
- There have been a few searches for small petroleum and gas deposits in
Mesozoic formations on the Karpinsk ledge. This area of work is con-
sidered secondary in the Kalmyk ASSR and Astrakhanian Povolzh'ye since
no appreciable deposits have been located here in the past ten years.
The supply of local upheavals that have been prepared for deep drilling
by seismic prospecting in this region is exhausted, and traps of non-
anticlinal type in the productive levels of the Bajocian, Neocomian- -
Lower Aptian, Lower Albian and Upper Cretaceous eras contain no more than -
10% of the proved reserves by an approximate estimate. _
Within the limits of the Kumo-Manychskiy downwarp the productive level may
be limestones of the Lover Triassic for which industrial oil and gas show
has been proved on ad,jacent fields of the Prikumskaya zone of upheavals. ~
So far there have not been enough prepared objects for searches in this
area, but on the northern edge of the downwarp anticlinal bends have been
found in a level occurring at a depth of 4.5-5.5 km, and juxtaposed with _
Lower Triassic limestones.
The geological criteria that have been considered above for the prospects
of oil and gas show are not the only ones for the distribution of volumes
of deep drilling with respect to ob3ects. In addition, consideration is
taken of technical and economic factors such as accessibility for drill-
ing with respect to depth and with respect to other technical-geological
- particulars of the cross section (cave-ins, squeEZing of the columns by
salt, hydrogen sulfide aggression and so on), the amount of expended and
proposed allotments for doing the work, time for realization of the fore-
cast, distance from operating and planned petroleum and gas lines and
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so on. In the absence of a sufficient supply of prepared structures,
geophysical research must be distributed in accordance with planned deep
drilling objects. With consideration of the criteria for outlook evalua-
tion and the importance for prospecting objects that are known in the
Caepian depression and its environs, priorities muat be set for doing
geophysical reaearch in groups of jobe.
- The first group includes the most promising areas with anticipated maximum
geological information; they should be the object of investigation b y geo-
physical methods in the next 2-3 years:
mapping of the eroded surface of limestones of the Middle Carboniferous
- within the limits of the Astrakhan' anticline to determine the outlines
and dimensions of Middle Carboniferous gas-condensate deposits;
mapping the surface of limestones of reef origin of the Asselarian-
Artinskian Era on the Karasal' monoclinal fold;
deep-drilling preparation c,n structures that touch the steep slopes of
salt domes, and large tapering zones in sandstones of the Lower Triassic
of the salt-dome region in the Caspian depression;
preparation of objects for deep drilling on subsalt formations of the
Saygachinako-Obil'nenskaya anticline;
, mapping of the carbonate Permian-Triassic complex and determining the
northern line of abrupt tapering of this complex in the Kumo-Manychskiy
downwarp.
The second group includes objects that should be the subject of study by
geophysical methods in the next 5-6 years:
mapping of the Astrakhan' anticline with respect to deep-Zying formations
to determine its internal structure and optimum conditions for sinking
the first deep wells to Lower Carboniferous and Devonian formations;
deep-drilling preparation on objects of the Karakul'sko-Smushkovskaya dis-
- l.ocation zone on ttie surface of limestones of the Carboniferous-Lower
Permian.
The third group includes objects that should be the subject of study by
- geophysical methods beginning in the last years of the 11-th Five-Year
Plan:
- laying out regional profiles by a complex of geophysical methods to de-
termine the type of crystalline crust of the Sarpinskiy downwarp, the
_ Karpinsk ledge and the Astrakhan' anticline (Fig. 1);
developing methods to locate ;and map Artinskian bioherms on the north
wing of the Karakul' arch; ,
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developing z technique for mapping traps under overhanging projections in
the salt-dome region of the Caspian depression.
The propoaed lict of major objects for geophysical study is also appli-
cable to the aelection of promising areas of deep parametric and explora-
tory drilling. However, the apecific volumes of thia work depend on the results of preceding geophysical studies. -
Implementation of the planned program of geological-geoph7sical atudies -
within the confines of Kalmyk ASSR and Astrakhanian Povolzh'ye will
enable, an organized investigation of promising territories of the south-
- west part of the Caspian depression, and will accelerate the eiscovery
and industrial introduction of the largest objects.
REFERENCES
1. F. A. Alekseyev, G. M. Yarikov, "The Barder Ledge of the Caspian De-
, pression, its Structure and the Outlook for Oil and Gas Show," GEO-
LOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, No 9, 1976, pp 33-70.
2, P. N. Yenikeyev, Yu. A. Ivanov, Ya. S. Eventov, "Major Areas of Re-
search and Problems of Future Investigation of the Subsalt Complex of
the Caspian Depression," GFALOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, No 12, 1973, pp 35-41.
3. L. I. Rovnin, N. V. Mizinov, N. I. Voronin, "Discovery of Gas Depoaits
on the Aatrakhan' Anticline, and Problems of Further Exploratory
Prospecting," GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, No 10, 1977, pp 41-43.
4. D. L. Fedorov, 011 and Gas Show of Lower Permian Formationa of the .
Northwest Border af the Caspian Depression," GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA,
No 11: 1975, pp 7-13. -
5. Ya. Sh. Shafiro, "The Nature of the Border Ledge of the Caspian De-
pression," GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, No 4, 1978, pp 43-48.
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", Geologiya nefti i gaza, 1979
6610
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FUELS
UDC 553.98:550.812(574.14)
- NEW EXPLORATION TARGET ON MANGYSHLAK PENINSULA
_ Moscow GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA in Russian No 12, Dec 79 pp 19-23
[Article by I. A. Khafizov, V. V. Kozmodem'yanskiy, P. Ye. Korsun and
V. A. Pankov]
[Text] Soviet and non-Soviet experience in geological prospecting for ~
oil and gas ahows the increasing significance of searches for petroleum
and gas in traps of non-anticlinal type, especially in zones of oil and
gas accumulation formeci by facies changes, among which we can also include
zonea of development of submerged river systems. The oil and gas show of -
such systems has been proved in various regions, including Mangyshlak
[Ref. 5].
- Geomorphologically and with respect to sedimentation conditions, the
river valley and the delta correspond to the river system. Statistical
data show [Ref. 4] that the sedimentary formations of paleodeltas are of
conaiderable interest for oil and gas proapecte. A known depoait of this
type in the United States at Prado Bay contains 1350 millj.on metric tons
- of petroleum and 728 billion cu. m of gas. There are also considerable
- reserves of oil and gas confined to delta formations in various parts of
the Soviet Union; their stratigraphic range is from the Neogenic to the
- Zower Paleozoic.
As a result of seismic prospecting by the common depth point method
carried out on South Mangyshlak, a possible trap has been found in thP
vicinity of Kosa Ada that is associated with a paleodelta in Oligocene
_ formations. According to microfauna and palynological data, the cross
_ section of the Oligocene is subdivided into four series, while electrical
logging subdivides it into seven stratigraphic members [Ref. 3].
The base of the Kuyulusian series of the Lower Oligocene and the roof of
the Kendzhalinskian series of the Middle Oligocene are the reflecting
levels A and B(Fig. 1). They are tied in to the cross sections of deep
exploratory wells (Aksu-Kend}rli No 6, Temirbaba No 4, 6). The rocks of
this member on Mangyshlak are represented by two lithological-facies
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V, m/s
...1 a -100 -SO
T 66
0
ya .j7~+:.~,~; �,M :.~..~-~.'lr~ F~~ i~!~ ~ ~~L`"~-'~:~:`''~ f
if ~-v:t;V.:,,'-~.~_ �Ci ..t.a,!~~;~T.w...:i^v~.~`~K.-r~'r,'J:a,M`.-~~++i~~~.
~ ~-.ti ` -r � .,!-e.�.~.^::. ' ~
~~/~~~~y~�~ � :,'Z.T~. . ~~y; :?T�~.ti~.,~ ~~~KJiMI.~ � : ~ � ~
~~~�~~1_ ~r~ V~r~. rr~~ i` ~ ~ ~rf-ti%.\
~~~ty'Y ~`I~. ~`r~~r�~1.~~~f w` ~.r~:.~~~~h
�r~v~~~'. . . :.:...~...,�`.^`..iy: .~.=r:�~. Y'';;,,
~i':.Z:__'_._^ - ' ~ .
~T��!~+: ti': n=~ ~ ~ ~~ti;`~T~~ r..~..~" :
A
r'`-`,;^`''~~' :�`-:,:~:.,\'=,.%:;.,_,_-r: ~?;..'I
1 . .
"^.'.'1~~"~�~^=~
. ~ r~ ~ B
"r.~-~'t_: ' ~--~,~.*,nu ~..~..r...~. �1~
~ry~~1~__ ~ ~Y~ � ~~~..w[~~
.~ti: _ ' � . _ ;~~"'R:'~'~~"'aYJ.=T.+r-~~~ �
_
~ ~ ~ ~ �r~:i.. . ~
~t ~ ~ ~ _ ~ _ ~ - � ~
~ r�� ~ ~
- ~ ~~e___ ~..~~L.r~i� ~
1 ~T:+nY~~Pw w ~"+ti.~~~ �.~~~.y_~__~ �~a.iL1S~
7 - ~TL"~Ye7t~ � _ _
1\~ ~ � ~!r ~ ~ ~,'�~r~~ .~.1i`r. ~.~~t^ =.`.Y,'~.~ _ ~ ~ t~A -~"'+~~T~w1r. ~
~ .+y~~ ~I
~ i~~~_=:~A\ rr ~ ~ � � �
v_ ----~~1~ti~~-�:ti :~i.i �`~~Y\~�
'~\ti~~~I~.'~ V~/r~ ~ . ~
r`�` ~w. r ~ _ ~I~~
~r~ �/~n~~~ ~ ~%~.i~~~~~�~^~ ai+~~.~.r-_ ~L.M ~
:Y.~:L.'.... ~ . . . . .!iY. ......S.~~l:.. ~ .
Fig. 1. Time section through profile No 67: 1--seismic velocity curve;
2--planned well; 3--reflecting levels in Oligocene formations ,
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F::::ql 02 A,s 3 '
~ 50 ,1 J00 150

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1 varieties: a deep-sea facies of Burlinskian type, and a littoral facies
- of Chakyrganskian type. The formations of the latter facies, which can
_ be categorized as bay and gulf facies where deltoid sediments have proba- IL
_ bly accumulated, have so far been found only in the Chakyrganskian down-
warp. However, similar formations are doubtlessly present everywhere in
regions neighboriag paleocoastal zones. The territory of Kosa Ada, aitu-
ated to the north of the Karabogaz anticline is just such a region. -
= An analyeis of the amplitudes of the re-
flection confined to the roof of the
member that includes formations of an
assumed ancient delta on profile No 67
(Fig. 1) shows that its amplitude in-
creases on the section in the interval of
pickets 20-150, i. e, directly above the
oblique reflections, in cnntrast to the
left part of the cross section. This
shows a change in the coeLticient of re-
- flection ih the given part of the profile,
and accordingly shows a change in the
, lithology of the stratigraphic member of
the underlying rocks.
The form of the anomaly is analogous to
the appearance of a"bright spot" effect
that is taken by seismic prospectors as an
encouraging sign typical of gas traps oc-
curring close beneath the surface. The
same effect is observed on profile No 66
between pickecs 80 and 150.
On the upper part of the cross section
- through profile 67 (Fig. 1), data are
= entered to scale from horizontal analysis
- of seismic velocities of the reflection Fig. 2. Time section through
member. Between pickets 0 and 150 we see profile No 66
a considerable reduction in seismic ve-
lovity from the 2200 m/s typical of the left part of the cross section
to 2050 m/s at picket No 50. It is noteworthy that this decrease in
velocity corresponds to the zone of registration of oblique reflecting
- stages and the region of increasing amplitudes of reflection from level A
in the roof of the member. The reduction in seismic velocity along the
_ profile is evidence of replacement of the rocks in this member over level
B by more porous varieties.
_ Thus our analysis of seismic material on the Kosa Ada field for deter-
mining the confinement of reflections from the stratum boundaries ob-
- served between levels A and B shows that this stratum corresponds to
- paleodeltoid formations. This is evidenced by: a) the general form of
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the wave field between levels A and
B, characterizing unidirectional
oblique layering inherent in the
metamorphic formations of a delta;
b) an abrupt change in the amplitude
of the reflection from level A that
covera the assumed paleodeltoid
formations, which is due to the
change in lithology of this member,
i. e. a change in the coefficient of
reflection on boundary A through the
profile of ob servation; c) a reduc-
tion in seismic velocities up to
boundary B, due apparently to an in-
crease in porosity of the sediments
in the vicinity of the obliquely
layered formations; d) localization
of the zone of anomalies and coinci-
dence of this zone with respect to
- all parameters.
A sunk.en delta can be hypothesized
here on the basis of experience in
comprehensive interpretation of
seismic materials of the common
depth point method comb ined with
data of velocity and amplitude anal-
yaes of the reflections, analogs of
thewave field on known examples,
and also data of industrial geo-
physics and geological information
on the Kosa Ada region. The contour
of the deltoid �ormations against a
background of thickness diseribution
over the area between reflecting
levels A and B is shown in Fig. 3.
72
1'11\
600
\
~
. ~ �
~
~
p'd N
~
o N �~6
~2 ~ ~
~ Js d ~
0
b ��15
.~4 ~
o~, s
~ 6 .!y
Fig. 3. Map of thicknesses be-
tween levels A and B: 1--seismic
profiles; 2--isopachs between
levels A and B, m; 3--isohypaea
from the pre-Jurassic reflecting
level, m; 4--boundary of the ex-
tent of deltoid sedimentations;
wells: 5--drilled; 6--planned
_ Data on the oil and gas show of Oligocene formations are of interest in
_ light of the question under consideration. This stratum is the regional
cover on most of the territory of Mangyshlak. However, in isolated zanes
(in particular in North Prikarabogazia) the Oligocene formations cease to
perform this function due to sandstone intrusion in the cross section.
For instance on the Aksu-Kendyrli field in the centra.l part of the
_ Oligocene cross section we note a thick member (up to 65 m) of sandstone
- and aleurolite interlayered with clays. This part of the cross section
has its lithological analog in the wells of drilled fields of North
Prikarabogazia. The upper part of this member has been assayed in the
open bottom hole of E1ksu7Kendyrli well No 14 in the interval of 415-439 m
with production of a free gas flow of up to 20,000 cu. m/day through a
24-mm pipe.
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Typically, gas logging in several wells has shown high-hydrocarbon anom-
alies confined to the given regions of this cross section of Paleogenic
formations.
The aggregate of the data given here realistically indicate potential
oil and gas shows of Paldogenic formations over a considerable terri-
tory. This fundamental concluaion puta prospecting for oil and gas
traps in rocks of the Paleogenic Era among jobs of first-rank importance.
~
e Clearly of topical concern in this connection are the results of seismic _
prospecting by the common depth point method in the vicinity of Kosa Ada,
where a type of potential hydrocarbon trap that is entirely new for
- Mangyshlak will probably be found.
On the basis of everything that has been said here, we can suggest
drilling three exploratory wells with projected depths of 800-900 m
to study the collector properties, the nature of sedimentation and the
oil and gas shows of the assumed paleodeltoid formations of the Paleo-
genic in the 450-900 m interval. The placement of the wells should be
dictated by the outline of the occurrence of deltoid sediments and by
the hypsometric location of the investigated section of the Paleogenic
elevation.
REFERENCES
1. A. A. Trofimuk, G. P. Ovanesov, N. B. Bassoyevich et al., "Urgent
Problems of Oil and Gas Geology," Moscow VNIIOENG, 1977 pp 28-29.
2. S. V. Chakabayev, Yu. S. Kononov, E. S. Votsalevskiy et al., "Geo-
logiya i neftegazonosnost' Yuzhnogo Ma.ngyshlaka" [Geology and the
Oil and Gas Show of South Mangyshlak], Alma-Ata, Nauka, 1967.
3. K. V. Kruchinin, "Some New Data on Maykopian Formations of South
Mangyshlak," TRUDY VNIGRI, No 20, Leningrad, 1963, pp 52-64.
4. E. B. Movshovich, M. N. Knepel', "Methods of Locating Sunken River
Systems in Connection with Searches for Oil and Gas. A Survey," SER.
_ GEOL., METODY POISKOV I RAZV. M-NIY NEFTI I GAZA, VIEMS, 1976,
pp 2-14.
5. Yu. K. Yuferov, K. Kh. Boranbayev, A. I. Osadchiy et al., "Outlook of
Searches for Lithologically Limited Uil and Gas Traps on the Territory
of South Mangyshlak," NEFTEGAZ. GEOL. I GEOFIZ., No 11, 1976, pp 5-7.
6. I. A. Khafizov, V. S. Asmolov, V. N. Teterya, A. S. Burin, "Narrow
Traces as a Method of Repreeenting Time Sections of Common Depth
Points Through Regional Seismic Profiles," EKSPRESS-INFORMATSIYA,
VNIIOENG. SER. NEFTEGAZ. GEOL. I GEOFIZ., No 10, 1977, pp 6-10.
_ 7. R. Shereff., "Shfereing Stratigraphy from Seismic Data," BUL. AAPG,
- Vol 60, No 4, 1976, pp 529-537.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", Geologiya nef ti i gaza, 1979
END
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USSR REPORT: International Economic Relations
USSR REPORT: Consumer Goods and Domestic Trade
USSR REPORT: Human Resources USSR R�,PORT: Transportation USSR REPORT: Translations from KOMMUNIST*
USSR REPORT: PROBLEMS OF THE FAR EAST*
USSR REPORT: SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES*
_ USSR REPORI: USA: ECONOMICS, POLITICS, IDEOLOGY*
USSR SERIAL REPORTS (SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL)
USSR REPORT: Life Sciences: Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences
U5SR REPORT: Life Sciences: Effects of Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
- USSR REPORT: Life Sciences: Agrotechnology and Food Resources
USSR REPORT: Chemistry
USSR REPORT: Cybernetics, Computers and Automation Technology '
USSR REPORT: Electronics and Electrical Engineering
USSR REPORT: Engineering and Equipment ,
USSR REPORT: Earth Sciences
USSR REPORT: Space , USSR REPORT: Materials Science and Metallurgy
USSR REPORT: Physics and Mathematics
USSR REPORT: SPACE BIOLOGY AND AEROSPACE MEDICINE*
WORLDWIDE SERIAL REPORTS
WORLDWIDE REPORT: Environmental Quality
WORLDWIDE REPORT: Epidemiology �
WORLDWIDE REPORT: Law of the Sea
WORLDG;IDE REPORT: Nuclear Development and Proliferation
_ WORLDWIDE REPORT: Telecommunications Policy, Research and bevelopment
*Cover-to-cover
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200080005-6