Introduction
Background
Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.
Geography
Area
total : 9,984,670 sq km
land: 9,093,507 sq km
water: 891,163 sq km
Climate
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Natural resources
bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower
People and Society
Population
total: 38,794,813
Ethnic groups
Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)
Languages
English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)
Religions
Christian 53.3%, Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, none 34.6% (2021 est.)
Population growth rate
0.71% (2024 est.)
Government
Government type
federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution
Capital
name: Ottawa
Executive branch
chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 6 July 2021)
head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (since 4 November 2015)
Legislative branch
description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:
Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75)
House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote with terms up to 4 years)
Economy
Economic overview
one of the world’s leading developed economies; globally integrated commercial and financial markets; largest US trading partner; key energy, forestry, manufacturing and service industries; inflation recovering following interest rate hikes; government priorities include climate policy, immigration and affordable housing
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$2.238 trillion (2023 est.)
$2.215 trillion (2022 est.)
$2.133 trillion (2021 est.)
Real GDP per capita
$55,800 (2023 est.)
$56,900 (2022 est.)
$55,800 (2021 est.)
Agricultural products
wheat, rapeseed, maize, barley, milk, soybeans, potatoes, oats, peas, lentils (2022)
Industries
transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas
Exports
$717.677 billion (2023 est.)
$731.81 billion (2022 est.)
$626.676 billion (2021 est.)
Exports - partners
US 75%, China 4%, Japan 2%, UK 2%, Mexico 1% (2022)
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, cars, natural gas, refined petroleum, gold (2022)
Imports
$726.139 billion (2023 est.)
$728.732 billion (2022 est.)
$626.558 billion (2021 est.)
Imports - partners
US 56%, China 11%, Mexico 4%, Germany 3%, Japan 2% (2022)
Imports - commodities
cars, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, trucks, crude petroleum (2022)
Exchange rates
Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -
Page last updated: Wednesday, July 24, 2024
