Maldives
Introduction
Background
A sultanate since the 12th century, the Maldives became a British protectorate in 1887. The islands became a republic in 1968, three years after independence. President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM dominated Maldives' political scene for 30 years, elected to six successive terms by single-party referendums. Following political demonstrations in the capital Male in August 2003, GAYOOM and his government pledged to embark upon a process of liberalization and democratic reforms, including a more representative political system and expanded political freedoms. Political parties were legalized in 2005.
In June 2008, a constituent assembly - termed the "Special Majlis" - finalized a new constitution ratified by GAYOOM in August 2008. The first-ever presidential elections under a multi-candidate, multi-party system were held in October 2008. GAYOOM was defeated in a runoff poll by Mohamed NASHEED, a political activist who had been jailed several years earlier by the GAYOOM regime. In early February 2012, after several weeks of street protests in response to his ordering the arrest of a top judge, NASHEED purportedly resigned the presidency and handed over power to Vice President Mohammed WAHEED Hassan Maniku. A government-appointed Commission of National Inquiry concluded there was no evidence of a coup, but NASHEED contends that police and military personnel forced him to resign. NASHEED, WAHEED, and Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom ran in the 2013 elections with YAMEEN ultimately winning the presidency after three rounds of voting. As president, YAMEEN weakened democratic institutions, curtailed civil liberties, jailed his political opponents, restricted the press, and exerted control over the judiciary to strengthen his hold on power and limit dissent. In September 2018, YAMEEN lost his reelection bid to Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH, a parliamentarian of the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP), who had the support of a coalition of four parties that came together to defeat YAMEEN and restore democratic norms to Maldives. In April 2019, SOLIH's MDP won 65 of 87 seats in parliament.
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Geography
Location
Southern Asia, group of atolls in the Indian Ocean, south-southwest of India
Geographic coordinates
3 15 N, 73 00 E
Map references
Asia
Land boundaries
total: 0 km
Coastline
644 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
Climate
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Terrain
flat, with white sandy beaches
Elevation
highest point: 8th tee, golf course, Villingi Island 5 m
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 2 m
Land use
agricultural land: 23.3% (2018 est.)
arable land: 10% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 10% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 3.3% (2018 est.)
forest: 3% (2018 est.)
other: 73.7% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land
0 sq km (2012)
Population distribution
about a third of the population lives in the centrally located capital city of Male and almost a tenth in southern Addu City; the remainder of the populace is spread over the 200 or so populated islands of the archipelago
Natural hazards
tsunamis; low elevation of islands makes them sensitive to sea level rise
Geography - note
smallest Asian country; archipelago of 1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls (200 inhabited islands, plus 80 islands with tourist resorts); strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean
People and Society
Nationality
noun: Maldivian(s)
adjective: Maldivian
Ethnic groups
homogeneous mixture of Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, Australasian, and African resulting from historical changes in regional hegemony over marine trade routes
Languages
Dhivehi (official, dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English (spoken by most government officials)
Religions
Sunni Muslim (official)
Age structure
0-14 years: 22.13% (male 44,260/female 42,477)
15-24 years: 17.24% (male 37,826/female 29,745)
25-54 years: 48.91% (male 104,217/female 87,465)
55-64 years: 6.91% (male 12,942/female 14,123)
65 years and over: 4.81% (male 8,417/female 10,432) (2020 est.)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 30.2
youth dependency ratio: 25.5
elderly dependency ratio: 4.7
potential support ratio: 21.4 (2020 est.)
Median age
total: 29.5 years
male: 29.2 years
female: 30 years (2020 est.)
Net migration rate
-12.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)
country comparison to the world: 225Population distribution
about a third of the population lives in the centrally located capital city of Male and almost a tenth in southern Addu City; the remainder of the populace is spread over the 200 or so populated islands of the archipelago
Urbanization
urban population: 41.1% of total population (2021)
rate of urbanization: 2.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
177,000 MALE (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.27 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.19 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 1.13 male(s)/female (2020 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
24.5 years (2009 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29
Maternal mortality ratio
53 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92Infant mortality rate
total: 26.4 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 29.53 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 23.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 76.69 years
male: 74.31 years
female: 79.18 years (2021 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
18.8% (2016/17)
Drinking water source
improved: urban: 98.3% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 1.7% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2017 est.)
Current Health Expenditure
9.4% (2018)
Physicians density
4.56 physicians/1,000 population (2018)
Hospital bed density
4.3 beds/1,000 population
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2017 est.)
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.7%
male: 97.3%
female: 98.1% (2016)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
total: 15.5%
male: 18.5%
female: 11.7% (2019 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years
male: 12 years
female: 14 years (2019)
Environment
Environment - current issues
depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; inadequate sewage treatment; coral reef bleaching
Environment - international agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants
particulate matter emissions: 7.63 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 1.44 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 0.14 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Land use
agricultural land: 23.3% (2018 est.)
arable land: 10% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 10% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 3.3% (2018 est.)
forest: 3% (2018 est.)
other: 73.7% (2018 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 41.1% of total population (2021)
rate of urbanization: 2.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources
forest revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 183Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 211,506 tons (2015 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 5.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
industrial: 300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)
agricultural: 0 cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources
30 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Government
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Maldives
conventional short form: Maldives
local long form: Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa
local short form: Dhivehi Raajje
etymology: archipelago apparently named after the main island (and capital) of Male; the word "Maldives" means "the islands (dives) of Male"; alternatively, the name may derive from the Sanskrit word "maladvipa" meaning "garland of islands"; Dhivehi Raajje in Dhivehi means "Kingdom of the Dhivehi people"
Government type
presidential republic
Capital
name: Male
geographic coordinates: 4 10 N, 73 30 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: derived from the Sanskrit word "mahaalay" meaning "big house"
Administrative divisions
21 administrative atolls (atholhuthah, singular - atholhu); Addu (Addu City), Ariatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Ari Atoll), Ariatholhu Uthuruburi (North Ari Atoll), Faadhippolhu, Felidhuatholhu (Felidhu Atoll), Fuvammulah, Hahdhunmathi, Huvadhuatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Huvadhu Atoll), Huvadhuatholhu Uthuruburi (North Huvadhu Atoll), Kolhumadulu, Maale (Male), Maaleatholhu (Male Atoll), Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi (South Maalhosmadulu), Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi (North Maalhosmadulu), Miladhunmadulu Dhekunuburi (South Miladhunmadulu), Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi (North Miladhunmadulu), Mulakatholhu (Mulaku Atoll), Nilandheatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Nilandhe Atoll), Nilandheatholhu Uthuruburi (North Nilandhe Atoll), Thiladhunmathee Dhekunuburi (South Thiladhunmathi), Thiladhunmathee Uthuruburi (North Thiladhunmathi)
Independence
26 July 1965 (from the UK)
National holiday
Independence Day, 26 July (1965)
Constitution
history: many previous; latest ratified 7 August 2008
amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote by its membership and the signature of the president of the republic; passage of amendments to constitutional articles on rights and freedoms and the terms of office of Parliament and of the president also requires a majority vote in a referendum; amended 2015
Legal system
Islamic (sharia) legal system with English common law influences, primarily in commercial matters
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Maldives
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: unknown
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Ibrahim "Ibu" Mohamed SOLIH (since 17 November 2018); Vice President Faisal NASEEM (since 17 November 2018); the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH (since 17 November 2018); Vice President Faisal NASEEM (since 17 November 2018)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by Parliament
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 September 2018 (next to be held in 2023)
election results: Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH elected president (in 1 round); Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH (MDP) 58.3%, Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom (PPM) 41.7%
Legislative branch
description: unicameral Parliament or People's Majlis (87 seats - includes 2 seats added by the Elections Commission in late 2018; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)
elections: last held on 6 April 2019 (next to be held in 2023)
election results: percent of vote - MDP 44.7%, JP 10.8%, PPM 8.7%, PNC 6.4%, MDA 2.8%, other 5.6%, independent 21%; seats by party - MDP 65, JP 5, PPM 5, PNC 3, MDA 2, independent 7; composition - men 83, women 4, percent of women 4.6%
Judicial branch
highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 4-6 justices; note - 3 justices as of late 2019)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the president in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission - a 10-member body of selected high government officials and the public - and upon confirmation by voting members of the People's Majlis; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: High Court; Criminal, Civil, Family, Juvenile, and Drug Courts; Magistrate Courts (on each of the inhabited islands)
Political parties and leaders
Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP [Sheikh Imran ABDULLA]
Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party or DRP [Ahmed Thasmeen ALI]
Maldives Development Alliance or MDA [Ahmed Shiyam MOHAMED]
Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP [Mohamed NASHEED]
Maldives Labor and Social Democratic Party or MLSDP [Ahmed SHIHAM]
Maldives Thirdway Democrats or MTD [Ahmed ADEEB]
Maumoon/Maldives Reform Movement or MRM [Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM]
National Democratic Congress [Yousuf Maaniu] (formed in 2020)
People's National Congress or PNC [Abdul Raheem ABDULLA] (formed in early 2019)
Progressive Party of Maldives or PPM
Republican (Jumhooree) Party or JP [Qasim IBRAHIM]
International organization participation
ADB, AOSIS, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission:
Maldives has no embassy in the US, but its Permanent Representative to the UN in New York, THILMEEZA Hussain (since 8 July 2019), is accredited to the US
(2020)chancery: 801 Second Avenue, Suite 202E, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 599-6194; [1] (212) 599-6195
FAX: [1] (212) 661-6405
email address and website:
info@maldivesmission.com
http://www.maldivesmission.com/
Diplomatic representation from the US
embassy: the US does not have an embassy in Maldives; US Ambassador to Sri Lanka and Maldives, Alaina TEPLITZ (since 1 November 2018), is accredited to both countries
Flag description
red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent moon; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag; red recalls those who have sacrificed their lives in defense of their country, the green rectangle represents peace and prosperity, and the white crescent signifies Islam
National symbol(s)
coconut palm, yellowfin tuna; national colors: red, green, white
National anthem
name: "Gaumee Salaam" (National Salute)
lyrics/music: Mohamed Jameel DIDI/Wannakuwattawaduge DON AMARADEVA
note: lyrics adopted 1948, music adopted 1972; between 1948 and 1972, the lyrics were sung to the tune of "Auld Lang Syne"
Economy
Economic overview
Maldives has quickly become a middle-income country, driven by the rapid growth of its tourism and fisheries sectors, but the country still contends with a large and growing fiscal deficit. Infrastructure projects, largely funded by China, could add significantly to debt levels. Political turmoil and the declaration of a state of emergency in February 2018 led to the issuance of travel warnings by several countries whose citizens visit Maldives in significant numbers, but the overall impact on tourism revenue was unclear.
In 2015, Maldives’ Parliament passed a constitutional amendment legalizing foreign ownership of land; foreign land-buyers must reclaim at least 70% of the desired land from the ocean and invest at least $1 billion in a construction project approved by Parliament.
Diversifying the economy beyond tourism and fishing, reforming public finance, increasing employment opportunities, and combating corruption, cronyism, and a growing drug problem are near-term challenges facing the government. Over the longer term, Maldivian authorities worry about the impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low-lying country; 80% of the area is 1 meter or less above sea level.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$7.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)
$10.37 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)
$9.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate
4.8% (2017 est.)
4.5% (2016 est.)
2.2% (2015 est.)
Real GDP per capita
$13,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)
$19,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)
$18,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$4.505 billion (2017 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
2.3% (2017 est.)
0.8% (2016 est.)
Credit ratings
Fitch rating: CCC (2020)
Moody's rating: B3 (2020)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 3% (2015 est.)
industry: 16% (2015 est.)
services: 81% (2015 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: NA (2016 est.)
government consumption: NA (2016 est.)
investment in fixed capital: NA (2016 est.)
investment in inventories: NA (2016 est.)
exports of goods and services: 93.6% (2016 est.)
imports of goods and services: 89% (2016 est.)
Agricultural products
papayas, vegetables, roots/tubers nes, nuts, fruit, other meat, tomatoes, coconuts, bananas, maize
Industries
tourism, fish processing, shipping, boat building, coconut processing, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, coral and sand mining
Labor force - by occupation
agriculture: 7.7%
industry: 22.8%
services: 69.5% (2017 est.)
Population below poverty line
8.2% (2016 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
31.3 (2016 est.)
37.4 (2004 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 33.3% (FY09/10)
Budget
revenues: 1.19 billion (2016 est.)
expenditures: 1.643 billion (2016 est.)
Fiscal year
calendar year
Current account balance
-$876 million (2017 est.)
-$1.033 billion (2016 est.)
Exports
$3.72 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)
$3.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Exports - partners
Thailand 24%, United States 13%, China 12%, France 11%, Germany 11%, Italy 5%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities
fish products, natural gas, scrap iron, jewelry, liquid pumps (2019)
Imports
$4.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)
$4.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Imports - partners
United Arab Emirates 24%, China 16%, Singapore 14%, India 11%, Malaysia 6%, Thailand 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, fruits, furniture, broadcasting equipment, lumber (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$477.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)
$575.8 million (31 December 2015 est.)
Debt - external
$848.8 million (31 December 2016 est.)
$696.2 million (31 December 2015 est.)
Exchange rates
rufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar -
15.42 (2017 est.)
15.35 (2016 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
total: 15.5%
male: 18.5%
female: 11.7% (2019 est.)
Energy
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Electricity - installed generating capacity
278,000 kW (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161Electricity - from fossil fuels
96% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40Electricity - from nuclear fuels
0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137Electricity - from hydroelectric plants
0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185Electricity - from other renewable sources
4% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113Refined petroleum products - consumption
11,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160Communications
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 14,508 (2020)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2.68 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 717,708 (2020)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 132.8 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems
general assessment: upgrades to telecom infrastructure extended to outer islands; two mobile operators extend LTE coverage; tourism has strengthened the telecom market with investment and accounts for the high mobile penetration rate; launched 5G tests (2020)
domestic: fixed-line is at 3 per 100 persons and high mobile-cellular subscriptions stands at 156 per 100 persons (2019)
international: country code - 960; landing points for Dhiraagu Cable Network, NaSCOM, Dhiraagu-SLT Submarine Cable Networks and WARF submarine cables providing connections to 8 points in Maldives, India, and Sri Lanka; satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)
note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media
state-owned radio and TV monopoly until recently; 4 state-operated and 7 privately owned TV stations and 4 state-operated and 7 privately owned radio stations (2019)
Internet users
total: 342,500 (2021 est.)
percent of population: 63.19% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 63,685 (2020)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11.78 (2020 est.)
Transportation
National air transport system
number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 36
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,147,247 (2018)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 7.75 million (2018)
Airports - with paved runways
total: 7
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2017)
Airports - with unpaved runways
total: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2013)
Roadways
total: 93 km (2018)
paved: 93 km - 60 km in Male; 16 km on Addu Atolis; 17 km on Laamu (2018)
note: island roads are mainly compacted coral
Merchant marine
total: 68
by type: general cargo 21, oil tanker 19, other 28 (2021)
Ports and terminals
major seaport(s): Male
Military and Security
Military and security forces
the Republic of Maldives has no distinct army, navy, or air force but a single security unit called the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF) comprised of ground forces, an air element, a coastguard, a presidential security division, and a special protection group (2021)
Military and security service personnel strengths
the Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF) has approximately 2,500 personnel (2021)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
India has provided most of the equipment in the MNDF's inventory (2021)
Military service age and obligation
18-28 years of age for voluntary service; no conscription; 10th grade or equivalent education required; must not be a member of a political party (2021)
Military - note
the MNDF is primarily tasked to reinforce the Maldives Police Service (MPS) and ensure security in the country's exclusive economic zone (2021)
Military expenditures
not available
Terrorism
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)
note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T
Transnational Issues
Trafficking in persons
current situation: Maldives is a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking and a source country for Maldivian children subjected to human trafficking within the country; Bangladeshi and Indian migrants working both legally and illegally in the construction and service sectors face conditions of forced labor, including fraudulent recruitment, confiscation of identity and travel documents, nonpayment of wages, and debt bondage; a small number of women from Sri Lanka, Thailand, India, China, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Eastern Europe, and former Soviet states are trafficked to Maldives for sexual exploitation; some Maldivian children are transported to the capital for forced domestic service, where they may also be sexually abused
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List — Maldives does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; efforts included convicting two individuals for trafficking-related offenses, convening the National Anti-Trafficking Steering Committee for the first time in two years; drafting and finalizing a 2020-2022 national action plan; however, efforts to hold employers accountable for trafficking did not increase, non-payment of wages and of the retention of migrant workers’ passports continued; standard operating procedures for victim identification, protection, and referral were not adopted; insufficient resources were devoted to the national action plan; Maldives was granted a waiver per the Trafficking Victims Protection Act from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 (2020)