Photos of Cabo Verde

Introduction

Background

The uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century; Cabo Verde subsequently became a trading center for African slaves and later an important coaling and resupply stop for whaling and transatlantic shipping. The fusing of European and various African cultural traditions is reflected in Cabo Verde’s Crioulo language, music, and pano textiles. Following independence in 1975, and a tentative interest in unification with Guinea-Bissau, a one-party system was established and maintained until multi-party elections were held in 1990. Cabo Verde continues to sustain one of Africa's most stable democratic governments and relatively stable economies, maintaining a currency formerly pegged to the Portuguese escudo and then the euro since 1998. Repeated droughts during the second half of the 20th century caused significant hardship and prompted heavy emigration. As a result, Cabo Verde's expatriate population - concentrated in Boston and Western Europe - is greater than its domestic one.

Most Cabo Verdeans have both African and Portuguese antecedents. Cabo Verde’s population descends from its first permanent inhabitants in the late 15th-century – a preponderance of West African slaves, a small share of Portuguese colonists, and even fewer Italians and Spaniards. Among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable. Islands in the east are very dry and are home to the country's growing tourism industry. The more western islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged their soil fertility and vegetation. For centuries, the country’s overall population size has fluctuated significantly, as recurring periods of famine and epidemics have caused high death tolls and emigration. In November 2021, Jose Maria Pereira NEVES was sworn in as Cabo Verde's latest president.

Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Geography

Location

Western Africa, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal

Geographic coordinates

16 00 N, 24 00 W

Area

total: 4,033 sq km

land: 4,033 sq km

water: 0 sq km

comparison ranking: total 175

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Rhode Island

Land boundaries

total: 0 km

Coastline

965 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

Climate

temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic

Terrain

steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic

Elevation

highest point: Mt. Fogo (a volcano on Fogo Island) 2,829 m

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Natural resources

salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish, clay, gypsum

Land use

agricultural land: 18.6% (2018 est.)

arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)

forest: 21% (2018 est.)

other: 60.4% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land

35 sq km (2012)

Population distribution

among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable; islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled to exploit their extensive salt deposits; the more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged the soil fertility and vegetation; approximately half of the population lives on Sao Tiago Island, which is the location of the capital of Praia; Mindelo, on the northern island of Sao Vicente, also has a large urban population as shown in this population distribution map

Natural hazards

prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active

volcanism: Fogo (2,829 m), which last erupted in 1995, is Cabo Verde's only active volcano

Geography - note

strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site; one of four North Atlantic archipelagos that make up Macaronesia; the others are Azores (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), and Madeira (Portugal)

People and Society

Population

603,901 (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 171

Nationality

noun: Cabo Verdean(s)

adjective: Cabo Verdean

Ethnic groups

Creole (Mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Languages

Portuguese (official), Crioulo (a Portuguese-based Creole language with two main dialects spoken in Cabo Verde and in the Cabo Verdean diaspora worldwide)

Religions

Roman Catholic 72.5%, Protestant 4% (includes Adventist 1.9%, Nazarene 1.8%, Assembly of God 0.2%, God is Love 0.1%), Christian Rationalism 1.7%, Muslim 1.3%, Jehovah's Witness 1.2%, Church of Jesus Christ 1%, other Christian 1.3%, other 1.2%, none 15.6%, no response 0.4% (2021 est.)

Demographic profile

Cabo Verde’s population descends from its first permanent inhabitants in the late 15th-century – a preponderance of West African slaves, a small share of Portuguese colonists, and even fewer Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese Jews. Over the centuries, the country’s overall population size has fluctuated significantly, as recurring periods of famine and epidemics have caused high death tolls and emigration.

Labor migration historically reduced Cabo Verde’s population growth and still provides a key source of income through remittances. Expatriates probably outnumber Cabo Verde’s resident population, with most families having a member abroad. Cabo Verdeans have settled in the US, Europe, Africa, and South America. The largest diaspora community in New Bedford, Massachusetts, dating to the early 1800s, is a byproduct of the transatlantic whaling industry. Cabo Verdean men fleeing poverty at home joined the crews of US whaling ships that stopped in the islands. Many settled in New Bedford and stayed in the whaling or shipping trade, worked in the textile or cranberry industries, or operated their own transatlantic packet ships that transported compatriots to the US. Increased Cabo Verdean emigration to the US coincided with the gradual and eventually complete abolition of slavery in the archipelago in 1878.

During the same period, Portuguese authorities coerced Cabo Verdeans to go to Sao Tome and Principe and other Portuguese colonies in Africa to work as indentured laborers on plantations. In the 1920s, when the US implemented immigration quotas, Cabo Verdean emigration shifted toward Portugal, West Africa (Senegal), and South America (Argentina). Growing numbers of Cabo Verdean labor migrants headed to Western Europe in the 1960s and 1970s. They filled unskilled jobs in Portugal, as many Portuguese sought out work opportunities in the more prosperous economies of northwest Europe. Cabo Verdeans eventually expanded their emigration to the Netherlands, where they worked in the shipping industry. Migration to the US resumed under relaxed migration laws. Cabo Verdean women also began migrating to southern Europe to become domestic workers, a trend that continues today and has shifted the gender balance of Cabo Verdean emigration.

Emigration has declined in more recent decades due to the adoption of more restrictive migration policies in destination countries. Reduced emigration along with a large youth population, decreased mortality rates, and increased life expectancies, has boosted population growth, putting further pressure on domestic employment and resources. In addition, Cabo Verde has attracted increasing numbers of migrants in recent decades, consisting primarily of people from West Africa, Portuguese-speaking African countries, Portugal, and China. Since the 1990s, some West African migrants have used Cabo Verde as a stepping stone for illegal migration to Europe.

Age structure

0-14 years: 26.68% (male 80,974/female 80,143)

15-64 years: 67.18% (male 198,503/female 207,205)

65 years and over: 6.14% (2023 est.) (male 14,099/female 22,977)

2023 population pyramid:
2023 population pyramid

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 47.2

youth dependency ratio: 39.2

elderly dependency ratio: 8

potential support ratio: 12.5 (2021 est.)

Median age

total: 28.3 years (2023 est.)

male: 27.5 years

female: 29.2 years

comparison ranking: total 147

Population growth rate

1.19% (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 79

Birth rate

18.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 80

Death rate

5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 168

Net migration rate

-0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 127

Population distribution

among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable; islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled to exploit their extensive salt deposits; the more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged the soil fertility and vegetation; approximately half of the population lives on Sao Tiago Island, which is the location of the capital of Praia; Mindelo, on the northern island of Sao Vicente, also has a large urban population as shown in this population distribution map

Urbanization

urban population: 68% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.83% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030

Major urban areas - population

168,000 PRAIA (capital) (2018)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

42 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: 101

Infant mortality rate

total: 23 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)

male: 27 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 18.8 deaths/1,000 live births

comparison ranking: total 69

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 74 years (2023 est.)

male: 71.7 years

female: 76.4 years

comparison ranking: total population 143

Total fertility rate

2.11 children born/woman (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 96

Gross reproduction rate

1.04 (2023 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 90% of population

total: 96.7% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 10% of population

total: 3.3% of population (2020 est.)

Physicians density

0.83 physicians/1,000 population (2018)

Hospital bed density

2.1 beds/1,000 population

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 91.7% of population

rural: 73.3% of population

total: 85.6% of population

unimproved: urban: 8.3% of population

rural: 26.7% of population

total: 14.4% of population (2020 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

11.8% (2016)

comparison ranking: 134

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 4.7 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 2.28 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 1.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 0.6 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: total 86

Tobacco use

total: 11.4% (2020 est.)

male: 17.3% (2020 est.)

female: 5.4% (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: total 127

Education expenditures

7.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: 15

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 90.8%

male: 94.2%

female: 87.4% (2021)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 13 years

male: 12 years

female: 13 years (2018)

Environment

Environment - current issues

deforestation due to demand for firewood; water shortages; prolonged droughts and improper use of land (overgrazing, crop cultivation on hillsides lead to desertification and erosion); environmental damage has threatened several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand extraction; overfishing

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Climate

temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic

Land use

agricultural land: 18.6% (2018 est.)

arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)

forest: 21% (2018 est.)

other: 60.4% (2018 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 68% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.83% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030

Revenue from forest resources

0.38% of GDP (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 72

Revenue from coal

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 125

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 31.08 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 0.54 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 0.13 megatons (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 132,555 tons (2012 est.)

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources

300 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Cabo Verde

conventional short form: Cabo Verde

local long form: Republica de Cabo Verde

local short form: Cabo Verde

etymology: the name derives from Cap-Vert (Green Cape) on the Senegalese coast, the westernmost point of Africa and the nearest mainland to the islands

Government type

parliamentary republic

Capital

name: Praia

geographic coordinates: 14 55 N, 23 31 W

time difference: UTC-1 (4 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the earlier Portuguese name was Villa de Praia ("Village of the Beach"); it became just Praia in 1974 (prior to full independence in 1975)

Administrative divisions

22 municipalities (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Maio, Mosteiros, Paul, Porto Novo, Praia, Ribeira Brava, Ribeira Grande, Ribeira Grande de Santiago, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina do Fogo, Santa Cruz, Sao Domingos, Sao Filipe, Sao Lourenco dos Orgaos, Sao Miguel, Sao Salvador do Mundo, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal, Tarrafal de Sao Nicolau

Independence

5 July 1975 (from Portugal)

National holiday

Independence Day, 5 July (1975)

Constitution

history: previous 1981; latest effective 25 September 1992

amendments: proposals require support of at least four fifths of the active National Assembly membership; amendment drafts require sponsorship of at least one third of the active Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional sections, including those on national independence, form of government, political pluralism, suffrage, and human rights and liberties, cannot be amended; revised 1995, 1999, 2010

Legal system

civil law system of Portugal

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Cabo Verde

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: President Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 9 November 2021)

head of government: Prime Minister Jose Ulisses CORREIA e SILVA (since 22 April 2016)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 October 2021 (next to be held in October 2026); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president

election results:
2020:
Jose Maria Pereira NEVES elected president; percent of vote - Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (PAICV) 51.7%, Carlos VEIGA (MPD) 42.4%, Casimiro DE PINA (independent) 1.8%, Fernando Rocha DELGADO (independent) 1.4%, Helio SANCHES (independent) 1.14%, Gilson ALVES (independent) 0.8%, Joaquim MONTEIRO (independent) 3.4%

2016: Jorge Carlos FONSECA reelected president; percent of vote - Jorge Carlos FONSECA (MPD) 74.1%, Albertino GRACA (independent) 22.5%, other 3.4%

Legislative branch

description: unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (72 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)

elections: last held on 18 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026)

election results: percent of vote by party MPD 50.2%, PAICV 39.6%, UCID 9.0%, other 1.2%; seats by party - MPD 38, PAICV 30, UCID 4; composition as of October 2023 - men 44, women 28, percent of women 38.9%

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief justice and at least 7 judges and organized into civil, criminal, and administrative sections)

judge selection and term of office: judge appointments - 1 by the president of the republic, 1 elected by the National Assembly, and 3 by the Superior Judicial Council (SJC), a 16-member independent body chaired by the chief justice and includes the attorney general, 8 private citizens, 2 judges, 2 prosecutors, the senior legal inspector of the Attorney General's office, and a representative of the Ministry of Justice; chief justice appointed by the president of the republic from among peers of the Supreme Court of Justice and in consultation with the SJC; judges appointed for life

subordinate courts: appeals courts, first instance (municipal) courts; audit, military, and fiscal and customs courts

Political parties and leaders

African Party for Independence of Cabo Verde or PAICV [Jose Maria Pereira NEVES]
Democratic and Independent Cabo Verdean Union or UCID [João DOS SANTOS LUIS]
Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES]
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO]
Movement for Democracy or MPD [Ulisses CORREIA E SILVA]
Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO]
Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Anibal MEDINA]
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM]

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, CD, CPLP, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Luis do Livramento MONTEIRO ALVES DE BRITO (since 23 December 2020)

chancery: 3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone: [1] (202) 965-6820

FAX: [1] (202) 965-1207

email address and website:
embassy.wdc@mnec.gov.cv

https://www.embcv-usa.gov.cv/

consulate(s) general: Boston

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador John "Jeff" DAIGLE (since 10 September 2019)

embassy: Rua Abilio Macedo 6, Praia

mailing address: 2460 Praia Place, Washington DC  20521-2460

telephone: [238] 260-8900

FAX: [238] 261-1355

email address and website:
PraiaConsular@state.gov

https://cv.usembassy.gov/

Flag description

five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10 yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side; blue stands for the sea and the sky, the circle of stars represents the 10 major islands united into a nation, the stripes symbolize the road to formation of the country through peace (white) and effort (red)

National symbol(s)

ten, five-pointed, yellow stars; national colors: blue, white, red, yellow

National anthem

name: "Cantico da Liberdade" (Song of Freedom)

lyrics/music: Amilcar Spencer LOPES/Adalberto Higino Tavares SILVA

note: adopted 1996

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Cidade Velha; Historic Center of Ribeira Grande

Economy

Economic overview

tourism-dominated economy benefits from the country’s relative close proximity to Europe; 2009 Financial Crisis halted economic growth for seven years; leveraging export-based growth; COVID-19 decimated economic growth and recovery; high external debt

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$3.595 billion (2021 est.)
$3.361 billion (2020 est.)
$3.944 billion (2019 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

comparison ranking: 187

Real GDP growth rate

6.95% (2021 est.)
-14.78% (2020 est.)
5.67% (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: 58

Real GDP per capita

$6,100 (2021 est.)
$5,800 (2020 est.)
$6,800 (2019 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

comparison ranking: 162

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.971 billion (2019 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.86% (2021 est.)
0.61% (2020 est.)
1.11% (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: 66

Credit ratings

Fitch rating: B- (2020)

Standard & Poors rating: B (2013)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 8.9% (2017 est.)

industry: 17.5% (2017 est.)

services: 73.7% (2017 est.)

comparison rankings: services 56; industry 167; agriculture 96

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 50.1% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 18.3% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 32.2% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 1.9% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 48.6% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -51.1% (2017 est.)

Agricultural products

sugar cane, tomatoes, bananas, cabbages, coconuts, cassava, pulses, vegetables, milk, goat milk

Industries

food and beverages, fish processing, shoes and garments, salt mining, ship repair

Industrial production growth rate

11.76% (2021 est.)

comparison ranking: 22

Labor force

234,300 (2021 est.)

comparison ranking: 172

Unemployment rate

15.42% (2021 est.)
15.31% (2020 est.)
12.22% (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: 195

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 34.3% (2021 est.)

male: 29.9%

female: 40.7%

comparison ranking: total 27

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 1.9%

highest 10%: 40.6% (2000)

Remittances

16.12% of GDP (2021 est.)
14.43% of GDP (2020 est.)
12.18% of GDP (2019 est.)

Budget

revenues: $583 million (2019 est.)

expenditures: $619 million (2019 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

comparison ranking: 131

Public debt

125.8% of GDP (2017 est.)
127.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

comparison ranking: 12

Taxes and other revenues

20.09% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

comparison ranking: 90

Fiscal year

calendar year

Current account balance

-$256.181 million (2021 est.)
-$284.109 million (2020 est.)
$6.477 million (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: 103

Exports

$459.923 million (2021 est.)
$415.242 million (2020 est.)
$1.006 billion (2019 est.)

note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.

comparison ranking: 189

Exports - partners

Spain 65%, Portugal 14%, Italy 8% (2019)

Exports - commodities

tuna, mackerel, aircraft, other processed and frozen fish, postage stamps and title bond paper documents, mollusks (2021)

Imports

$1.117 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$1.008 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$1.287 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

comparison ranking: 186

Imports - partners

Portugal 36%, Netherlands 16%, Spain 11%, China 6% (2019)

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, delivery trucks, coal tar oil, cars, rice (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$769.65 million (31 December 2021 est.)
$735.085 million (31 December 2020 est.)
$737.991 million (31 December 2019 est.)

comparison ranking: 157

Debt - external

$1.713 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.688 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

comparison ranking: 155

Exchange rates

Cabo Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
93.218 (2021 est.)
96.796 (2020 est.)
98.495 (2019 est.)
93.414 (2018 est.)
97.807 (2017 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 95.2% (2021)

electrification - urban areas: 94.8% (2021)

electrification - rural areas: 96.8% (2021)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 205,000 kW (2020 est.)

consumption: 436.854 million kWh (2019 est.)

exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)

imports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 32.146 million kWh (2019 est.)

comparison rankings: installed generating capacity 170; transmission/distribution losses 37; imports 171; exports 163; consumption 175

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 80.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar: 2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind: 17.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal

production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 6,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

comparison ranking: 176

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

comparison ranking: 192

Refined petroleum products - imports

5,607 bbl/day (2015 est.)

comparison ranking: 166

Natural gas

production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

1.002 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 1.002 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: total emissions 173

Energy consumption per capita

26.539 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: 128

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 57,020 (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2021 est.)

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 152

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 590,171 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 100 (2021 est.)

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 173

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: LTE reaches almost 40% of the population; regulator awards commercial 4G licenses and starts 5G pilot; govt. extends USD 25 million for submarine fiber-optic cable project linking Africa to Portugal and Brazil (2020)

domestic: 9 per 100 fixed-line teledensity and nearly 100 per 100 mobile-cellular (2021)

international: country code - 238; landing points for the Atlantis-2, EllaLink, Cabo Verde Telecom Domestic Submarine Cable Phase 1, 2, 3 and WACS fiber-optic transatlantic telephone cable that provides links to South America, Africa, and Europe; HF radiotelephone to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)

Broadcast media

state-run TV and radio broadcast network plus a growing number of private broadcasters; Portuguese public TV and radio services for Africa are available; transmissions of a few international broadcasters are available (2019)

Internet users

total: 413,000 (2021 est.)

percent of population: 70% (2021 est.)

comparison ranking: total 171

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 24,839 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: total 160

Transportation

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 5

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 140,429 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,728,152 (2015) mt-km

Airports

10 (2024)

comparison ranking: 157

Roadways

total: 1,350 km (2013)

paved: 932 km (2013)

unpaved: 418 km (2013)

comparison ranking: total 178

Merchant marine

total: 44 (2023)

by type: general cargo 14, oil tanker 2, other 28

comparison ranking: total 122

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Porto Grande

Military and Security

Military and security forces

Cabo Verdean Armed Forces (FACV): Army (also called the National Guard, GN; includes a small air component), Cabo Verde Coast Guard (Guardia Costeira de Cabo Verde, GCCV) (2023)

note:  the National Police are under the Ministry of Internal Affairs

Military expenditures

0.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
0.5% of GDP (2020 est.)
0.5% of GDP (2019 est.)
0.5% of GDP (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 161

Military and security service personnel strengths

the military has approximately 1,000-1,200 personnel (2023)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the FACV has a limited amount of mostly dated and second-hand equipment, largely from China, some European countries, and the former Soviet Union (2023)

Military service age and obligation

18-35 years of age for male and female selective compulsory military service; 24-month conscript service obligation; 17 years of age for voluntary service (with parental consent) (2023)

Military - note

the FACV/National Guard is mostly a ground force with approximately two infantry battalions and a small air component with a maritime patrol squadron; the Coast Guard had a few coastal patrol craft and patrol boats (2023)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons

stateless persons: 115 (2022)

Illicit drugs

narcotraffickers transit cocaine, cannabis, and other drugs to Africa and Europe; domestic trafficking contributes to increased consumption of illicit substances;