Introduction
Background
Paramount chief MOSHOESHOE I consolidated what would become Basutoland in the early 19th century and made himself king in 1822. Continuing encroachments by Dutch settlers from the neighboring Orange Free State caused the king to enter into an 1868 agreement with the UK that made Basutoland first a British protectorate and, after 1884, a crown colony. After gaining independence in 1966, the country was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho. The Basotho National Party ruled the country during its first two decades. King MOSHOESHOE II was exiled in 1990, returned to Lesotho in 1992, was reinstated in 1995, and was then succeeded by his son, King LETSIE III, in 1996. Constitutional government was restored in 1993 after seven years of military rule.
In 1998, violent protests and a military mutiny following a contentious election prompted a brief but bloody intervention by South African and Batswana military forces under the aegis of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Subsequent constitutional reforms restored relative political stability. Peaceful parliamentary elections were held in 2002, but the National Assembly elections in 2007 were hotly contested, and aggrieved parties disputed how seats were awarded. In 2012, competitive elections saw Prime Minister Motsoahae Thomas THABANE form a coalition government -- the first in the country's history -- that ousted the 14-year incumbent, Pakalitha MOSISILI, who peacefully transferred power the following month. MOSISILI returned to power in snap elections in 2015 after the collapse of THABANE’s coalition government and an alleged attempted military coup. In 2017, THABANE returned to become prime minister but stepped down in 2020 after being implicated in his estranged wife’s murder. He was succeeded by Moseketsi MAJORO. In 2022, Ntsokoane Samuel MATEKANE was inaugurated as prime minister and head of a three-party coalition.
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Geography
Location
Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa
Geographic coordinates
29 30 S, 28 30 E
Map references
Africa
Land boundaries
total: 1,106 km
border countries (1): South Africa 1,106 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Terrain
mostly highland with plateaus, hills, and mountains
Elevation
highest point: Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m
lowest point: junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers 1,400 m
mean elevation: 2,161 m
Natural resources
water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay, building stone
Land use
agricultural land: 76.1% (2018 est.)
arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 65.9% (2018 est.)
forest: 1.5% (2018 est.)
other: 22.4% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land
12 sq km (2013)
Major rivers (by length in km)
Orange river source (shared with South Africa and Namibia [m]) - 2,092 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)
Population distribution
relatively higher population density in the western half of the nation, with the capital of Maseru, and the smaller cities of Mafeteng, Teyateyaneng, and Leribe attracting the most people as shown in this population distribution map
Natural hazards
periodic droughts
Geography - note
landlocked, an enclave of (completely surrounded by) South Africa; mountainous, more than 80% of the country is 1,800 m above sea level
People and Society
Population
total: 2,227,548
male: 1,101,959
female: 1,125,589 (2024 est.)
comparison rankings: female 146; male 147; total 147
Nationality
noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
adjective: Basotho
Ethnic groups
Sotho 99.7%, other 0.3% (includes Kwena, Nguni (Hlubi and Phuthi), Zulu)
Languages
Sesotho (official), English (official), Phuthi, Xhosa, Zulu
Religions
Protestant 47.8% (Pentecostal 23.1%, Lesotho Evangelical 17.3%, Anglican 7.4%), Roman Catholic 39.3%, other Christian 9.1%, non-Christian 1.4%, none 2.3% (2014 est.)
Demographic profile
Lesotho faces great socioeconomic challenges. Almost half of its population lives below the poverty line as of 2017, and the country’s HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is the second highest in the world as of 2021. In addition, Lesotho is a small, mountainous, landlocked country with little arable land, leaving its population vulnerable to food shortages and reliant on remittances. Lesotho’s persistently high infant, child, and maternal mortality rates have been increasing during the last decade, according to the last two Demographic and Health Surveys. Despite these significant shortcomings, Lesotho has made good progress in education; it is on-track to achieve universal primary education and has one of the highest adult literacy rates in Africa.
Lesotho’s migration history is linked to its unique geography; it is surrounded by South Africa with which it shares linguistic and cultural traits. Lesotho at one time had more of its workforce employed outside its borders than any other country. Today remittances equal about 20% of its GDP. With few job options at home, a high rate of poverty, and higher wages available across the border, labor migration to South Africa replaced agriculture as the prevailing Basotho source of income decades ago. The majority of Basotho migrants were single men contracted to work as gold miners in South Africa. However, migration trends changed in the 1990s, and fewer men found mining jobs in South Africa because of declining gold prices, stricter immigration policies, and a preference for South African workers.
Although men still dominate cross-border labor migration, more women are working in South Africa, mostly as domestics, because they are widows or their husbands are unemployed. Internal rural-urban flows have also become more frequent, with more women migrating within the country to take up jobs in the garment industry or moving to care for loved ones with HIV/AIDS. Lesotho’s small population of immigrants is increasingly composed of Taiwanese and Chinese migrants who are involved in the textile industry and small retail businesses.
Age structure
0-14 years: 32% (male 358,137/female 353,618)
15-64 years: 62.7% (male 699,197/female 696,626)
65 years and over: 5.4% (2024 est.) (male 44,625/female 75,345)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 62.1
youth dependency ratio: 55.3
elderly dependency ratio: 6.8
potential support ratio: 14.7 (2021 est.)
Median age
total: 23.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 23.4 years
female: 24.3 years
comparison ranking: total 179
Population distribution
relatively higher population density in the western half of the nation, with the capital of Maseru, and the smaller cities of Mafeteng, Teyateyaneng, and Leribe attracting the most people as shown in this population distribution map
Urbanization
urban population: 30.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
202,000 MASERU (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
20.9 years (2014 est.)
note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49
Infant mortality rate
total: 45.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
male: 51 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 40.2 deaths/1,000 live births
comparison ranking: total 24
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 60.2 years (2024 est.)
male: 58.1 years
female: 62.3 years
comparison ranking: total population 221
Gross reproduction rate
1.4 (2024 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
64.9% (2018)
Drinking water source
improved: urban: 95.7% of population
rural: 77.2% of population
total: 82.6% of population
unimproved: urban: 4.3% of population
rural: 22.8% of population
total: 17.4% of population (2020 est.)
Current health expenditure
11.8% of GDP (2020)
Physician density
0.47 physicians/1,000 population (2018)
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: 93.6% of population
rural: 62.4% of population
total: 71.4% of population
unimproved: urban: 6.4% of population
rural: 37.6% of population
total: 28.6% of population (2020 est.)
Major infectious diseases
degree of risk: intermediate (2023)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 3.56 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 1.98 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.44 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.31 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
comparison ranking: total 103
Tobacco use
total: 24.3% (2020 est.)
male: 43.1% (2020 est.)
female: 5.4% (2020 est.)
comparison ranking: total 55
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
53.7% (2023 est.)
Child marriage
women married by age 15: 1%
women married by age 18: 16.4%
men married by age 18: 1.9% (2018 est.)
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 81%
male: 72.9%
female: 88.8% (2021)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 12 years
male: 12 years
female: 13 years (2017)
Environment
Environment - current issues
population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion; desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and redirects water to South Africa
Environment - international agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Land use
agricultural land: 76.1% (2018 est.)
arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 65.9% (2018 est.)
forest: 1.5% (2018 est.)
other: 22.4% (2018 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 30.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Food insecurity
severe localized food insecurity: due to poor harvests and increased food prices - according to the latest national food security assessment, 22% of the rural population are expected to face acute food insecurity between October 2022 and March 2023, compared to 15% between July and September 2022; the forecasted proportion translates into 320,000 people in rural areas, while an additional 201,000 people in urban areas are foreseen to also need assistance; the foreseen increase of acute food insecurity levels is primarily due to the reduced harvest, high food prices in basic food and non‑food commodities and a slow recovery of households’ income reflecting a downturn in economic growth; harvesting of the 2022 main-season summer cereal crops, mostly maize and sorghum, is complete; production of maize, the main cereal staple, is about one‑third of the average, while the sorghum output is almost negligible; the poor harvest was primarily due to torrential rainfalls during January and February 2022, which caused localized flooding and resulted in crop losses (2022)
Air pollutants
particulate matter emissions: 17.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 2.51 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 2.56 megatons (2020 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 73,457 tons (2006 est.)
Major rivers (by length in km)
Orange river source (shared with South Africa and Namibia [m]) - 2,092 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
agricultural: 3.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources
3.02 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Government
Country name
conventional long form: Kingdom of Lesotho
conventional short form: Lesotho
local long form: Kingdom of Lesotho
local short form: Lesotho
former: Basutoland
etymology: the name translates as "Land of the Sesotho Speakers"
Government type
parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Capital
name: Maseru
geographic coordinates: 29 19 S, 27 29 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: in the Sesotho language the name means "[place of] red sandstones"
Administrative divisions
10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka
Independence
4 October 1966 (from the UK)
National holiday
Independence Day, 4 October (1966)
Legal system
mixed legal system of English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal
Constitution
history: previous 1959, 1967; latest adopted 2 April 1993 (effectively restoring the 1967 version)
amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments affecting constitutional provisions, including fundamental rights and freedoms, sovereignty of the kingdom, the office of the king, and powers of Parliament, requires a majority vote by the National Assembly, approval by the Senate, approval in a referendum by a majority of qualified voters, and assent of the king; passage of amendments other than those specified provisions requires at least a two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament; amended several times, last in 2011
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Ntsokoane Samuel MATEKANE (28 October 2022)
cabinet: consists of the prime minister, appointed by the King on the advice of the Council of State, the deputy prime minister, and 18 other ministers; the prime minister is the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the National Assembly
elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary, but under the terms of the constitution that came into effect after the March 1993 election, the monarch is a "living symbol of national unity" with no executive or legislative powers; under traditional law, the College of Chiefs has the power to depose the monarch, to determine next in line of succession, or to serve as regent in the event that a successor is not of mature age
note - King LETSIE III formerly occupied the throne from November 1990 to February 1995 while his father was in exile
Legislative branch
description: bicameral Parliament consists of:
Senate (33 seats; 22 principal chiefs and 11 other senators nominated by the king with the advice of the Council of State, a 13-member body of key government and non-government officials; members serve 5-year terms)
National Assembly (120 seats; 80 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 40 elected through proportional representation; members serve 5-year terms)
elections: Senate - last appointed by the king in November 2022 (next to be appointed 2028)
National Assembly - last held on 7 October 2022 (next to be held in February 2028)
election results: Senate - percent of votes by party - NA, seats by party - NA; composition - men 25, women 8, percentage women 24.2%
National Assembly - percent of votes by party - RFP 38.9%, DC 24.7%, ABC 7.1%, BAP 5.4%, AD 4.0%, MEC 3.2%, LCD 2.3%, SR 2.1%, BNP 1.4%, PFD 0.9%, BCM 0.8%, MPS 0.8%, MIP 0.7%; seats by party - RFP 56, DC 29, ABC 8, BAP 6, AD 5, MEC 4, LCD 3, SR 2, BNP 1, PFD 1, BCM 1, MPS 1, NIP 1, HOPE 1, TBD 1; composition - men 90, women 30, percentage 25%; note - total Parliament percentage women 24.8%
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, such number of justices of appeal as set by Parliament, and the Chief Justice and the puisne judges of the High Court ex officio); High Court (consists of the chief justice and such number of puisne judges as set by Parliament); note - both the Court of Appeal and the High Court have jurisdiction in constitutional issues
judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal president and High Court chief justice appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; puisne judges appointed by the monarch on advice of the Judicial Service Commission, an independent body of judicial officers and officials designated by the monarch; judges of both courts can serve until age 75
subordinate courts: Magistrate Courts; customary or traditional courts; military courts
Political parties
All Basotho Convention or ABC
Alliance of Democrats or AD
Basotho Action Party or BAP
Basotho National Party or BNP
Democratic Congress or DC
Democratic Party of Lesotho or DPL
Lesotho People's Congress or LPC
Movement of Economic Change or MEC
National Independent Party or NIP
Popular Front for Democracy of PFD
Reformed Congress of Lesotho or RCL
International organization participation
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Tumisang MOSOTHO (since 16 September 2022)
chancery: 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 797-5533
FAX: [1] (202) 234-6815
email address and website:
lesothoembassy@verizon.net
https://www.gov.ls/
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Maria E. BREWER (since 10 March 2022)
embassy: 254 Kingsway Avenue, Maseru
mailing address: 2340 Maseru Place, Washington DC 20521-2340
telephone: [266] 22312666
FAX: [266] 22310116
email address and website:
USConsularMaseru@state.gov
https://ls.usembassy.gov/
Flag description
three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green in the proportions of 3:4:3; the colors represent rain, peace, and prosperity respectively; centered in the white stripe is a black mokorotlo, a traditional Basotho straw hat and national symbol; the redesigned flag was unfurled in October 2006 to celebrate 40 years of independence
National symbol(s)
mokorotio (Basotho hat); national colors: blue, white, green, black
National anthem
name: "Lesotho fatse la bo ntat'a rona" (Lesotho, Land of Our Fathers)
lyrics/music: Francois COILLARD/Ferdinand-Samuel LAUR
note: adopted 1967; music derives from an 1823 Swiss songbook
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 1 (mixed)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Maloti-Drakensberg Park
Economy
Economic overview
lower middle-income economy surrounded by South Africa; environmentally fragile and politically unstable; key infrastructure and renewable energy investments; dire poverty; urban job and income losses due to COVID-19; systemic corruption
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$5.868 billion (2023 est.)
$5.816 billion (2022 est.)
$5.742 billion (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
comparison ranking: 176
Real GDP growth rate
0.9% (2023 est.)
1.29% (2022 est.)
1.85% (2021 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
comparison ranking: 167
Real GDP per capita
$2,500 (2023 est.)
$2,500 (2022 est.)
$2,500 (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
comparison ranking: 203
GDP (official exchange rate)
$2.046 billion (2023 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
6.34% (2023 est.)
8.27% (2022 est.)
6.05% (2021 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
comparison ranking: 134
Credit ratings
Fitch rating: B (2019)
note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 6.3% (2023 est.)
industry: 29.5% (2023 est.)
services: 51.4% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
comparison rankings: services 137; industry 70; agriculture 103
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 88.7% (2022 est.)
government consumption: 34.2% (2022 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 28% (2022 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.3% (2022 est.)
exports of goods and services: 47.2% (2022 est.)
imports of goods and services: -98.5% (2022 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
milk, potatoes, maize, vegetables, fruits, beans, wheat, game meat, sorghum, wool (2022)
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
food, beverages, textiles, apparel assembly, handicrafts, construction, tourism
Industrial production growth rate
-0.33% (2023 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
comparison ranking: 157
Labor force
1.004 million (2023 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
comparison ranking: 146
Unemployment rate
16.46% (2023 est.)
16.67% (2022 est.)
18.13% (2021 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment
comparison ranking: 193
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 24.8% (2023 est.)
male: 17.5% (2023 est.)
female: 34.8% (2023 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
comparison ranking: total 45
Population below poverty line
49.7% (2017 est.)
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
44.9 (2017 est.)
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
comparison ranking: 22
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 1.7% (2017 est.)
highest 10%: 32.9% (2017 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
24.12% of GDP (2023 est.)
23.29% of GDP (2022 est.)
19.71% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $1.054 billion (2020 est.)
expenditures: $1.21 billion (2020 est.)
Public debt
2.99% of GDP (2020 est.)
note: central government debt as a % of GDP
comparison ranking: 203
Taxes and other revenues
31.31% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
comparison ranking: 20
Current account balance
-$117.501 million (2023 est.)
-$264.265 million (2022 est.)
-$194.1 million (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
comparison ranking: 95
Exports
$886.278 million (2023 est.)
$1.07 billion (2022 est.)
$1.082 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
comparison ranking: 184
Exports - partners
South Africa 37%, US 28%, Belgium 19%, UAE 6%, UK 3% (2022)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
garments, diamonds, water, wool, power equipment (2022)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
$2.058 billion (2023 est.)
$2.244 billion (2022 est.)
$2.222 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
comparison ranking: 177
Imports - partners
South Africa 77%, China 6%, Taiwan 5%, Zimbabwe 4%, India 2% (2022)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, fabric, cotton, garments, electricity (2022)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$774.095 million (2019 est.)
$728.528 million (2018 est.)
$657.668 million (2017 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
comparison ranking: 145
Debt - external
$830.976 million (2022 est.)
note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
comparison ranking: 82
Exchange rates
maloti (LSL) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
18.45 (2023 est.)
16.356 (2022 est.)
14.779 (2021 est.)
16.459 (2020 est.)
14.448 (2019 est.)
Energy
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 50% (2022 est.)
electrification - urban areas: 83.6%
electrification - rural areas: 37.7%
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 75,000 kW (2022 est.)
consumption: 828.817 million kWh (2022 est.)
imports: 429.639 million kWh (2022 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 102.88 million kWh (2022 est.)
comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 49; imports 95; consumption 163; installed generating capacity 189
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
solar: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
hydroelectricity: 99.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Coal
imports: 23,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 5,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
752,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 752,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
comparison ranking: total emissions 178
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 7,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2022 est.) less than 1
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 194
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 1.557 million (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 68 (2022 est.)
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 157
Telecommunication systems
general assessment: until late 2020, Lesotho’s telecom regulator maintained a market duopoly which is focused on fixed-line services; competition was insufficient to promote effective price reductions for consumers, while the regulator had no mechanisms in place to monitor the telcos to ensure quality of service and fair pricing for consumers; the small size of the country’s population provided little incentive for new players to enter the market; a positive outcome for consumers was the deployment in early 2021 of a service to monitor traffic and billing; this ended the practice whereby the regulator was dependent on telcos submitting data about their performance, billing, and other matters; the regulator has also turned its attention to addressing multiple SIM ownership and stemming incidences of crimes committed using unregistered SIMs; in May 2022, it instructed the country’s Mobile Network Operators to begin registering SIM cards on their networks from the following month; fixed-wireless 5G trials began in early 2019 (2022)
domestic: fixed-line is less than 1 per 100 subscriptions; mobile-cellular service subscribership is 80 per 100 persons (2021)
international: country code - 266; Internet accessibility has improved with several submarine fiber optic cables that land on African east and west coasts, but the country's land locked position makes access prices expensive; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)
Broadcast media
1 state-owned TV station and 2 state-owned radio stations; most private broadcast media transmitters are connected to government radio signal towers; satellite TV subscription service available; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters obtainable (2019)
Internet users
total: 1.104 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 48% (2021 est.)
comparison ranking: total 148
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 5,060 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.2 (2020 est.)
comparison ranking: total 185
Transportation
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Lesotho Defense Force (LDF): Army (includes Air Wing) (2024)
note: the Lesotho Mounted Police Service is responsible for internal security and reports to the Minister of Local Government, Chieftainship, Home Affairs and Police
Military expenditures
1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
1.6% of GDP (2020 est.)
1.8% of GDP (2019 est.)
comparison ranking: 88
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 2,000 personnel (2023)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the LDF has a small inventory of older and second-hand equipment from a variety of countries (2023)
Military service age and obligation
18-30 years of age for voluntary military service for both men and women (women can serve in combat arms); no conscription (2024)
Military - note
Lesotho's declared policy for its military is the maintenance of the country's sovereignty and the preservation of internal security; in practice, external security is guaranteed by South Africa; the LDF is a small force comprised of about a half dozen infantry companies; it began in 1964 as the Police Mobile Unit (PMU); the PMU was designated as the Lesotho Paramilitary Force in 1980 and became the Royal Lesotho Defense Force in 1986; it was renamed the Lesotho Defense Force in 1993 (2024)